2487:. The ground zero extinction event appears to be Toba during which haplogroup CDEF* appeared to diverge into C, DE and F. C and F have almost nothing in common while D and E have plenty in common. Extinction event #1 according to current estimates occurred after Toba, although older ancient DNA could push the ground zero extinction event to long before Toba, and push the first extinction event here back to Toba. Haplogroups with extinction event notes by them have a dubious origin and this is because extinction events lead to severe bottlenecks, so all notes by these groups are just guesses. Note that the SNP counting of ancient DNA can be highly variable meaning that even though all these groups diverged around the same time no one knows when.
1716:
2174:
231:
534:
2439:– Large group found within the N type. Populations contained therein can be divided geographically into West Eurasia and East Eurasia. Almost all European populations and a large number of Middle-Eastern population today are contained within this branch. A smaller percentage is contained in other N type groups (See above). Below are
4378:
Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, Benuzzi G, Help H, Bermisheva M, Kutuev I, Barać L, Pericić M, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Dion D, Grobei M, Zhivotovsky LA, Battaglia V, Achilli A, Al-Zahery N, Parik J, King R, Cinnioğlu C, Khusnutdinova E, Rudan P, Balanovska E, Scheffrahn W, Simonescu M, Brehm A,
2357:
Haplogroup R consists of two subgroups defined on the basis of their geographical distributions, one found in southeastern Asia and
Oceania and the other containing almost all of the modern European populations. Haplogroup N(xR), i.e. mtDNA that belongs to the N group but not to its R subgroup, is
305:
326:
All of these molecules are part of the ancestral haplogroup, but at some point in the past a mutation occurred in the ancestral molecule, mutation A, which produced a new lineage; this is haplogroup A and is defined by mutation A. At some more recent point in the past, a new mutation, mutation B,
2353:
The M group comprises the first wave of human migration which is thought to have evolved outside of Africa, following an eastward route along southern coastal areas. Descendant lineages of haplogroup M are now found throughout Asia, the
Americas, and Melanesia, as well as in parts of the Horn of
4622:
Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, Metspalu M, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, Rasmussen S, Stafford TW, Orlando L, Metspalu E, Karmin M, Tambets K, Rootsi S, Mägi R, Campos PF, Balanovska E, Balanovsky O, Khusnutdinova E, Litvinov S, Osipova LP, Fedorova SA, Voevoda MI, DeGiorgio M, Sicheritz-Ponten T,
454:
The special feature that both Y chromosomes and mtDNA display is that mutations can accrue along a certain segment of both molecules and these mutations remain fixed in place on the DNA. Furthermore, the historical sequence of these mutations can also be inferred. For example, if a set of ten Y
458:
Furthermore, all ten individuals who carry the chromosome with mutation A are the direct male line descendants of the same man who was the first person to carry this mutation. The first man to carry mutation B was also a direct male line descendant of this man, but is also the direct male line
1193:
K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik
2349:
The mitochondrial haplogroups are divided into three main groups, which are designated by the sequential letters L, M, N. Humanity first split within the L group between L0 and L1-6. L1-6 gave rise to other L groups, one of which, L3, split into the M and N group.
2354:
Africa and North Africa; almost none have been found in Europe. The N haplogroup may represent another macrolineage that evolved outside of Africa, heading northward instead of eastward. Shortly after the migration, the large R group split off from the N.
2462:
U – High frequency in West
Eurasia, Indian sub-continent, and Algeria, found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe; U5 in particular shows high frequency in Scandinavia and Baltic countries with the highest frequency in the
4379:
Goncalves R, Rosa A, Moisan JP, Chaventre A, Ferak V, Füredi S, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Beckman L, Mikerezi I, Terzić R, Primorac D, Cambon-Thomsen A, Krumina A, Torroni A, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Villems R, Semino O (Jul 2004).
222:
at different chromosomal regions that are closely linked and that tend to be inherited together. As a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is usually possible to predict a haplogroup from haplotypes. Haplogroups pertain to a single
2373:
M1 – Ethiopian, Somali and Indian populations. Likely due to much gene flow between the Horn of Africa and the
Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman), separated only by a narrow strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
1340:(M215) Associated with the spread of Afroasiatic languages; now concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, as well as parts of the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and the Balkans; formerly known as E3b
455:
chromosomes (derived from ten different individuals) contains a mutation, A, but only five of these chromosomes contain a second mutation, B, then it must be the case that mutation B occurred after mutation A.
462:
All humans carrying mutation A form a single haplogroup, and all humans carrying mutation B are part of this haplogroup, but mutation B also defines a more recent haplogroup (which is a subgroup or
484:
DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are named from A to T, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. Y chromosome haplogroup designations are established by the Y Chromosome
Consortium.
2483:
According to SNPS haplogroups which are the age of the first extinction event tend to be around 45–50 kya. Haplogroups of the second extinction event seemed to diverge 32–35 kya according to
466:) of its own to which humans carrying only mutation A do not belong. Both mtDNA and Y chromosomes are grouped into lineages and haplogroups; these are often presented as tree-like diagrams.
459:
ancestor of all men carrying mutation B. Series of mutations such as this form molecular lineages. Furthermore, each mutation defines a set of specific Y chromosomes called a haplogroup.
451:. Effectively this means that the genetic material from these chromosomes gets mixed up in every generation, and so any new mutations are passed down randomly from parents to offspring.
2459:
Pre-JT – Arose in the Levant (modern
Lebanon area), found in 25% frequency in Bedouin populations; branch JT (branch J; branch T) – North, Eastern Europe, Indus, Mediterranean
424:; the remaining 95% of the Y chromosome does not recombine. Therefore, the Y chromosome and any mutations that arise in it are passed down in a direct male line of descent.
377:
of the cell, but mtDNA is an exception. An individual inherits their cytoplasm and the organelles contained by that cytoplasm exclusively from the maternal ovum (egg cell);
1029:
257:
Haplogroups are normally identified by an initial letter of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations, such as (for example)
637:
627:
1056:
Van Oven M, Van
Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".
724:
707:
715:
1509:(M267) (Mostly associated with Semitic peoples in the Middle East but also found in; Mediterranean Europe, Ethiopia, North Africa, Pakistan, India and with
114:
874:
867:
860:
389:
arises in a mtDNA molecule, the mutation is therefore passed down in a direct female line of descent. Mutations are changes in the nitrogen bases of the
227:. As such, membership of a haplogroup, by any individual, relies on a relatively small proportion of the genetic material possessed by that individual.
254:
of a single broader set (as opposed, that is, to biparental models, such as human family trees). Haplogroups can be further divided into subclades.
983:
978:
1572:(M70, M184/USP9Y+3178, M193, M272) (North Africa, Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, South Asia); formerly known as Haplogroup K2
1304:(M130) (Oceania, North/Central/East Asia, North America and a minor presence in South America, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and Europe)
4806:
4380:
2358:
typical of
Australian aboriginal populations, while also being present at low frequencies among many populations of Eurasia and the Americas.
350:, such as those of humans. Their primary function is to provide energy to the cell. Mitochondria are thought to be reduced descendants of
2377:
CZ – Many
Siberians; branch C – Some Amerindian; branch Z – Many Saami, some Korean, some North Chinese, some Central Asian populations.
166:
4756:
140:
4884:
4879:
296:, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material.
3048:
East Africa (First
Extinction Event is the split between E1b1 and E1a, second extinction event is the split between E1b1b and E1b1a)
1254:
Major Y-chromosome haplogroups, and their geographical regions of occurrence (prior to the recent European colonization), include:
4741:
1322:(CTS3946) (Tibet, Nepal, Japan, the Andaman Islands, Central Asia, and a sporadic presence in Nigeria, Syria, and Saudi Arabia)
1034:
4145:
4122:
2456:
R0 – Found in Arabia and among Ethiopians and Somalis; branch HV (branch H; branch V) – Europe, Western Asia, North Africa;
2189:
populations and are often geographically oriented. For example, the following are common divisions for mtDNA haplogroups:
1453:(M170, P19, M258) (widespread in Europe, found infrequently in parts of the Middle East, and virtually absent elsewhere)
277:
4500:
Tolk HV, Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Campbell H, Rudan I, Kivisild T, Villems R, Rudan P (Sep 2001).
2446:
B – Some Chinese, Tibetans, Mongolians, Central Asians, Koreans, Amerindians, South Siberians, Japanese, Austronesians
1893:
1724:
273:
85:
518:
475:
90:
357:
that were once free living. One indication that mitochondria were once free living is that each contains a circular
4896:
4117:
1175:
Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
508:
159:
4687:"Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia"
1376:(M201) (present among many ethnic groups in Eurasia, usually at low frequency; most common in the Caucasus, the
4165:
394:
212:
1510:
4769:
4600:
4250:
1221:
Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
327:
happened in a person carrying haplogroup A; mutation B defined haplogroup B. Haplogroup B is a subgroup, or
4926:
4078:
2475:
Here is a list of Y-chromosome and MtDNA geographic haplogroup assignation proposed by Bekada et al. 2013.
1884:. The most up-to-date version of the mtDNA tree is maintained by Mannis van Oven on the PhyloTree website.
1230:
Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
4853:
486:
4936:
4931:
4865:
4381:"Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe"
4102:
4093:
2484:
2162:
1248:
405:
74:
17:
4543:"Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape"
1909:
152:
34:
4841:
4839:
MitoTool – a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations
1782:
1651:
1577:
1301:
421:
4916:
4816:
4421:
1523:(M172) (Mainly found in West Asia, Central Asia, Iran, Italy, Greece, the Balkans and North Africa)
1337:
1331:
697:
4874:
4623:
Brunak S, Demeshchenko S, Kivisild T, Villems R, Nielsen R, Jakobsson M, Willerslev E (Jan 2014).
2433:; also found with low frequency in some other populations of Siberia, East Asia, and Central Asia
4277:"Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences"
4088:
1715:
1657:
1566:(M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) (South Asia, Central Asia, Southwestern Asia, the Mediterranean)
900:
262:
4502:"The evidence of mtDNA haplogroup F in a European population and its ethnohistoric implications"
4459:
Loogväli EL, Roostalu U, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, et al. (2004).
4921:
4149:
1683:
1677:
1438:
1425:
889:
881:
621:
4169:
1420:
H2 (P96) Formerly known as haplogroup F3. Found with low frequency in Europe and western Asia.
1131:
F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
4112:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2123:
2118:
2085:
1992:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1849:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1789:
1770:
1746:
1691:
1671:
1600:
1557:
1520:
1506:
1476:
1462:
1456:
1444:
1313:
951:
797:
436:
417:
293:
120:
2173:
4636:
4554:
4541:
Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Pestano J, Benhamamouch S, González AM (2013).
2384:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2181:, with key (coloured) indicating periods in numbered thousands of years before the present.
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2111:
2103:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1982:
1977:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1701:
1665:
1645:
1612:
1606:
1594:
1569:
1563:
1552:
1530:
1470:
1450:
1387:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1325:
1319:
1277:
1263:
990:
909:
844:
788:
773:
759:
680:
652:
409:
366:
8:
4331:"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture"
4083:
1621:
501:
281:
135:
125:
56:
4851:
HaploGrep – automatic classification of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups based on PhyloTree
4799:
4640:
4558:
547:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
238:
Each haplogroup originates from, and remains part of, a preceding single haplogroup (or
4711:
4686:
4657:
4624:
4577:
4542:
4408:
4355:
4330:
4303:
4276:
1244:
1081:
919:
593:
576:
4227:
4194:
1098:
243:
4863:
HaploFind – fast automatic haplogroup assignment pipeline for human mitochondrial DNA
4716:
4662:
4582:
4523:
4482:
4413:
4360:
4308:
4232:
4214:
4161:
4141:
4107:
2178:
2158:
2094:
1905:
1730:
1635:
1473:(M304) (the Middle East, Turkey, Caucasus, Italy, Greece, the Balkans, North Africa)
1381:
1150:
1073:
1011:
1006:
997:
940:
931:
851:
822:
782:
740:
692:
610:
362:
247:
130:
42:
1085:
365:(mtDNA), whose structure is more similar to bacteria than eukaryotic organisms (see
331:
of haplogroup A; both haplogroups A and B are subclades of the ancestral haplogroup.
4785:
4706:
4698:
4652:
4644:
4572:
4562:
4513:
4472:
4403:
4395:
4350:
4342:
4298:
4290:
4222:
4206:
2426:
2414:
X – Some Amerindians, Southern Siberians, Southwest Asians, and Southern Europeans
1627:
1065:
973:
731:
685:
4791:
4869:
4857:
4845:
4567:
4461:"Disuniting uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia"
4281:
1686:(M343) (Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa, Central Africa)
1377:
745:
230:
1615:(M175) (East Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, South Asia, Central Asia)
381:
only pass on the chromosomal DNA, all paternal mitochondria are digested in the
4098:
1545:
1500:
1496:
1307:
961:
754:
587:
494:
269:
196:
4625:"Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans"
4195:"A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups"
412:
male. Although Y chromosomes are situated in the cell nucleus and paired with
4905:
4829:
PhyloTree – The phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation
4218:
2430:
2194:
1923:
1797:
1206:
1154:
836:
830:
816:
805:
768:
671:
666:
657:
643:
604:
444:
432:
4792:
A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups
4518:
4501:
4477:
4460:
242:). As such, any related group of haplogroups may be precisely modelled as a
4911:
4720:
4666:
4586:
4527:
4486:
4417:
4364:
4312:
4236:
2470:
2070:
1680:(M17) (Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe)
1403:
1077:
516:
481:
413:
401:
390:
374:
335:
4807:
The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans
4702:
4346:
4817:
Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation
2464:
2331:
289:
285:
4885:
Do the Four Clades of the mtDNA Haplogroup L2 Evolve at Different Rates?
4774:
4648:
2259:(all listed West Eurasian haplogroups are derived from macro-haplogroup
1113:
Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
4140:
By C. Barry Cox, Peter D. Moore, Richard Ladle. Wiley-Blackwell, 2016.
2390:
G – Many Northeast Siberians, northern East Asians, and Central Asians
1069:
370:
211:) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a
187:
in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a
4275:
Poznik, G. David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L.; et al. (2016).
4210:
4181:
1399:
H1a (M69/Page45) India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan, Iran, Central Asia
1199:
1153:
was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to
1210:, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree"
428:
351:
347:
343:
339:
239:
180:
65:
4294:
1654:(M242) (Occurred ~15,000–20,000 bp. Found in Asia and the Americas)
304:
4685:
Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (Mar 2015).
4399:
2411:
W – Some Eastern Europeans, South Asians, and southern East Asians
2408:
S – Some Indigenous Australian (First Nations People of Australia)
2186:
1514:
1484:
1166:
Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
463:
386:
354:
328:
215:
97:
69:
1055:
369:). The overwhelming majority of a human's DNA is contained in the
4458:
4329:
Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. (2015).
4254:
2450:
2402:
A – Found in many Amerindians and some East Asians and Siberians
1480:
1459:(M253, M307, P30, P40) (Northern Europe, dominant in Scandinavia)
1407:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1267:
440:
224:
192:
4850:
4833:
4601:"Common genetic ancestors lived during roughly same time period"
1334:(V38) West Africa and surrounding regions; formerly known as E3a
2418:
1492:
448:
382:
251:
219:
184:
4862:
4779:
2380:
D – Some Amerindians, many Siberians and northern East Asians
4828:
1704:(M230, P202, P204) (New Guinea, Melanesia, eastern Indonesia)
378:
261:. The alphabetical nomenclature was published in 2002 by the
4621:
4445:
1886:
4838:
2422:
1488:
4834:
PhyloD3 – D3.js-based phylogenetic tree based on PhyloTree
4684:
4540:
4377:
4186:
1099:
International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),
435:(when another X chromosome is available to pair with it),
2161:
is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the
1140:
Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
358:
288:
line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the
4782:
A minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y-chromosome
2471:
Y-chromosome and MtDNA geographic haplogroup assignation
2163:
most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor
1660:(M3) (North America, Central America, and South America)
1517:; J1 with DYS388=13 is associated with eastern Anatolia)
1247:
is the name given by researchers to the male who is the
408:; nearly all humans that possess a Y chromosome will be
1465:(S31) (Central and Southeast Europe, Sardinia, Balkans)
393:. Single changes from the original sequence are called
4499:
1710:
1432:
1249:
most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor
292:
line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither
4150:
Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach
1415:
H3 (Z5857) India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bahrain, Qatar
1362:(M89) Oceania, Europe, Asia, North and South America
469:
218:. More specifically, a haplotype is a combination of
2393:
Q – Melanesian, Polynesian, New Guinean populations
2302:(note: C, D, E, G, and Z belong to macro-haplogroup
4798:(2), 339–48, February 2002. (Detailed hierarchical
2757:West of Burma in Eurasia (First Extinction Event?)
1380:, and Anatolia; in Europe mainly in Greece, Italy,
2449:F – Mainly found in southeastern Asia, especially
4328:
1597:(P256) (New Guinea, Melanesia, eastern Indonesia)
4903:
4822:
4180:International Society of Genetic Genealogy 2015
2102:
2099:
1945:
4763:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4274:
2177:Map of human haplotype migration, according to
1257:
4813:(paper which introduced the "Eu" haplogroups).
2405:I – 10% frequency in Northern, Eastern Europe
1719:Human migrations and mitochondrial haplogroups
1384:, the Tyrol, Bohemia; rare in Northern Europe)
1212:(Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
4802:has conversions from previous naming schemes)
4438:
4324:
4322:
4205:(2). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: 339–348.
2752:M172, M410, M158, M319, DYS445=6, M339, M340
502:
160:
4673:
4452:
4154:
1586:
1292:
272:, the haplogroups most commonly studied are
4193:Consortium, The Y Chromosome (2002-02-01).
4160:Editorial Board, V&S Publishers, 2012,
2779:M11, M20, M27, M76, M317, M274, M349, M357
1894:human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
1694:(M124) (South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia)
1350:
1184:Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
4319:
4268:
4192:
1539:
1049:
509:
495:
167:
153:
4880:The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape
4710:
4656:
4576:
4566:
4517:
4476:
4407:
4354:
4302:
4226:
3010:M60, M181, SRY10831.1, M150, M109, M112
2828:Middle East, Europe, Siberia, South Asia
2172:
1714:
1125:
1122:Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
1092:
303:
229:
4174:
2168:
1368:(P14, M213) (China, Vietnam, Singapore)
1187:
299:
14:
4904:
4747:
4134:
2795:East Asia, South East Asia, South Asia
2034:
1986:
1953:
1948:
1930:
1927:
1914:
1904:
280:, each of which can be used to define
115:Y-chromosome haplogroups by population
4123:List of haplogroups of notable people
3037:West Africa (First Extinction Event?)
1981:
1976:
490:
278:mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
4790:The Y Chromosome Consortium (2002),
2762:Indonesia (First Extinction Event?)
2127:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1940:
1935:
1922:
1917:
1901:
1297:(mutation M168 occurred ~50,000 bp)
1169:
1035:Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people
1010:
1005:
996:
994:
989:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
959:
949:
947:
937:
929:
917:
915:
906:
898:
856:
849:
843:
841:
835:
829:
827:
821:
815:
803:
793:
787:
781:
772:
767:
758:
753:
744:
739:
703:
689:
572:
527:
4875:graphical mtDNA haplogroup skeleton
1711:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
1433:Groups with mutations L15 & L16
1355:(mutation M89 occurred ~45,000 bp)
1160:
1107:
677:
617:
600:
284:. Y-DNA is passed solely along the
24:
4691:European Journal of Human Genetics
4506:European Journal of Human Genetics
4388:American Journal of Human Genetics
3021:M1, YAP, M174, M40, M96, M75, M98
2839:Anatolia, South East Europe ?
2741:M304, M267, P58, M365, M368, M369
2453:; 8.3% in Hvar Island in Croatia.
2185:Haplogroups can be used to define
1725:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
1143:
1134:
470:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
234:Y-DNA haplogroups map of the world
25:
4948:
4730:
2504:Europe (Second Extinction Event?)
2364:consists of nearly all Africans.
1224:
1215:
1178:
1116:
1104:. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
476:Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
207:, "onefold, simple" and English:
4118:List of genetic genealogy topics
2383:E – Malay, Borneo, Philippines,
1648:(M45) (M45 occurred ~35,000 bp)
532:
274:Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups
4615:
4593:
4534:
4493:
4371:
2521:P215, M438, P37.2, M359, P41.2
2478:
1157:, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
395:single nucleotide polymorphisms
4243:
2790:M231, M214, LLY22g, Tat, M178
1544:(mutation M9 occurred ~40,000
1280:(M60) (Africa, especially the
1266:(M91) (Africa, especially the
213:single-nucleotide polymorphism
13:
1:
4823:Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
4170:Concise Dictionary of Science
4128:
2823:MEH2, M242, P36.2, M25, M346
2510:M170, M253, P259, M227, M507
1609:(M231) (northernmost Eurasia)
1483:, with a few observations in
420:with the X chromosome at the
4775:ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree
4764:Y chromosome DNA haplogroups
4568:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775
4079:International HapMap Project
2834:M420, M17, M198, M204, M458
1258:Groups without mutation M168
519:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
437:share their genetic material
7:
4890:
4103:Race (human categorization)
4094:Human evolutionary genetics
4072:
2719:M201, M285, P15, P16, M406
1393:H1'3 (Z4221/M2826, Z13960)
569:
517:Phylogenetic tree of human
75:Most recent common ancestor
27:Group of similar haplotypes
10:
4953:
4735:
2784:East Asia, South East Asia
2730:M69, M52, M82, M197, M370
2683:C1(formerly known as CxC3)
1889:
1733:haplogroups are lettered:
1722:
1101:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015
1003:
970:
927:
896:
887:
879:
872:
865:
858:
813:
779:
765:
751:
737:
721:
705:
574:
473:
312: Ancestral haplogroup
4251:"Y Chromosome Consortium"
2993:West Africa, North Africa
2694:C2 (formerly known as C3)
1587:Groups with mutation M526
1293:Groups with mutation M168
1024:
802:
795:
729:
712:
696:
691:
684:
679:
670:
665:
663:
656:
651:
649:
642:
635:
633:
626:
619:
609:
602:
592:
585:
583:
567:
541:This article needs to be
525:
324: Haplogroup B (Hg B)
318: Haplogroup A (Hg A)
208:
200:
4897:Y-DNA Haplogroup Browser
4794:, Genome Research, Vol.
3071:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2110:
1351:Groups with mutation M89
422:ends of the Y chromosome
4770:Y Chromosome Consortium
4742:The Genographic Project
4519:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200709
4089:Molecular phylogenetics
2702:Indonesia or South Asia
2680:South Asia or Melanesia
1540:Groups with mutation M9
1149:Between 2002 and 2008,
263:Y Chromosome Consortium
250:(haplogroup) is also a
4805:Semino et al. (2000),
4757:World Haplogroups Maps
2812:92R7, M207, M173, M45
2806:Indonesia, Philippines
2587:M12, M102, M280, M241
2182:
2165:of all living humans.
1720:
1533:(M9, P128, P131, P132)
1402:H1b (B108) Found in a
1251:of all living humans.
332:
235:
4703:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106
4478:10.1093/molbev/msh209
4347:10.1101/gr.186684.114
4113:Genealogical DNA test
2845:M173, M343, P25, M73
2746:Europe or Middle East
2735:Europe or Middle East
2543:M223, M284, P78, P95
2176:
1892:Phylogenetic tree of
1718:
1618:Haplogroup O1 (F265)
307:
233:
121:Genealogical DNA test
4786:Haplogroup Predictor
2385:Taiwanese aborigines
2169:Defining populations
367:endosymbiotic theory
300:Haplogroup formation
4927:Population genetics
4748:all DNA haplogroups
4649:10.1038/nature12736
4641:2014Natur.505...87R
4559:2013PLoSO...856775B
4084:Molecular evolution
3054:P2, M2, U175, M191
2820:R and Q (QR) split
2817:South Asia, Siberia
2387:, Papua New Guinea
2332:Australo-Melanesian
1511:Northeast Caucasian
1030:Y-DNA by population
945:
427:Other chromosomes,
282:genetic populations
136:Genographic Project
126:Surname DNA project
86:Human mitochondrial
57:Population genetics
4937:Types of groupings
4932:Classical genetics
4868:2016-06-11 at the
4856:2016-06-12 at the
4844:2016-06-19 at the
4780:PhyloTree's Y-tree
2183:
1721:
1245:Y-chromosomal Adam
1070:10.1002/humu.22468
796:
577:Y-chromosomal Adam
404:are male-specific
333:
236:
91:Human Y-chromosome
4211:10.1101/gr.217602
4182:Genetics Glossary
4146:978-1-118-96858-1
4108:Genetic genealogy
4070:
4069:
3069:
3068:
2713:Europe (Caucasus)
2631:U198, P312, S116
2309:Native American:
2179:mitochondrial DNA
2159:Mitochondrial Eve
2156:
2155:
2097:
1906:Mitochondrial Eve
1785:
1652:Haplogroup Q-M242
1578:Haplogroup K(xLT)
1479:(Mainly found in
1316:(M1, M145, M203)
1241:
1240:
1203:, 2017, "K-M2335"
1201:YFull YTree v5.08
1151:Haplogroup T-M184
1019:
1018:
964:
954:
944:
935:
923:
912:
904:
892:
884:
877:
870:
863:
808:
727:
719:
710:
640:
624:
607:
590:
562:
561:
443:, the process of
363:mitochondrial DNA
177:
176:
131:Personal genomics
43:Genetic genealogy
16:(Redirected from
4944:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4682:
4671:
4670:
4660:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4570:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4420:. Archived from
4411:
4385:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4253:. Archived from
4247:
4241:
4240:
4230:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4158:
4152:
4138:
3076:
3075:
3026:East Asia, Nepal
2490:
2489:
2093:
1887:
1783:
1646:Haplogroup P-M45
1580:(rs2033003/M526)
1396:H1 (L902/M3061)
1338:Haplogroup E1b1b
1332:Haplogroup E1b1a
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1053:
960:
950:
938:
930:
918:
908:
899:
888:
880:
873:
866:
859:
804:
723:
714:
706:
636:
620:
603:
586:
570:
557:
554:
548:
536:
535:
528:
511:
504:
497:
488:
487:
348:eukaryotic cells
342:that lie in the
323:
317:
311:
260:
246:, in which each
244:nested hierarchy
210:
202:
169:
162:
155:
30:
29:
21:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4917:Human evolution
4902:
4901:
4893:
4870:Wayback Machine
4858:Wayback Machine
4846:Wayback Machine
4825:
4809:, Science, Vol
4766:
4750:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4683:
4674:
4635:(7481): 87–91.
4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4539:
4535:
4498:
4494:
4471:(11): 2012–21.
4465:Mol. Biol. Evol
4457:
4453:
4446:"PhyloTree.org"
4444:
4443:
4439:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4383:
4376:
4372:
4335:Genome Research
4327:
4320:
4295:10.1038/ng.3559
4282:Nature Genetics
4273:
4269:
4260:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4199:Genome Research
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4159:
4155:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4075:
3074:
2872:Pakistan, India
2481:
2473:
2427:Tungusic people
2266:East Eurasian:
2223:West Eurasian:
2171:
1727:
1713:
1658:Haplogroup Q-M3
1589:
1542:
1435:
1378:Iranian plateau
1353:
1295:
1260:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1097:
1093:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1020:
563:
558:
552:
549:
546:
537:
533:
521:
515:
478:
472:
447:which produces
410:morphologically
406:sex chromosomes
325:
321:
319:
315:
313:
309:
302:
258:
225:line of descent
173:
117:
94:
89:
83:
81:DNA haplogroups
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4950:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4900:
4899:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4860:
4848:
4836:
4831:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4803:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:External links
4729:
4727:
4726:
4672:
4614:
4592:
4533:
4492:
4451:
4437:
4400:10.1086/422196
4370:
4341:(4): 459–466.
4318:
4289:(6): 593–599.
4267:
4242:
4185:
4173:
4153:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:Race (biology)
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4074:
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4068:
4067:
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3880:
3876:
3875:
3874:N* / M* / L3*
3872:
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2501:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2441:subclades of R
2425:; many Ainus,
2421:and people of
2347:
2346:
2329:
2307:
2264:
2221:
2170:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
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2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1723:Main article:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:Haplogroup R1b
1681:
1678:Haplogroup R1a
1663:
1662:
1661:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:Haplogroup O1b
1625:
1622:Haplogroup O1a
1610:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1504:
1501:Turkic peoples
1497:Czech Republic
1468:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1439:Haplogroup IJK
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:Haplogroup IJK
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:individual in
1400:
1385:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1323:
1305:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1275:
1259:
1256:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1091:
1058:Human Mutation
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1001:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
976:
971:
968:
967:
965:
958:
956:
948:
946:
936:
928:
925:
924:
916:
914:
905:
897:
894:
893:
886:
878:
871:
864:
857:
855:
848:
842:
840:
834:
828:
826:
820:
814:
811:
810:
801:
794:
792:
786:
780:
777:
776:
771:
766:
763:
762:
757:
752:
749:
748:
743:
738:
735:
734:
728:
720:
711:
704:
701:
700:
695:
690:
688:
683:
678:
675:
674:
669:
664:
661:
660:
655:
650:
647:
646:
641:
634:
631:
630:
625:
618:
615:
614:
608:
601:
598:
597:
591:
584:
581:
580:
573:
568:
565:
564:
560:
559:
540:
538:
531:
526:
523:
522:
514:
513:
506:
499:
491:
474:Main article:
471:
468:
320:
314:
308:
301:
298:
270:human genetics
183:is a group of
175:
174:
172:
171:
164:
157:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
107:
106:Related topics
103:
102:
101:
100:
95:
79:
77:
72:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4949:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:Phylogenetics
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4752:Y-Chromosome
4743:
4740:
4739:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4697:(3): 369–73.
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4602:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:(2): e56775.
4552:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4512:(9): 717–23.
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4441:
4427:on 2009-06-24
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:(1): 128–37.
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4257:on 2017-01-16
4256:
4252:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:J / J1c / J2
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:Austronesians
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:consists of:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:consists of:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1703:
1700:
1693:
1692:Haplogroup R2
1690:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:Haplogroup R1
1670:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1637:
1636:Haplogroup O2
1634:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:Haplogroup NO
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:Haplogroup LT
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1529:
1522:
1521:Haplogroup J2
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:Haplogroup J1
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Haplogroup J*
1475:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1463:Haplogroup I2
1461:
1458:
1457:Haplogroup I1
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:Haplogroup IJ
1443:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1390:(L901/M2939)
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1366:Haplogroup FT
1364:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:Haplogroup DE
1312:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:(2): 187–91.
1063:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1002:
999:
992:
985:
980:
975:
969:
963:
957:
955:
953:
942:
933:
926:
921:
911:
902:
895:
891:
885:
883:
876:
869:
862:
853:
847:
846:
838:
833:
832:
824:
819:
818:
812:
807:
799:
790:
785:
784:
778:
775:
770:
764:
761:
756:
750:
747:
742:
736:
733:
726:
717:
709:
702:
699:
694:
687:
682:
676:
673:
668:
662:
659:
654:
648:
645:
639:
632:
629:
623:
616:
612:
606:
599:
595:
589:
582:
578:
571:
566:
556:
553:February 2021
544:
539:
530:
529:
524:
520:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
493:
492:
489:
485:
483:
477:
467:
465:
460:
456:
452:
450:
446:
445:cell division
442:
438:
434:
433:X chromosomes
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
414:X chromosomes
411:
407:
403:
402:Y chromosomes
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:
306:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
232:
228:
226:
221:
217:
214:
206:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
170:
165:
163:
158:
156:
151:
150:
148:
147:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
116:
112:
111:
110:
109:
105:
104:
99:
96:
92:
87:
82:
78:
76:
73:
71:
67:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4810:
4795:
4751:
4694:
4690:
4632:
4628:
4617:
4605:. Retrieved
4603:. 1 Aug 2013
4595:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4440:
4429:. Retrieved
4422:the original
4391:
4387:
4373:
4338:
4334:
4286:
4280:
4270:
4259:. Retrieved
4255:the original
4245:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4176:
4156:
4136:
4034:L3b(16124!)
3970:L2a1(16189)
3743:North Africa
3735:North Africa
3727:North Africa
3719:North Africa
3711:North Africa
3703:North Africa
3015:Asia, Africa
2982:North Africa
2971:North Africa
2960:North Africa
2949:North Africa
2938:North Africa
2927:North Africa
2905:North Africa
2894:North Africa
2661:R1b1b1a1b3,4
2482:
2479:Y-chromosome
2474:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2184:
2157:
1891:
1890:
1728:
1702:Haplogroup S
1666:Haplogroup R
1613:Haplogroup O
1607:Haplogroup N
1595:Haplogroup M
1570:Haplogroup T
1564:Haplogroup L
1560:(L298/P326)
1553:Haplogroup K
1543:
1531:Haplogroup K
1499:, and among
1471:Haplogroup J
1451:Haplogroup I
1388:Haplogroup H
1374:Haplogroup G
1360:Haplogroup F
1354:
1326:Haplogroup E
1320:Haplogroup D
1310:haplogroups
1302:Haplogroup C
1296:
1278:Haplogroup B
1264:Haplogroup A
1253:
1243:
1226:
1217:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1042:
907:
850:
550:
542:
482:Y chromosome
479:
461:
457:
453:
426:
416:, they only
399:
391:DNA sequence
336:Mitochondria
334:
267:
259:A → A1 → A1a
256:
237:
204:
188:
178:
80:
61:
4063:West Africa
4055:West Africa
4047:West Africa
4039:West Africa
4031:West Africa
4023:West Africa
4015:West Africa
4007:West Africa
3999:West Africa
3991:West Africa
3983:West Africa
3975:West Africa
3967:West Africa
3959:West Africa
3951:West Africa
3943:West Africa
3938:L2a1a2'3'4
3935:West Africa
3927:West Africa
3919:West Africa
3911:West Africa
3903:West Africa
3895:West Africa
3887:West Africa
3879:West Africa
3871:East Africa
3863:East Africa
3855:East Africa
3847:East Africa
3839:East Africa
3831:East Africa
3823:East Africa
3815:East Africa
3807:East Africa
3799:East Africa
3791:East Africa
3783:East Africa
3775:East Africa
3767:East Africa
3759:East Africa
3751:East Africa
3695:Middle East
3687:Middle East
3679:Middle East
3671:Middle East
3663:Middle East
3655:Middle East
3647:Middle East
3639:Middle East
3623:Middle East
3615:Middle East
3607:Middle East
3599:Middle East
3591:Middle East
3583:Middle East
3567:Middle East
3559:Middle East
3551:Middle East
3543:Middle East
3535:Middle East
3527:Middle East
3519:Middle East
3511:Middle East
3503:Middle East
3495:Middle East
3487:Middle East
3479:Middle East
3471:Middle East
3463:Middle East
3455:Middle East
3447:Middle East
3439:Middle East
3431:Middle East
3423:Middle East
3415:Middle East
3407:Middle East
3399:Middle East
3391:Middle East
3383:Middle East
3375:Middle East
3367:Middle East
3359:Middle East
3351:Middle East
3343:Middle East
3335:Middle East
3319:Middle East
3311:Middle East
3303:Middle East
3295:Middle East
3287:Middle East
3162:HV0/HV0a/V
3082:Haplogroup
3059:Middle East
3004:East Africa
2883:Middle East
2878:M479, M124
2801:M175, M119
2598:M412, P310
2496:Haplogroup
2465:Sami people
1630:(P31, M268)
1513:peoples in
1441:(L15, L16)
371:chromosomes
290:matrilineal
286:patrilineal
18:Haplogroups
4906:Categories
4431:2007-03-08
4261:2005-07-27
4166:9381588643
4129:References
3450:J1d / J2b
2988:M123, M34
2773:South Asia
2724:South Asia
2708:M89, M282
2691:North Asia
2672:R1b1b1a1b5
2664:M65, M153
2650:R1b1b1a1b2
2639:R1b1b1a1b1
2565:M67, M166
2397:The N type
2368:The M type
2362:The L type
1447:(S2, S22)
1428:(L15, L16)
340:organelles
338:are small
294:recombines
189:haplogroup
62:Haplogroup
4219:1088-9051
4058:L3e2'3'4
3962:L2a1c1'2
3786:L3c/L4/M
3738:U6a1'2'3
3575:West Asia
3322:D/G/M9/E
2999:M91, M13
2941:E1b1b1a1b
2916:West Asia
2765:K2 (NOPS)
2628:R1b1b1a1b
2617:R1b1b1a1a
2417:Y – Most
2193:African:
1208:PhyloTree
1043:Footnotes
429:autosomes
418:recombine
385:. When a
361:, called
352:symbiotic
344:cytoplasm
240:paragroup
195:from the
181:haplotype
66:Haplotype
4891:Software
4866:Archived
4854:Archived
4842:Archived
4721:24896152
4667:24256729
4587:23431392
4547:PLOS ONE
4528:11571562
4487:15254257
4418:15162323
4365:25770088
4313:27111036
4237:11827954
4168:p. 137.
4148:p. 106.
4073:See also
3954:L2a1b'f
3746:U6b'c'd
3426:J1a'b'e
2963:E1b1b1a4
2952:E1b1b1a3
2930:E1b1b1a1
2919:E1b1b1a2
2675:SRY2627
2606:R1b1b1a1
1515:Dagestan
1485:Pakistan
1205:, and;
1196:op. cit.
1086:23291764
1078:24166809
716:F-Y27277
464:subclade
397:(SNPs).
387:mutation
355:bacteria
329:subclade
216:mutation
98:Genomics
70:Subclade
49:Concepts
35:a series
33:Part of
4736:General
4712:4326703
4658:4105016
4637:Bibcode
4578:3576335
4555:Bibcode
4409:1181996
4356:4381518
4304:4884158
4066:L3f1b*
4026:L3b1a3
3994:L2c1'2
3850:L4a'b*
3826:L3h1b*
3794:L3d1a1
3631:Eurasia
3474:J2a2a1
3434:J1b1a1
3258:U5b1b*
3242:U5a1b1
3079:Origin
2985:E1b1b1c
2974:E1b1b1b
2908:E1b1b1a
2809:P (xQR)
2595:R1b1b1a
2499:Marker
2493:Origin
2451:Vietnam
2187:genetic
2108:
2100:
2090:
2040:
2017:
1987:
1957:
1954:
1946:
1931:
1918:
1915:
1902:
1674:(M173)
1668:(M207)
1603:(M214)
1481:Socotra
1408:Myanmar
1404:Burmese
1286:Hadzabe
1282:Pygmies
1272:Nilotes
1268:Khoisan
920:K-M2313
913:
854:
839:
825:
809:
800:
791:
613:
596:
543:updated
449:gametes
441:meiosis
439:during
375:nucleus
373:in the
220:alleles
205:haploûs
193:haploid
185:alleles
4719:
4709:
4665:
4655:
4629:Nature
4607:23 Jan
4585:
4575:
4526:
4485:
4416:
4406:
4363:
4353:
4311:
4301:
4235:
4228:155271
4225:
4217:
4164:
4144:
4042:L3b2a
3946:L2a1b
3930:L2a1*
3810:L3e1*
3802:L3d1d
3778:L0a2*
3770:L0a1b
3498:K1b1*
3442:J1b2a
3346:H13a1
3282:X2c'e
3279:Europe
3271:Europe
3266:U5b1c
3263:Europe
3255:Europe
3247:Europe
3239:Europe
3231:Europe
3223:Europe
3215:Europe
3207:Europe
3199:Europe
3191:Europe
3183:Europe
3175:Europe
3167:Europe
3159:Europe
3151:Europe
3143:Europe
3135:Europe
3127:Europe
3119:Europe
3111:Europe
3103:Europe
3095:Europe
3087:Europe
2897:E1b1b1
2864:R1b1b1
2861:Europe
2850:Europe
2697:M217+
2686:Z1426
2669:Europe
2658:Europe
2647:Europe
2636:Europe
2625:Europe
2614:Europe
2603:Europe
2592:Europe
2581:Europe
2570:Europe
2559:Europe
2548:Europe
2537:Europe
2526:Europe
2515:Europe
2485:Mal'ta
2429:, and
2419:Nivkhs
2095:pre-JT
1880:, and
1729:Human
1638:(M122)
1624:(M119)
1495:, the
1493:Greece
1382:Iberia
1328:(M96)
1155:K-M526
1084:
1076:
943:
939:
934:
922:
903:
730:
722:
718:
713:
480:Human
400:Human
383:oocyte
322:
316:
310:
252:subset
201:ἁπλοῦς
4800:chart
4759:(PDF)
4425:(PDF)
4384:(PDF)
4050:L3d*
3986:L2b*
3978:L2a2
3906:L1c2
3898:L1c*
3890:L1b3
3882:L1b*
3842:L3x*
3834:L3i*
3818:L3f*
3762:L0a1
3722:M1a1
3706:L3e5
3698:X2b1
3650:U4a*
3506:N1a*
3490:K1a*
3458:J1d1
3370:H2a1
3354:H14a
3327:India
3274:U5b3
3250:U5b*
3218:U4c1
3202:T2b4
3194:T2b*
3186:J2b1
3178:J1c7
3098:H11a
3072:mtDNA
3032:M174
2856:M269
2853:R1b1b
2768:M526
2653:M529
2642:U152
2620:U106
2573:J2a2a
1928:L1–6
1731:mtDNA
1082:S2CID
732:GHIJK
379:sperm
209:group
197:Greek
141:ISOGG
4717:PMID
4663:PMID
4609:2015
4583:PMID
4524:PMID
4483:PMID
4414:PMID
4361:PMID
4309:PMID
4233:PMID
4215:ISSN
4162:ISBN
4142:ISBN
4018:L3b
4010:L2e
4002:L2d
3922:L2a
3914:L2*
3858:L5*
3754:L0*
3730:U6a
3690:X1a
3674:U9a
3666:U8*
3634:U3*
3626:U2e
3618:U2*
3610:U1*
3602:T2i
3594:T2c
3578:T1a
3570:T1*
3554:R0a
3522:N1c
3514:N1b
3466:J2a
3402:HV1
3386:H6b
3362:H20
3314:C/Z
3234:U5a
3226:U5*
3210:T2e
3146:H6a
3138:H5a
3122:H2a
3114:H1b
3106:H1a
3065:P58
3051:E1b1
3043:M33
2977:M81
2966:V65
2955:V22
2944:V32
2933:V12
2922:V13
2911:M78
2900:M35
2889:M70
2867:L23
2831:R1a1
2609:L11
2576:M92
2562:J2a2
2554:M47
2551:J2a1
2532:M26
2529:I1b2
2423:Nias
1784:pre-
1489:Oman
1308:YAP+
1284:and
1270:and
1074:PMID
901:K2b1
746:HIJK
638:A1b1
594:A0-T
431:and
276:and
4912:DNA
4811:290
4707:PMC
4699:doi
4653:PMC
4645:doi
4633:505
4573:PMC
4563:doi
4514:doi
4473:doi
4404:PMC
4396:doi
4351:PMC
4343:doi
4299:PMC
4291:doi
4223:PMC
4207:doi
3866:L6
3714:M1
3658:U7
3642:U4
3586:T2
3546:R*
3538:N9
3530:N2
3482:K*
3410:I1
3394:H8
3378:H4
3338:H*
3170:I4
3154:H7
3130:H3
3090:H1
3040:E1a
2842:R1b
2584:J2b
2540:I1c
2518:I1b
1066:doi
984:P1a
979:P1b
974:P1c
962:NO1
890:K2a
882:K2b
875:K2c
868:K2d
861:K2e
755:IJK
628:A1b
622:A1a
588:A00
359:DNA
346:of
268:In
248:set
4908::
4796:12
4715:.
4705:.
4695:23
4693:.
4689:.
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4651:.
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2243:,
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2209:,
2207:L3
2205:,
2203:L2
2201:,
2199:L1
2197:,
2195:L0
2124:JT
2119:HV
2086:R0
1993:CZ
1971:L6
1966:L5
1961:L4
1950:L3
1942:L2
1937:L1
1924:L0
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1876:,
1872:,
1868:,
1864:,
1860:,
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1810:L3
1808:,
1806:L2
1804:,
1802:L1
1800:,
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1796:,
1792:,
1790:JT
1788:,
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1781:,
1777:,
1773:,
1771:HV
1769:,
1765:,
1761:,
1757:,
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1546:bp
1491:,
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1072:.
1062:35
1060:.
952:P1
837:J2
831:J1
823:I2
817:I1
806:K2
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725:F3
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672:CF
667:DE
658:CT
644:BT
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2026:A
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2013:Q
2008:G
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1978:M
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