708:
33:
680:
420:
668:
696:
55:
486:
1212:
515:, which has an elliptical shape, is an abrasive seed enveloped by a fleshy and firm pulp. Seven types of fruit are recognized (vijaya, rohini, putana, amrita, abhaya, jivanti, and chetaki), based on the region where the fruit is harvested, as well as the colour and shape of the fruit. Generally speaking, the
473:
In India, it is found in the sub
Himalayan region from Ravi, eastwards to western Bengal and Assam, ascending up to the altitude of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in the Himalayas. This tree is wild in forests of northern India, central provinces and Bengal, common in Madras, Mysore and in the southern
469:
Is found throughout southern and southeast Asia including in India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan and
Thailand. In China, it is native in western Yunnan and cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi (Nanning), and Taiwan (Nantou).
445:
are alternate to subopposite in arrangement, oval, 7–8 cm (2.8–3.1 in) long and 4.5–10 cm (1.8–3.9 in) broad with a 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) petiole. They have an acute tip, cordate at the base, margins entire, glabrous above with a yellowish pubescence below. The dull
458:-like, smooth ellipsoid to ovoid, 2–4.5 cm (0.79–1.77 in) long and 1.2–2.5 cm (0.47–0.98 in) broad, blackish, with five longitudinal ridges. They are yellow to orange-brown in colour, with a single angled stone.
592:
988:"Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part II. Highly Used Plant Species from Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae, and Fabaceae Families"
564:
1257:
Prathibha, S.; Jenitta, E.P.E.; Rama Bhat, P.; Jayadev, K.; Shetty, Shrinidhi (2015). "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from fruit extracts of
961:
1525:
576:
2182:
572:
2221:
612:
986:
Tewari, D; Mocan, A; Parvanov, E. D; Sah, A. N; Nabavi, S. M; Huminiecki, L; Ma, Z. F; Lee, Y. Y; Horbańczuk, J. O; Atanasov, A. G (2017).
568:
2373:
616:
679:
584:
2273:
2358:
707:
2130:
1037:
Saleem, A.; Husheem, M.; Härkönen, P.; Pihlaja, K. (2002). "Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of
2195:
2143:
1298:
806:
797:
2200:
32:
523:
of west-central India, and has a roundish as opposed to a more angular shape. The fruit also provides material for tanning
1123:
Lee, H. S.; Koo, Y. C.; Suh, H. J.; Kim, K. Y.; Lee, K. W. (2010). "Preventive effects of chebulic acid isolated from
2226:
2169:
2291:
802:
2363:
2122:
2109:
2020:
965:
893:
834:
441:
growing to 30 m (98 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter. The
2353:
2299:
2044:
2039:
1291:
2286:
2148:
876:
788:
54:
735:
667:
2070:
2278:
2117:
1959:
495:
This tree yields smallish, ribbed and nut-like fruits which are picked when still green and then
450:, and have a strong, unpleasant odour. They are borne in terminal spikes or short panicles. The
2368:
2187:
2104:
1982:
1661:
1284:
695:
2213:
171:
2252:
2078:
1698:
1420:
379:
187:
8:
2378:
1939:
1749:
1724:
1402:
1076:
Lee, H. S.; Jung, S. H.; Yun, B. S.; Lee, K. W. (2007). "Isolation of chebulic acid from
2265:
1213:"Preparative isolation of hydrolysable tannins chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid from
764:
2325:
1880:
1873:
1824:
1595:
1455:
1381:
1188:
1163:
1105:
1014:
987:
933:
908:
419:
330:
195:
148:
49:
1054:
924:
2247:
2052:
1799:
1761:
1706:
1239:
1193:
1144:
1097:
1058:
1019:
938:
1109:
2330:
2057:
1927:
1908:
1559:
1536:
1530:
1318:
1231:
1183:
1175:
1136:
1089:
1050:
1009:
999:
928:
920:
386:
2304:
2234:
1848:
1836:
1571:
1369:
909:"The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research"
851:
596:
508:
351:
92:
2260:
2031:
2005:
1915:
1712:
1476:
1389:
477:
Its habitat includes dry slopes up to 900 m (3,000 ft) in elevation.
79:
1211:
Han, Quanbin; Song, Jingzheng; Qiao, Chunfeng; Wong, Lina; Xu, Hongxi (2006).
1140:
1093:
2347:
2208:
1510:
1470:
1327:
1004:
653:
628:
604:
520:
907:
Bag, Anwesa; Bhattacharyya, Subir Kumar; Chattopadhyay, Rabi Ranjan (2013).
1673:
1488:
1243:
1235:
1197:
1148:
1101:
1062:
1023:
942:
588:
485:
138:
2317:
2239:
2156:
2014:
1334:
642:
632:
624:
608:
600:
1127:
on advanced glycation endproduct-induced endothelial cell dysfunction".
2135:
1345:
556:
447:
335:
1179:
2161:
2091:
1276:
538:
435:
359:
1976:
2312:
1999:
1900:
1773:
1628:
1440:
1410:
620:
580:
543:
496:
363:
339:
128:
105:
2174:
2096:
645:, a type of tannin, while chebulinic acid is found in the fruits.
2065:
1519:
524:
367:
1256:
2083:
1645:
1308:
1080:
Retz. And its antioxidant effect in isolated rat hepatocytes".
355:
118:
1812:
1616:
1607:
1579:
1543:
1463:
1353:
906:
512:
504:
500:
455:
451:
347:
343:
66:
1036:
1861:
1787:
1737:
1686:
1633:
631:
is a phenolic acid compound isolated from the ripe fruits.
442:
438:
400:– leaves and shoots hairless, or only hairy when very young
852:"The Ayurvedic Herb that Supports Immune & Gut Health"
519:
variety is preferred, which is traditionally grown in the
1445:
985:
765:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
382:
described the species in Observ. Bot. 5: 31 in 1788.
1161:
740:Retz. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
2345:
1263:International Journal of Research in Biosciences
587:, as well as other phenolic compounds including
1210:
956:
954:
952:
1292:
1217:by high-speed counter-current chromatography"
1075:
913:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
1122:
949:
461:
410:– leaves and shoots silvery to orange hairy
1299:
1285:
31:
1261:Retz. and their antibacterial activity".
1187:
1013:
1003:
932:
888:
886:
484:
418:
807:United States Department of Agriculture
798:Germplasm Resources Information Network
550:
480:
2346:
1306:
1164:"The distribution of myrobalanitannin"
1030:
979:
883:
783:
781:
730:
728:
1981:
1980:
1280:
846:
844:
829:
827:
825:
823:
1162:Nierenstein, M.; Potter, J. (1945).
583:conjugated with gallic acids called
778:
725:
13:
2374:Taxa named by Anders Jahan Retzius
841:
820:
14:
2390:
2359:Flora of the Indian subcontinent
2292:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:171037-1
962:"Todd Caldecott | Haritaki"
706:
694:
678:
666:
53:
1250:
1204:
1155:
1116:
1069:
635:can be isolated from the bark.
579:. Other constituents include a
474:part of the Bombay presidency.
900:
869:
757:
593:2,4-chebulyl-β-D-glucopyranose
537:) is a main ingredient in the
414:
1:
1055:10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00099-5
925:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60059-3
803:Agricultural Research Service
718:
499:, boiled with a little added
1129:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1043:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
563:, including the triterpenes
446:white to yellow flowers are
270:Terminalia glandulipetiolata
7:
373:
305:Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.
10:
2395:
744:Plants of the World Online
659:
16:Species of flowering plant
1989:
1951:
1935:Tizra heartwood and root
1892:
1860:
1811:
1786:
1736:
1685:
1509:
1500:
1468:Tanner's sumach leaves -
1399:
1315:
1141:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.039
1094:10.1007/s00204-006-0139-4
992:Frontiers in Pharmacology
201:
194:
177:
170:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1377:Myrtan or black marlock
1005:10.3389/fphar.2017.00519
559:have been isolated from
462:Distribution and habitat
1960:Anadenanthera colubrina
1168:The Biochemical Journal
254:Terminalia argyrophylla
214:Combretum argyrophyllum
1662:Myracrodruon urundeuva
1236:10.1002/jssc.200600089
1082:Archives of Toxicology
689:by the side of a scale
648:The fruit extracts of
492:
428:
238:Myrobalanus tomentella
488:
434:is a medium to large
422:
294:Terminalia tomentella
286:Terminalia reticulata
278:Terminalia parviflora
230:Myrobalanus gangetica
1699:Bergenia crassifolia
1421:Anogeissus latifolia
1403:hydrolysable tannins
894:"Terminalia chebula"
877:"Terminalia chebula"
551:Chemical composition
481:Cultivation and uses
389:are known, such as:
380:Anders Jahan Retzius
320:, commonly known as
302:Terminalia zeylanica
262:Terminalia gangetica
2364:Flora of Indo-China
1940:Searsia pentaphylla
1750:Rumex hymenosepalus
1725:Coriaria myrtifolia
1474:or Chinese gall on
378:Swedish naturalist
222:Myrobalanus chebula
2354:Terminalia (plant)
2021:Terminalia chebula
1991:Terminalia chebula
1952:Undetermined organ
1904:sp. bark and wood
1881:Quercus infectoria
1874:Quercus lusitanica
1825:Libidibia coriaria
1596:Conocarpus erectus
1456:Quercus macrolepis
1433:Terminalia chebula
1382:Eucalyptus redunca
1259:Terminalia chebula
1215:Terminalia chebula
1125:Terminalia chebula
1078:Terminalia chebula
1039:Terminalia chebula
836:Terminalia chebula
791:Terminalia chebula
738:Terminalia chebula
650:Terminalia chebula
639:Terminalia chebula
531:Terminalia chebula
527:and dyeing cloth.
511:. The seed of the
493:
467:Terminalia chebula
432:Terminalia chebula
429:
425:Terminalia chebula
328:, is a species of
326:chebulic myrobalan
317:Terminalia chebula
181:Terminalia chebula
25:Terminalia chebula
2341:
2340:
2248:Open Tree of Life
1983:Taxon identifiers
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1800:Senegalia catechu
1762:Quercus coccifera
1370:Acacia mollissima
1319:condensed tannins
1230:(11): 1653–1657.
1180:10.1042/bj0390390
313:
312:
306:
298:
290:
282:
266:
258:
250:
246:Terminalia acutae
242:
234:
226:
218:
210:
2386:
2334:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1978:
1977:
1928:Notholithocarpus
1909:Prosopis humilis
1591:Button mangrove
1560:Senna auriculata
1537:Acacia decurrens
1531:Acacia pycnantha
1507:
1506:
1428:Myrobalan fruit
1301:
1294:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1221:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1007:
983:
977:
976:
974:
973:
964:. Archived from
958:
947:
946:
936:
904:
898:
897:
890:
881:
880:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
848:
839:
833:Flora of China:
831:
818:
817:
815:
813:
785:
776:
775:
773:
771:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
732:
710:
698:
682:
670:
565:arjunglucoside I
358:), and south to
304:
296:
288:
280:
274:
264:
257:King & Prain
256:
248:
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
183:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2235:Observation.org
2233:
2225:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1985:
1975:
1966:
1947:
1888:
1856:
1849:Moullava digyna
1837:Acacia nilotica
1807:
1782:
1732:
1681:
1572:Acacia nilotica
1522:
1518:General :
1502:
1496:
1401:
1395:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1275:
1274:
1255:
1251:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1160:
1156:
1121:
1117:
1074:
1070:
1035:
1031:
984:
980:
971:
969:
960:
959:
950:
905:
901:
892:
891:
884:
875:
874:
870:
860:
858:
850:
849:
842:
832:
821:
811:
809:
787:
786:
779:
769:
767:
763:
762:
758:
748:
746:
734:
733:
726:
721:
714:
711:
702:
699:
690:
683:
674:
671:
662:
597:chebulinic acid
553:
541:formulation of
483:
464:
417:
376:
352:southwest China
309:
272:
233:(Roxb.) Kostel.
225:(Retz.) Gaertn.
206:Buceras chebula
190:
185:
179:
166:
163:T. chebula
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:wfo-0000406875
2322:
2309:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2257:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2026:
2011:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:Prosopis nigra
1912:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1820:Divi-divi pod
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:Uncaria gambir
1704:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1528:(most notably
1523:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:Rhus chinensis
1461:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1359:Vitis vinifera
1351:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1249:
1203:
1174:(5): 390–392.
1154:
1135:(3): 567–574.
1115:
1088:(3): 211–218.
1068:
1049:(3): 327–336.
1041:retz. Fruit".
1029:
978:
948:
919:(3): 244–252.
899:
896:. efloras.org.
882:
868:
840:
819:
777:
756:
723:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
705:
703:
700:
693:
691:
684:
677:
675:
672:
665:
661:
658:
641:also contains
573:chebulosides I
552:
549:
482:
479:
463:
460:
416:
413:
412:
411:
401:
375:
372:
311:
310:
308:
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
211:
202:
199:
198:
192:
191:
186:
175:
174:
168:
167:
160:
158:
154:
153:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2391:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Indian spices
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
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1903:
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1898:
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1769:Sea lavender
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1501:Other sources
1499:
1491:
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1485:
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1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:Rhus coriaria
1467:
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1328:Areca catechu
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1021:
1016:
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997:
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968:on 2013-12-03
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741:
739:
731:
729:
724:
709:
704:
697:
692:
688:
681:
676:
673:A green fruit
669:
664:
663:
657:
655:
654:antibacterial
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
634:
630:
629:Chebulic acid
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:ethyl gallate
602:
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582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
548:
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545:
540:
536:
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526:
522:
521:Vindhya Range
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:in their own
502:
498:
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475:
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468:
459:
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209:(Retz.) Lyons
207:
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172:Binomial name
169:
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80:Tracheophytes
78:
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68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1990:
1958:
1938:
1926:
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1907:
1899:
1879:
1872:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1798:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1723:
1711:
1697:
1674:Salix caprea
1672:
1660:
1650:
1638:
1621:
1606:
1594:
1584:
1570:
1558:
1548:
1535:
1529:
1489:Tara spinosa
1487:
1475:
1469:
1454:
1451:Valonia oak
1432:
1431:
1419:
1380:
1368:
1365:Mimosa bark
1358:
1344:
1335:arecatannins
1326:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1206:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1085:
1081:
1077:
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1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
995:
991:
981:
970:. Retrieved
966:the original
916:
912:
902:
871:
859:. Retrieved
855:
835:
810:. Retrieved
796:
790:
768:. Retrieved
759:
747:. Retrieved
743:
737:
686:
649:
647:
638:
637:
589:ellagic acid
560:
555:A number of
554:
542:
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494:
489:
476:
472:
466:
465:
431:
430:
424:
407:
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334:, native to
329:
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162:
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149:
139:Combretaceae
112:
99:
86:
73:
41:
24:
18:
2266:kew-2431324
2157:iNaturalist
2015:Wikispecies
1893:Whole plant
1341:Broad bean
1307:Sources of
1269:(2): 29-35.
1224:J. Sep. Sci
861:16 November
749:16 November
643:terflavin B
633:Luteic acid
625:tannic acid
613:terflavin A
609:punicalagin
601:gallic acid
507:or used in
415:Description
93:Angiosperms
40:A leafless
2379:Plant dyes
2348:Categories
2261:Plant List
1757:Garouille
1400:Sources of
1346:Vicia faba
1316:Sources of
972:2014-05-18
719:References
687:T. chebula
656:activity.
652:also have
571:, and the
569:arjungenin
557:glycosides
490:T. chebula
448:monoecious
423:Haritaki (
408:tomentella
336:South Asia
331:Terminalia
150:Terminalia
42:T. chebula
2123:200014747
2110:200014747
1869:Gall oak
1844:Teri pod
1832:Sant pod
1745:Canaigre
1585:Betula sp
1484:Tara pod
1390:Quebracho
617:terchebin
539:Ayurvedic
509:preserves
436:deciduous
387:varieties
360:Sri Lanka
157:Species:
63:Kingdom:
2313:Tropicos
2214:61990218
2188:11326827
2175:171037-1
2006:Q3595915
2000:Wikidata
1901:Prosopis
1774:Limonium
1657:Urunday
1651:Picea sp
1639:Pinus sp
1629:Mangrove
1622:Larix sp
1603:Hemlock
1549:Alnus sp
1503:by organ
1441:Oak bark
1411:Chestnut
1244:16922284
1198:16747927
1149:20659546
1110:25751621
1102:16932919
1063:12127233
1024:28848436
943:23620847
770:7 August
685:A dried
621:luteolin
585:chebulin
581:coumarin
561:haritaki
544:triphala
535:Haritaki
533:(called
427:) fruits
374:Taxonomy
364:Malaysia
350:east to
340:Pakistan
281:Thwaites
273:De Wild.
217:K.Schum.
196:Synonyms
135:Family:
129:Myrtales
106:Eudicots
2318:8200010
2136:3189388
2066:Ecocrop
1963:(vilca)
1923:Tanoak
1720:Redoul
1707:Gambier
1669:Willow
1555:Avaram
1526:Acacias
1520:Tanbark
1309:tannins
1189:1258254
1015:5554347
998:: 519.
934:3631759
856:Dr. Axe
701:Flowers
660:Gallery
525:leather
497:pickled
398:chebula
368:Vietnam
145:Genus:
125:Order:
67:Plantae
2305:161506
2274:PLANTS
2253:987253
2240:288813
2227:155022
2201:506159
2084:483607
2045:205226
2029:APDB:
1795:Cutch
1694:Badan
1687:Leaves
1646:Spruce
1567:Babul
1416:Dhawa
1242:
1196:
1186:
1147:
1108:
1100:
1061:
1022:
1012:
941:
931:
623:, and
517:vijaya
443:leaves
366:, and
356:Yunnan
322:black-
241:Kuntze
119:Rosids
2279:TECH3
2183:IRMNG
2162:68671
2149:36335
2097:TEMCH
2071:10327
2058:55G44
1862:Galls
1813:Fruit
1788:Woods
1738:Roots
1617:Larch
1608:Tsuga
1580:Birch
1544:Alder
1511:Barks
1464:Sumac
1354:Grape
1331:seed
1220:(PDF)
1106:S2CID
812:6 Aug
793:Retz"
713:Trunk
513:fruit
505:syrup
501:sugar
456:drupe
452:fruit
406:var.
404:T. c.
396:var.
394:T. c.
385:Many
348:Nepal
344:India
338:from
265:Roxb.
249:Walp.
188:Retz.
113:Clade
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
44:tree
2287:POWO
2222:NCBI
2209:IUCN
2196:ITIS
2170:IPNI
2144:GRIN
2131:GBIF
2092:EPPO
2040:BOLD
1634:Pine
1534:and
1448:wood
1413:wood
1392:wood
1240:PMID
1194:PMID
1145:PMID
1098:PMID
1059:PMID
1020:PMID
939:PMID
863:2023
814:2016
772:2015
751:2023
575:and
439:tree
346:and
297:Kurz
289:Roth
2326:WFO
2300:RHS
2118:FoC
2105:FNA
2079:EoL
2053:CoL
2032:723
1446:Oak
1232:doi
1184:PMC
1176:doi
1137:doi
1133:131
1090:doi
1051:doi
1010:PMC
1000:doi
929:PMC
921:doi
454:is
324:or
2350::
2328::
2315::
2302::
2289::
2276::
2263::
2250::
2237::
2224::
2211::
2198::
2185::
2172::
2159::
2146::
2133::
2120::
2107::
2094::
2081::
2068::
2055::
2042::
2017::
2002::
1776:sp
1610:sp
1265:.
1238:.
1228:29
1226:.
1222:.
1192:.
1182:.
1172:39
1170:.
1166:.
1143:.
1131:.
1104:.
1096:.
1086:81
1084:.
1057:.
1047:81
1045:.
1018:.
1008:.
994:.
990:.
951:^
937:.
927:.
915:.
911:.
885:^
854:.
843:^
822:^
805:,
801:.
795:.
780:^
742:.
727:^
627:.
619:,
615:,
611:,
607:,
603:,
599:,
595:,
591:,
577:II
567:,
547:.
370:.
362:,
342:,
115::
102::
89::
76::
1540:)
1300:e
1293:t
1286:v
1267:4
1246:.
1234::
1200:.
1178::
1151:.
1139::
1112:.
1092::
1065:.
1053::
1026:.
1002::
996:8
975:.
945:.
923::
917:3
879:.
865:.
816:.
789:"
774:.
753:.
736:"
354:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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