Notiomastodon - Knowledge

2155:, have also been found. Due to the diversity of footprints, Pehuen Có is one of the most important sites with ichnofossils in the world. It has been dated to about 12,000 years before present. Proboscidean tracks, however, are not common there. The main trail comprises seven footprints over a length of 4.4 meters. The individual prints have an oval shape with lengths from 23 to 27 cm and widths from 23 to 30 cm. In general, these have a depth of 8 cm below the surface. In some cases, small prominences are found on the front edge, which are interpreted as markings of three to five fingers, comparable to the nail-shaped structures of living elephants. The largest frontal footprints have five, and those of the smallest in some cases only have three of those prominences. In the same way they have a flattened shape that was generated by the fat pads of the legs as it happens in modern elephants. The footprints of Pehuen Có are assigned to the ichnogenus 1080:. Originally from Africa, they reached a great diversity and expansion in both the Old and the New World in the course of their evolutionary history. Different phases of evolutionary radiation can be distinguished. The gomphotheres belong to the second phase, which began in the lower Miocene. The main characteristic of true gomphotheres is the formation is the formation of three transverse ridges on first and second molars (trilophodont gomphotheres; later forms with four tusks are sometimes known as tetralophodont gomphotheres, but are no longer included in the family). As in extant elephants, gomphotheres had a horizontal tooth replacement pattern which includes them in the modern group 599: 1905:, the superior joint extension, the length of the bone was only 57 to 64 cm. As a result, the ulna was functionally much shorter than the humerus, which is characteristic of South American gomphotheres compared to their Eurasian relatives. The physiological length of the ulna also corresponded to the approximate total length of the radius. The femur was 96 to 100 cm long and consisted of a nearly cylindrical shaft, slightly flattened only at the front and back. The spherically shaped femoral head towered over the other prominence, but sat on a shorter neck than that of 1048:

back to 7 and 2.5 million years, respectively. Only a few years later, several authors expressed doubts about the identity of this genus and its age. For example, their molars were considered to be barely distinguishable from other South American gomphotheres and the presence of alveoli for the lower tusks would be a misinterpretation of the mandibular cavities. Geologic age is also difficult to determine due to the complex stratigraphic conditions at the site. Other scientists agreed with this, and further dental analysis revealed no significant differences with

1840:, on the other hand, had five ridges on the upper teeth and more than eight on the lower ones. The upper and lower third molars (M3/m3) were tetralophodont or pentalophodont; and their wear morphology in the occlusal phase varies from simple to complicated due to the presence of central conules and accessory conules between the main cusps of pre- and postrites, which makes it look like a double trefoil. It is characteristic of this species is a greater proportion of teeth with these very complex trefoil figures and marked ptychodonty in their enamel. 2186: 2284: 6094: 168: 6081: 150: 747: 1757: 1768: 136: 6088: 1653: 2030:, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Specifically, they consist of deep bone lesions on the spinous process, osteoarthritic lesions, and asymmetrical articulations of the zygaphophyses, which were caused by nutrient deficiencies caused by environmental perturbations and likely exacerbated by excessive biomechanical stress on the bones as the proboscidean moved through the uneven, upland terrain of the region. Late Pleistocene 1606:, as well as proboscideans, among others, mixed with the endemic fauna of the south. The oldest record of proboscideans from South America comes from the middle section of the Uquia Formation in northwestern Argentina. It dates from about 2.5 million years ago, and the findings, which correspond to fragmentary remains of vertebrae, are not attributable to a particular genus. It is unknown when 2059:

age and older). This last group can be broken down into 27.7% of middle-aged animals (25 to 36 years) and 17.2% of old (37 to 48 years) and senile (49 to 60 years) specimens. The large proportion of individuals over 37 years of age is notable, suggesting that there was a high survival rate in this group. Some of the adult animals suffered from pathological changes in their bones from

1084:, compared to their ancestors which lacked this trait. In contrast to vertical tooth replacement which is used for most mammals, in which all permanent teeth are available at the same time, in horizontal replacement the individual molariform teeth erupt one after another in a row. This originated from jaw shortening in the course of proboscidean evolution and is first detectable in 1099:. However, they are sometimes considered to be members of the Elephantoidea. In general, the gomphotheres are one of the most successful groups among the proboscideans, which underwent numerous changes in their long existence. These include a substantial increase in their overall size, their tusks and their molar teeth, as well as an increase in their complexity. 1701:, it was narrower and shorter. In side view, this was pronounced in a dome, comparable to that of the skulls of today's elephants. However, in the case of modern elephants, the skull has an even more upright orientation and the snout is much shorter. The skulls found have total lengths of 75 to 113 cm, and the height of these, measured from the upper edge to the 996:, there was only one other genus of proboscidean in South America during the Pleistocene. In their opinion, this animal showed great variability in relation to the morphology of the teeth and skull, mainly in the shape of the tusks and molariform teeth. By following the ICZN priority rules, the first genus name given to this gomphothere, which would be 1794:, this prominence was significantly reduced. In some cases, there were as many as three holes known as mental foramina. The ascending ramus of the mandible was massive and rose up to 47 cm. The leading and trailing edges showed a parallel orientation. The frontal process was significantly lower than that of the joint, which was not the case in 1464:, for which its presence in Asia is interpreted as a migration from America. Due to its geographic isolation from the American genera, the Chinese scientists usually place it in the independent subfamily Sinomastodontinae. Taking into account the lack of intermediate forms, some authors consider the similarities between 2267:

fossil remains housed over several dozen square meters in flood deposits. These represented at least seven specimens, and a single skeleton consisted of 68 bone elements scattered over an area of 5 m. Another important site there is the natural asphalt pit of Tanque Loma on the Santa Elena peninsula,

2097:

stage, a hormone-controlled phase that occurs annually in modern elephants and is characterized by a huge increase in testosterone. During the musth, males become extremely aggressive and battles for mating rights can ensue, sometimes with fatal consequences. An external feature is the increased flow

2058:

fossils. These are interpreted as the remains of a local population that was wiped out by a catastrophic event. According to dental studies, the group consisted of 14.9% juveniles (0 to 12 years of age), 23.0% near-adult individuals (13 to 24 years of age), and 62.1% of adult individuals (25 years of

1963:

molars from the Upper Pleistocene site of Aguas de Araxin Island in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. The teeth exhibit a high number of nicks and scratches, which is consistent with similar abrasion marks on the teeth of extant ungulates that consume both hard and soft plants. Through some plant

1719:

was short and lay on top of the very wide but flat nasal opening where the trunk connected to the skull. Seen from the side, a groove bounded the nasal bone, which served as an anchor point for the maxillolabial muscle, which acted as a load-bearing arm for the tube. The remaining edges of the nasal

1043:, the authors highlighted the short mandible with sockets for rudimentary incisors and molars with moderately complex molar masticatory surface pattern. The age of the sedimentary layers of these fossil remains is estimated at 9.5 million years, which corresponds to the late Miocene. This would make 2004:

was particularly apparent in the fossil finds from the Quequen Grande site in the Argentine province of Buenos Aires. Isotope studies of finds there from the Middle Pleistocene indicate a relatively mixed diet, while others from the Late Pleistocene suggest that it specialized in consuming grasses.

1805:

The teeth consisted of its large tusks and the molariform teeth. In contrast to Eurasian gomphotheres, incisors were only formed in the upper dentition, although small sockets were sometimes formed in the lower jaw. As in all proboscideans, the upper tusks were actually hypertrophied second incisor

1724:

and individual extensions of it. This bone also formed the alveoli of the upper incisors. These were very long, sometimes up to 59 cm, and they were very wide and their diameter increased towards the front. These only diverged slightly and in side view aligned with the profile of his forehead. This

1638:

finds belong to the late Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene. Its distribution areas in central Chile may have been reached relatively late, either by a route from the Pampas to the low inter-Andean valleys or from the north through the Amazonian lowlands. This may have occurred during the warm

2572:

in central Chile, are also associated with human hunting. The pieces found there, however, are very fragmented and frequently limited to tusks and molars as well as individual elements of the skeleton, which is why some authors suppose that the remains of proboscideans come from corpses located in

2213:

present in these regions instead. It is possible that both proboscideans avoided direct competition due to the strict definition of habitat, since both had a similar ecological spectrum. Modern elephants also generally avoiding higher elevation areas due to the associated energy cost of traversing

1671:

of about 2.5 meters and a body weight of 3.15 tons, while other analyzes put the weight of the same individual at more than 4.4 tons. For another individual, the weight calculations vary between 4.1 and 7.6 tons. Since these estimates are based on the dimensions of the limb bones, but these differ

1047:

one of the first mammals to reach South America from the north before the Great American Biotic Interchange, which would only begin about six million years later. Additionally, this find is much older than the gomphotherid evidence considered as the oldest in both Central and South America, dating

2589:, this date should be considered with caution without other corroboration. The climatic models projected for South America during the latter Pleistocene and the early Holocene suggests that the habitats were more humid and with more presence of forests, which could reduce the suitable habitat for 2580:

are 11,740 to 11,100 years old and were obtained from Quereo in Chile, from Itaituba on the Tapajós River in central Brazil, and from Tibitó in Colombia, the latter being associated with three dozen tools of stone. Even more recent is a skull from Taguatagua in Chile, estimated to be 10,300 years

1900:

was massive and 78 to 87 cm long. This widened towards the ends of the joints, the joint head was wide and clearly rounded. However, only some prominences showed rough areas on the axis. The ulna was rather gracile, with a total length of 75 to 80 cm but almost as large as the humerus. Due to the

3736:

Matthias Meyer, Eleftheria Palkopoulou, Sina Baleka, Mathias Stiller, Kirsty E. H. Penkman, Kurt W. Alt, Yasuko Ishida, Dietrich Mania, Swapan Mallick, Tom Meijer, Harald Meller, Sarah Nagel, Birgit Nickel, Sven Ostritz, Nadin Rohland, Karol Schauer, Tim Schüler, Alfred L Roca, David Reich, Beth

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is associated with human presence. These are scattered throughout the north and southwest of South America, while in the entire Pampas region there are no known finds with the joint presence of proboscideans and humans. Therefore, there is little actual evidence of active hunting. Among the most

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Mothé, Dimila; dos Santos Avilla, Leonardo; Asevedo, Lidiane; Borges-Silva, Leon; Rosas, Mariane; Labarca-Encina, Rafael; Souberlich, Ricardo; Soibelzon, Esteban; Roman-Carrion, José Luis; Ríos, Sergio D.; Rincon, Ascanio D.; Cardoso de Oliveira, Gina; Pereira Lopes, Renato (30 September 2016).

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is the only representative of the gomphotheres for which biochemical data are available for comparison. In stark contrast to what was suspected of its close anatomical resemblance to elephantids, a study published in 2019 indicated a closer relationship to mastodonts. It is unclear whether this

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due to the much more complex chewing surface of their molariforms. According to this, there would be at least two species of gomphotheres living in the lowlands of South America. Analysis by a team of researchers led by Dimila E. Mothé in the early 2010s gave a different result. After examining

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Proboscidean footprint fossils documented in South America are relatively rare. One of the most important sites is Pehuen Có near Bahía Blanca in the Argentine province of Buenos Aires. The site was discovered in 1986 and covers an area of 1.5 km. The numerous footprints were printed on a

1090:

in the late Oligocene, about 28 million years ago. Still, unlike modern elephants, gomphotheres possess a number of primitive and advanced traits. These include, for example, a generally flatter skull, the formation of upper and lower fenders as well as molariform teeth with fewer ridges and a

2092:

A study of the tusk of a male animal from the Santiago de Chile basin allowed the analysis of the last four years of its life by means of isotope and thin-section analyses. During this period, tusk appositional thickness increased by about 10 mm per year. This growth rate was found to be

1835:

pattern. The first two molars had three pairs of ridges (trilophodonts) that were oriented along the longitudinal axis. The upper three, meanwhile, had four and the lower one more than five pairs of ridges (tetra- and pentalophodont), so these additional ridges were less pronounced.

1401:

between 3.5 and 2.5 million years ago. South American gomphotheres differ from their relatives in other parts of the world by their relatively short snouts (brevirostral gomphotheres) and high-domed skulls. Additionally, they only had upper tusks. The two known South American genera

3864:

Cione, A.L., Gasparini, G.M., Soibelzon, E., Soibelzon, L.H., Tonni, E.P., 2015. The Great American Biotic Interchange in Southern South America: Land Mammal Biostratigraphy, Climatic Evolution and Faunal Integration. Springer Briefs in Earth System Sciences. Springer, New

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were arboreal, their presence suggests that the region may have supported a dense closed forest during the Late Pleistocene. It is possible that the region alternated between dry open savannah and closed wet forest throughout the climate change of the Late Pleistocene.

912:. However, the validity of the designation of this species was frequently criticized, including by Hoffstetter himself, given that the material from Brazil is of little significance due to its poor preservation status. Other authors followed this idea and considered 1909:. At the lower end, the prominence internal was greater than the external. The fibula, which was up to 70 cm long, was characterized by a prismatic axis and a higher end at the lower joint. The hands and feet had five fingers, as in modern elephants. The limbs of 1847:

in relation to molars, one with two additional central ridges on each half side of the tooth longitudinally and one without. Also very characteristic is the cloverleaf structure on the individual ridges in the weathered state. In general, the dental structure of

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was widely distributed from the open areas of the southern Chaco to the current Amazon basin, and fossil remains have been found on the continental shelf of the Atlantic coast. One of the sites most important, however, is the state of Minas Gerais. At least 47

4151:

José Luis Prado, María Teresa Alberdi, B. Azanza, Begoña Sánchez & D. Frassinetti. The Pleistocene Gomphotheres (Proboscidea) from South America: diversity, habitats and feeding ecology. In: G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi & M. R. Palombo (Hrsg.):

2009:

may have been an opportunistic herbivore adapting its habits food to local conditions, similar to what has been documented in living elephants. Especially during the course of the Late Pleistocene, when climatic changes from the last glacial period in the

1038:

region of southeastern Peru. The findings come from the Ipururo Formation, which outcrops along the Madre de Dios River. However, a partial skeleton that had been discovered along with these fossils was lost during a violent flood. As a special feature of

638:, which has a North American distribution. The relationships of the three genres with each other on their independence or synonymization have been the subject of continuous discussion. Research on South American proboscideans began with the expeditions of 1818:

were very robust. Their lengths could reach more than 88 cm outside the alveoli, and in particularly long specimens it could reach 128 cm measured on the external curvature. The cross section was oval in shape and varied from 11.5 to 16.4 cm in diameter.

757:

In the northernmost part of South America, Juan Félix Proaño discovered in 1894 an almost complete skeleton near Quebrada Chalán, in the vicinity of Punín in the Ecuadorian province of Chimborazo. The skeleton he named as the new species

5173:

Mothé, D.; Avilla, L.S.; Araújo-Júnior, H.I.; Rotti, A.; Prous, A.; Azevedo, S.A.K. (February 2020). "An artifact embedded in an extinct proboscidean sheds new light on human-megafaunal interactions in the Quaternary of South America".

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created a wide angle between the orientation of the tusks sockets and the plane of the chewing surface of the molars. Upwards, the alveoli of the incisors were slightly indented. In general, the premaxilla was much more massive than in

1933:, the ratio of the upper and lower sections of its legs as well as the fore and hind legs to each other gave it a better adaptation for open environments and long strides and a greater degree of graviportality, than in the case of 674:). From the present point of view, both teeth do not have specific diagnostic characteristics that allow them to be assigned to a species in particular. In the following years, the number of discovered fossils increased, which led 2246:

individuals were found there. These were preserved in a sinkhole with coarse-grained sediments. The genus has also been reported from Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Is interesting to note that some of the localities with

1921:. In the case of the latter, the length of the femur exceeded that of the tibia by almost twice. Another important difference can be seen in the ratio of the front legs compared to the hind legs. These have an average of 82% for 1958:

chewing pattern of gomphotheres is usually associated with a generalist diet, which suggests a preference for mixed feeding on both grass and foliage. This has also been delineated in studies on traces of wear and scratches on

2098:

of a secretion from the temporal gland. In the case of the animal from Santiago de Chile, growth abnormalities were partially linked to a change in diet. The individual's death took place relatively abruptly in early autumn.

1705:, is 41 to 76 cm. The upper part of the skull was characterized in frontal view by having two domes, between which is a slight suture along the center of the skull. Both domes were formed by the air-filled chambers of the 2573:

another location and were later consumed there. In 2019, a description of a young specimen from Brazil was published which had an artifact lodged into its skull, providing clear evidence that this individual was hunted.

3216:

Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Cozzuol, Mário; Winck, Gisele R. (25 October 2012). "Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands".

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Dantas, Mário André Trindade; Xavier, Márcia Cristina Teles; França, Lucas de Melo; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto; Ribeiro, Adauto de Souza; Figueiredo, Ana Maria Graciano; Kinoshita, Angela; Baffa, Oswaldo (2013-12-13).

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as in modern elephants, which erupted one after the other due to the horizontal replacement of the teeth. The chewing surface was generally composed of seven pairs of ridges or lophs, which gave the teeth a

2718:

Illustrated Zoognosia in Synoptic Tables, Produced from Lectures in the Imperial Medico-Surgical Academy of Moscow by the Author, Gotthelf Fischer: Vol. 3, Classes, Orders, Genera, Enlarged Throughout with

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in 1889 to give the first general review of the proboscideans in his extensive work on the extinct mammals of Argentina. In this he listed several species, all of which he considered analogous to Cuvier's

4222:

Asevedo, Lidiane; Pansani, Thaís Rabito; Cordeiro, Victor Menezes; Silva-Caminha, Silane Aparecida Ferreira; Paixão, Jesus da S.; Cozzuol, Mário Alberto; Dantas, Mário André Trindade (1 December 2021).

1913:, like those of other short-jawed gomphotheres, were generally more massive and robust than in extant elephants. It is also very curious that the length of the upper and lower sections of the legs of 1016:

material is too scarce and fragmentary to make a definitive statement. However, in a review about the fossil record of gomphotherids in South America published in 2022, both authors agreed to call it

1012:

and was confined to North America. Later, Spencer George Lucas also supported this idea. However, some authors as Alberdi & Prado considered this is inconclusive, as they think the North American

2581:

before present. On the other hand, some scientists suggest a review of individual sites with finds dated to the early Holocene, as in Quebrada Ñuagapua in Bolivia. A find of a gomphothere, probably

2485:, indicating that crabs were also present in the region. The environment of the BIR is unclear, as there were both several species that were grazers, but the precede of the arboreal fossil monkeys 1980:

in the dietary spectrum of Upper Pleistocene specimens from northern and central South America such as Ecuador or the Gran Chaco, while those from southern regions such as the Pampas fed mostly on

1004:. This is the classification that has been adopted at various times in the following years, and Mothé and colleagues through extensive morphological analysis of the teeth and skeletons, found that 1778:

The jaw reached 77 cm in length, and the area where the teeth were inserted was quite wide and noticeably arched at its lower edge. The height under the molars was more than 15 cm. In contrast,

2222:

have been found in the Pampas region and the Gran Chaco in Argentina. These include deposits such as Santa Clara del Mar in the province of Buenos Aires and the Río Dulce in the province of

1786:

was typical of South American gomphotheres as it was relatively short (brevirostral), and in some individuals it pointed downwards and sometimes formed a small prominence, as is the case in

766:, along with another skeleton recovered at Quebrada Callihuaico near Quito a year earlier. In 1950, Robert Hoffstetter used the right and left humeri of the Quebrada Chalán skeleton to name 1880:

72 to 205 cm² (12 to 34 cm² per lophid). Thus the teeth were typical for a relatively large proboscidean. The lower last molar was 21.6 cm long, and the upper last molar was over 19.3 cm.

2255:

in Colombia, Punín, in Ecuador and Leclishpampa, Lima in Peru, are located in high mountain deposits, meanwhile that in La Huaca in Peru, a lowland environment, has been found remains of

654:

in Chile. Cuvier did not give them scientific names that are valid today, but simply called the first in French "Mastodon des cordilléres" and the second "Mastodon humboldien". In 1814,

2713:

Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrata in Usum Praelectionem Academiae Imperialis Medico-Chirurgicae Mosquensis Edita: Vol 3. Classium, ordinum, generum illustratione perpetua aucta

1381:

Gomphotheres are first recorded at the end of the Oligocene in Africa and are among the first representatives of the proboscideans to leave that continent after the closure of the

880:, turned out to be highly variable, even in the same individual, according to the investigations of Simpson and Paula Couto. Therefore, both highlighted as a diagnostic feature of 5029:"Late Pleistocene meso-megaherbivores from Brazilian Intertropical Region: isotopic diet (δ13C), niche differentiation, guilds and paleoenvironmental reconstruction (δ13C, δ18O)" 4326:

Begoña Sánchez, José Luis Prado & María Teresa Alberdi: Feeding ecology, dispersal, and extinction of South American Pleistocene gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea).

3519:

Jeheskel Shoshani, Robert C. Walter, Michael Abraha, Seife Berhe, Pascal Tassy, William J. Sander, Gary H. Marchant, Yosief Libsekal, Tesfalidet Ghirmai & Dietmar Zinner:

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proportionally from those of extant elephants, these values can only be considered as an approximation. In general, this genus reached approximately the dimensions of current

513:

The genus was originally named in 1929, and has been controversial in the course of taxonomic history as it has frequently been confused with or synonymized with forms called

790:

with catalog number MECN 82 to 84 from Quebrada Pistud in the Ecuadorian province of Carchi, which also included a complete skeleton. Only two years later Hoffstetter raised

1442:

the mandible has lower tusks at all ages. This idea does not take into account relationships with other short-faced gomphotherids which are mostly unclear. The situation of

872:, were found further to the southeast in the Pampas region. The features of the transverse foramina of the first cervical vertebra, which Hoffstetter applied to distinguish 5302:

Araújo, T., Machado, H., Mothé, D., & dos Santos Avilla, L. (2021). Species distribution modeling reveals the ecological niche of extinct megafauna from South America.

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in Chile. It is thought to have been a generalist mixed feeder that fed on a variety of plants, with its diet varying according to local conditions. Like living elephants,

3795:

Baleka, Sina; Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Mothé, Dimila; Stafford, Thomas W.; Fariña, Richard A.; Hofreiter, Michael (December 2021).

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Neves, Gisele Aparecida dos Santos; Ghilardi, Aline Marcele; Felizmino de Araújo, Francisco Tibério; Cherkinsky, Alexander; Dantas, Mário André Trindade (November 2023).

3449: 1475:

As with many mammals known only from fossils, phylogenetic relationships are inferred from skeletal anatomical features. It is only since the 2000s that methods based on

2688:

Cuvier, Georges (1806). "Sur différentes dents du genre des mastodontes, mais d'espèces moindres que celle de l'Ohio, trouvées en plusieurs lieux des deux continents".

844:

as an independent genus by Hoffstetter in 1952, there have been multiple discussions about the validity of these three taxa. As early as 1952, Hoffstetter had limited

5246:

Iriarte, José; Ziegler, Michael J.; Outram, Alan K.; Robinson, Mark; Roberts, Patrick; Aceituno, Francisco J.; Morcote-Ríos, Gaspar; Keesey, T. Michael (2022-04-25).

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ESR dating of pleistocene mammal teeth and its implications for the biostratigraphy and geological evolution of the coastal plain, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.

2259:, in contrast with the traditional division between lowland/mountain habitats for these animals. In Ecuador, the Quebrada Pistud site near Bolívar in the province of 1814:, whose upper tusks were spiraled with an enamel band that wrapped around them. Additionally, in the latter, lower tusk appear in juveniles. In general, the tusks of 1684:

in Colombia, with a circumference of 51.2 cm, suggests that this specimen could have exceeded 7.9 tons in weight; some specimens could reach 3 meters in height.

4088:. 2007. 115p. cita pág.:p.14. Dissertação (Mestrado em Geociências) Programa de Pósgraduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. 975:

in the Andes. Around the same period, Spencer George Lucas and collaborators reached a similar conclusion, especially after examining an almost complete skeleton of

5086:

Cartelle, Castor; Hartwig, W. C. (1996). "A new extinct primate among the Pleistocene megafauna of Bahia, Brazil". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

2921:

Giovanni Ficcarelli, Vittorio Borselli, Gonzalo Herrera, Miguel Moreno Espinosa & Danilo Torre: Taxonomic remarks on the South American mastodonts referred to

1798:. The joint ended transverse to the longitudinal axis of the mandible and was very robust, with a distance between its tips from side to side of 57 cm. Also unlike 3983:

Richard A. Fariña, Sergio F. Vizcaíno & María S. Bargo. Body mass estimations in Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene of South America) mammal megafauna.

3876:

Biochronology and biostratigraphy of the Uquı´a Formation (Pliocene–early Pleistocene, NW Argentina) and its significance in the Great American Biotic Interchange.

3506:

José Luis Prado, Maria Teresa Alberdi, Beatriz Azanza, Begonia Sánchez & Daniel Frassinetti: The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from South America.

2226:. Remains have also been documented from southern Bolivia, which are still found in the Gran Chaco area. Otherwise, most of the finds from that area correspond to 983:

and determined that this genus should be separated from the South American gomphotheres due to its different musculoskeletal characteristics. They differentiated

4679:"Ain't no mountain high enough? New records of Notiomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Colombia and the Quaternary dry corridor of the Cauca valley" 1806:

teeth. These tusks could vary in shape in each individual, so that the tusks could be short and with the tips clearly curved upwards or relatively straight. The

4806:"A window into a late Pleistocene megafauna community: Stable isotopes show niche partitioning among herbivorous taxa at the Arroyo del Vizcaíno site (Uruguay)" 2881: 4959:

Revisiting the oldest known lithic assemblages of Colombia: A review of data from El Abra and Tibitó (C&iboyacense Plateau, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia).

3404: 4486: 2649:

Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal (2005). "Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior".

1397:, while in Central America they are recorded as early as the end of the Miocene about 7 million years ago. Gomphotherids reached South America during the 666:. Cuvier himself would refer both species to the now-disused genus "Mastodon" in 1824, but created a new name of species for the Ecuadorian find which is 2545:, the exact causes of which are the subject of long-standing controversy in the scientific literature. By the time of the extinct It is not clear if the 4014: 3521:

A proboscidean from the late Oligocene of Eritrea, a ‘‘missing link’’ between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications.

3091: 2558:

significant finds are those made in Taima Taima in the coastal area of north-central Venezuela. There, an El Jobo-type projectile point was found in a

1614:

appeared in the region about 7 million years ago. It has been generally assumed that the gomphotherids invaded South America in two independent waves.

3132:

Evolución biológica y climática de la Región Pampeana durante los últimos 5 millones de años. Un ensayo de correlación con el Mediterráneo occidental.

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was the only gomphotherid genus present in the South American lowlands. However, in 2008 Marco P. Ferretti defended the independent classification of

4553:

Fernando Henrique de Souza Barbosa, Kleberson de Oliveira Porpino, Ana Bernadete Lima Fragoso & Maria de Fátima Cavalcante Ferreira dos Santos:

3090:; Mammalia, Proboscidea): proposed conservation of usage by designation of a neotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 66 (2), 2009, S. 164–167 ( 900:, a taxon coined by William Jacob Holland in 1920. This was based on a highly fragmented remains of a jaw found in Pedra Vermelha in the Brazilian 2089:

would hardly have natural enemies in life. Traces left by a large predator were also found on a skeleton from the Pilauco site in southern Chile.

2071:. These are evident in the vertebrae and long bones among others, and may be due to individual diseases. Osteomyelitis has also been diagnosed in 6188: 5703: 5099:

Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (1989). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. p. 247.

2230:. The southernmost evidence of this proboscidean comes from isolated remains from Chile, with the southernmost remains in the country being from 1590:

closed and a mainland connection between North and South America was established. This exchange occurred in both directions, so that for example

1448:, an East Asian form with skeletal characteristics very similar to South American gomphotheres, is problematic. In several phylogenetic studies, 727:, of which he had found a mandible and another tusk fragment at Playa del Barco near Monte Hermoso also in Buenos Aires province (catalog number 2735:

Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, ou l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs animaux dont les révolutions du globe ont détruit les espèces

2209:. The specimens of this proboscidean are found mostly in the lowlands, while in the mountainous areas of the Andes it was largely absent, with 2075:

finds from other sites. The remains found at Águas de Araxá must have been exposed for a long time after their deposit. Not only did this allow

5733: 3890:

Renato Pereira Lopes, Luiz Carlos Oliveira, Ana Maria Graciano Figueiredo, Angela Kinoshita, Oswaldo Baffa & Francisco Sekiguchi Buchmann:

5027:

Omena, Érica Cavalcante; Silva, Jorge Luiz Lopes da; Sial, Alcides Nóbrega; Cherkinsky, Alexander; Dantas, Mário André Trindade (2021-10-03).

6270: 6201: 5448: 4109:(Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) from lowland mid-latitudes of South America: Stereomicrowear and tooth calculus analyses combined". 2962:(Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador and its bearing on the phylogeny and systematics of south American gomphotheres" 2599:, another species commonly found in open habitats, along with the subsequent changes in the vegetation could affect to these large mammals. 2585:

in Totumo, Colombia was dated as recently as 6,060 ± 60 years before present, however, given how much later this date is than other finds of

1626:

does not show a restriction to the highlands in Central America, but can also be found there in lowlands. The oldest unambiguous evidence of

905: 1622:

used an eastern one along the Atlantic coast and lowlands. It is possible that the emigration to South America was much more complex, since

5333: 2180: 1860:, which was formed mainly by the formation of additional lateral ridges. The last chewing molar would have had between 35 and 82 ridges in 3164:, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 44, 2008, S. 409–415 4340:

Zorro-Luján, Catalina María; Noè, Leslie F.; Gómez-Pérez, Marcela; Grouard, Sandrine; Chaparro, Andrés; Torres, Saúl (25 October 2022).

3912:

entre los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae), Pleistoceno Superior. Estudios Geológicos 61 (1–2), 2005, S. 101–107

3619:

Contribuciones del MACN 6, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos AiSpenceres, Argentina, 2016, S. 275–283

4622:

The gomphotheres (proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from Pilauco site:Scavenging evidence in the Late Pleistocene of the Chilean Patagonia.

2054:

is suggested to have lived in social family groups. The Águas de Araxá site is significant as it has one of the largest collections of

5116:

Halenar, Lauren B. (December 2011). "Reconstructing the Locomotor Repertoire of Protopithecus brasiliensis". The Anatomical Record.

4289:"Annual isotopic diet (δ13C, δ18O) of Notiomastodon platensis in the Brazilian Intertropical region during the Last Glacial Maximum" 565:

became extinct approximately 11,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, simultaneously along with the majority of large (

6175: 4293: 4229: 2882:"Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)" 2448:

were present in the open grasslands. Carnivores included some of the largest known mammalian land carnivores, like the giant felid

4388:

Barbosa, Fernando Henrique de Souza; Araújo-Júnior, Hermínio Ismael de; Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo dos Santos (2 July 2017).

2201:

extended through northern, eastern, and southern South America, with its southernmost distribution limit between the latitudes of

3597:

A cladistic analysis among trilophodont gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with special attention to the South American genera.

2034:

fossils from Águas de Araxá in Brazil have been shown to exhibit Schmorl's node, osteoarthritis, and osteomyelitis. The teeth of

1634:, which was radiometrically dated to 464,000 years ago and therefore corresponds to the Middle Pleistocene. The vast majority of 687:, which he had already established a year earlier and whose description was based on a tusk fragment of an adult individual from 1976:. In contrast, isotope analyzes of other areas of South America paint a more complex picture. This results in a predominance of 6290: 6280: 658:

coined for first time scientific names for the South American proboscideans by renaming Cuvier's "Mastodon des cordilléres" as

5218:Ñuagapua (Chaco, Bolivia): Evidence for the latest occurrence of megafauna in association with human remains in South America. 2085:. The gnawed bone marks are the result of carrion consumption, possibly caused by a period of food scarcity. Due to its size, 6275: 5104: 4775: 4062:(Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) from Pleistocene levels of Santiago Del Estero, Argentina. Ameghiniana, v.45, p.257-272. 2008. 2859:

Blum, avec defense in situ. Bulletin de la Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d'hydrologie 26, 1912, S. 187–193 (

4438:"Characterization of dental calculus in the South American Quaternary proboscidean Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888)" 4105:

Asevedo, Lidiane; Winck, Gisele R.; Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S. (2012). "Ancient diet of the Pleistocene gomphothere

2093:

cyclical, slowing briefly in early summer with reduced tooth growth. The reduced growth is interpreted to correspond to the

4880: 4341: 4167: 4390:"Osteological diseases in an extinct Notiomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) population from the Late Pleistocene of Brazil" 3182:

Fossil Proboscidea from the Upper Cenozoic of Central America: Taxonomy, evolutionary and paleobiogeographic significance.

1034:, which was described in 1996 by Lidia Romero-Pittman based on a fragmented mandible and two isolated molars found in the 848:

to northwestern South America, while for the remaining finds such as those from Brazil, he preferred to place them within

624:, whose classification has not been controversial, and, on the other hand, several forms present in the lowlands, such as 3424:

Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central/New evidences on the presence of

2334:

Toxodontids were large mixed feeders as well and lived in forested areas, while the equids were nearly entirely grazers.

2294:

Large, mesoherbivorous mammals in the Brazilian Intertropical Region were widespread and diverse, including the cow-like

1737:

was above the front end of the molar tooth row, which is markedly more forward than in long-snouted gomphotheres such as

892:

the much more upwardly curved upper tusks, which do not present any layer of enamel. Simpson and Paula Couto established

4086:

Contribuição ao estudo dos Proboscidea (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) do Quaternário do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

2803: 2167:. The size of these footprints suggests that they were made by animals the size of the Asian elephant, roughly matching 1856:. However, due to the different morphotypes, it more closely approximated the complex pattern of the chewing surface of 6265: 4677:

Mothé, Dimila; Jaramillo, Carlos; Krigsfeld Shuster, Gheny; Oikawa, Nychollas; Escobar-Florez, Sebastian (2022-12-23).

3698:(Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) skull from the Quaternary in China. Chinese Science Bulletin 57 (36), 2012, S. 4726–4734 1524:

result can be extrapolated to the rest of the entire group of gomphotherids. On the other hand, a 2021 study based on

4168:"Feeding ecology, dispersal, and extinction of South American Pleistocene gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea)" 3930:

An updated taxonomic view on the family Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) in the final Pleistocene of south-central Chile.

2107:

substrate that was originally soft. It has been possible to identify several ichnogenera produced by mammals, such as

1091:

mamelonated masticatory surface pattern. For this reason, gomphotheres are often placed in their own superfamily, the

4566:

Fernando Henrique de Souza Barbosa, Hermínio Ismael de Araújo-Júnior, Dimila Mothé & Leonardo dos Santos Avilla:

6206: 3419: 5326: 3707:

Nadin Rohland, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Joshua L. Pollack, Montgomery Slatkin, Paul Matheus & Michael Hofreiter:

1582:

The appearance of gomphotherids in South America originates with the Great American Interchange. This began in the

1076:. The proboscideans are a relatively successful mammalian order with a long history, which began at the end of the 547:

ranged widely over most of South America, from Colombia in the northwest to Northeast Brazil and southwards to the

6260: 4727:(Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) en el Pleistoceno Superior de la zona costera de Santa Clara del Mar (Argentina). 4537: 4193: 3249:

The South American Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography.

2268:

which had over 1000 individual bones. About 660 of them were examined in detail, and about 11% can be placed in

3312: 2014:

caused forests to shrink and be replaced by grassland environments, this was an important adaptive phenomenon.

1749:

was robust and high. Its upper border was rather straight, while the lower one had a slight notch in which the

1630:

in South America is an individual tooth found on the continental shelf off the Brazilian coast in the state of

2005:

Remains near Santiago del Estero from the Last Glacial Maximum show a diet exclusively composed of C4 plants.

6285: 4442: 4027: 3797:"Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including 3537:

Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior.

2707: 683:". In addition to the species already created by Cuvier and Fischer, Ameghino named some new ones, including 655: 17: 688: 6093: 4026:. Scientific Bulletin. Vol. 13. Museum Center - Natural History Museum. pp. 78–85. Archived from 2542: 2523: 2223: 570: 581:, the first human to inhabit the Americas. Specimens associated with artifacts suggest that humans hunted 167: 5319: 3306:

Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (3 June 2017). "Running Over the Same Old Ground:

2820: 4972:

Notas preliminares sobre los Mastodontes Gonfoterios (Mammalia: Proboscidea) del cuaternario venezolano.

4810: 4436:

Fonseca De Paiva, Ana Clara; Alves-Silva, Laís; De Souza Barbosa, Fernando Henrique (7 February 2024).

2815: 1984:. In the intermediate areas, a mixed diet could be reconstructed based on the isotopes. Specimens from 1398: 743:

itself dates back to Hans Pohlig in 1912, who referred it to some findings of North American mandible.

5229:

José Luis Prado, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales, Eileen Johnson, María Teresa Alberdi & Oscar J. Polaco:

4224: 3580:

The evolution of the elephants and their relatives in the context of a changing climate and geography.

618:

in South America were distinguished. These included, on the one hand, a highland form from the Andes,

4678: 3739:

Palaeogenomes of Eurasian straight-tusked elephants challenge the current view of elephant evolution.

5009:

Keeley, J. E., & Rundel, P. W. (2003). Evolution of CAM and C4 carbon-concentrating mechanisms.

3756:"A molecular phylogeny of the extinct South American gomphothere through collagen sequence analysis" 2860: 2766: 2748:

Ameghino, F. 1888. Rápidas diagnosis de algunos mamíferos fósiles nuevos de la República Argentina.

4762:, The Latin American Studies Book Series, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 55–68, 4575: 4394: 3754:

Buckley, Michael; Recabarren, Omar P.; Lawless, Craig; García, Nuria; Pino, Mario (November 2019).

3712: 1610:

originated. There are no clear documented finds of this genus in Central America. On another hand,

1500: 4013:

Rodríguez-Flórez, Carlos David; Rodríguez-Flórez, Ernesto León; Rodríguez, Carlos Armando (2009).

3943: 1929:, which means that the hind legs of the latter were significantly shorter than the front ones. In 963:. Only two years later, he published an exhaustive work focused on the anatomy of the skeleton of 6080: 4805: 4647: 4633:

Joseph J. El Adli, Daniel C. Fisher, Michael D. Cherney, Rafael Labarca & Frédéric Lacombat:

4389: 4288: 2844: 2474: 2000:

similarly being identified as mixed feeders during isotopic analysis. The dietary flexibility of

1414:) form a monophyletic group known as the subfamily Cuvieroniinae, which in turn are grouped with 719:). Forty years after Ameghino, Ángel Cabrera reviewed the proboscidean finds. He named the genus 3709:

Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup.

2533:

was contemporary with the first human groups of hunter-gatherers that arrived in South America.

1715:. The forehead was broad and flattened for the most part. As in all advanced proboscideans, the 6232: 6143: 4609:(Proboscidea: Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of Brazil: Taphonomic and paleoecological remarks. 4586:

Victor Hugo Dominato, Dimila Mothé, Leonardo dos Santos Avilla & Cristina Bertoni-Machado:

4172: 3202:(Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Pliocene of Jalisco, Mexico and the species-level taxonomy of 2616: 1035: 904:, and because it was named much earlier, Simpson and Paula Couto argued and in accordance with 853: 739:

and synonymized this species with some of the names previously proposed by Ameghino. The genus

639: 6193: 4804:

Varela, Luciano; Clavijo, Lucía; Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Fariña, Richard A. (1 October 2023).

3855:

Webb, S.D. (1991). Ecogeography and the Great American Interchange. Paleobiology, 17: 266-280.

810:, which he differentiated from each other by the absence and presence of said openings in the 598: 6255: 6227: 6219: 5234: 3561:

William J. Sanders, Emmanuel Gheerbrant, John M. Harris, Haruo Saegusa & Cyrille Delmer:

3398: 273: 5129:

Alan J. Bryan, Rodolfo M. Casamiquela, José M. Cruxent, Ruth Gruhn & Claudio Ochsenius:

4665:

Diversity of the Pleistocene Gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from South America.

4603:

Victor Hugo Dominato, Dimila Mothé, Rafael Costa da Silva & Leonardo dos Santos Avilla:

3001:"Los gonfotéridos (Mammalia, Proboscidea) de Uruguay: taxonomía, estratigrafía y cronología" 6106: 5183: 5040: 4899: 4819: 4756:"The Proboscidean Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) from Southernmost South America" 4403: 4238: 4181: 4118: 3812: 3767: 3649: 3378: 3222: 2896: 2654: 2553:

through active hunting. In total, there are less than a dozen sites in South America where

2079:

to bore into the bones, but there is also evidence of bite marks from large canids such as

1889: 1469: 763: 6087: 4998:“Tar pits” of the Western Neotropics: Paleoecology, Taphonomy, and Mammalian Biogeography. 4957:

Brunella Muttillo, Giuseppe Lembo, Ettore Rufo, Carlo Peretto & Roberto Lleras Pérez:

3277:

Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea).

1667:

was a medium to large proboscidean. A complete skeleton was reconstructed a height at the

1426:, as evidenced by its highly specialized upper tusks, which feature a spiral enamel band. 651: 504:

had a shortened lower jaw and lacked lower tusks, unlike more primitive gomphotheres like

8: 5694: 4652:

Pehuen Co: Updated taxonomic review of a late Pleistocene ichnological site in Argentina.

4620:

Rafael Labarca, Omar Patricio Recabarren, Patricia Canales-Brellenthin & Mario Pino:

4346: 3615:

In: F. L. Agnolin, G. L. Lio, F. Brisson Egli, N. R. Chimento & F. E. Novas (Hrsg.):

2478: 2206: 2202: 1937:. This is also reflected in the build of the feet, which were slimmer and taller than in 1550:

Various other forms have been described throughout history, some of them associated with

675: 293: 5187: 5044: 4985:

Tanque Loma, a new Late Pleistocene megafaunal tar seep locality from southwest Ecuador.

4903: 4823: 4407: 4342:"Vertebral lesions in Notiomastodon platensis, Gomphotheriidae, from Anolaima, Colombia" 4242: 4185: 4122: 3816: 3771: 3653: 3382: 3226: 2900: 2711: 2658: 2338:

fossils are present in the area as well from several different families, like the giant

1790:. Downward directed symphysis is considered a diagnostic feature. On the other hand, in 1418:

in a larger group called Rhynchotheriinae. Some researchers have proposed the idea that

5280: 5247: 5199: 5064: 4781: 4755: 4706: 4529: 4437: 4262: 3966: 3833: 3796: 3694:

Wang Yuan, Jin Chang-Zhu, Deng Cheng-Long, Wei Guang-Biao & Yan Ya-Ling: The first

3672: 3633: 3428:

Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, in the Late Pleistocene of Central Chile"

3418:

Labarca, R.; Alberdi, M.T.; Prado, J.L.; Mansilla, P.; Mourgues, F.A. (18 April 2016).

3337: 3107:

Giovanni Ficcarelli, Vittorio Borselli, Miguel Moreno Espinosa & Danilo Torre: New

2981: 2160: 2060: 1981: 1977: 1964:

residues from the teeth, it was possible to identify that the basis of their diet were

1603: 1476: 530: 302: 162: 4225:"Diversity of Pleistocene megamammals from southern Amazon, Mato Grosso state, Brazil" 3488:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie & Paläontologie Abhandlungen 231 (3), 2004, S. 423–452

3471:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie & Paläontologie Abhandlungen 252 (1), 2009, S. 113–128

920:

was preserved by the ICZN due to its multiple mentions in the scientific literature).

6214: 6056: 5925: 5285: 5267: 5203: 5100: 5068: 5056: 4785: 4771: 4710: 4698: 4521: 4513: 4455: 4363: 4266: 4254: 4197: 4134: 3838: 3677: 3329: 3032: 2721:] (in Latin). Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Moscow: Nikolai Sergeyevich Vsevolozhsky. 2670: 2039: 1721: 1631: 1587: 1525: 1508: 1492: 1106:

Possible relationships of the short-faced gomphotheres according to Mothé et al. 2019

992:

abundant material from South American proboscideans, they determined that apart from

696: 41: 5195: 4943:

Lithic technology studies in Colombia during th Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene.

4831: 4740:

Dimila Mothé, Willer Flores Aguanta, Sabrina Larissa Belatto & Leonardo Avilla:

4533: 4509: 3932:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie & Paläontologie Abhandlungen 262 (1), 2011, S. 43–57

3780: 3755: 3634:"The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean 3465:

Kenneth E. Campbell, Jr., Carl D. Frailey & Lidia Romero-Pittman: In defense of

3341: 2985: 1639:

periods of the last glacial period, when the Patagonian ice cap was less extensive.

5782: 5275: 5259: 5191: 5144:

The record of Pleistocene megafaunal extinction at Taima-taima, Northern Venezuela.

5048: 4907: 4866:

Represantivity of Quaternary mammals from the Southern Brazilian continental shelf.

4827: 4763: 4690: 4635:

First analysis of life history and season of death of a South American gomphothere.

4592:(Gomphotheriidae: Mammalia) do Pleistoceno de Águas de Araxá, Minas Gerais, Brasil. 4505: 4447: 4411: 4355: 4302: 4246: 4189: 4126: 3970: 3958: 3828: 3820: 3775: 3667: 3657: 3386: 3321: 3230: 3022: 3012: 2973: 2904: 2662: 2470: 2352: 2317: 1092: 647: 642:

in the transition from the 18th to the 19th century. From his collection of finds,

5311: 5052: 4851:

Mones, A. y Francis, J.C. 1973. Lista de los Vertebrados fósiles del Uruguay, II.

4694: 2733: 2231: 555:

is thought to have lived in family groups, with adult males suggested to have had

6116: 6111: 5724: 5572: 5556: 5000:

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 42, 2015, S. 111–123

4911: 4415: 4306: 4250: 4130: 3996:

Per Christiansen: Body size in proboscideans, with notes on elephant metabolism.

3742: 3662: 3390: 3234: 3134:

Monografías Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Spanien, 1995, S. 277–292

2908: 2825: 2666: 2482: 2417:

was an intermediate of the two that lived in arboreal savannahs. Glyptodonts and

2397: 2310: 2260: 1750: 1730: 1702: 1673: 1519:

is the only non elephantid proboscidean whose molecular data has been sequenced.

1434:. The idea is supported by the recognition that unlike adult specimens, juvenile 1114: 1081: 1073: 799: 5231:

New World proboscidean extinctions: comparisons between North and South America.

5028: 4915: 4767: 3206:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 53, 2011, S. 517–553 2779:

New subfamily, generic, and specific stages in the evolution of the Proboscidea.

2763:

Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina.

802:(first cervical vertebra). Simultaneously, he distinguished two more subgenera, 692: 488:, with a body mass of 3-4 tonnes. Like other brevirostrine gomphotheres such as 6166: 6046: 5878: 5754: 5710: 5619: 5589: 5533: 5479: 3824: 3617:

Historia Evolutiva y Paleobiogeogr afica de los Vertebrados de America del Sur.

3363: 2466: 2434: 2382: 2283: 2185: 2068: 1896:

was for the most part similar to living elephants, but generally stockier. The

1746: 1484: 1281: 811: 787: 643: 485: 4555:

Osteomyelitis in Quaternary mammal from the Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil.

3325: 2568:. The age of these finds dates back to 13,000 years ago. Some of the finds at 2541:(large animals) in the Americas at the end of the Pleistocene as part of the 1385:

and the appearance of the land bridge to Eurasia during the transition to the

537:

is limited to North America, with the only other gomphothere in South America

6249: 6126: 6036: 6016: 5969: 5953: 5939: 5932: 5892: 5864: 5857: 5836: 5810: 5747: 5542: 5503: 5469: 5418: 5271: 5216:

Mauro Coltorti, Jacopo Della Fazia, Freddy Paredes Rios & Giuseppe Tito:

5060: 4742:

First record of Notiomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Bolivia.

4702: 4517: 4459: 4367: 4258: 4201: 4138: 3333: 3036: 2811: 2674: 2595: 2564: 2546: 2487: 2423: 2401: 2365: 2339: 2305: 2064: 2011: 1973: 1711: 1394: 1206: 1155: 1130: 1096: 794:

to the level of the genus, and the main criterion for distinguishing it from

634: 578: 506: 496: 469: 86: 4663:

José Luis Prado, María Teresa Alberdi, Begoña Sánchez & Beatriz Azanza:

3569:

University of California Press, Berkeley, London, New York, 2010, S. 161–251

3017: 3000: 896:

as the type species of the genus. The designation of this species refers to

5980: 5885: 5803: 5775: 5680: 5609: 5549: 5519: 5459: 5428: 5289: 5263: 4525: 4435: 4166:

Sánchez, Begoña; Prado, José Luis; Alberdi, María Teresa (1 January 2004).

3962: 3842: 3681: 3147:

New Mexico Natural History and Science Museum Bulletin 44, 2008, S. 381–391

2477:. Two crab-eating types of extant mammals are also known from the BIR, the 2456: 2438: 2377: 2361: 2346: 2342: 2295: 2123: 2113: 1969: 1807: 1706: 1591: 1480: 1444: 1382: 1231: 5161:

Extinction of Pleistocene megamammals in South America: The lost evidence.

4853:

Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo

4286: 3632:

Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016).

3071:

Fossil mammal collected at Pedra Vernelha, Bahia, Brazil, by G. A. Waring.

149: 6121: 6026: 5908: 5843: 5826: 5789: 5768: 5761: 5659: 5512: 5397: 5382: 5343: 4485:

Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Winck, Gisele R. (26 November 2010).

4012: 2878: 2569: 2392: 2371: 2152: 2143: 2076: 1985: 1697: 1652: 1299: 1069: 762:

in 1922. However, in 1929 it was almost completely lost in a fire at the

620: 615: 490: 473: 465: 462: 232: 219: 61: 4491:(Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil" 4359: 4075:

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 112, 1957, S. 131–189

3060:

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 112, 1957, S. 131–189

3027: 1852:

was characterized by a basal pattern, which was more similar to that of

746: 646:

published two teeth in 1806, one of which came from the vicinity of the

143:

Skeleton at the Centro Cultural del Bicentenario de Santiago del Estero

6180: 5796: 5740: 5673: 5643: 5438: 5373: 4654:

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 439, 2015, S. 144–165

2497:

in the area causes confusion over the area’s paleoenvironment. Most of

2429: 2386: 2329: 2313: 1716: 1595: 1516: 106: 71: 5252:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4572:

Mammalia, Proboscidea) population from the Late Pleistocene of Brazil.

4020:

fauna in Colombia and case report in the department of Valle del Cauca

2977: 2765:

Academia Nacional Ciencias (Córdoba) 6, 1889, S. 1–1027 (S. 633–650) (

2252: 1997: 1917:

were more balanced with each other than those of modern elephants and

1756: 782:(catalog numbers MICN-UCE-1981 and 1982); in 1995 Giovanni Ficcarelli 6006: 5996: 5850: 5652: 4881:"A review of the time scale and potential geographic distribution of 4754:

Recabarren, Omar P. (2020), Pino, Mario; Astorga, Giselle A. (eds.),

4676: 4451: 2624: 2538: 2444: 2418: 2335: 2323: 2133: 2081: 1902: 1783: 1599: 1180: 1077: 566: 179: 111: 55: 6137: 2957: 2038:

reveal the species was relatively susceptible to the development of

1767: 1729:, for example. Due to the shortening of the skull at the snout, the 1483:

analyzes have gradually acquired a greater role. In addition to the

135: 6160: 5962: 5599: 5489: 5361: 4221: 3484:

María Teresa Alberdi, Madrid, José Luis Prado & Rodolfo Salas:

2450: 2356: 2027: 1955: 1832: 1823: 1583: 1086: 771: 548: 477: 199: 101: 96: 81: 76: 66: 45: 27:

Extinct genus of gomphothere elephantimorph native to South America

3198:

Spencer George Lucas, Ricardo H. Aguilar & Justina Spillmann:

2792:

Additional new genera and species of the mastodontoid Proboscidea.

2562:

skeleton, and this site also contains remains of the ground sloth

5989: 5918: 5629: 5233:

Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 7, 2015, S. 277–288,

2502: 2493: 2462: 2299: 1965: 1897: 1695:

s skull was short and tall, and compared to that of its relative

1668: 1386: 980: 817: 525:

represents the only valid proboscidean in lowland South America,

116: 91: 4945:

Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena 47 (1), 2015, S. 13–23

4339: 3908:

D. Frassinetti & María Teresa Alberdi: Presencia del género

3552:

Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, S. 1–631 (S. 497–504)

1000:, remains valid, and with only one species which must be called 602:

Two gomphothere teeth from Cuvier (1806) with "A" referring to “

5666: 5367: 5355: 4961:

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13, 2017, S. 455–465

4387: 2498: 1827: 521:. Extensive anatomical studies since the 2010s have shown that 209: 189: 4611:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences 31, 2011, S. 171–177

3753: 3725:

Mammoth and Mastodon collagen sequences; survival and utility.

2272:. These correspond to 3 individuals, including two juveniles. 935:

as the valid species. In the same study they also synonymized

923:

In 1995, Maria Teresa Alberdi and José Luis Prado synonymized

5172: 2804: 2094: 1810:

disappears in adult individuals. This differentiates it from

1681: 1393:

reached North America about 16 million years ago through the

901: 614:

Traditionally, several species of gomphotheres from the late

556: 5245: 5150:

The University of Arizona Press, Tucson AZ, 1984, S. 128–137

4894:. Quaternary in South America: recent research initiatives. 4744:

Revista brasileira de Paleontologia 20 (1), 2017, S. 149–152

3794: 860:. In this, both authors referred all the Brazilian finds to 5220:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences 33, 2012, S. 56–67

4987:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences 57, 2015, S. 61–82

4970:

Jorge B. Carrillo, Edwin A. Chávez & Imerú H. Alfonzo:

4803: 4194:

10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0146:FEDAEO>2.0.CO;2

3417: 1507:) which are members of the modern family Elephantidae, the 728: 4885:(Ameghino, 1888) in the late Pleistocene of South America" 4868:

Revista brasileira de Paleontologia 15 (1), 2012, S. 57–66

4723:

María Teresa Alberdi & José Luis Prado. Presencia de

4594:

Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 12 (1), 2009, S. 77–82

3904: 3902: 3900: 3878:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences 23, 2007, S. 1–16

856:

and Carlos de Paula Couto in 1957 in their extensive work

4877: 3247:

Dimila Mothé, Leonardo S. Avilla & Mario A. Cozzuol:

3103: 3101: 3099: 723:, "southern mastodon" and assigned to it the new species 5026: 4760:

Pilauco: A Late Pleistocene Archaeo-paleontological Site

4156:

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rom, 2001, S. 337–340

3565:

In: Lars Werdelin & William Joseph Sanders (Hrsg.):

3486:

The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from Peru.

2045: 1468:

and the South American gomphotheres to be the result of

4953: 4951: 4937: 4935: 4104: 3944:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" 3897: 3531: 3529: 3450:

Diversity of the fossil gomphotheres from South America

3364:"The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres" 3215: 2413:

was a specialist for trees in low density forests, and

2218:

migrated through inter-Andean valleys. Many fossils of

573:. During the last few thousand years of its existence, 484:

specimens reached a size similar to that of the modern

4864:

Alexsandro Schiller Aires & Renato Pereira Lopes:

4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3727:

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 2011, S. 2007–2016

3607: 3605: 3480: 3478: 3442: 3362:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Yuan, Wang; Min, Liu (2013-01-01).

3184:

Revista Geológica de América Central 42, 2010, S. 9–42

3130:

In: M. T Alberdi, G. Leone & E. P. Tonni (Hrsg.):

3122: 3120: 3096: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 2915: 2461:

Several extant taxa are also known from the BIR, like

2234:. There are several findings in Uruguay and Paraguay. 691:

in the province of Buenos Aires, on the shores of the

5248:"Ice Age megafauna rock art in the Colombian Amazon?" 5210: 4605:

Evidence of scavenging on remains of the gomphothere

2529:

During the last few thousand years of its existence,

1992:

had a generalised browsing diet in that region, with

1872:. In total, the chewing surface of the last molar in 6052: 6042: 6032: 6022: 6012: 6002: 5950: 5903: 5821: 5721: 5691: 5640: 5625: 5615: 5605: 5595: 5585: 5530: 5500: 5485: 5475: 5465: 5455: 5444: 5434: 5424: 5414: 4990: 4964: 4948: 4941:

Francisco Javier Aceituno & Sneider Rojas-Mora:

4932: 4717: 4597: 4580: 4480: 4478: 4476: 3886: 3884: 3627: 3625: 3526: 3513: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3459: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3111:

finds from the Late Pleistocene of Northern Ecuador.

3056:

George Gaylord Simpson & Carlos de Paula Couto:

2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 1532:

is more closely related to modern elephants than to

971:

and gave it an intermediate position between it and

955:, but at the same time questioned the separation of 541:

confined to the northwestern part of the continent.

5341: 5146:In: Paul S. Martin & Richard G. Klein (Hrsg.): 5131:

An El Jobo Mastodon Kill at Taima-Taima, Venezuela.

4977: 4640: 4614: 4560: 4547: 4320: 4165: 4091: 4045: 3915: 3868: 3747: 3717: 3701: 3631: 3602: 3555: 3542: 3475: 3305: 3117: 3043: 2992: 2843:

Revista del Museo de La Plata 32, 1929, S. 61–144 (

1876:was 57 to 160 cm² (12 to 32 cm² per lophid) and in 1843:Additionally, two morphotypes can be identified in 1539:Within this genus, only one species is recognized: 5223: 5136: 4871: 4734: 4071:George Gaylord Simpson and Carlos de Paula Couto: 3977: 3928:Rafael Labarca Encina & María Teresa Alberdi: 3788: 3550:Classification of mammals above the species level. 3180:Spencer George Lucas & Guillermo E. Alvarado: 3073:Annals of the Carnegie Museum 13, 1920, S. 224–232 2501:was thought to have been covered in open tropical 1570:), but are now considered more recent synonyms of 585:, which may have been a factor in its extinction. 5148:Quaternary Extinctions. A Prehistoric Revolution. 5123: 4858: 4657: 4650:, Nerea V. Bastianelli & Ricardo N. Melchor: 4473: 4145: 3990: 3881: 3874:M. A. Reguero, A. M. Candela & R. N. Alonso: 3730: 3622: 3589: 3491: 3403:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3282: 3254: 3251:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 20, 2013, S. 23–32 3241: 3209: 3187: 3167: 2865: 2147:), and additionally, footprints of birds such as 798:being the absence of a transverse opening in the 6247: 4627: 4574:Quaternary International 443, 2017, S. 228–232, 4484: 4154:The World of Elephants – International Congress. 3688: 3156:Spencer George Lucas: Taxonomic nomenclature of 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2642: 2290:(upper right) and contemporary animals in Brazil 2026:have been found in Late Pleistocene deposits at 908:nomenclature rules, this name has priority over 569:) animals native to the Americas as part of the 4058:Alberdi, M.T.; Cerdeño, E.; Prado, J.L. (2008) 3935: 3539:Quaternary International 126–128, 2005, S. 5–20 2835: 2833: 2505:vegetation during the Late Pleistocene, but if 1410:) together with their North American relative ( 4974:Boletín Antropológico 26 (7), 2008, S. 233–263 4637:Quaternary International 443, 2017, S. 180–188 3894:Quaternary International 212, 2010, S. 213–222 3279:Quaternary Science Reviews 110, 2015, S. 23–35 1052:, relative to the other South American finds. 916:as the valid name (although in 2009 the taxon 5327: 5153: 3638:Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha" 3448:María T. Alberdi & José L. Prado (2022). 3420:"Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de 3411: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3137: 2932: 2648: 864:. They determined that the other two genera, 5163:Quaternary International 185, 2008, S. 69–74 4624:Quaternary International 352, 2014, S. 75–84 4557:Quaternary International 299, 2013, S. 90–93 4008: 4006: 3611:María Teresa Alberdi & José Luis Prado: 3595:José Luis Prado & María Teresa Alberdi: 3361: 3126:María Teresa Alberdi & José Luis Prado: 3063: 2998: 2830: 2794:American Museum Novitates 238, 1926, S. 1–16 2755: 2742: 2549:played a decisive role in the extinction of 2181:List of gomphothere fossils in South America 1822:The remaining dentition was composed of the 731:2157). For his part, he assigned Ameghino's 157:Skull at the Natural History Museum, London 5296: 4078: 3584:Elefantenreich – Eine Fossilwelt in Europa. 2849: 2841:Una revisión de los Mastodontes Argentinos. 2700: 2537:disappeared simultaneously with most other 2193:and other mammals of Late Pleistocene Chile 1193: Brevirostral gomphotheres 5395: 5334: 5320: 5166: 4753: 3941: 3348: 3150: 3076: 2855:Hans Pohlig: Sur une vieille mandibule de 2784: 2781:American Museum Novitates 99, 1923, S. 1–4 2771: 2725: 2681: 1802:, the angular process was less prominent. 650:near Quito in Ecuador, and the other from 468:(related to modern elephants), endemic to 148: 134: 5279: 4996:Emily L. Lindsay & Kevin L. Seymour: 4983:Emily L. Lindsay & Eric X. Lopez R.: 4487:"Population structure of the gomphothere 4003: 3998:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3832: 3779: 3671: 3661: 3572: 3026: 3016: 2237:Other finds are known from Brazil, where 1618:used a corridor west of the Andes, while 4498:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 4294:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 4230:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3723:M. Buckley, N. Larkin & M. Collins: 3711:PLoS Biology 5 (8), 2007, S. 1663–1671, 3548:Malcolm C. McKenna & Susan K. Bell: 3145:A review of South American gomphotheres. 2999:Perea, D.; Alberdi, M. T. (2015-12-30). 2955: 2522:For broader coverage of this topic, see 2282: 2263:is noteworthy. This contained about 160 2214:them. In Colombia, it is suggested that 2184: 1782:had a mostly straight lower border. The 1766: 1755: 1651: 967:, in which he clearly separated it from 745: 707:(another genus name he created in 1926, 597: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5011:International journal of plant sciences 4588:Ação de insetos em vértebras cervicais 4084:Gadens-Marcon, Gabrielli Teresa (2007) 2706: 1883: 1577: 947:. According to his vision, in his time 703:in 1923 to include it in the new genus 49:(Possible Earliest Pleistocene record) 14: 6248: 3613:Fossil Gomphotheriidae from Argentina. 3599:Palaeontology 51 (4), 2008, S. 903–915 3535:Jeheskel Shoshani & Pascal Tassy. 2731: 2690:Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle 2687: 2543:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions 1586:about 3.5 million years ago, when the 6142: 6141: 5315: 4845: 3858: 2046:Population structure and reproduction 6271:Pleistocene mammals of South America 5075: 5020: 5003: 4841:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 4568:Osteological diseases in an extinct 4425:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 4316:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 3849: 3456:, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2022.2067754 3275:Dimila Mothé & Leonardo Avilla: 2381:. Smaller ground sloths such as the 2131:(produced by the armadillo relative 2022:Pathological vertebrae belonging to 1101: 1030:Especially problematic is the genus 3741:eLife Sciences 6, 2017, S. e25413, 3523:PNAS 103 (46), 2006, S. 17296–17301 3128:Los mastodontes de América del Sur. 1430:could have descended directly from 699:8-63). Henry Fairfield Osborn used 593: 588: 24: 2929:. Geobios 28 (6), 1995, S. 745–756 2405:have also been found in the area. 2017: 1687: 1023: 25: 6302: 4469:– via Wiley Online Library. 3586:Halle/Saale 2010, S. 340–360 1055: 715:, is now considered a synonym of 6092: 6086: 6079: 5239: 5142:Ruth Gruhn & Alan J. Bryan: 4576:doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.019 3713:doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207 3113:Geobios 26 (2), 1993, S. 231–240 2738:. Chez G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne. 1763:skull with almost straight tusks 1438:still had lower tusks, while in 1095:, which is sister to the modern 571:end-Pleistocene extinction event 166: 59: 5196:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106125 5133:Science 200, 1978, S. 1275–1277 5110: 5093: 4832:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108286 4797: 4747: 4670: 4510:10.1590/S0001-37652010005000001 4429: 4381: 4333: 4280: 4215: 4159: 4065: 3781:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105882 3469:(Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae). 2609: 2278: 2251:remains in these countries, as 2174: 2101: 1944: 1774:skull with clearly curved tusks 670:(he placed the Chilean find in 3313:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2797: 2111:(corresponding to the camelid 1642: 778:. As type species he assigned 770:, which he considered to be a 13: 1: 6291:Fossil taxa described in 1929 6281:Pleistocene first appearances 5235:doi:10.1007/s12520-012-0094-3 5053:10.1080/08912963.2020.1789977 4695:10.1080/08912963.2022.2155955 4443:Journal of Quaternary Science 3951:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3310:Never Roamed South America". 2636: 2517: 2421:like the grazing glyptodonts 1888:In terms of the shape of its 1680:). A partial femur head from 662:and "Mastodon humboldien" as 656:Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim 6276:Prehistoric placental genera 4912:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.031 4416:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.019 4307:10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104592 4251:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103552 4211:– via GeoScienceWorld. 4131:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.037 3737:Shapiro, Michael Hofreiter: 3663:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009 3391:10.3724/SP.J.1261.2013.00015 3235:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018 2909:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028 2667:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011 2625: 2524:Late Pleistocene extinctions 1709:. These were larger than in 1598:arrived in the north, while 1060: 1008:differed significantly from 7: 4768:10.1007/978-3-030-23918-3_4 4667:Deinsea 9, 2003, S. 347–363 4377:– via Cambridge Core. 3582:In: Harald Meller (Hrsg.): 3567:Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. 2956:Ferretti, Marco P. (2010). 1720:opening were formed by the 832:Since the establishment of 10: 6307: 5176:Quaternary Science Reviews 4811:Quaternary Science Reviews 3825:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559 3760:Quaternary Science Reviews 3371:Journal of Palaeogeography 2805: 2752:, Buenos Aires V: 469-480. 2620: 2576:Some very recent finds of 2521: 2178: 2151:, which would represent a 2121:(from the native ungulate 1422:is a direct descendant of 1399:Great American Interchange 689:San Nicolás de los Arroyos 604:mastodonte des cordillères 6266:Pleistocene proboscideans 6150: 6101: 6076: 5979: 5949: 5902: 5820: 5720: 5690: 5639: 5581: 5570: 5529: 5499: 5410: 5406: 5391: 5350: 4016:Revision of Pleistocenic 3985:Mastozoología Neotropical 3326:10.1007/s10914-017-9392-y 3086:Holland, 1920 (currently 1295: 1277: 1270: 1252: 1245: 1227: 1220: 1202: 1195: 1176: 1169: 1151: 1144: 1126: 1119: 943:creating the combination 632:. In addition to this is 435:Haplomastodon guayasensis 308: 301: 279: 272: 163:Scientific classification 161: 156: 147: 142: 133: 34: 4892:Quaternary International 4731:64 (2), 2008, S. 175–185 4395:Quaternary International 4330:30 (1), 2004, S. 146–161 4111:Quaternary International 4073:The mastodons of Brazil. 3508:Quaternary International 3219:Quaternary International 3058:The mastodons of Brazil. 2960:Haplomastodon chimborazi 2889:Quaternary International 2790:Henry Fairfield Osborn: 2777:Henry Fairfield Osborn: 2732:Cuvier, Georges (1824). 2651:Quaternary International 2602: 2475:striped hog-nosed skunks 2409:was a generalist, while 2197:The geographic range of 1501:straight-tusked elephant 914:Haplomastodon chimborazi 910:Haplomastodon chimborazi 840:by Cabrera in 1929, and 780:Haplomastodon chimborazi 606:” and "B" referring to “ 476:to the beginning of the 443:Amahuacatherium peruvium 427:Haplomastodon chimborazi 4883:Notiomastodon platensis 4648:Teresa Manera de Bianco 4107:Notiomastodon platensis 4060:Stegomastodon platensis 4000:, 140, 2004, S. 523–549 3942:Larramendi, A. (2016). 3743:doi:10.7554/eLife.25413 3510:126–128, 2005, S. 21–30 3426:Stegomastodon platensis 3422:Stegomastodon platensis 3018:10.3989/egeol.41864.346 2857:Tetracaulodon ohioticum 2821:A Greek–English Lexicon 2050:Like modern elephants, 1949: 1647: 1002:Notiomastodon platensis 933:Stegomastodon platensis 852:. This was reviewed by 664:Mastotherium humboldtii 461:is an extinct genus of 379:Stegomastodon platensis 286:Notiomastodon platensis 6261:Pliocene proboscideans 5264:10.1098/rstb.2020.0496 5159:Luis Alberto Borrero: 3987:5 (2), 1998, S. 87–108 3963:10.4202/app.00136.2014 3393:(inactive 2024-09-18). 3082:Spencer George Lucas. 2291: 2194: 1775: 1764: 1661: 1505:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 854:George Gaylord Simpson 760:"Masthodon" chimborazi 754: 640:Alexander von Humboldt 611: 6228:Paleobiology Database 4607:Haplomastodon waringi 4590:Stegomastodon waringi 4489:Stegomastodon waringi 3088:Haplomastodon waringi 2812:Liddell, Henry George 2761:Florentino Ameghino: 2286: 2188: 1770: 1759: 1655: 1489:Mammuthus primigenius 945:Stegomastodon waringi 894:Haplomastodon waringi 751:Haplomastodon waringi 749: 725:Notiomastodon ornatus 701:"Mastodon" humboldtii 672:"Mastodon" humboldtii 608:mastodonte humboldien 601: 419:Haplomastodon waringi 411:Stegomastodon waringi 403:Notiomastodon ornatus 40:Temporal range: late 6286:Holocene extinctions 6107:Plesielephantiformes 5342:Genera of the order 4543:on 20 February 2020. 2324:Hippidion principale 1890:postcranial skeleton 1884:Postcranial skeleton 1868:, and 57 and 104 in 1578:Evolutionary history 1470:convergent evolution 858:Mastodonts of Brazil 733:"Mastodon" platensis 685:"Mastodon" platensis 446:Romero-Pittman, 1996 368:Mastodon bonaerensis 326:Romero-Pittman, 1996 5695:Choerolophodontidae 5304:Quaternary Research 5188:2020QSRv..22906125M 5045:2021HBio...33.2299O 4904:2013QuInt.317...73D 4824:2023QSRv..31708286V 4729:Estudios Geológicos 4646:Silvia A. Aramayo, 4408:2017QuInt.443..228B 4360:10.1017/qua.2022.49 4347:Quaternary Research 4243:2021JSAES.11203552A 4186:2004Pbio...30..146S 4123:2012QuInt.255...42A 3817:2022iSci...25j3559B 3772:2019QSRv..22405882B 3654:2016PLoSO..1147009M 3432:Estudios Geológicos 3383:2013JPalG...2...19L 3227:2012QuInt.276....2M 3143:Marco P. Ferretti: 3005:Estudios Geológicos 2901:2017QuInt.443...52M 2659:2005QuInt.126....5S 2479:crab-eating raccoon 2457:Arctotherium wingei 2433:and the omnivorous 2321:and equids such as 2224:Santiago del Estero 2165:Stegomastodonichnum 1974:polypodiacean ferns 1660:compared to a human 1600:carnivorous mammals 1452:forms a group with 836:by Pohlig in 1912, 764:University of Quito 676:Florentino Ameghino 660:Mastotherium hyodon 395:Mastodon maderianus 5033:Historical Biology 4683:Historical Biology 3636:Cuvieronius hyodon 3578:Jan van der Made: 3454:Historical Biology 2471:collared peccaries 2451:Smilodon populator 2292: 2195: 2119:Eumacrauchenichnus 1776: 1765: 1662: 1558:), some also with 1477:molecular genetics 918:"Mastodon" waringi 898:"Mastodon" waringi 755: 695:, (catalog number 612: 352:Mastodon platensis 344:Elephas humboldtii 331:Species synonymy: 6243: 6242: 6215:Open Tree of Life 6144:Taxon identifiers 6135: 6134: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6057:Stegotetrabelodon 5926:Paratetralophodon 5566: 5565: 5105:978-0-226-19542-1 5039:(10): 2299–2304. 4777:978-3-030-23917-6 2978:10.5252/g2010n4a3 2708:Fischer, Gotthelf 2653:. 126–128: 5–20. 2300:Toxodon platensis 2141:(the giant sloth 2139:Neomegatherichnum 2077:dermestid beetles 1722:premaxillary bone 1632:Rio Grande do Sul 1588:Isthmus of Panama 1526:mitochondrial DNA 1513:Mammut americanum 1509:American mastodon 1497:Mammuthus columbi 1493:Columbian mammoth 1379: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1338: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1310: 979:from the Mexican 713:"Mastodon" andium 668:"Mastodon" andium 559:-like behaviour. 454: 453: 447: 439: 438:Hoffstetter, 1952 431: 423: 415: 407: 399: 391: 383: 372: 364: 360:Mastodon superbus 356: 348: 338: 327: 319: 265:N. platensis 253: 42:Early Pleistocene 16:(Redirected from 6298: 6236: 6235: 6223: 6222: 6210: 6209: 6197: 6196: 6184: 6183: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6139: 6138: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6054: 6044: 6034: 6024: 6014: 6004: 5952: 5905: 5823: 5783:Progomphotherium 5723: 5693: 5642: 5627: 5617: 5607: 5597: 5587: 5579: 5578: 5532: 5502: 5487: 5477: 5467: 5457: 5446: 5436: 5426: 5416: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5393: 5392: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5243: 5237: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5170: 5164: 5157: 5151: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5120:(12): 2048–2063. 5114: 5108: 5097: 5091: 5090:(13): 6405–6409. 5084: 5073: 5072: 5024: 5018: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4962: 4955: 4946: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4914:. Archived from 4889: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4856: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4601: 4595: 4584: 4578: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4536:. Archived from 4495: 4482: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4452:10.1002/jqs.3602 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4337: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4163: 4157: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4102: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4010: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3948: 3939: 3933: 3926: 3913: 3906: 3895: 3888: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3836: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3751: 3745: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3675: 3665: 3629: 3620: 3609: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3576: 3570: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3524: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3489: 3482: 3473: 3463: 3457: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3402: 3394: 3368: 3359: 3346: 3345: 3303: 3280: 3273: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3221:. 276–277: 2–7. 3213: 3207: 3196: 3185: 3178: 3165: 3154: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3124: 3115: 3105: 3094: 3084:Mastodon waringi 3080: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3041: 3040: 3030: 3020: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2953: 2930: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2886: 2876: 2863: 2853: 2847: 2837: 2828: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2775: 2769: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2646: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2613: 2318:Xenorhinotherium 2129:Glyptodontichnus 1546:(Ameghino, 1888) 1528:determined that 1515:) of the family 1389:. Among others, 1273: 1272: 1248: 1247: 1223: 1222: 1198: 1197: 1172: 1171: 1147: 1146: 1122: 1121: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1093:Gomphotherioidea 981:state of Jalisco 814:, respectively. 648:Imbabura Volcano 594:Initial research 589:Research history 577:lived alongside 445: 437: 429: 421: 413: 405: 397: 389: 381: 370: 362: 354: 347:Blainville, 1845 346: 336: 325: 318:Hoffstetter 1950 317: 310:Genus synonymy: 288: 284: 251: 244: 231: 171: 170: 152: 138: 128: 58: 32: 31: 21: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6231: 6226: 6218: 6213: 6205: 6200: 6192: 6187: 6179: 6174: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6146: 6136: 6131: 6117:Elephantimorpha 6112:Numidotheriidae 6097: 6078: 6062: 5975: 5945: 5907: 5906:"Tetralophodont 5898: 5825: 5816: 5725:Amebelodontidae 5716: 5686: 5635: 5575: 5573:Elephantiformes 5562: 5557:Prodeinotherium 5525: 5495: 5400: 5387: 5346: 5340: 5310: 5306:, 104, 151-158. 5301: 5297: 5244: 5240: 5228: 5224: 5215: 5211: 5171: 5167: 5158: 5154: 5141: 5137: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5111: 5098: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5025: 5021: 5008: 5004: 4995: 4991: 4982: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4949: 4940: 4933: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4887: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4859: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4788: 4778: 4752: 4748: 4739: 4735: 4722: 4718: 4675: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4602: 4598: 4585: 4581: 4570:Notiomastodon ( 4565: 4561: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4493: 4483: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4146: 4103: 4092: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4018:Gomphotheriidae 4011: 4004: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3978: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3927: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3793: 3789: 3752: 3748: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3648:(1): e0147009. 3630: 3623: 3610: 3603: 3594: 3590: 3577: 3573: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3505: 3492: 3483: 3476: 3467:Amahuacatherium 3464: 3460: 3447: 3443: 3416: 3412: 3396: 3395: 3366: 3360: 3349: 3304: 3283: 3274: 3255: 3246: 3242: 3214: 3210: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3168: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3125: 3118: 3106: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3069:W. J. Holland: 3068: 3064: 3055: 3044: 2997: 2993: 2954: 2933: 2920: 2916: 2884: 2877: 2866: 2854: 2850: 2839:Ángel Cabrera: 2838: 2831: 2826:Perseus Project 2802: 2798: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2760: 2756: 2750:Obras Completas 2747: 2743: 2730: 2726: 2705: 2701: 2686: 2682: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2527: 2520: 2483:crab-eating fox 2467:giant anteaters 2281: 2275: 2189:Restoration of 2183: 2177: 2104: 2061:Schmorl's nodes 2048: 2020: 2018:Palaeopathology 1970:knotweed plants 1952: 1947: 1886: 1864:, 33 and 60 in 1751:masseter muscle 1690: 1688:Skull and teeth 1678:Elephas maximus 1674:Asian elephants 1650: 1645: 1580: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1115:Gomphotheriidae 1107: 1082:Elephantimorpha 1074:Gomphotheriidae 1063: 1058: 1045:Amahuacatherium 1041:Amahuacatherium 1032:Amahuacatherium 1028: 1025:Amahuacatherium 830: 786:. identified a 596: 591: 450: 387:Mastodon rectus 340: 339: 323:Amahuacatherium 297: 290: 282: 281: 268: 250: 242: 233:Gomphotheriidae 229: 165: 129: 127: 126: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 54:0.8–0.011 53: 52: 50: 48: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6304: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6224: 6211: 6198: 6185: 6172: 6156: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6050: 6047:Stegodibelodon 6040: 6030: 6020: 6010: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5958: 5956: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5914: 5912: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5879:Rhynchotherium 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5830: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5755:Archaeobelodon 5751: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5711:Choerolophodon 5707: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5623: 5620:Palaeomastodon 5613: 5603: 5593: 5590:Dagbatitherium 5582: 5576: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5536: 5534:Deinotheriidae 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5506: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5480:Phosphatherium 5473: 5463: 5453: 5442: 5432: 5422: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5309: 5308: 5295: 5238: 5222: 5209: 5165: 5152: 5135: 5122: 5109: 5092: 5074: 5019: 5017:(S3), S55-S77. 5002: 4989: 4976: 4963: 4947: 4931: 4870: 4857: 4844: 4796: 4776: 4746: 4733: 4716: 4689:(2): 241–252. 4669: 4656: 4639: 4626: 4613: 4596: 4579: 4559: 4546: 4504:(4): 983–996. 4472: 4428: 4380: 4332: 4319: 4279: 4214: 4180:(1): 146–161. 4158: 4144: 4090: 4077: 4064: 4044: 4033:on 4 July 2011 4002: 3989: 3976: 3934: 3914: 3896: 3880: 3867: 3857: 3848: 3787: 3746: 3729: 3716: 3700: 3687: 3621: 3601: 3588: 3571: 3554: 3541: 3525: 3512: 3490: 3474: 3458: 3441: 3410: 3347: 3320:(2): 165–177. 3281: 3253: 3240: 3208: 3186: 3166: 3149: 3136: 3116: 3095: 3075: 3062: 3042: 2991: 2972:(4): 663–721. 2931: 2914: 2864: 2848: 2829: 2796: 2783: 2770: 2754: 2741: 2724: 2699: 2680: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2519: 2516: 2353:scelidotheriid 2330:Equus neogaeus 2280: 2277: 2179:Main article: 2176: 2173: 2109:Megalamaichnum 2103: 2100: 2069:osteoarthritis 2047: 2044: 2019: 2016: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1885: 1882: 1747:zygomatic arch 1743:Rhynchotherium 1703:dental alveoli 1693:Notiomastodon' 1689: 1686: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1579: 1576: 1548: 1547: 1485:woolly mammoth 1440:Rhynchotherium 1424:Rhynchotherium 1416:Rhynchotherium 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282:Rhynchotherium 1276: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1108: 1105: 1072:in the family 1068:is a genus of 1062: 1059: 1057: 1056:Classification 1054: 1027: 1022: 902:state of Bahia 829: 816: 644:Georges Cuvier 595: 592: 590: 587: 486:Asian elephant 452: 451: 449: 448: 440: 432: 424: 416: 408: 400: 398:Ameghino, 1891 392: 390:Ameghino, 1889 384: 382:Ameghino, 1888 376: 365: 363:Ameghino, 1888 357: 355:Ameghino, 1888 349: 335: 334: 333: 329: 328: 320: 306: 305: 299: 298: 291: 277: 276: 270: 269: 261: 259: 255: 254: 240: 236: 235: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 159: 158: 154: 153: 145: 144: 140: 139: 131: 130: 122: 121: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6303: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6152:Notiomastodon 6149: 6145: 6140: 6128: 6127:Elephantoidea 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6089: 6082: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6037:Selenetherium 6031: 6029: 6028: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6017:Palaeoloxodon 6011: 6009: 6008: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5970:Stegolophodon 5967: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5954:Stegodontidae 5948: 5942: 5941: 5940:Tetralophodon 5937: 5935: 5934: 5933:Pediolophodon 5930: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5893:Stegomastodon 5890: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5872:Notiomastodon 5869: 5867: 5866: 5865:Gomphotherium 5862: 5860: 5859: 5858:Gnathabelodon 5855: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5837:Blancotherium 5834: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5824:"Trilophodont 5819: 5813: 5812: 5811:Torynobelodon 5808: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5748:Aphanobelodon 5745: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5704:Afrochoerodon 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5543:Chilgatherium 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5504:Barytheriidae 5498: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5470:Numidotherium 5464: 5462: 5461: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5419:Arcanotherium 5413: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5305: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4921:on 2018-02-08 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4854: 4848: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4737: 4730: 4726: 4725:Stegomastodon 4720: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4550: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4490: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4218: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4029: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3911: 3910:Stegomastodon 3905: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3861: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3811:(1): 103559. 3810: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3799:Notiomastodon 3791: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3530: 3522: 3516: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3406: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3308:Stegomastodon 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3205: 3204:Stegomastodon 3201: 3200:Stegomastodon 3195: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3162:Haplomastodon 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3109:Haplomastodon 3104: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966:Geodiversitas 2963: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2923:Haplomastodon 2918: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816:Scott, Robert 2813: 2809: 2800: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2758: 2751: 2745: 2737: 2736: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2629:, "southern") 2627: 2618: 2617:Ancient Greek 2612: 2608: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2596:Equus neogeus 2592: 2591:Notiomastodon 2588: 2587:Notiomastodon 2584: 2583:Notiomastodon 2579: 2578:Notiomastodon 2574: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2565:Glossotherium 2561: 2560:Notiomastodon 2556: 2555:Notiomastodon 2552: 2551:Notiomastodon 2548: 2547:Paleo-Indians 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535:Notiomastodon 2532: 2531:Notiomastodon 2525: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2507:Protopithecus 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2488:Protopithecus 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2454:and the bear 2453: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2425: 2424:Glyptotherium 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411:Nothrotherium 2408: 2404: 2403: 2402:Nothrotherium 2399: 2398:nothrotheriid 2395: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2383:megalonychids 2380: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2366:Glossotherium 2363: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2311:macraucheniid 2308: 2307: 2306:Piauhytherium 2302: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2288:Notiomastodon 2285: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2270:Notiomastodon 2266: 2265:Notiomastodon 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249:Notiomastodon 2245: 2244:Notiomastodon 2240: 2239:Notiomastodon 2235: 2233: 2232:Chiloé Island 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220:Notiomastodon 2217: 2216:Notiomastodon 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199:Notiomastodon 2192: 2191:Notiomastodon 2187: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2169:Notiomastodon 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:Aramayoichnus 2146: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2087:Notiomastodon 2084: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2073:Notiomastodon 2070: 2066: 2065:osteomyelitis 2062: 2057: 2056:Notiomastodon 2053: 2052:Notiomastodon 2043: 2041: 2040:dental tartar 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2012:Southern Cone 2008: 2007:Notiomastodon 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1961:Notiomastodon 1957: 1942: 1940: 1939:Stegomastodon 1936: 1935:Notiomastodon 1932: 1931:Stegomastodon 1928: 1927:Stegomastodon 1924: 1923:Notiomastodon 1920: 1919:Stegomastodon 1916: 1915:Notiomastodon 1912: 1911:Notiomastodon 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1894:Notiomastodon 1891: 1881: 1879: 1878:Stegomastodon 1875: 1874:Notiomastodon 1871: 1870:Stegomastodon 1867: 1863: 1862:Notiomastodon 1859: 1858:Stegomastodon 1855: 1851: 1850:Notiomastodon 1846: 1845:Notiomastodon 1841: 1839: 1838:Stegomastodon 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1816:Notiomastodon 1813: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1800:Stegomastodon 1797: 1796:Stegomastodon 1793: 1792:Stegomastodon 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Stegomastodon 1773: 1772:Notiomastodon 1769: 1762: 1761:Notiomastodon 1758: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739:Gomphotherium 1736: 1735:Notiomastodon 1732: 1728: 1727:Gomphotherium 1723: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1712:Gomphotherium 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1665:Notiomastodon 1659: 1658:Notiomastodon 1654: 1640: 1637: 1636:Notiomastodon 1633: 1629: 1628:Notiomastodon 1625: 1621: 1620:Notiomastodon 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608:Notiomastodon 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592:ground sloths 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1568:H. chimborazi 1565: 1561: 1560:Haplomastodon 1557: 1553: 1552:Notiomastodon 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1530:Notiomastodon 1527: 1522: 1521:Notiomastodon 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:Notiomastodon 1459: 1455: 1454:Stegomastodon 1451: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428:Notiomastodon 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:Stegomastodon 1409: 1405: 1404:Notiomastodon 1400: 1396: 1395:Bering Strait 1392: 1391:Gomphotherium 1388: 1384: 1370: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1257:Notiomastodon 1250: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207:Stegomastodon 1200: 1199: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1156:Gnathabelodon 1149: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1131:Gomphotherium 1124: 1123: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1097:Elephantoidea 1094: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:Notiomastodon 1053: 1051: 1050:Notiomastodon 1046: 1042: 1037: 1036:Madre de Dios 1033: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1018:Notiomastodon 1015: 1014:Stegomastodon 1011: 1010:Notiomastodon 1007: 1006:Stegomastodon 1003: 999: 998:Notiomastodon 995: 990: 989:Haplomastodon 986: 985:Notiomastodon 982: 978: 977:Stegomastodon 974: 970: 969:Stegomastodon 966: 965:Haplomastodon 962: 961:Stegomastodon 958: 957:Notiomastodon 954: 953:Haplomastodon 950: 949:Stegomastodon 946: 942: 941:Stegomastodon 938: 937:Haplomastodon 934: 930: 929:Stegomastodon 926: 925:Notiomastodon 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890:Stegomastodon 887: 886:Notiomastodon 883: 882:Haplomastodon 879: 878:Stegomastodon 875: 874:Haplomastodon 871: 870:Stegomastodon 867: 866:Notiomastodon 863: 862:Haplomastodon 859: 855: 851: 850:Stegomastodon 847: 846:Haplomastodon 843: 842:Haplomastodon 839: 838:Notiomastodon 835: 834:Stegomastodon 828: 827:Haplomastodon 824: 823:Notiomastodon 820: 819:Stegomastodon 815: 813: 809: 805: 804:Haplomastodon 801: 797: 796:Stegomastodon 793: 792:Haplomastodon 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:Stegomastodon 773: 769: 768:Haplomastodon 765: 761: 752: 748: 744: 742: 741:Stegomastodon 738: 737:Stegomastodon 734: 730: 726: 722: 721:Notiomastodon 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 636: 635:Stegomastodon 631: 630:Notiomastodon 627: 626:Haplomastodon 623: 622: 617: 609: 605: 600: 586: 584: 583:Notiomastodon 580: 576: 575:Notiomastodon 572: 568: 564: 563:Notiomastodon 560: 558: 554: 553:Notiomastodon 550: 546: 545:Notiomastodon 542: 540: 536: 535:Stegomastodon 532: 528: 527:Haplomastodon 524: 523:Notiomastodon 520: 519:Stegomastodon 516: 515:Haplomastodon 511: 509: 508: 507:Gomphotherium 503: 502:Notiomastodon 499: 498: 497:Stegomastodon 493: 492: 487: 483: 482:Notiomastodon 479: 475: 471: 470:South America 467: 464: 460: 459: 458:Notiomastodon 444: 441: 436: 433: 428: 425: 422:Holland, 1920 420: 417: 414:Holland, 1920 412: 409: 406:Cabrera, 1929 404: 401: 396: 393: 388: 385: 380: 377: 375: 369: 366: 361: 358: 353: 350: 345: 342: 341: 332: 324: 321: 316: 315:Haplomastodon 313: 312: 311: 307: 304: 300: 295: 289: 287: 278: 275: 274:Binomial name 271: 267: 266: 260: 257: 256: 252:Cabrera, 1929 249: 248: 247:Notiomastodon 241: 238: 237: 234: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 169: 164: 160: 155: 151: 146: 141: 137: 132: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 57: 47: 43: 37: 36:Notiomastodon 33: 30: 19: 18:Haplomastodon 6256:Gomphotheres 6151: 6085: 6055: 6045: 6035: 6025: 6015: 6005: 5995: 5988: 5981:Elephantidae 5968: 5961: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5909:gomphotheres 5891: 5886:Sinomastodon 5884: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5827:gomphotheres 5809: 5804:Stenobelodon 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5776:Platybelodon 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5734:Afromastodon 5732: 5709: 5702: 5681:Zygolophodon 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5628: 5618: 5610:Hemimastodon 5608: 5598: 5588: 5555: 5550:Deinotherium 5548: 5541: 5520:Omanitherium 5518: 5511: 5488: 5478: 5468: 5460:Moeritherium 5458: 5447: 5437: 5429:Daouitherium 5427: 5417: 5378: 5372:Superorder: 5303: 5298: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5230: 5225: 5217: 5212: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5160: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5117: 5112: 5095: 5087: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5005: 4997: 4992: 4984: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4958: 4942: 4923:. Retrieved 4916:the original 4895: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4865: 4860: 4852: 4847: 4835:. Retrieved 4815: 4809: 4799: 4789:, retrieved 4759: 4749: 4741: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4664: 4659: 4651: 4642: 4634: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4554: 4549: 4538:the original 4501: 4497: 4488: 4463:. Retrieved 4441: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4399: 4393: 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4351: 4345: 4335: 4328:Paleobiology 4327: 4322: 4310:. Retrieved 4298: 4292: 4282: 4270:. Retrieved 4234: 4228: 4217: 4205:. Retrieved 4177: 4173:Paleobiology 4171: 4161: 4153: 4147: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4085: 4080: 4072: 4067: 4059: 4035:. Retrieved 4028:the original 4019: 4015: 3997: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3954: 3950: 3937: 3929: 3909: 3891: 3875: 3870: 3860: 3851: 3808: 3804: 3801:ancient DNA" 3798: 3790: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3708: 3703: 3696:Sinomastodon 3695: 3690: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3616: 3612: 3596: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3566: 3563:Proboscidea. 3562: 3557: 3549: 3544: 3536: 3520: 3515: 3507: 3485: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3399:cite journal 3377:(1): 19–40. 3374: 3370: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3276: 3248: 3243: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3181: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3112: 3108: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3070: 3065: 3057: 3028:10261/127862 3008: 3004: 2994: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2958:"Anatomy of 2926: 2922: 2917: 2892: 2888: 2856: 2851: 2840: 2819: 2799: 2791: 2786: 2778: 2773: 2762: 2757: 2749: 2744: 2734: 2727: 2719:Illustration 2717: 2712: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2650: 2644: 2611: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2510: 2506: 2492: 2486: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2439:Pampatherium 2437: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2407:Eremotherium 2406: 2400: 2391: 2385: 2378:Mylodonopsis 2376: 2370: 2364: 2355: 2347:Eremotherium 2345: 2343:ground sloth 2328: 2322: 2316: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2279:Paleoecology 2274: 2269: 2264: 2256: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2198: 2196: 2190: 2175:Distribution 2168: 2164: 2157:Proboscipeda 2156: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2124:Macrauchenia 2122: 2118: 2114:Hemiauchenia 2112: 2108: 2105: 2102:Ichnofossils 2091: 2086: 2080: 2072: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2036:N. platensis 2035: 2032:N. platensis 2031: 2024:N. platensis 2023: 2021: 2006: 2002:N. platensis 2001: 1994:N. platensis 1993: 1990:N. platensis 1989: 1960: 1953: 1945:Paleobiology 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925:and 93% for 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1893: 1887: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1821: 1815: 1811: 1808:enamel layer 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1777: 1771: 1760: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1710: 1707:neurocranium 1696: 1692: 1691: 1677: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1656:Skeleton of 1635: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604:artiodactyls 1581: 1572:N. platensis 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1544:N. platensis 1543: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1512: 1504: 1496: 1488: 1474: 1466:Sinomastodon 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450:Sinomastodon 1449: 1445:Sinomastodon 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1390: 1383:Tethys Ocean 1380: 1298: 1296: 1280: 1278: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1232:Sinomastodon 1230: 1228: 1205: 1203: 1179: 1177: 1154: 1152: 1129: 1127: 1085: 1070:proboscidean 1065: 1064: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 984: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 922: 917: 913: 909: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884:compared to 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 831: 826: 822: 818: 808:Aleamastodon 807: 803: 795: 791: 783: 779: 775: 767: 759: 756: 750: 740: 736: 732: 724: 720: 716: 712: 709:Cordillerion 708: 704: 700: 693:Paraná River 684: 680: 671: 667: 663: 659: 633: 629: 625: 619: 613: 607: 603: 582: 579:Paleoindians 574: 562: 561: 552: 544: 543: 538: 534: 526: 522: 518: 514: 512: 505: 501: 495: 489: 481: 466:proboscidean 457: 456: 455: 442: 434: 430:Proaño, 1922 426: 418: 410: 402: 394: 386: 378: 374:nomen nudum. 373: 371:Moreno, 1888 367: 359: 351: 343: 330: 322: 314: 309: 285: 280: 264: 263: 246: 245: 35: 29: 6122:Elephantida 6027:Primelephas 5844:Cuvieronius 5790:Protanancus 5769:Konobelodon 5762:Eurybelodon 5660:Losodokodon 5513:Barytherium 5449:Khamsaconus 5398:Proboscidea 5383:Tethytheria 5344:Proboscidea 4402:: 228–232. 4272:19 December 3865:York-London 3158:Cuvieronius 3011:(2): e036. 2927:Cuvieronius 2570:Monte Verde 2435:pampatheres 2393:Australonyx 2372:Ocnotherium 2362:mylodontids 2351:the fellow 2340:megatheriid 2296:toxodontids 2257:Cuvieronius 2228:Cuvieronius 2211:Cuvieronius 2144:Megatherium 1986:Mato Grosso 1907:Cuvieronius 1866:Cuvieronius 1854:Cuvieronius 1812:Cuvieronius 1788:Cuvieronius 1698:Cuvieronius 1643:Description 1624:Cuvieronius 1616:Cuvieronius 1612:Cuvieronius 1596:glyptodonts 1481:biochemical 1458:Cuvieronius 1436:Cuvieronius 1432:Cuvieronius 1420:Cuvieronius 1408:Cuvieronius 1300:Cuvieronius 994:Cuvieronius 973:Cuvieronius 959:respect to 717:Cuvieronius 705:Cuvieronius 621:Cuvieronius 616:Pleistocene 539:Cuvieronius 491:Cuvieronius 474:Pleistocene 463:gomphothere 220:Proboscidea 6250:Categories 6105:See also: 5797:Serbelodon 5741:Amebelodon 5674:Sinomammut 5644:Mammutidae 5439:Eritherium 5374:Afrotheria 5182:: 106125. 4925:2017-05-02 4818:: 108286. 4791:2023-06-18 4301:: 104592. 4237:: 103552. 4037:9 November 3766:: 105882. 2696:: 401–420. 2637:References 2518:Extinction 2430:Panochthus 2419:cingulates 2387:Ahytherium 2336:Xenarthran 1717:nasal bone 1564:H. waringi 1556:N. ornatus 1517:Mammutidae 1499:) and the 931:, leaving 652:Concepción 567:megafaunal 531:synonymous 6007:Mammuthus 5997:Loxodonta 5851:Eubelodon 5653:Eozygodon 5354:Kingdom: 5272:0962-8436 5204:214274776 5069:225543776 5061:0891-2963 4898:: 73–79. 4786:201317200 4711:255092592 4703:0891-2963 4518:0001-3765 4460:0267-8179 4368:0033-5894 4354:: 78–92. 4267:240585542 4259:0895-9811 4202:0094-8373 4139:1040-6182 4117:: 42–52. 3334:1064-7554 3037:1988-3250 2895:: 52–64. 2675:1040-6182 2615:From the 2539:megafauna 2445:Holmesina 2314:litoptern 2134:Glyptodon 2082:Protocyon 1988:indicate 1982:C3 plants 1978:C4 plants 1903:olecranon 1824:premolars 1784:symphysis 1731:eye orbit 1181:Eubelodon 1078:Paleocene 1061:Phylogeny 711:based on 472:from the 258:Species: 186:Kingdom: 180:Eukaryota 6167:Q2002264 6161:Wikidata 5963:Stegodon 5600:Eritreum 5490:Saloumia 5368:Mammalia 5362:Chordata 5360:Phylum: 5356:Animalia 5290:35249392 5258:(1849). 4855:1: 39-97 4837:31 March 4534:31936632 4526:21152772 4421:18 April 4373:31 March 4312:19 April 4207:19 April 3843:34988402 3805:iScience 3682:26756209 3642:PLOS ONE 3342:23041930 2986:86792928 2710:(1813). 2481:and the 2463:guanacos 2415:Valgipes 2396:and the 2357:Valgipes 2207:38 south 2159:, whose 2028:Anolaima 1966:conifers 1956:bunodont 1833:bunodont 1584:Pliocene 1087:Eritreum 772:subgenus 681:Mastodon 549:Zona Sur 478:Holocene 303:Synonyms 296:, 1888) 294:Ameghino 226:Family: 210:Mammalia 200:Chordata 196:Phylum: 190:Animalia 176:Domain: 46:Holocene 6220:4943131 6207:2885231 6194:1245635 6181:4825858 5990:Elephas 5919:Anancus 5630:Phiomia 5366:Class: 5281:8899627 5184:Bibcode 5041:Bibcode 4900:Bibcode 4820:Bibcode 4404:Bibcode 4239:Bibcode 4182:Bibcode 4119:Bibcode 3971:2092950 3834:8693454 3813:Bibcode 3768:Bibcode 3673:4710528 3650:Bibcode 3379:Bibcode 3223:Bibcode 2897:Bibcode 2824:at the 2655:Bibcode 2511:Caipora 2503:cerrado 2494:Caipora 2253:Nemocón 2161:synonym 1998:Paraíba 1898:humerus 1753:began. 1669:withers 1491:), the 1387:Miocene 1117: 788:neotype 283:† 262:† 239:Genus: 216:Order: 206:Class: 123:↓ 44:-Early 5667:Mammut 5288: 5278: 5270: 5202: 5103: 5067: 5059: 4784: 4774: 4709: 4701: 4532: 4524: 4516: 4465:19 May 4458: 4366: 4265: 4257: 4200: 4137: 3969: 3841: 3831: 3680: 3670: 3340: 3332: 3035: 2984: 2806:νότιος 2673: 2626:nótios 2621:νότιος 2499:Brazil 2473:, and 2375:, and 2360:, the 2309:, the 2261:Carchi 1901:large 1828:molars 1745:. 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