72:
881:
199:
The evidence was presented at the 12th
International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society in Rio de Janeiro and as of August 2011 has not yet been published, although the research team noted that the techniques used to predict the flowing aquifer's presence are not unusual for earth science.
111:
data and anomalous temperature variation with depth measured in 241 inactive oil wells helped locate the aquifer. Except for the flow direction, the Amazon and the Hamza have very different characteristics. The most obvious ones are their width and flow speed. While the Amazon is 1 kilometre
112:(0.62 mi) to 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide, the Hamza is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to 400 kilometres (250 mi) in width. But the flow speed is 2 metres per second (6.6 ft/s) in the Amazon and less than 1 millimetre per second (0.039 in/s) speed in the Hamza.
91:
of the Hamza, at approximately 3,000 cubic metres (110,000 cu ft) per second, is 3% of the Amazon's. It runs west to east, some 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) below the Earth's surface, and follows roughly the path of the Amazon River. The Hamza is born in the
484:
139:
present along the northern border of the Amazon basin may have some role in supplying water to the "river". If the impermeable rocks stop the vertical flow, the west-to-east gradient of the topography directs it to flow towards the
Atlantic Ocean.
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187:
oil company. Calculations from the data showed that a larger flow should exist. Direct observation of water movement at a very low rate can be difficult. The speed of flow is slower than that of an average
297:
382:
43:, approximately 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) long at a depth of nearly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi). Its discovery was announced in 2011 at a meeting of the Geophysical Society in
192:, and Hamza himself says that the team uses the term "river" in a general sense, not in the conventional sense. In the title to the original paper, the word "river" appears in
301:
326:
148:
452:
152:
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107:
It flows from the Andean foothills to the
Atlantic coast in a nearly west-to-east direction like the Amazon River. A combination of
485:"Brazilian scientists find signs of 3,700-mile (or about 5,800 kilometer)-long underground river flowing far under Amazon River"
120:
Several geological factors have played a vital role in the formation and existence of these subterranean water bodies. The
906:
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63:
form a geologically unusual instance of a twin-river system flowing at different levels of the Earth's crust.
840:
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125:
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272:
Indications of an
Underground River beneath the Amazon River: Inferences from Results of Geothermal Studies
916:
460:
921:
642:
163:. Water in these places has dissolved the carbonate rock to form extensive underground river systems.
200:
Scientists have explained that the research results are preliminary, and that the definite scientific
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275:. 12th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
725:
715:
88:
417:
144:
8:
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632:
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24:
59:, who has undertaken research on the region for four decades. The Hamza "river" and the
735:
566:
809:
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884:
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819:
767:
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201:
176:
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behave as conduits for the water to sink to greater depths. East–west trending
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of the existence of the flowing aquifer is to be expected in a few years.
280:
156:
257:"The name given to the underground flow is not official," Hamza said.
248:
184:
143:
Unlike the Hamza, the 153 km-long underground river in Mexico's
662:
180:
101:
383:"Scientists discover underground river running beneath the Amazon"
542:
189:
108:
32:
121:
36:
31:) is an unofficial name for what seems to be a slowly flowing
93:
48:
511:
40:
421:
453:"World's Longest Underground River Discovered in Mexico"
171:
The Hamza was discovered by a team of scientists led by
183:
in the area, drilled in the 1970s and 1980s, by the
356:"Brazil scientists find signs of underground river"
153:
Puerto
Princesa Subterranean River National Park in
100:, deep under the surface. Its own water has a high
349:
347:
298:"Scientists find underground river beneath Amazon"
292:
290:
269:Pimentel, Elizabeth T.; Hamza, Valiya M. (2011).
898:
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375:
327:"Massive River Found Flowing Beneath the Amazon"
320:
318:
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372:
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249:"Underground river discovered beneath Amazon"
166:
418:"Subterranean Amazon river 'is not a river'"
479:
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79:The Hamza and the Amazon are the two main
474:
404:
324:
70:
899:
353:
47:. The unofficial name is in honour of
515:
415:
247:Choi, Charles Q. (August 31, 2011).
246:
325:Krystian, Marisa (29 August 2011).
159:have come into being thanks to the
13:
416:Black, Richard (August 27, 2011).
14:
933:
494:. August 27, 2011. Archived from
179:data collected from 241 inactive
880:
879:
354:Lehman, Stan (August 27, 2011).
778:Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
445:
434:
262:
240:
66:
1:
841:Aquifers in the United States
234:
75:Map of the Amazon river basin
846:Aquifer storage and recovery
593:Buried Valley Aquifer System
541:
389:. 2011-08-25. Archived from
7:
457:news.nationalgeographic.com
207:
10:
938:
643:Santa Clara valley aquifer
167:Research status and debate
115:
907:Aquifers of South America
874:
828:
802:
786:
760:
744:
708:
687:
671:
613:Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer
575:
549:
147:and the 8.2 km-long
16:Aquifer in Brazil in Peru
562:Laurentian River System
255:. Science on NBC News.
794:Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer
773:Lotikipi Basin Aquifer
653:Southern Hills Aquifer
300:. 2011. Archived from
76:
53:Valiya Mannathal Hamza
557:Arkell Spring Grounds
74:
726:Great Artesian Basin
716:Botany Sands Aquifer
498:on September 6, 2011
333:on 25 September 2011
281:10.1190/sbgf2011-153
57:National Observatory
861:Sole Source Aquifer
648:Snake River Aquifer
633:San Diego Formation
608:Fox Hills Formation
304:on January 31, 2014
96:and empties in the
917:Aquifers in Brazil
736:Yarragadee Aquifer
567:Oak Ridges Moraine
77:
922:Geology of Brazil
894:
893:
866:Surficial aquifer
820:Upper Rhine Plain
768:Bas Saharan Basin
463:on March 11, 2007
145:Yucatán Peninsula
129:sedimentary rocks
929:
883:
882:
856:Artesian aquifer
836:List of aquifers
829:Related articles
752:Waiwhetu Aquifer
623:Ogallala Aquifer
603:Floridan aquifer
583:Biscayne Aquifer
536:
529:
522:
513:
512:
507:
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503:
481:
472:
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459:. Archived from
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329:. Archived from
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309:
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285:
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266:
260:
259:
253:OurAmazingPlanet
244:
161:karst topography
137:karst topography
81:drainage systems
937:
936:
932:
931:
930:
928:
927:
926:
897:
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895:
890:
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815:Schwyll Aquifer
810:Alnarpsströmmen
798:
782:
756:
740:
704:
695:Guarani Aquifer
683:
667:
638:Sankoty Aquifer
618:Mahomet Aquifer
598:Edwards Aquifer
588:Bishop Subbasin
571:
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510:
501:
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491:Washington Post
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194:quotation marks
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149:Cabayugan River
118:
87:. The reported
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11:
5:
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731:Jandakot Mound
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721:Gnangara Mound
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360:Sacramento Bee
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229:Apurimac River
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98:Atlantic Ocean
68:
65:
55:, of Brazil's
45:Rio de Janeiro
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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688:South America
686:
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664:
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659:
658:Turlock Basin
656:
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631:
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628:Permian Basin
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576:United States
574:
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393:on 2012-05-03
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912:Amazon basin
878:
851:Aquifer test
699:
679:Lake Texcoco
500:. Retrieved
496:the original
488:
465:. Retrieved
461:the original
456:
447:
441:Amazon river
436:
425:. Retrieved
395:. Retrieved
391:the original
386:
363:. Retrieved
335:. Retrieved
331:the original
306:. Retrieved
302:the original
271:
264:
256:
252:
242:
224:Amazon River
219:Hydrogeology
214:Valiya Hamza
198:
173:Valiya Hamza
170:
142:
119:
106:
102:salt content
85:Amazon Basin
78:
61:Amazon River
28:
20:
18:
787:Middle-East
745:New Zealand
700:Hamza River
157:Philippines
67:Description
21:Hamza River
901:Categories
502:2011-08-25
467:2017-01-24
427:2011-08-27
397:2011-08-25
365:2011-08-25
337:2011-09-08
308:2011-08-25
235:References
202:validation
51:scientist
25:Portuguese
709:Australia
185:Petrobras
181:oil wells
126:permeable
89:flow rate
29:Rio Hamza
885:Category
663:Wekepeke
543:Aquifers
387:Fox News
208:See also
135:and the
83:for the
190:glacier
177:thermal
151:in the
116:Geology
109:seismic
33:aquifer
803:Europe
761:Africa
672:Mexico
550:Canada
420:. UK:
175:using
133:faults
122:porous
49:Indian
37:Brazil
94:Andes
489:The
155:the
124:and
41:Peru
39:and
19:The
422:BBC
277:doi
35:in
903::
487:.
476:^
455:.
406:^
385:.
374:^
358:.
346:^
317:^
289:^
251:.
196:.
104:.
27::
535:e
528:t
521:v
505:.
470:.
430:.
400:.
368:.
340:.
311:.
283:.
279::
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
