268:
till death us depart, and thereto I plight thee my troth". Because of this, handfasting was also known in
England as "troth-plight". Gifts were often exchanged, especially rings: a gold coin broken in half between the couple was also common. Other tokens recorded include gloves, a crimson ribbon tied in a knot, and even a silver toothpick. Handfasting might take place anywhere, indoors or out. It was frequently in the home of the bride, but according to records handfastings also took place in taverns, in an orchard and even on horseback. The presence of a credible witness or witnesses was usual.
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spouse. Handfasting was legally binding: as soon as the couple made their vows to each other they were validly married. It was not a temporary arrangement. Just as with church weddings of the period, the union which handfasting created could only be dissolved by death. English legal authorities held that even if not followed by intercourse, handfasting was as binding as any vow taken in church before a priest.
633:
married clandestinely in a private room where only he, his bride, his friend
Christopher Brooke and Brooke's brother Samuel, a clergyman, were present. No banns were called and the bride's parents did not give consent; nevertheless, the bride's father did not later legally dispute the validity of the
507:
The term has entered the
English-speaking mainstream, most likely from neopagan wedding ceremonies during the early 2000s, often erroneously being described as "pre-Christian" by wedding planners. Evidence that the term "handfasting" had been re-interpreted as describing this ceremony specifically is
305:
Despite the validity of handfasting, it was expected to be solemnised by a church wedding fairly soon afterwards. Penalties might follow for those who did not comply. Ideally the couple were also supposed to refrain from intercourse until then. Complaints by preachers suggest that they often did not
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During handfasting, the man and woman, in turn, would take the other by the right hand and declare aloud that they there and then accepted each other as husband and wife. The words might vary but traditionally consisted of a simple formula such as "I (Name) take thee (Name) to my wedded husband/wife,
293:
form was less binding, as the couple took hands only to declare their intention to marry each other at some future date. The latter was closer to a modern engagement and could, in theory, be ended with the consent of both parties – but only providing intercourse had not occurred. If intercourse did
382:
noted, "It was an ancient custom in the Isles that a man take a maid as his wife and keep her for the space of a year without marrying her; and if she pleased him all the while, he married her at the end of the year and legitimatised her children; but if he did not love her, he returned her to her
263:
From about the 12th to the 17th century, "handfasting" in
England was simply a term for "engagement to be married", or a ceremony held on the occasion of such a contract, usually about a month prior to a church wedding, at which the marrying couple formally declared that each accepted the other as
414:
no longer recognised marriages formed by mutual consent and subsequent sexual intercourse, even though the
Scottish civil authorities did. To minimise any resulting legal actions, the ceremony was to be performed in public. This situation persisted until 1939, when Scottish marriage laws were
165:" among Neopagans to avoid perceived non-Pagan religious connotations associated with those terms. It is also used, apparently ahistorically, to refer to an alleged pre-Christian practice of symbolically fastening or wrapping the hands of a couple together during the wedding ceremony.
511:
By the 2010s, "handfasting ceremonies" were on offer by commercial wedding organizers and had mostly lost their neopagan association (apart from occasional claims that attributes the ceremony to the "ancient Celts"). The term "handfasting ribbon" appears from about 2005.
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a young man sleeps with his betrothed wife before his church wedding. Judged technically guilty of fornication, under puritanical laws he is condemned to die. The plot is driven by the need to rescue him, and audience sympathy is clearly expected to be on his
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but declined in the early modern period. In some circumstances handfasting was open to abuse, with persons who had undergone "troth-plight" occasionally refusing to proceed to a church wedding, creating ambiguity about their former betrothed's marital status.
406:
in 1609 and the
Regulations for the Chiefs in 1616, was induced to insert a clause in the Statutes of Iona by which "marriages contracted for several years" were prohibited; and any who might disregard this regulation were to be "punished as fornicators".
243:
legislated more specific requirements, such as the presence of a priest and two witnesses, as well as promulgation of the marriage announcement thirty days prior to the ceremony. These laws did not extend to the regions affected by the
Protestant
934:
wedding-ring has a twin 'gimmal' hoop inscribed in Latin 'Let not man put asunder those whom God has joined together', and beneath the ruby and diamond bezel there are cavities enclosing an infant and a skeleton alluding to the vanity of
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Between the mid-sixteenth century and the mid-seventeenth century the number of spousal actions in the church courts declined markedly, partly because of the increasing belief that the only proper form of marriage was one solemnized in
222:
to Early Modern
English for the making of a contract. In modern Dutch, "handvest" is the term for "pact" or "charter" (e.g., "Atlantisch handvest", "Handvest der Verenigde Naties"); cf. also the Italian loan word
543:
762:, v. and n. "Old Norse hand-festa to strike a bargain by joining hands, to pledge, betroth" The earliest cited English use in connection with marital status is from a manuscript of c. 1200, when
521:
331:
After the beginning of the 17th century, gradual changes in
English law meant the presence of an officiating priest or magistrate became necessary for a marriage to be legal. Finally the
1308:(wendyhaynes.com), January 2010: "It was used to acknowledge the beginning of a trial period of a year and a day during which time a couple were literally bound together – hand fasted."
416:
3926:
647:" ring, a double ring which twists apart to become two rings interlinked. It is in the shape of two clasped hands and has the posy "As handes doe shut/so hart be knit."
444:. However, the Pennant claim in 1790 was not the first time this had been discussed or put to print, as the Martin Martin texts predate Pennant by almost 100 years.
643:
The rings might be plain – one was made on the spot out of a rush lying on the floor – or elaborate. They often had a posy engraved. One surviving example is a "
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found in the later 2000s, e.g. "handfasting—the blessed marriage rite in which the hands of you and your beloved are wrapped in ribbon as you 'tie the knot'."
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335:, aimed at suppressing clandestine marriages by introducing more stringent conditions for validity, effectively ended the handfasting custom in England.
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1222:(1969), p. 172; "Then I learned that the "special meeting" was, in effect, a wedding ceremony called "hand-fasting" in Wicca." Hans Holzer,
1467:
239:(1215) forbade clandestine marriage, and required marriages to be publicly announced in churches by priests. In the sixteenth century, the
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904:
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131:(in which a couple makes an intentionally temporary marriage commitment). The phrase refers to the making fast of a pledge by the
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wait, but at least until the early 1600s the common attitude to this kind of anticipatory behaviour seems to have been lenient.
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The Anglo-Saxon Home - A History Of The
Domestic Institutions And Customs Of England - From The Fifth To The Eleventh Century
325:
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1146:
Macfarlane, Leslie J. (1994). "William Elphinstone's Library Revisited". In MacDonald, Alasdair A.; Lynch, Michael (eds.).
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An example of a modern handfasting knot where each wedding guest has tied a ribbon around the clasped hands of the couple.
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2423:
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Dolan, Frances E. Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 2, 1997, pp. 653–655. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3039244.
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Travels to Terra Incognita: The Scottish Highlands and Hebrides in Early Modern Travellers' Accounts c. 1600 to 1900
59:
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127:(an engagement in which a couple has formally promised to wed, and which can be broken only through divorce), or a
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was so conducted when he was a young man in 1582, as the practice still had credence in Warwickshire at the time.
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From 1754...Pre-contracts (promises to marry someone in the future) and oral spousals ceased to have any force...
378:, show some records of 'Handfast" or "left-handed" marriage occurring in the late 1600s, when the Gaelic scholar
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1957:
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770:". "?c1200 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2389 "Ȝho wass hanndfesst an god mann Þatt iosæp wass ȝehatenn."
698:
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1974:
1952:
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398:, ignominiously expelled his mistress from Duntulm. It is probable that it was as a result of this war that
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146:, as well as the Scots. As a form of betrothal or unofficiated wedding, handfasting was common up through
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1218:"My wife and I were married by the handfasting ceremony, and it was most controversial." – Hans Holzer,
287:, the most usual form, the couple declared they there and then accepted each other as man and wife. The
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150:; as a form of temporary marriage, it was practiced in 17th-century Scotland and has been revived in
434:, that this report had been taken at face value throughout the 19th century, and was perpetuated in
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The existence of handfasting as a distinct form of "trial marriage" was doubted by A. E. Anton, in
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Some rings incorporated "memento mori" devices, to remind the wearer the marriage was till death.
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Stearns, Peter N. Encyclopedia of European Social History: from 1350 to 2000. Scribner, 2001.
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The most disastrous war fought between the MacLeods and MacDonalds of Skye culminated in the
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The terminology and practice are especially associated with Germanic peoples, including the
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negotiated and witnessed a handfasting in 1604, and was called as a witness in the suit
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for wedding ceremonies from at least the late 1960s, apparently first used in print by
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320:
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128:
120:
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1367:. 60 Aird Bhearnasdail, by Portree, Isle of Skye: MacLean Press. pp. 73, 86, 120.
426:(1958). In the article, he asserted that the first reference to such a practice is by
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123:, usually with the intent of later undergoing a second wedding with an officiant), a
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The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History, and Culture
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A public church marriage was necessary to ensure the inheritance of property.
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609:
604:
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379:
348:
309:
Handfasting remained an acceptable way of marrying in England throughout the
248:. In England, clergy performed many clandestine marriages, such as so-called
115:
is a traditional practice that, depending on the term's usage, may define an
1089:. 60 Aird Bhearnasdail, by Portree, Isle of Skye: MacLean Press. p. 87.
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435:
375:
344:
271:
For much of the relevant period, church courts dealt with marital matters.
196:"to strike a bargain by joining hands"; there are also comparanda from the
147:
101:
177:
in the sense of "to formally promise, to make a contract" is recorded for
4081:
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3827:
3665:
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469:
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when Donald Gorm Mor, who handfasted with Margaret MacLeod, a sister of
363:. This ceremony was recorded in the royal accounts for the payment to an
310:
245:
201:
151:
1346:
Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century: A Reassessment
491:, where a version of the real 1970 handfasting ceremony of Morrison and
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364:
324:
about the dowry in 1612. Historians speculate that his own marriage to
2151:
1510:
1388:
Elite Women in Ascendancy Ireland, 1690-1745: Imitation and Innovation
874:. Oxford Shakespeare Topics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
460:
The term "handfasting" or "hand-fasting" was appropriated into modern
4216:
3991:
3847:
3737:
3670:
3635:
3282:
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2016:
1895:
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224:
190:
154:, though misattributed as Celtic rather than Danish and Old English.
132:
124:
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253:
181:, especially in the context of a contract of marriage. The derived
162:
143:
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was depicted (with the actual Kennealy-Morrison portraying the
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Donne, John (1572–1631), poet and Church of England clergyman
527:
Civil wedding ceremony in Ukraine. The cloth is a ceremonial
465:
185:
as for a ceremony of engagement or betrothal, is recorded in
4256:
4011:
3023:
2634:
2401:
1869:
1293:
Passages Handfasting: A Pagan Guide to Commitment Rituals
1200:
Anton, A.E. (October 1958). "'Handfasting' in Scotland".
367:
for his work on the day of "Lord Seytounis handfasting".
1135:. Hull Press. pp. 210–212 – via Google Books.
780:
Colclough, David (May 2011). "Donne, John (1572–1631)".
1116:
History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland
748:
1234:
1232:
1073:(1st ed.). London Hamilton, Adams. p. 114.
1243:
Strange Days: My Life With And Without Jim Morrison
189:. The term was presumably loaned into English from
157:
Sometimes the term is also used synonymously with "
2586:
1240:
985:
749:
722:
721:
1229:
766:is described as "handfast (to) a good man called
4474:
1441:'Cohabitation in Scotland: Lessons from history'
1071:A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland
1179:. Waxmann Verlag GmbH. p. 497, note 199.
4454:
2417:
1461:
1327:(wormspit.com) 4 July 2005; Jacquelyn Frank,
1064:
1062:
1034:Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History
1019:Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History
967:Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History
949:Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History
230:
4483:Marriage, unions and partnerships in England
790:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1424:Handfasting Information – facts and beliefs
927:
4461:
4447:
2424:
2410:
1468:
1454:
1145:
1059:
869:
832:
419:and handfasting was no longer recognised.
1348:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1193:
830:
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820:
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89:Learn how and when to remove this message
1362:
1238:
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1084:
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1016:
964:
946:
843:The Lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street
451:
338:
252:, which were held legally valid; and in
100:
52:This article includes a list of general
1340:
1128:
1113:
836:
788:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
14:
4475:
1475:
1385:
1068:
898:
809:
696:
475:Handfasting was mentioned in the 1980
119:(in which a couple marries without an
2405:
1449:
1291:cover blurb of Kendra Vaughan Hovey,
1226:, Mason & Lipscomb, 1975, p. 101.
1199:
1054:Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland
983:
502:
275:recognised two forms of handfasting,
4493:Social history of the United Kingdom
4283:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
1386:Wilson, Rachel (2015). "Chapter 1".
1247:. New York: Dutton/Penguin. p.
743:participating institution membership
214:. The term is derived from the verb
38:
27:Medieval European betrothal practice
1056:, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 140.
24:
4488:Modern pagan beliefs and practices
1390:. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer.
1152:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 75.
715:
298:"was automatically converted into
58:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4529:
1412:
903:. Yale University Press. p.
3666:Spellwork / Incantation
3368:
2384:
2383:
872:Shakespeare and Material Culture
542:
520:
355:, was married by handfasting to
277:sponsalia per verba de praesenti
108:by Richard Dudensing (1833–1899)
43:
4423:Witchcraft Research Association
3942:Witchcraft Research Association
1311:
1298:
1285:
1265:
1224:Heather: confessions of a witch
1212:
1166:
1139:
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1107:
1078:
1043:
1025:
1010:
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958:
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845:. London: Allen Lane. pp.
659:
650:
4398:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
3743:Holly King / Oak King
2366:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
1273:Handfasting: A Practical Guide
1202:The Scottish Historical Review
1132:Bygone Church Life in Scotland
921:
892:
870:Richardson, Catherine (2011).
863:
773:
690:
637:
623:
447:
347:, a French lady-in-waiting to
13:
1:
1975:Ghost marriage in South Sudan
992:. Harper Perennial. pp.
683:
456:Neopagan handfasting ceremony
281:sponsalia per verba de futuro
3333:Wedding vow renewal ceremony
2431:
1363:Nicolson, Alexander (1930).
1331:, Zebra Books, 2006, p. 320.
1318:Handfasting ribbon, finished
1118:. Palala Press. p. 331.
1085:Nicolson, Alexander (1930).
930:Tudor and Jacobean Jewellery
417:Marriage (Scotland) Act 1939
402:Committee, which formed the
168:
7:
3910:New Reformed Orthodox Order
3788:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
1239:Kennealy, Patricia (1992).
928:Scarisbrick, Diana (1995).
839:"Chapter 27: A handfasting"
557:
533:decorated with traditional
485:and again in the 1991 film
133:shaking or joining of hands
10:
4534:
3927:SpiralScouts International
3895:Church and School of Wicca
3880:Aquarian Tabernacle Church
3808:Church and School of Wicca
1436:The History of Handfasting
1220:The Truth about Witchcraft
482:No One Here Gets Out Alive
388:Battle of Coire Na Creiche
231:Medieval and Tudor England
29:
4290:The Meaning of Witchcraft
3270:
3247:
3154:
3004:
2938:
2860:"Indian" Wedding Blessing
2832:
2765:
2716:
2579:
2553:
2480:Marriage proposal planner
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1888:
1826:
1800:
1592:
1483:
1189:– via Google Books.
1173:Rackwitz, Martin (2007).
1162:– via Google Books.
1129:Andrews, William (1899).
1036:. London: Phoenix Press.
969:. London: Phoenix Press.
951:. London: Phoenix Press.
901:Searching for Shakespeare
837:Nicholl, Charles (2007).
757:Oxford English Dictionary
730:Oxford English Dictionary
410:By the 18th century, the
4057:Wiccan views of divinity
3932:Universal Eclectic Wicca
3858:Universal Eclectic Wicca
3288:Maiden and married names
3214:United States and Canada
1377:: CS1 maint: location (
1306:"Handfasting Ceremonies"
1099:: CS1 maint: location (
1021:. London: Phoenix Press.
984:Greer, Germaine (2009).
616:
30:Not to be confused with
4351:Cunning folk in Britain
3937:Wiccan Church of Canada
3905:Covenant of the Goddess
1429:6 December 2010 at the
1329:Jacob: The Nightwalkers
1069:Martin, Martin (1693).
1032:Laurence, Anne (1994).
1017:Laurence, Anne (1994).
965:Laurence, Anne (1994).
947:Laurence, Anne (1994).
899:Cooper, Tarnya (2006).
735:Oxford University Press
424:Handfasting in Scotland
73:more precise citations.
4147:Magical tools in Wicca
3521:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
3126:Saint Thomas Christian
1963:Chinese ghost marriage
1419:Historical handfasting
747:, n., v. and adj. and
457:
374:, particularly in the
285:sponsalia de praesenti
237:Fourth Lateran Council
109:
4498:Marriage and religion
4318:Charge of the Goddess
3922:The Rowan Tree Church
3703:Solitary practitioner
3621:Drawing down the Moon
3551:Cerridwen Fallingstar
3421:Witch-cult hypothesis
3308:Self-uniting marriage
1275:. Green Magic, 2000,
796:10.1093/ref:odnb/7819
697:Thrupp, John (1862).
590:Self-uniting marriage
455:
339:Early modern Scotland
294:take place, then the
104:
3872:Wiccan organisations
3783:Central Valley Wicca
2753:Wedding ring cushion
1295:, Adams Media, 2007.
1114:Gregory, D. (1881).
535:Ukrainian embroidery
198:Ingvaeonic languages
187:Early Modern English
117:unofficiated wedding
4503:Temporary marriages
4392:Malleus Maleficarum
4361:European witchcraft
3890:Children of Artemis
3323:Wedding anniversary
3054:Pre-wedding customs
2956:Wedding cake topper
2930:Wedding videography
2920:Wedding photography
2890:Pounded rice ritual
2588:Western dress codes
2204:Royal intermarriage
1906:Mystery of Crowning
932:. Tate Publishing.
733:(Online ed.).
672:Measure for Measure
580:Common-law marriage
570:Broomstick marriage
353:James V of Scotland
296:sponsalia de futuro
290:sponsalia de futuro
258:common-law marriage
4513:Wedding traditions
4325:Enchanted Feminism
3912:of the Golden Dawn
3511:Zsuzsanna Budapest
3404:Bricket Wood coven
3399:Etymology of Wicca
3257:Honeymoon registry
3014:Anand Karaj (Sikh)
2535:Stag and doe party
2530:Bachelorette party
2520:Wedding invitation
2070:Marriage allowance
1700:Widow conservation
1477:Types of marriages
1323:2014-10-25 at the
1050:James Balfour Paul
988:Shakespeare's Wife
595:Temporary marriage
503:Handfasting ribbon
462:Celtic neopaganism
458:
321:Bellott v Mountjoy
273:Ecclesiastical law
110:
4508:Types of marriage
4471:
4470:
3962:Wheel of the Year
3768:Alexandrian Wicca
3614:Rites and rituals
3526:Patricia Crowther
3415:Dettmer v. Landon
3346:
3345:
3338:Womanless wedding
3318:Knobstick wedding
3222:England and Wales
2946:Wedding breakfast
2925:Wedding reception
2865:Jumping the broom
2645:
2644:
2623:Black lounge suit
2495:Banns of marriage
2485:Marriage proposal
2399:
2398:
2133:
2132:
2120:Mixed-orientation
1970:Widow inheritance
1649:Marriage in Islam
1639:Clerical marriage
1397:978-1-78327-039-2
1186:978-3-8309-1699-4
1159:978-90-04-10097-8
914:978-0-300-11611-3
885:978-0-19-956228-2
856:978-0-713-99890-0
741:(Subscription or
629:In 1601 the poet
493:Patricia Kennealy
372:Scottish Hebrides
351:, the consort of
343:In February 1539
333:1753 Marriage Act
260:was still valid.
209:Middle Low German
129:temporary wedding
99:
98:
91:
16:(Redirected from
4525:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4428:Witches' Sabbath
4311:Witchcraft Today
4297:The Spiral Dance
3900:Circle Sanctuary
3813:Cochrane's Craft
3793:Gardnerian Wicca
3591:Silver RavenWolf
3541:Scott Cunningham
3531:Vivianne Crowley
3501:Raymond Buckland
3409:New Forest coven
3394:History of Wicca
3387:History of Wicca
3378:
3372:
3349:
3348:
3328:Wedding crashing
3169:Vőfély (Hungary)
3141:Vőfély (Hungary)
2845:Bedding ceremony
2792:child bridegroom
2584:
2583:
2545:Rehearsal dinner
2540:Marriage license
2515:Engagement party
2426:
2419:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2387:
2386:
2361:Mail-order bride
1938:
1937:
1808:Marriageable age
1622:Eastern Orthodox
1470:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1401:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1359:
1342:Probert, Rebecca
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546:
524:
432:Tour in Scotland
415:reformed by the
412:Kirk of Scotland
404:Statutes of Iona
400:Lord Ochiltree's
241:Council of Trent
179:Late Old English
94:
87:
83:
80:
74:
69:this article by
60:inline citations
47:
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4371:Flying ointment
4341:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4304:What Witches Do
4277:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4252:Theban alphabet
4182:Book of Shadows
4142:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4042:Wiccan morality
4037:
4036:
4027:
4026:
3957:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3917:Panthean Temple
3911:
3875:
3874:
3863:
3862:
3778:Blue Star Wicca
3763:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3723:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3691:Rite of passage
3656:Herbal medicine
3616:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3586:Frederic Lamond
3581:Philip Heselton
3536:Robert Cochrane
3516:Charles Cardell
3506:Eddie Buczynski
3476:Victor Anderson
3446:Doreen Valiente
3436:
3435:
3434:Notable figures
3426:
3425:
3389:
3388:
3379:
3374:
3347:
3342:
3313:Shotgun wedding
3266:
3243:
3218:United Kingdom
3184:Myanmar (Burma)
3150:
3111:Poruwa ceremony
3006:
3000:
2934:
2900:Trash the dress
2828:
2761:
2712:
2641:
2575:
2549:
2505:Bridal registry
2500:Wedding planner
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1995:
1933:
1927:
1884:
1836:Sister exchange
1822:
1796:
1588:
1528:Serial monogamy
1484:Legal scenarios
1479:
1474:
1431:Wayback Machine
1415:
1410:
1398:
1370:
1369:
1365:History of Skye
1356:
1336:
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1325:Wayback Machine
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1091:
1087:History of Skye
1083:
1079:
1075:(2nd ed., 1716)
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669:'s 1604 comedy
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497:Celtic neopagan
450:
361:Falkland Palace
341:
256:, unsolemnised
233:
171:
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65:Please help to
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4395:
4388:
4386:LGBT and Wicca
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4262:Witch's ladder
4259:
4254:
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4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4202:Chalice/Goblet
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4174:
4169:
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4109:
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4099:
4094:
4092:The Summerland
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3897:
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3882:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3838:Odyssean Wicca
3835:
3833:Georgian Wicca
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3798:1734 Tradition
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:Mother goddess
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3728:Triple Goddess
3724:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3711:
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3705:
3700:
3697:Eko Eko Azarak
3693:
3688:
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3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Raven Grimassi
3563:
3561:Stewart Farrar
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Phyllis Curott
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
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3513:
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3488:
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3458:
3456:Maxine Sanders
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Gerald Gardner
3437:
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3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:Royal weddings
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
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3244:
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3176:
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3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3039:Bengali Muslim
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Kolach (bread)
2978:
2976:Jordan almonds
2973:
2971:Hochzeitssuppe
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2939:Food and drink
2936:
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2932:
2927:
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2907:
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2750:
2748:Wedding mandap
2745:
2743:Wedding favors
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2702:
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2696:
2694:Cocktail dress
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2561:Wedding chapel
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2532:
2527:
2525:Bachelor party
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2185:Middle Eastern
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1413:External links
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1396:
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1355:978-0521516150
1354:
1337:
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1304:Wendy Haynes,
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1271:Mary Neasham,
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1208:(124): 89–102.
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526:
519:
516:
515:
514:
504:
501:
449:
446:
438:'s 1820 novel
428:Thomas Pennant
340:
337:
250:Fleet Marriage
232:
229:
170:
167:
97:
96:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4530:
4519:
4518:Hand gestures
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4433:Witching hour
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4140:Paraphernalia
4136:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Reincarnation
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Rule of Three
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:Coven Celeste
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Coven of Atho
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Cone of power
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Fivefold kiss
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3601:Joseph Wilson
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Jack Bracelin
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Marriage vows
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Black wedding
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Bengali Hindu
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Wedding March
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Bridal Chorus
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Lebes Gamikos
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:Wedding dress
2648:
2647:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2606:Morning dress
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Bridal shower
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2339:Mariage blanc
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:International
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1281:9780954296315
1278:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1258:0-525-93419-7
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1013:
1005:
999:
995:
990:
989:
980:
973:
968:
961:
954:
950:
943:
936:
931:
924:
916:
910:
906:
902:
895:
887:
881:
877:
873:
866:
858:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:
776:
769:
765:
759:
758:
752:
751:"handfasting"
744:
736:
732:
731:
725:
718:
702:
701:
693:
689:
674:
673:
668:
662:
653:
646:
640:
632:
626:
622:
611:
610:White wedding
608:
606:
605:Black wedding
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
545:
540:
536:
532:
531:
523:
518:
517:
513:
509:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
454:
445:
443:
442:
441:The Monastery
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
413:
408:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
381:
380:Martin Martin
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Mary of Guise
346:
336:
334:
329:
327:
326:Anne Hathaway
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
303:
301:
297:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
238:
228:
226:
221:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
148:Tudor England
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
107:
103:
93:
90:
82:
79:February 2015
72:
68:
62:
61:
55:
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:Haandfæstning
19:
4390:
4381:Granny woman
4366:Fluffy Bunny
4346:Cunning folk
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4035:Key concepts
3823:Dianic Wicca
3803:Celtic Wicca
3773:Algard Wicca
3708:Spiral dance
3695:
3646:Magic circle
3630:
3576:Yvonne Frost
3556:Janet Farrar
3471:Margot Adler
3451:Alex Sanders
3413:
3262:Consummation
3044:Brunei Malay
2966:Groom's cake
2961:Cookie table
2951:Wedding cake
2905:Unity candle
2767:Participants
2758:Wishing well
2738:Wedding cord
2705:
2687:Opera gloves
2672:Evening gown
2660:Bridal crown
2655:Contemporary
2566:Gretna Green
2453:
2388:
2356:Dishu system
2337:
2222:Human–animal
2194:Same-surname
1984:
1900:
1855:
1789:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1695:Self-uniting
1675:
1659:Nikah mut'ah
1560:Nikah mut'ah
1387:
1364:
1345:
1328:
1313:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1272:
1267:
1242:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1175:
1168:
1148:
1141:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1086:
1080:
1070:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1012:
987:
979:
970:
966:
960:
952:
948:
942:
933:
929:
923:
900:
894:
871:
865:
842:
799:. Retrieved
787:
782:
775:
755:
728:
717:
705:. Retrieved
703:. p. 44
699:
692:
670:
661:
652:
639:
625:
600:Marriage law
528:
510:
506:
499:priestess).
486:
480:
477:Jim Morrison
474:
459:
439:
436:Walter Scott
431:
430:in his 1790
423:
421:
409:
385:
376:Isle of Skye
369:
345:Marie Pieris
342:
330:
319:
308:
304:
299:
295:
288:
284:
280:
276:
270:
266:
262:
234:
227:in English.
215:
212:hantvestinge
211:
205:hondfestinge
204:
193:
182:
174:
172:
156:
137:
112:
111:
105:
85:
76:
57:
36:
4082:White magic
4047:Wiccan Rede
3828:Faery Wicca
3631:Handfasting
3571:Gavin Frost
3491:Lois Bourne
3194:Philippines
3146:Zoroastrian
3005:By religion
2885:Polterabend
2875:Money dance
2855:First dance
2840:Ahesta Bero
2809:Flower girl
2780:child bride
2613:Semi-formal
2473:Pre-wedding
2454:Handfasting
2276:Concubinage
2247:Interracial
2237:Interethnic
2232:Inter-caste
2170:Consanguine
2098:Watta satta
2047:Convenience
1901:Handfasting
1690:Scientology
1664:Nikah 'urfi
1506:Nikah 'urfi
667:Shakespeare
470:Hans Holzer
448:Neopaganism
316:Shakespeare
311:Middle Ages
302:marriage".
246:Reformation
216:to handfast
202:Old Frisian
183:handfasting
175:to handfast
152:Neopaganism
113:Handfasting
71:introducing
4477:Categories
4418:Witch-hunt
4275:Literature
4247:Tarot deck
4117:Watchtower
4087:Otherworld
4077:Witchcraft
4067:Craft name
3997:Lughnasadh
3853:Stregheria
3843:Reclaiming
3761:Traditions
3733:Horned God
3686:Initiation
3681:Invocation
3676:Divination
3626:Great rite
3486:Gavin Bone
3461:Sybil Leek
3156:By country
3007:or culture
2996:Place card
2991:Loving cup
2833:Traditions
2799:Bridesmaid
2787:Bridegroom
2490:Engagement
2444:Collective
2268:monogamous
2257:Morganatic
2252:Interfaith
2175:Avunculate
2147:Common-law
2065:Green card
2032:Tongyangxi
1948:Posthumous
1889:Ceremonial
1880:Tongyangxi
1737:Prajapatya
1540:Remarriage
745:required.)
724:"handfast"
684:References
631:John Donne
479:biography
383:parents."
365:apothecary
357:Lord Seton
218:, used in
54:references
4217:Parchment
4022:Wild Hunt
3992:Midsummer
3848:Seax-Wica
3738:Green Man
3671:Banishing
3636:Wiccaning
3283:Elopement
3249:Honeymoon
3204:Sri Lanka
3029:Ayyavazhi
2824:Officiant
2814:Groomsman
2804:Bridesman
2728:Las arras
2682:Debutante
2677:Ball gown
2618:Black tie
2601:White tie
2571:Las Vegas
2554:Locations
2449:Elopement
2313:Polyandry
2227:Hypergamy
2075:Predatory
2017:Hypergamy
2000:Financial
1916:Las Vegas
1896:Betrothal
1851:Abduction
1773:Ayyavazhi
1765:Paishacha
1744:Gandharva
1615:Josephite
1605:Christian
1593:Religious
1555:Hollywood
1550:Temporary
1501:Customary
1373:cite book
1095:cite book
634:marriage.
585:Elopement
565:Betrothal
488:The Doors
225:manifesto
194:handfesta
191:Old Norse
173:The verb
169:Etymology
125:betrothal
121:officiant
106:Betrothed
4356:Enochian
4242:Talisman
4222:Pentacle
4192:Cauldron
4122:Familiar
4112:Summoner
3967:Solstice
3955:Holidays
3596:Starhawk
3376:Pentacle
3354:a series
3352:Part of
3298:Newlywed
3227:Scotland
3189:Pakistan
3164:Ethiopia
3136:Timorese
3091:Mandaean
3061:Catholic
2870:Lychgate
2819:Page boy
2630:Informal
2580:Clothing
2459:Same-sex
2433:Weddings
2390:Category
2318:Polygyny
2308:Polygamy
2199:Homogamy
2162:Endogamy
2139:De facto
2125:Sororate
2115:Sologamy
2093:Exchange
2055:Lavender
1980:Levirate
1828:Arranged
1758:Rakshasa
1671:Levirate
1610:Catholic
1577:Putative
1572:Voidable
1565:Wedlease
1545:Same-sex
1535:Marriage
1523:Monogamy
1496:Covenant
1427:Archived
1344:(2009).
1321:Archived
801:23 April
707:22 March
558:See also
396:Dunvegan
392:Rory Mor
254:Scotland
163:marriage
18:Handfast
4413:Thelema
4232:Scourge
4212:Incense
4187:Candles
4127:Animism
4107:Skyclad
4007:Samhain
3987:Beltane
3972:Equinox
3721:Deities
3661:Scrying
3481:Artemis
3239:Vietnam
3232:history
3209:Ukraine
3174:Iceland
3116:Punjabi
3106:Persian
3076:Islamic
3049:Chinese
2986:Korovai
2895:Pyebaek
2723:Chuppah
2717:Objects
2699:Garters
2371:Walking
2330:Sexless
2214:Exogamy
2152:Plaçage
1958:Germany
1911:Wedding
1875:Shotgun
1710:Vivaaha
1685:Natural
1644:Islamic
1511:Plaçage
994:108-110
972:church.
935:riches.
847:251-258
530:rushnyk
300:de iure
159:wedding
140:English
67:improve
4408:Theban
4376:Goetia
4237:Statue
4197:Censer
4177:Boline
4162:Athame
4157:Amulet
3982:Ostara
3977:Imbolc
3199:Russia
3131:Shinto
3121:Quaker
3096:Mormon
3086:Jewish
3066:Hajong
2910:Walima
2707:Casual
2596:Formal
2303:Bigamy
2298:Plural
2180:Cousin
2007:Boston
1986:Yibbum
1953:France
1857:Raptio
1846:Forced
1716:Brahma
1677:Yibbum
1654:Misyar
1632:Quaker
1627:Mormon
1600:Jewish
1394:
1352:
1279:
1255:
1183:
1156:
1000:
911:
882:
853:
768:Joseph
645:gimmal
220:Middle
161:" or "
56:, but
4403:Runes
4339:Other
4227:Runes
4172:Besom
4152:Altar
4102:Karma
4072:Magic
4062:Coven
4017:Esbat
4002:Mabon
3362:Wicca
3271:Other
3179:India
3071:Hindu
2880:Music
2775:Bride
2667:Dress
2464:White
2349:Other
2281:Group
2105:Heqin
2086:Other
2037:Trial
2022:Naked
2012:Flash
1941:Death
1934:basis
1921:Proxy
1865:Heqin
1841:Flash
1813:Child
1791:Manus
1783:Yogic
1778:Vedic
1751:Asura
1730:Arsha
1723:Daiva
1705:Hindu
1518:Fleet
1491:Civil
739:
676:side.
617:Notes
466:Wicca
283:. In
144:Norse
4257:Wand
4207:Horn
4167:Bell
4012:Yule
3466:Dafo
3101:Odia
3081:Iyer
3024:Ayie
3019:Arab
2635:Suit
2293:Open
2286:Line
2266:Non-
2110:Love
2060:Sham
2027:Peer
1870:Miai
1818:Teen
1582:Void
1392:ISBN
1379:link
1350:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1101:link
998:ISBN
909:ISBN
880:ISBN
851:ISBN
803:2012
764:Mary
709:2024
464:and
370:The
279:and
235:The
207:and
142:and
1801:Age
792:doi
665:In
394:of
359:at
4479::
3356:on
1375:}}
1371:{{
1251:.
1249:63
1231:^
1206:37
1204:.
1097:}}
1093:{{
1061:^
1052:,
996:.
907:.
905:87
878:.
849:.
841:.
811:^
786:.
754:.
727:.
472:.
200::
135:.
4462:e
4455:t
4448:v
2425:e
2418:t
2411:v
1469:e
1462:t
1455:v
1400:.
1381:)
1358:.
1261:.
1103:)
1006:.
917:.
888:.
876:2
859:.
805:.
794::
760:.
737:.
711:.
537:.
92:)
86:(
81:)
77:(
63:.
34:.
20:)
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