Halakha - Knowledge

1579: 2598: 2763:(decree) when perceived to be inconsistent with modern requirements or views of ethics. The CJLS has used this power on a number of occasions, most famously in the "driving teshuva", which says that if someone is unable to walk to any synagogue on the Sabbath, and their commitment to observance is so loose that not attending synagogue may lead them to drop it altogether, their rabbi may give them a dispensation to drive there and back; and more recently in its decision prohibiting the taking of evidence on 9320: 3803: 9334: 8119: 7679: 64: 58: 7693: 3789: 1073: 3140: 7742: 2827: 2570:. Overall, this process allows rabbis to maintain connection of traditional Jewish law to modern life. Of course, the degree of flexibility depends on the sect of Judaism, with Reform being the most flexible, Conservative somewhat in the middle, and Orthodox being much more stringent and rigid. Modern critics, however, have charged that with the rise of movements that challenge the "divine" authority of 1353: 2379: 70: 2388: 2724: 4576:אבל האמת להוראה כבר נאמר לא בשמים היא אלא כפי שנראה להחכם אחרי שעיין כראוי לברר ההלכה בש"ס ובפוסקים כפי כחו בכובד ראש וביראה מהשי"ת ונראה לו שכן הוא פסק הדין הוא האמת להוראה ומחוייב להורות כן אף אם בעצם גליא כלפי שמיא שאינו כן הפירוש, ועל כזה נאמר שגם דבריו דברי אלקים חיים מאחר שלו נראה הפירוש כמו שפסק ולא היה סתירה לדבריו. ויקבל שכר על הוראתו אף שהאמת אינו כפירוש. 2074:("he who makes a statement", "decisor") proposes an additional interpretation of a law, that interpretation may be considered binding for the posek's questioner or immediate community. Depending on the stature of the posek and the quality of the decision, an interpretation may also be gradually accepted by other rabbis and members of other Jewish communities. 2501:

era, most Jewish religious rituals are no longer necessary, and many hold that following most Jewish laws is actually counter-productive. They propose that Judaism has entered a phase of ethical monotheism, and that the laws of Judaism are only remnants of an earlier stage of religious evolution, and need not be followed. This is considered wrong, and even

2848: 1949:: the science which defines the rules and methods for the investigation and exact determination of the meaning of the Scriptures; also includes the rules from which the Halakhot are derived and which were established by the written law. These may be seen as the rules from which early Jewish law is derived. 2804:

as "inoperative." The CJLS adopted the responsum's view that the "morality which we learn through the larger, unfolding narrative of our tradition" informs the application of Mosaic law. The responsum cited several examples of how the rabbinic sages declined to enforce punishments explicitly mandated

2634:. They were then recorded in the Mishnah, and explained in the Talmud and commentaries throughout history up until the present day. Orthodox Judaism believes that subsequent interpretations have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care. The most widely accepted codes of Jewish law are known as 2348:

Akiva devoted his attention particularly to the grammatical and exegetical rules, while Ishmael developed the logical. The rules laid down by one school were frequently rejected by another because the principles that guided them in their respective formulations were essentially different. According

2536:

has a degree of flexibility in finding solutions to modern problems that are not explicitly mentioned in the Torah. From the very beginnings of Rabbinic Judaism, halakhic inquiry allowed for a "sense of continuity between past and present, a self-evident trust that their pattern of life and belief

2508:

Humanistic Jews value the Torah as a historical, political, and sociological text written by their ancestors. They do not believe "that every word of the Torah is true, or even morally correct, just because the Torah is old". The Torah is both disagreed with and questioned. Humanistic Jews believe

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believed that "Jewish life meaningless without Jewish law.", and one of the planks of the Society for the Jewish Renascence, of which Kaplan was one of the founders, stated: "We accept the halakha, which is rooted in the Talmud, as the norm of Jewish life, availing ourselves, at the same time, of

1632:

This division between revealed and rabbinic commandments may influence the importance of a rule, its enforcement and the nature of its ongoing interpretation. Halakhic authorities may disagree on which laws fall into which categories or the circumstances (if any) under which prior rabbinic rulings

2500:

represents a personal starting-point, holding that each Jew is obligated to interpret the Torah, Talmud and other Jewish works for themselves, and this interpretation will create separate commandments for each person. Those in the liberal and classical wings of Reform believe that in this day and

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Thus, whoever has due regard for the truth will conclude that the reason the interpretation of the Torah was transmitted orally and forbidden to be written down was not to make unchanging and not to tie the hands of the sages of every generation from interpreting Scripture according to their

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decision to recognize that authority, much as a community recognizes a certain judicial system to resolve its disputes and interpret its laws." Given this covenantal relationship, rabbis are charged with connecting their contemporary community with the traditions and precedents of the past.

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is developed and applied by various halakhic authorities rather than one sole "official voice", different individuals and communities may well have different answers to halakhic questions. With few exceptions, controversies are not settled through authoritative structures because during the

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holds that halakha is normative and binding, while also believing that it is an evolving concept and that the traditional halakhic system is incapable of producing a code of conduct that is meaningful for, and acceptable to, the vast majority of contemporary Jews. Reconstructionist founder

3701:. Fifteen volumes thus far, covering a wide range of subjects, from Shabbat to organ donations, and in addition to clearly posing the practical law – reflecting the customs of various communities – also discusses the spiritual foundations of the Halakhot. It is widely studied in the 2813:

has been effectively inoperative for nearly two thousand years due to deliberate rabbinic inaction. Further he suggested that the rabbis have long regarded the punishment declared by the Torah as immoral, and came to the conclusion that no court should agree to hear testimony on

2186:.) However, the Talmud states that in exceptional cases, the Sages had the authority to "uproot matters from the Torah". In Talmudic and classical Halakhic literature, this authority refers to the authority to prohibit some things that would otherwise be Biblically sanctioned ( 3580:

P'sakim U'T'shuvot, by Rabbi Aharon Aryeh Katz, the son in law of Rabbi Ben-Zion Simcha Isaac Rabinowitz, is a commentary on the Halakhic decrees of Rabbi Yosef Karo in the Yoreh De'ah section of the Shulchan Aruch, in a format almost identical to that of the Piskei

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as laid out in the Torah (five books of Moses), rabbinical laws, rabbinical decrees, and customs combined. The rabbis, who made many additions and interpretations of Jewish Law, did so only in accordance with regulations they believe were given for this purpose to

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in the Mishna Berura. Based on the collected opinions of various contemporary Acharonim, it includes practical solutions and instructions for Halakhic issues common to the modern way of life, and is generally oriented towards the decrees of the Hassidic Halakhic

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The middot seem to have been first laid down as abstract rules by the teachers of Hillel, though they were not immediately recognized by all as valid and binding. Different schools interpreted and modified them, restricted or expanded them, in various ways.

2549:

When presented with contemporary issues, rabbis go through a halakhic process to find an answer. The classical approach has permitted new rulings regarding modern technology. For example, some of these rulings guide Jewish observers about the proper use of

2322:("repeater") to whom they are first ascribed. It is certain, however, that the seven middot ("measurements", and referring to behavior) of Hillel and the thirteen of Ishmael are earlier than the time of Hillel himself, who was the first to transmit them. 2037:, being the principle recognizing non-Jewish laws and non-Jewish legal jurisdiction as binding on Jewish citizens, provided that they are not contrary to a law in Judaism. This principle applies primarily in areas of commercial, civil and criminal law. 2047:

functioned essentially as the Supreme Court and legislature (in the US judicial system) for Judaism, and had the power to administer binding law, including both received law and its own rabbinic decrees, on all Jews—rulings of the Sanhedrin became

2067:

has developed in a somewhat different fashion from Anglo-American legal systems with a Supreme Court able to provide universally accepted precedents. Generally, Halakhic arguments are effectively, yet unofficially, peer-reviewed. When a rabbinic

2056:. That court ceased to function in its full mode in 40 CE. Today, the authoritative application of Jewish law is left to the local rabbi, and the local rabbinical courts, with only local applicability. In branches of Judaism that follow 2208:. Another rare and limited form of takkanah involved overriding Torah prohibitions. In some cases, the Sages allowed the temporary violation of a prohibition in order to maintain the Jewish system as a whole. This was part of the basis for 1905:

argued that there was little pure academic legal activity at this period and that many of the laws originating at this time were produced by a means of neighbourly good conduct rules in a similar way as carried out by Greeks in the age of

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understanding. Only in this way can the eternity of Torah be understood , for the changes in the generations and their opinions, situation and material and moral condition requires changes in their laws, decrees and improvements.

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will of God. Although Orthodox Judaism acknowledges that rabbis have made many decisions and decrees regarding Jewish Law where the written Torah itself is nonspecific, they did so only in accordance with regulations received by

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A key practical difference between Conservative and Orthodox approaches is that Conservative Judaism holds that its rabbinical body's powers are not limited to reconsidering later precedents based on earlier sources, but the

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soon superseded the geonic codes, as it contained all the decisions and the laws then relevant, and additionally, served as an accessible Talmudic commentary; it has been printed with almost every subsequent edition of the

3447:, as well as the underlying reasoning. The work was written partly so that laymen would be able to study Jewish law. Unfortunately, most of the work was lost in a fire prior to publication. It is the basis of practice for 2674:

that a rabbi who studies the texts carefully is required to provide a halakhic decision. That decision is considered to be a true teaching, even if it is not the true teaching in according to the heavens. For instance,

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holds that modern views of how the Torah and rabbinic law developed imply that the body of rabbinic Jewish law is no longer normative (seen as binding) on Jews today. Those in the "traditionalist" wing believe that the

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can be re-examined by contemporary rabbis, but all Halakhic Jews hold that both categories exist and that the first category is immutable, with exceptions only for life-saving and similar emergency circumstances.

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Some scholars have observed a similarity between these rabbinic rules of interpretation and the hermeneutics of ancient Hellenistic culture. For example, Saul Lieberman argues that the names of rabbi Ishmael's

2574:, traditional Jews have greater reluctance to change, not only the laws themselves but also other customs and habits, than traditional Rabbinical Judaism did prior to the advent of Reform in the 19th century. 2746:

is that the Torah is not the word of God in a literal sense. However, the Torah is still held as mankind's record of its understanding of God's revelation, and thus still has divine authority. Therefore,

2361:, a combination of the archaic form of the word for "straw" and the word for "clay" – "straw and clay", referring to the obvious ) are Hebrew translations of Greek terms, although the methods of those 2751:

is still seen as binding. Conservative Jews use modern methods of historical study to learn how Jewish law has changed over time, and are, in some cases, willing to change Jewish law in the present.

2202:

on Shabbat. These examples of takkanot which may be executed out of caution lest some might otherwise carry the mentioned items between home and the synagogue, thus inadvertently violating a Sabbath

2085:, unless supported by another, relevant earlier precedent; see list below. On the other hand, another principle recognizes the responsibility and authority of later authorities, and especially the 2984:(1013–1103); it has summations of the legal material found in the Talmud. Alfasi transcribed the Talmud's halakhic conclusions verbatim, without the surrounding deliberation; he also excluded all 2775:

permits lifting rabbinic decrees (as distinct from carving narrow exceptions) on grounds of human dignity, and used this principle in a December 2006 opinion lifting all rabbinic prohibitions on

4545: 3123:

1298) – serves both as a source of analysis, as well as of decided law. Mordechai considered about 350 halakhic authorities, and was widely influential, particularly amongst the Ashkenazi and

3078:, northern France). "SeMaG" is organised around the 365 negative and the 248 positive commandments, separately discussing each of them according to the Talmud (in light of the commentaries of 2666:

was given at Sinai, Orthodox thought (and especially modern Orthodox thought) encourages debate, allows for disagreement, and encourages rabbis to enact decisions based on contemporary needs.

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in Yiddish) stated that the Oral Torah was an oral tradition by design, to allow for the creative application of halakha to each time period, and even enabling halakha to evolve. He writes:

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Piskei T'shuvot, by Rabbi Ben-Zion Simcha Isaac Rabinowitz, is a commentary on the Halakhic decrees of Rabbi Yosef Karo in the Orach Chayim section of the Shulchan Aruch and those of Rabbi

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Under this system there is a tension between the relevance of earlier and later authorities in constraining Halakhic interpretation and innovation. On the one hand, there is a principle in

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to take into account its view of contemporary society. For instance, most Conservative rabbis extend the application of certain Jewish obligations and permissible activities to women (see

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is normative and binding, and is developed as a partnership between people and God based on Sinaitic Torah. While there are a wide variety of Conservative views, a common belief is that

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The boundaries of Jewish law are determined through the Halakhic process, a religious-ethical system of legal reasoning. Rabbis generally base their opinions on the primary sources of

4154: 4674: 4719: 3856: 3004:(1135–1204). This work encompasses the full range of Talmudic law; it is organized and reformulated in a logical system – in 14 books, 83 sections and 1000 chapters – with each 5302:

At the Meeting of Time and Space. Sanctification in the Here and Now: The Table and the Bed. Sanctification and the Marital Bond. The Desacralization of the Household: The Bed.

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of the Geonim, and is presented in a form that is closer to the original Talmud language and structure. (Probably since it was distributed, also, amongst the newly established

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covers only those areas of Jewish law that were in force in the author's time. The code is divided into four main sections; almost all codes since this time have followed the

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now conformed to the sacred patterns and beliefs presented by scripture and tradition". According to an analysis by Jewish scholar Jeffrey Rubenstein of Michael Berger's book

2524:, also referred to as the Noahide Laws. They are a set of imperatives which, according to the Talmud, were given by God to the "children of Noah" – that is, all of humanity. 3517: 2063:

Since the days of the Sanhedrin, however, no body or authority has been generally regarded as having the authority to create universally recognized precedents. As a result,

4357:"Just as science follows the scientific method, Judaism has its own system to ensure authenticity remains intact," said Rabbi Zalman Abraham of JLI's New York headquarters. 2345:

sought to give a complete enumeration of the rules of interpretation current in his day, but that they omitted from their collections many rules which were then followed."

7854: 4079: 3625:, and reflecting the very strict Hungarian customs of the 19th century. It became immensely popular after its publication due to its simplicity, and is still popular in 5344: 1640:, and the Oral Law, laws which are believed to have been transmitted orally prior to their later compilation in texts such as the Mishnah, Talmud, and rabbinic codes. 5398: 2809:), the "law of breaking the neck of the heifer," and the application of the death penalty for the "rebellious child." Kaplan Spitz argues that the punishment of the 2341:

and their scholars especially contributed to the development or establishment of these rules. "It must be borne in mind, however, that neither Hillel, Ishmael, nor

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The Conservative approach to halakhic interpretation can be seen in the CJLS's acceptance of Rabbi Elie Kaplan Spitz's responsum decreeing the biblical category of

2558:". This notion lends rabbis a certain degree of local authority; however, for more complex questions the issue is passed on to higher rabbis who will then issue a 3057:(1250?/1259?–1328), an abstract of the Talmud, concisely stating the final halakhic decision and quoting later authorities, notably Alfasi, Maimonides, and the 3708: 4215: 2566:

that is binding. Indeed, rabbis will continuously issue different opinions and will constantly review each other's work so as to maintain the truest sense of

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The antiquity of the rules can be determined only by the dates of the authorities who quote them; in general, they cannot safely be declared older than the

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is often translated as "Jewish law", although a more literal translation might be "the way to behave" or "the way of walking". The word is derived from the

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Commandments are divided into positive and negative commands, which are treated differently in terms of divine and human punishment. Positive commandments

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as less binding in day-to-day life, because it relies on rabbinic interpretation, as opposed to the authoritative, canonical text which is recorded in the

3547:, 1870–1939) is similar in scope, authority and approach to the Mishnah Berurah. This work also surveys the views of many kabbalistic sages (particularly 2489:

the method implicit therein to interpret and develop the body of Jewish Law in accordance with the actual conditions and spiritual needs of modern life."

4815: 4651: 3902: 3721:, "from the Talmudic source through modern-day halachic application", similarly studied in the Religious Zionist community (and outside Israel, through 5380: 2114:

rulings concerning electricity are derived from rulings concerning fire, as closing an electrical circuit may cause a spark. In contrast, Conservative

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stated clearly. The Mishneh Torah is very influential to this day, and several later works reproduce passages verbatim. It also includes a section on

4542: 2871:, in 200 CE, as a basic outline of the state of the Oral Law in his time. This was the framework upon which the Talmud was based; the Talmud's 7183: 4100: 2349:

to Akiva, the divine language of the Torah is distinguished from the speech of men by the fact that in the former no word or sound is superfluous.

7573: 3714: 2141:, there is no one committee or leader, but Modern US-based Orthodox rabbis generally agree with the views set by consensus by the leaders of the 4745: 1762:

in which the spiritual leadership was in the hands of five successions of "pairs" of religious teachers, and to each of these pairs themselves.

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on the Sabbath and holidays. Often, as to the applicability of the law in any given situation, the proviso is to "consult your local rabbi or

6256: 2305: 4671: 4151: 5312:

The Desacralization of the Household: The Table. Foci, Sources, and Dissemination of Uncleanness. Purification from the Pollution of Death.

2190:, "thou shall stay seated and not do"). Rabbis may rule that a specific mitzvah from the Torah should not be performed, e. g., blowing the 1316:, certain areas of Israeli family and personal status law are under the authority of the rabbinic courts, so they are treated according to 4032: 1623:, laws believed to have been transmitted orally prior to their later compilation in texts such as the Mishnah, Talmud, and rabbinic codes. 7533: 4696: 4521: 4716: 4131: 1399: 7731: 6051: 5969: 5389: 5357: 2118:

consider that switching on electrical equipment is physically and chemically more like turning on a water tap (which is permissible by

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an action to be performed and are considered to bring the performer closer to God. Negative commandments (traditionally 365 in number)

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as a framework for study, if not always for practice. This work is not considered binding in the same way as the Mishneh Torah or

3182:

of Alfasi as its starting point. Ben Asher followed Maimonides's precedent in arranging his work in a topical order, however, the

2106:

frequently extend the application of a law to new situations, but do not consider such applications as constituting a "change" in

7579: 5434: 3732: 2509:

that the entire Jewish experience, and not only the Torah, should be studied as a source for Jewish behavior and ethical values.

2060:, lay individuals make numerous ad-hoc decisions but are regarded as not having authority to decide certain issues definitively. 5430: 5366: 4076: 7983: 6679: 6133: 5402: 3745:, known for addressing situations not commonly brought in other works, and for delineating the varying approaches amongst the 2325:

The Talmud gives no information concerning the origin of the middot, although the Geonim ("Sages") regarded them as Sinaitic (

1278:

Historically, widespread observance of the laws of the Torah is first in evidence beginning in the second century BCE. In the

6674: 5883: 3765: 2959:, published two generations later (but possibly written c. 743 CE), contains extensive additional material, mainly from 2756: 2154: 589: 5483: 4416: 3135:(Rabbi Isaac Alfasi), it is, in fact, an independent work. It has been printed with every edition of the Talmud since 1482. 1676:

and holidays). Through the ages, various rabbinical authorities have classified some of the 613 commandments in many ways.

947: 6583: 1901:, which has been described as the formative period in the history of its development, is shrouded in obscurity. Historian 6694: 6689: 6113: 3600:(1604–1657) is a reconstituted version of the Shulkhan Arukh, written in Portuguese with the explicit purpose of helping 3267:

in which Rabbi Karo traces the development of each law from the Talmud through later rabbinical literature (examining 32

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refers to the corpus of rabbinic legal texts, or to the overall system of religious law. The term may also be related to

992: 4344: 7506: 6383: 5684: 5089: 4931: 2096:

Notwithstanding the potential for innovation, rabbis and Jewish communities differ greatly on how they make changes in

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status on the grounds that implementing such a status is immoral. The CJLS has also held that the Talmudic concept of

8727: 8285: 8184: 7988: 6534: 6388: 5510: 5218: 5183: 5123: 5106: 5075: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5003: 4972: 4958: 4945: 4915: 4907: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4846: 4447: 3369:, typeset in a different script; today, "Shulchan Aruch" refers to the combined work of Karo and Isserles. Isserles' 2298: 1153: 1103: 5411: 8841: 8710: 8029: 6443: 6351: 4212: 2541:, the authority that rabbis hold "derives not from the institutional or personal authority of the sages but from a 2204: 2001:("repair" or "regulation"): "positive legislation", practices instituted by the rabbis not based (directly) on the 9376: 9296: 8643: 8544: 7608: 6802: 2014:: Customs, community practices, and customary law, as well as the exemplary deeds of prominent (or local) rabbis; 1398:, designating one or several obligations. It may be descended from hypothetical reconstructed Proto-Semitic root 5348: 8803: 8437: 8106: 8060: 7724: 6484: 6044: 5265: 5156: 2856: 1510: 4812: 4235: 3061:. This work superseded Rabbi Alfasi's and has been printed with almost every subsequent edition of the Talmud. 8156: 7968: 7585: 6906: 5845: 4648: 4508:

Satlow, Michael, and Daniel Picus. “Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.” Lecture. Providence, Brown University.

3899: 2855:

The most important codifications of Jewish law include the following; for complementary discussion, see also

2142: 3291:, together with its related commentaries, is considered by many to be the most authoritative compilation of 3206:("Teach Knowledge"): assorted ritual instructions and prohibitions, dietary laws and regulations concerning 3075: 1578: 8963: 8442: 8014: 7648: 7516: 7511: 6699: 6684: 6448: 6403: 6148: 5908: 5689: 3722: 3609: 2676: 2473:

is, and has always been, an evolving process subject to interpretation by rabbis in every time period. See

2291: 965: 2937:(c. 760), rearranges the Talmud passages in a structure manageable to the layman. (It was written in 2659:

authorities are more inclined to permit limited changes in customs and some reconsideration of precedent.

2627: 8958: 7948: 7613: 7598: 6479: 6339: 3093: 2780: 2647:

Orthodox Judaism has a range of opinions on the circumstances and extent to which change is permissible.

2452: 2326: 1424:

may draw upon the aggadic and even mystical literature, a dynamic interchange occurs between the genres.

390: 31: 8933: 8432: 7567: 7461: 7112: 7006: 6714: 6647: 6208: 6098: 5953: 4370: 3335: 3013: 2122:) than lighting a fire (which is not permissible), and therefore permitted on Shabbat. The reformative 1569:

According to one count, only 369 can be kept, meaning that 40% of mitzvot are not possible to perform.

176: 80: 3682:– interspersed with mystical insights and customs, addressed to the masses and arranged by the weekly 3412:

of the Jews of Eastern Europe. The Levush was exceptional among the codes, in that it treated certain

2081:

not to overrule a specific law from an earlier era, after it is accepted by the community as a law or

1420:, narrative, philosophical, mystical, and other "non-legal" texts. At the same time, since writers of 9396: 9386: 9016: 8123: 8004: 7938: 7864: 7798: 7717: 7683: 7623: 7521: 7501: 7371: 7296: 7156: 7023: 6709: 6669: 6037: 5825: 5784: 5694: 5640: 4742: 3746: 3686:. Its wide circulation and coverage has seen it become a standard reference work in Sephardi Halakha. 2938: 2480: 1275:

not only guides religious practices and beliefs; it also guides numerous aspects of day-to-day life.

196: 139: 4566: 1557:

of antiquity. Currently, many of the 613 commandments cannot be performed until the building of the

8811: 8793: 7973: 7963: 7793: 7603: 7434: 6733: 6608: 5997: 4393:"FAQ for Humanistic Judaism, Reform Judaism, Humanists, Humanistic Jews, Congregation, Arizona, AZ" 3821: 3515:; rules dealing with vows, agriculture, and ritual purity, are discussed in a second work known as 3437: 3365:("the Tablecloth"). His comments are now incorporated into the body of all printed editions of the 3071: 2784: 2474: 1287: 1057: 955: 678: 9145: 3430: 3303:

on three authorities – Maimonides, Asher ben Jehiel (Rosh), and Isaac Alfasi (Rif); he considered

9186: 8973: 8462: 8447: 7958: 7902: 7772: 7556: 7545: 7139: 7060: 6765: 6664: 6603: 6489: 6462: 5927: 5856: 5839: 5763: 2138: 2093:

embodies a wide range of principles that permit judicial discretion and deviation (Ben-Menahem).

2029: 1990:("declaration"): "preventative legislation" of the rabbis, intended to prevent violations of the 206: 106: 17: 3477:, (the "Chofetz Chaim", Poland, 1838–1933) is a commentary on the "Orach Chayim" section of the 1294:, since no differentiation of them exists in classical Judaism. Since the Jewish Enlightenment ( 9391: 9241: 9226: 7912: 7788: 7592: 7562: 6625: 5992: 5770: 5621: 5136: 4775: 4693: 4029: 3500: 3426: 1586: 1195: 1172: 1047: 683: 4518: 2783:

and that this remained prohibited). Conservative Judaism also made a number of changes to the

9345: 8938: 8616: 8427: 8091: 7618: 7539: 7321: 7028: 6911: 6652: 6642: 6635: 6620: 6506: 5679: 5503: 5150: 4128: 3831: 3124: 2667: 1946: 1096: 1052: 970: 9381: 9066: 8412: 8024: 7885: 7653: 7643: 7146: 6118: 5896: 4987: 3933: 3773: 3421: 2830: 2743: 2728: 2718: 2688: 2462: 2456: 2221: 2146: 1814: 1759: 1602: 1445:("commandments") in the Torah, as developed through discussion and debate in the classical 1027: 960: 115: 1982:

Regulations and other "legislative" enactments promulgated by rabbis and communal bodies:

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as well as on precedent set by previous rabbinic opinions. The major sources and genre of

8: 9221: 8361: 8278: 7301: 7269: 7195: 7104: 7050: 6657: 6457: 6191: 6156: 5933: 5591: 5111: 4629: 4543:"A journal’s new editor wants to steer the Modern Orthodox debate into the 21st century." 3772:. This scholarly work is based on the previous traditional law codes, but written from a 3769: 3597: 3116: 3088: 3066: 2150: 1888: 1806: 1446: 1301: 982: 673: 446: 282: 2630:). These regulations were transmitted orally until shortly after the destruction of the 1525: 1404:

meaning "to go", which also has descendants in Akkadian, Arabic, Aramaic, and Ugaritic.

9036: 8695: 8549: 8534: 8512: 8256: 8236: 8189: 8179: 8101: 8081: 7633: 7628: 7439: 7161: 7038: 7033: 7018: 6988: 6941: 6864: 6770: 6630: 6203: 6108: 6075: 5721: 5616: 5586: 5145: 5130: 4795: 4604: 4491: 4326: 3573: 3536: 3524: 3474: 3455:

and is quoted as authoritative by many subsequent works, Hasidic and non-Hasidic alike.

3429:(c. 1800) was an attempt to re-codify the law as it stood at that time – incorporating 3339: 2934: 2892: 2886: 2732: 2623: 2521: 2448: 2053: 1566: 1502: 1042: 372: 186: 149: 41: 6916: 6792: 9021: 8943: 8781: 8524: 8519: 8472: 8397: 8391: 8231: 8149: 8086: 7917: 7417: 7348: 7230: 7215: 6998: 6869: 6834: 6123: 5715: 5608: 5546: 5370: 5261: 5214: 5179: 5119: 5102: 5085: 5071: 5013: 4999: 4968: 4954: 4941: 4927: 4911: 4903: 4883: 4863: 4842: 4799: 4495: 4443: 3702: 3678:, 1832–1909) is a collection of the laws on everyday life – parallel in scope to the 3507:

through the perspective of the major Rishonim. The work follows the structure of the

3245: 3042: 1384: 1357: 465: 260: 168: 4317:

Daube, David (1949). "Rabbinic methods of interpretation and Hellenistic rhetoric".

9026: 8993: 8492: 8356: 8351: 8316: 7978: 7953: 7943: 7746: 7483: 7451: 7412: 7383: 7366: 7316: 7117: 6926: 6859: 6812: 6760: 6728: 6719: 6704: 6578: 6553: 6529: 6413: 6344: 6261: 6128: 6017: 6003: 5921: 5832: 5743: 5496: 4787: 4483: 3626: 3614: 3496: 3490: 3448: 3354: 3272: 3155: 3145: 3109: 3054: 2929: 2431: 2342: 2111: 1572: 1558: 1529: 1257:, and the customs and traditions which were compiled in the many books such as the 1218: 1124: 1089: 751: 650: 386: 347: 332: 88: 63: 5452: 5443: 2680: 1554: 1254: 9275: 9248: 9236: 9216: 9150: 9128: 9108: 9103: 9083: 8948: 8928: 8923: 8826: 8786: 8497: 8422: 8346: 8331: 8251: 8050: 7907: 7767: 7393: 7388: 7200: 7127: 6960: 6931: 6854: 6844: 6807: 6782: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6573: 6568: 6558: 6543: 6334: 6251: 6218: 6176: 6166: 6010: 5902: 5862: 5488: 5210: 5173: 4855: 4836: 4819: 4749: 4723: 4700: 4678: 4655: 4549: 4525: 4437: 4420: 4287: 4260: 4219: 4200: 4158: 4135: 4083: 4036: 4006: 3940: 3906: 3726: 3698: 3694: 3470: 3452: 3231: 3213: 3163: 2942: 2837: 2656: 2485: 2417: 1479: 1368: 1279: 1224: 1190: 1184: 1163: 987: 895: 789: 342: 134: 99: 4413: 2597: 1628:

Laws of human origin, including rabbinic decrees, interpretations, customs, etc.

9352: 9160: 9078: 8667: 8633: 8584: 8569: 8341: 8246: 8226: 8216: 8045: 8019: 7890: 7859: 7762: 7697: 7672: 7493: 7400: 7358: 7338: 7326: 7306: 7220: 7210: 7178: 7171: 7151: 7122: 7094: 7089: 7055: 6965: 6889: 6879: 6817: 6615: 6563: 6474: 6469: 6231: 6226: 6161: 6090: 5940: 5890: 5777: 5562: 5538: 4791: 4439:

Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions

4197: 4179: 3841: 3794: 3738: 3644: 3532: 3389: 3319: 3251: 3203: 2956: 2909: 2771: 2648: 2640: 2492: 1971: 1862: 1636:

A second classical distinction is between the Written Law, laws written in the

1562: 1469: 1325: 1259: 1077: 851: 646: 535: 441: 337: 213: 201: 144: 127: 94: 4487: 3621:

1804–1886), a "digest", covering applicable Halakha from all four sections of

3342:

to be appended to the text of the Shulkhan Aruch for cases where Sephardi and

9370: 9206: 9165: 9051: 9031: 9003: 8953: 8918: 8892: 8887: 8880: 8831: 8771: 8611: 8601: 8559: 8482: 8477: 8407: 8366: 8290: 8076: 7895: 7466: 7311: 7238: 7045: 6979: 6952: 6901: 6849: 6822: 6797: 6787: 6548: 6494: 6428: 6408: 6398: 6393: 6366: 6312: 6241: 6186: 5530: 5318: 5253: 5243: 5233: 5223: 5202: 5192: 4892: 3826: 3816: 3683: 3640: 3558: 3350: 3283:– stating each ruling simply; this work follows the chapter divisions of the 3167: 3029: 2997: 2977: 2776: 2635: 2631: 2338: 1966: 1850: 1832:("greats" or "geniuses") presided over the two major Babylonian Academies of 1818: 1792:. Their teachings and discussions were compiled into the two versions of the 1772: 1609: 1463: 1337: 1333: 1291: 1232: 903: 818: 327: 227: 191: 57: 3875: 2779:

conduct (the opinion held that only male-male anal sex was forbidden by the

2655:(customs) must be retained, and existing precedents cannot be reconsidered. 2592: 2137:

Within certain Jewish communities, formal organized bodies do exist. Within

1664:, the law prohibiting wearing clothing made of mixtures of linen and wool), 1393: 9338: 9088: 9056: 9011: 8749: 8744: 8715: 8628: 8606: 8574: 8507: 8487: 8381: 8321: 8311: 8263: 8221: 8199: 8142: 8096: 7446: 7243: 7205: 7166: 6755: 6499: 6438: 6418: 6378: 6361: 6329: 6317: 6278: 6196: 6171: 5732: 5554: 4950: 4174: 3836: 3667: 3566: 3554: 3528: 3358: 3235: 3207: 3200:, through the course of the day, the weekly sabbath and the festival cycle. 3193: 3020:

science and metaphysics; others suggest that it is within the tradition of

2981: 2904: 2868: 2736: 2588: 2426: 2198: 1902: 1833: 1637: 1613: 1598: 1329: 1309: 1268: 1037: 1032: 977: 856: 761: 721: 668: 622: 426: 235: 4436:

Corrigan, John; Denny, Frederick; Jaffee, Martin S.; Eire, Carlos (2016).

2216:(Xeres). For general usage of takkanaot in Jewish history see the article 1679:

A different approach divides the laws into a different set of categories:

1482:, Jews lacked a single judicial hierarchy or appellate review process for 9260: 9201: 9191: 8988: 8983: 8821: 8722: 8638: 8597: 8564: 8529: 8452: 8376: 8326: 8241: 7844: 7814: 7456: 6971: 6896: 6874: 6777: 6371: 6300: 6295: 6283: 6273: 5727: 5597: 5578: 5570: 3761: 3671: 3636: 3548: 3021: 3009: 2551: 2334: 1582: 1439: 1341: 1313: 663: 120: 7709: 5420: 4608: 4592: 4330: 2805:

by Torah law. The examples include the trial of the accused adulteress (

69: 9324: 9253: 9133: 9071: 8816: 8737: 8732: 8690: 8672: 8660: 8621: 8467: 8457: 8417: 8402: 8386: 8336: 8273: 8268: 7550: 7257: 6839: 6433: 6181: 6103: 5869: 5737: 3808: 3256: 3001: 2847: 2614: 2439: 1912: 1776: 1620: 1458: 1240: 908: 658: 451: 246: 4953:, "Meta-Halakhah: Logic, Intuition, and the Unfolding of Jewish Law", 3489:

decisions. It has become the authoritative halakhic guide for much of

2759:(CJLS) is empowered to override Biblical and Taanitic prohibitions by 1286:

served many Jewish communities as an enforceable avenue of law – both

9231: 9196: 9138: 9113: 8978: 8875: 8863: 8848: 8836: 8764: 8682: 8655: 8539: 7471: 6936: 6827: 6738: 6356: 6290: 5094: 4565:

Feinstein, Rabbi Moshe. "Introduction to Orach Chayim Chelek Aleph".

3544: 3486: 3463: 3343: 3197: 3120: 3058: 3017: 2968: 2964: 2872: 2279: 2213: 2043: 1898: 1871: 1837: 1789: 1601:

which are believed to have been revealed by God to the Israelites at

876: 575: 421: 398: 9319: 6307: 5149: 4776:"Menasseh ben Israel's Thesouro dos Dinim: Reeducating the New Jews" 3978: 3802: 3323: 1344:

and other Jewish communities which historically lived in isolation.

9280: 9265: 8968: 8853: 8650: 8194: 7922: 7829: 7824: 7190: 7132: 7077: 7072: 6743: 6029: 5809: 5673: 5129: 3851: 3308: 3217: 3196:("The Way of Life"): worship and ritual observance in the home and 3175: 3037: 2960: 2791:, permitting women to chant from the Torah, and ordaining women as 2671: 2513: 2408: 2274: 2262: 2217: 2166: 2022: 1997: 1986: 1845: 1810: 1801: 1719:"Our Sages, may their memory be blessed"): all Jewish sages of the 1417: 1296: 933: 918: 881: 871: 866: 731: 617: 570: 556: 413: 362: 181: 154: 3647:(Poland, 1748–1820) are similar Ashkenazi works; the first covers 3139: 9170: 9118: 9098: 9046: 8776: 8592: 8554: 8502: 7839: 7834: 7405: 7289: 7284: 7274: 7262: 7082: 7011: 6946: 6921: 6884: 6748: 6423: 6322: 6246: 6138: 6064: 4923:

Legal Traditions of the World – Sustainable Diversity in Law

3675: 3618: 3540: 3408:

of Isserles, which is too brief", that particularly stresses the

3221: 3083: 2985: 2864: 2841: 2602: 2403: 2398: 2319: 2257: 2252: 2123: 1784: 1767: 1724: 1673: 1660: 1590: 1450: 1412: 1245: 1229: 1017: 923: 841: 746: 736: 691: 551: 546: 517: 505: 473: 352: 303: 298: 288: 251: 49: 7741: 4938:

Divine Law in Human Hands – Case Studies in Halakhic Flexibility

4838:

The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal

4753:

Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly

4682:

Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly

3977:

Schiffman, Lawrence H. "Second Temple and Hellenistic Judaism".

3857:

We do not rule based on categorical inferences in monetary cases

2723: 2687:− which exists in an ideal realm−to people's lived experiences. 1965:

The post-Talmudic codificatory literature, such as Maimonides's

9270: 9123: 8868: 8759: 8754: 8700: 8371: 8009: 7849: 7476: 7343: 7279: 5975: 5947: 5914: 5803: 5710: 5666: 5659: 5650: 5634: 5627: 5276:

Faith, Thanksgiving, Enlandisement: Possession and Partnership.

3846: 3586: 3409: 3346: 3327: 3271:, beginning with the Talmud and ending with the works of Rabbi 3225: 3033: 2896: 2877: 2800: 2788: 2765: 2502: 2269: 2242: 2220:. For examples of this being used in Conservative Judaism, see 2209: 2192: 2102: 2010: 2002: 1991: 1953: 1940: 1936: 1828: 1793: 1728: 1720: 1712: 1506: 1494: 1454: 1250: 1022: 913: 861: 846: 836: 831: 804: 799: 782: 756: 741: 726: 701: 696: 612: 565: 540: 522: 436: 431: 408: 367: 357: 293: 270: 265: 5334: 1651:

a specific action, and violations create a distance from God.

9211: 9155: 9061: 8902: 8705: 8204: 7819: 7427: 7422: 7376: 7331: 7252: 7247: 6511: 6266: 6236: 5876: 5757: 5750: 5260:

The Brill Reference Library of Judaism. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

4392: 4057: 3441: 3300: 3268: 3105: 3079: 2924: 2882: 2792: 2619: 2555: 2444: 2413: 2247: 2070: 1907: 1747: 1429: 1379:

translates as "the way to walk", rather than "law". The word

1352: 1236: 1139: 1130: 928: 826: 775: 768: 632: 627: 607: 602: 597: 512: 500: 495: 490: 483: 478: 403: 275: 241: 5286:

Transcendent Transactions: Where Heaven and Earth Intersect.

5068:

Jewish Jurisprudence: Its Sources & Modern Applications

2378: 9093: 9041: 8897: 8295: 8211: 7880: 7526: 6060: 3279:(literally "set table") is, in turn, a condensation of the 2920:

was influential on both of the following, subsequent works.

2916:– exploring and addressing various questions on these. The 2692: 2170:) in general do not affect or restrict observance of Torah 1917: 1668:("judgements" – laws with obvious social implications) and 1498: 1145: 1142: 1012: 527: 5465: 2826: 2387: 8165: 3561:, is a voluminous, widely cited and contemporary work of 3396:

at a level "midway between the two extremes: the lengthy

3234:("The Breastplate of Judgement"): The administration and 2082: 5461: 3717:. Six volumes covering 300 topics from all areas of the 2881:; completed c. 500) became the basis for all later 2457:

Orthodox Judaism, Beliefs about Jewish law and tradition

2033:("the law of the king is law"): an additional aspect of 4593:"The Religious Philosophy of Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik" 4435: 1658:("decrees" – laws without obvious explanation, such as 1561:

and the universal resettlement of the Jewish people in

8134: 4045: 4030:"Introduction to Halacha, the Jewish Legal Tradition." 3596:

Thesouro dos Dinim ("Treasury of religious rules") by

1387: 5474: 5323:

The Law of Agriculture in the Mishnah and the Tosefta

5258:

The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism.

5118:, Jewish Publication Society trans. Lawrence Kaplan. 4474:

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. xii, 226 pp".

4177:(1952). "The Historical Foundations of the Halacha". 3741:. Thirty volumes on the entire spectrum of topics in 1935:

The foundational Talmudic literature (especially the

1271:

which means "to behave" (also "to go" or "to walk").

1154: 4298:. Jewish Theological Seminary of America. p. 68 4267:. Jewish Theological Seminary of America. p. 47 3784: 3776:

point of view, and not accepted among Orthodox Jews.

3040:– as well as for a growing community referred to as 1375:– "to walk" or "to go". Taken literally, therefore, 1177: 1136: 4101:"How Many of the Torah's Commandments Still Apply?" 3392:(c. 1530–1612). A ten-volume work, five discussing 2089:handling a then-current question. In addition, the 1813:Babylonia due to the suppression of Judaism in the 1133: 1127: 5518: 4773: 4007:"Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/halak- - Wiktionary" 3760:("A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice") by Rabbi 5175:A Living Tree: The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law 4986:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from 4978:Messick, Brinkley; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). 4977: 4925:(5th edition) ed.). Oxford University Press. 4063: 3400:of Karo on the one hand, and on the other Karo's 9368: 5238:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Appointed Times 4470:Rubenstein, Jeffrey L. (2002). "Michael Berger. 3915: 2613:is a religious system whose core represents the 1672:("testimonies" or "commemorations", such as the 1416:("the telling"), the diverse corpus of rabbinic 5144: 4597:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 3972: 3970: 3604:from Iberia reintergrate into halakhic Judaism. 3174:from the Torah text and the Talmud through the 4737: 4735: 4236:"TALMUD HERMENEUTICS - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 4152:"5. The 'Written Torah' and the 'Oral Torah.'” 3934:"Jewish Custom (Minhag) Versus Law (Halacha)." 3729:communities; 15 bilingual translated volumes). 2670:says in his introduction to his collection of 1771:("repeaters") were rabbis living primarily in 1542:are in the Torah, 248 positive ("thou shalt") 1497:both mean literally "the path to follow". The 8150: 7984:Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC) 7725: 6045: 5504: 2299: 1758:– 30 CE, "Era of the Pairs") during the 1438:constitutes the practical application of the 1243:. Halakha is based on biblical commandments ( 1097: 5207:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Holy Things 4984:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 4628:, translated by Yaakov Elman, archived from 4574: 3967: 3954: 3952: 3752:; for both reasons they are often reprinted. 3086:) and the other codes existent at the time. 3016:. (Some claim this section draws heavily on 2577: 1605:. These laws are composed of the following: 1347: 7534:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 5335:Full-text resources of major halakhic works 5308:Inside the Walls of the Israelite Household 5298:Inside the Walls of the Israelite Household 5171: 4732: 4694:"Frequently Asked Questions about Masorti." 4123: 4121: 3985:Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception 3127:communities. Although organised around the 2406:) and the legal divine judgment rulings of 1788:("sayers") lived in both Eretz Yisrael and 8157: 8143: 7732: 7718: 6052: 6038: 5511: 5497: 5213:: Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ., 2007, 5148:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). 4511: 4469: 2306: 2292: 1957:– the Talmudic process of elucidating the 1779:in the form of the Mishnah; 0–200 CE. 1104: 1090: 7739: 5248:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Damages. 5197:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Purities 5172:Dorff, Elliot N.; Rosett, Arthur (1988). 4368: 4345:"Vail course explores origins of Judaism" 4285: 4258: 3949: 3330:, 1525 to 1572). Isserles noted that the 2131: 1519: 1392:, a property tax, rendered in Aramaic as 9302:History of the American legal profession 6081:Index of Jewish history-related articles 4901:Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles 4213:"Committee on Jewish Law and Standards." 4118: 3987:. Vol. 11. De Gruyter. pp. 2–8 3138: 2899:of the halakhic material in the Talmud. 2846: 2825: 2722: 2596: 2505:, by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism. 1976: 1694:Laws about relations with other people ( 1577: 1351: 7989:International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF) 7580:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 6217: 5582:(Stumbling block in front of the blind) 5228:A History of the Mishnaic Law of Women. 3503:(1829–1888) is a scholarly analysis of 3493:Ashkenazic Jewry in the postwar period. 2988:(non-legal, and homiletic) matter. The 2875:analysis of the content of the Mishna ( 2712: 1916:, contains a formulation of the law of 1428:also does not include the parts of the 14: 9369: 4590: 4261:"Rabbinic interpretation of scripture" 3338:tradition, and he created a series of 3315:as the basis for their daily practice. 3024:.) It is the main source of practical 2821: 2227: 2025:, "questions and answers") literature. 1702: 1691:"between a person and the Place"), and 1489:According to some scholars, the words 8138: 7713: 6033: 5492: 5160:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. 5099:Halakhic Process: A Systemic Analysis 4920: 4834: 4564: 4316: 4187:. Historical Society of Israel: 1–55. 4098: 4051: 3976: 3921: 3766:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 3481:, discussing the application of each 2757:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 2155:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 1751:("pairs"), both the 200-year period ( 1698:, "between a person and his friend"). 1526:Mitzvah § Mitzvot and Jewish law 1223: 1189: 6059: 5480:A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice 4996:Contrasts in American and Jewish Law 4173: 2679:believes that the job of a halakhic 2126:in some cases explicitly interprets 1910:. For example, the first chapter of 1546:and 365 negative ("thou shalt not") 7969:Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) 5199:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–XXII. 5010:A Restatement of Rabbinic Civil Law 4649:"Halakhah in Conservative Judaism." 4621: 4575: 3900:"Halacha: The Laws of Jewish Life." 2941:, and subsequently translated into 2582: 1654:A further division is made between 1167: 24: 7527:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 7507:American Jewish Historical Society 5884:Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah 5209:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–VI. 5165: 4774:Moreno-Goldschmidt, Aliza (2020). 3958: 25: 9408: 8286:Restitution and unjust enrichment 5329: 4729:. 14 February 1985. 8 April 2019. 4077:"The 613 Commandments (Mitzvot)." 3551:), when these impact the Halakha. 3462:, providing analysis in light of 3458:Works structured directly on the 3373:is similarly a commentary on the 3295:since the Talmud. In writing the 3100:, including additional practical 3074:(first half of the 13th century, 2912:(c. 752) discusses over 190 1849:("firsts") are the rabbis of the 1716: 1688: 1509:, with fatwas being analogous to 9333: 9332: 9318: 8118: 8117: 8102:Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah 7740: 7691: 7678: 7677: 5857:One commandment leads to another 5240:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–V. 4555:. 7 February 2019. 8 April 2019. 4369:Cedarbaum, Daniel (6 May 2016). 4141:. 5 November 2008. 9 April 2019. 3801: 3787: 3565:, based on the rulings of Rabbi 3349:differed (based on the works of 2662:Despite the Orthodox views that 2386: 2377: 1123: 1071: 68: 62: 56: 9297:History of the legal profession 5101:, Jewish Theological Seminary. 4828: 4806: 4767: 4758: 4709: 4687: 4664: 4642: 4615: 4584: 4558: 4535: 4502: 4463: 4429: 4407: 4385: 4362: 4337: 4310: 4279: 4252: 4228: 4206: 4191: 4167: 4144: 4092: 4069: 2601:Hasidim walk to the synagogue, 2532:Despite its internal rigidity, 2396:The artistic freedom spirit of 7599:Relations with other religions 5566:(Sanctification of God's name) 5230:Leiden: E. J. Brill. Part I–V. 5157:New International Encyclopedia 4910:); Jewish Publication Society 4860:Contemporary Halakhic Problems 4706:. 25 March 2014. 8 April 2019. 4288:"The Hermeneutic Rules of the 4023: 3999: 3927: 3893: 3868: 3416:from a Kabbalistic standpoint. 3216:("The Rock of the Helpmate"): 3158:(lit. "The Four Columns"; the 2857:History of responsa in Judaism 2787:including counting women in a 2651:Jews generally hold that even 2527: 2368: 1875:("lasts") are the rabbis from 1575:divides laws into categories: 13: 1: 7586:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 5292:Within Israel’s Social Order. 5250:Leiden: E. J.Brill. Part I–V. 5012:(11 vols), Gefen Publishing. 4982:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 4980:"Fatwā. Process and Function" 4625:Introduction to the דור רביעי 4296:Hellenism in Jewish Palestine 4265:Hellenism in Jewish Palestine 4064:Messick & Kéchichian 2009 3862: 3143:An illuminated manuscript of 2475:Conservative Judaism, Beliefs 2143:Rabbinical Council of America 1876: 1854: 1752: 1732: 1432:not related to commandments. 1304:, some have come to view the 1228:), is the collective body of 7517:Leo Baeck Institute New York 7512:American Sephardi Federation 4717:"Conservative Assembly ...." 3764:with contributions from the 3263:is a huge commentary on the 2727:A mixed-gender, egalitarian 2677:Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik 1920:worded in the first person. 1394: 1388: 1320:. Some minor differences in 7: 7949:Central Rabbinical Congress 6340:Constantinopolitan Karaites 5542:(Desecration of God's name) 4965:Jewish Law: An Introduction 4482:(2) (2 ed.): 356–359. 4319:Hebrew Union College Annual 3959:Jacobs, Louis. "Halakhah". 3780: 3663:pertinent to everyday life. 3485:in light of all subsequent 3190:s arrangement of material. 3094:Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil 2609:Orthodox Jews believe that 2327:Law given to Moses at Sinai 1975:with its commentaries (see 1461:"), and as codified in the 1178: 10: 9413: 8964:International legal theory 8443:International slavery laws 8438:International human rights 8433:International criminal law 7886:United Torah Judaism (UTJ) 7568:National Library of Israel 6209:Zionism, race and genetics 5178:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 4921:Glenn, H. Patrick (2014). 4792:10.1007/s10835-020-09360-5 4347:. Vail Daily. 13 July 2015 4240:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 3361:). The glosses are called 3311:, generally, refer to the 2716: 2586: 2424: 2196:on Shabbat, or taking the 1886: 1523: 1235:that are derived from the 29: 9312: 9289: 9179: 9017:Administration of justice 9002: 8911: 8802: 8681: 8583: 8304: 8172: 8115: 8069: 8038: 8005:Agudath Israel of America 7997: 7931: 7873: 7807: 7781: 7755: 7666: 7522:Yeshiva University Museum 7502:Center for Jewish History 7492: 7357: 7229: 7103: 6997: 6528: 6147: 6089: 6071: 5985: 5962: 5795: 5703: 5649: 5607: 5529: 4841:. Yale University Press. 4802:– via SpringerLink. 4764:Kaplan Spitz, p. 577-584. 4591:Kaplan, Lawrence (1973). 4553:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 4488:10.1017/S0364009402250114 4442:(2 ed.). Routledge. 3096:is an abridgement of the 2980:was written by the Rabbi 2593:Yeshiva § Jewish law 2578:Denominational approaches 2516:are bound by a subset of 2481:Reconstructionist Judaism 2427:Talmud § Present day 2365:are not Greek in origin. 1897:in the period before the 1683:Laws in relation to God ( 1534:According to the Talmud ( 1410:is often contrasted with 1348:Etymology and terminology 8794:Basic structure doctrine 8644:Natural and legal rights 8525:Public international law 7964:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah 7865:Orthodox Jewish outreach 6114:Ancient Israel and Judah 5574:(Derogatory information) 5082:Understanding Jewish Law 4813:Tzurba Learning-Schedule 4573: 4373:. Reconstructing Judaism 4371:"Reconstructing Halakha" 4286:Lieberman, Saul (1962). 4259:Lieberman, Saul (1962). 3822:Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael 3518:Aruch HaShulchan he'Atid 3170:). This work traces the 3072:Moses ben Jacob of Coucy 2785:role of women in Judaism 1555:legislated by the rabbis 1550:, supplemented by seven 30:Not to be confused with 8974:Principle of typicality 8448:International trade law 8164: 7959:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah 6490:North African Sephardim 6463:Jewish tribes of Arabia 5685:Forbidden relationships 4835:Adler, Yonatan (2022). 4672:"Women and the Minyan." 4622:Glasner, Moshe Shmuel, 4424:Encyclopedia Britannica 4223:The Rabbinical Assembly 3691:Contemporary "series": 3655:, as well as laws from 3535:, by the Sephardi sage 3440:– and thus stating the 3307:in inconclusive cases. 3299:, Rabbi Karo based his 3070:(The "SeMaG") of Rabbi 2955:("Great Law Book"), by 2589:Semikhah § Concept 2512:Some Jews believe that 2412:(right, represented by 2139:Modern Orthodox Judaism 32:Halakha LeMoshe MiSinai 9377:Jewish law and rituals 7913:Noam (political party) 7593:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7563:Jewish Virtual Library 5826:B'rov am hadrat melech 5524:(Jewish religious law) 5325:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 5282:Between Israel and God 5272:Between Israel and God 5137:Encyclopedia Americana 5070:, Taylor and Francis. 4684:. OH 55:1.2002. p. 23. 3651:, the second in large 3501:Yechiel Michel Epstein 3427:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 3150: 2852: 2844: 2739: 2710: 2606: 2402:(left, represented by 1860:–1563), preceding the 1809:") lived primarily in 1612:, laws written in the 1593: 1587:Glockengasse Synagogue 1520:Commandments (mitzvot) 1360: 8969:Principle of legality 8728:Delegated legislation 8428:Intellectual property 8092:Torah im Derech Eretz 7540:Encyclopaedia Judaica 7322:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 6507:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 6257:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 5395:Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 5080:Steven H. Resnicoff, 4990:on November 20, 2015. 4755:. EH 4.2000a. p. 586. 3961:Encyclopaedia Judaica 3832:Jewish medical ethics 3680:Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 3610:Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 3574:Yisroel Meir ha-Kohen 3475:Yisroel Meir ha-Kohen 3410:customs and practices 3142: 3115:"The Mordechai" – by 2933:("Decided Laws"), by 2850: 2829: 2726: 2717:Further information: 2705: 2691:, the chief rabbi of 2668:Rabbi Moshe Feinstein 2600: 2416:and his sons) on the 2212:'s relationship with 2019:she'eloth u-teshuvoth 1947:Talmudic hermeneutics 1943:) with commentaries; 1581: 1501:literature parallels 1355: 1312:. Under contemporary 27:Jewish rabbinical law 9187:Barristers' chambers 9129:Legal representation 9067:Justice of the peace 8413:Financial regulation 8025:World Agudath Israel 6119:Second Temple period 5897:Positive commandment 5840:Dina d'malkhuta dina 5592:You shall not murder 5377:Shulchan Aruch HaRav 5084:, LexisNexis, 2012. 4994:Daniel Pollack ed., 4741:Kaplan Spitz, Elie. 4099:Danzinger, Eliezer. 3466:material and codes: 3431:commentaries on the 3422:Shulchan Aruch HaRav 3388:("Levush") of Rabbi 3224:and other issues in 2851:Shulchan Aruch HaRav 2744:Conservative Judaism 2719:Conservative halakha 2713:Conservative Judaism 2689:Moshe Shmuel Glasner 2463:Conservative Judaism 2222:Conservative halakha 2147:Conservative Judaism 2110:. For example, many 2030:Dina d'malchuta dina 1977:#Codes of Jewish law 1815:Eastern Roman Empire 1760:Second Temple period 1696:bein adam le-chavero 1603:biblical Mount Sinai 1367:is derived from the 9222:Election commission 8934:Expressive function 8463:Landlord–tenant law 8362:Consumer protection 7903:National Union (NU) 7557:Jewish Encyclopedia 7302:Hekhalot literature 7113:Religious movements 6648:Judeo-Tripolitanian 5796:Halakhic principles 5550:(Theft of the mind) 5112:Joseph Soloveitchik 4472:Rabbinic Authority. 3774:Conservative Jewish 3770:Rabbinical Assembly 3598:Menasseh Ben Israel 3589:-oriented works of 3438:subsequent responsa 3318:The works of Rabbi 3117:Mordecai ben Hillel 3089:Sefer Mitzvot Katan 3067:Sefer Mitzvot Gadol 3014:fundamental beliefs 2822:Codes of Jewish law 2228:Historical analysis 2151:Rabbinical Assembly 1931:consulted include: 1893:The development of 1889:Rabbinic literature 1703:Sources and process 1589:(museum exhibits), 1559:Temple in Jerusalem 1447:rabbinic literature 1302:Jewish emancipation 983:Abrahamic religions 882:Selichot (S'lichot) 674:Bar and bat mitzvah 177:Principles of faith 9180:Legal institutions 9047:Lawsuit/Litigation 9037:Dispute resolution 8842:Catholic canon law 8550:State of emergency 8513:Will and testament 8237:Law of obligations 8190:Constitutional law 8180:Administrative law 7698:Judaism portal 7634:Jews and Halloween 7629:Jews and Christmas 7019:Rabbinic authority 6771:Judaeo-Piedmontese 6204:Xueta Christianity 6109:Origins of Judaism 6076:Outline of Judaism 5970:Capital punishment 5617:Corpse uncleanness 4963:Mendell Lewittes, 4897:Ha-Mishpat ha-Ivri 4818:2020-07-24 at the 4748:2019-12-27 at the 4722:2019-12-31 at the 4699:2019-06-19 at the 4677:2020-06-17 at the 4659:My Jewish Learning 4654:2019-12-24 at the 4548:2019-03-31 at the 4530:My Jewish Learning 4524:2018-12-25 at the 4519:The Shulchan Aruch 4419:2016-01-21 at the 4218:2019-05-09 at the 4157:2019-07-02 at the 4134:2019-07-02 at the 4127:Sinclair, Julian. 4082:2019-04-20 at the 4054:, pp. 183–84. 4040:My Jewish Learning 4035:2019-01-04 at the 3944:My Jewish Learning 3939:2019-12-25 at the 3910:My Jewish Learning 3905:2019-07-18 at the 3537:Yaakov Chaim Sofer 3404:together with the 3151: 2939:vernacular Aramaic 2935:Yehudai ben Nahman 2883:halakhic decisions 2853: 2845: 2740: 2628:Deuteronomy 5:8–13 2607: 2539:Rabbinic Authority 2522:Seven Laws of Noah 2041:In antiquity, the 1708:Eras of Jewish law 1594: 1563:the Land of Israel 1361: 1356:A full set of the 1078:Judaism portal 1043:Holocaust theology 9362: 9361: 9022:Constitutionalism 8944:Law and economics 8782:Act of parliament 8520:Product liability 8473:Legal archaeology 8398:Environmental law 8392:Entertainment law 8232:International law 8132: 8131: 8087:Religious Zionism 7974:Agudas HaRabbonim 7918:Jerusalem Faction 7799:Hasidic dynasties 7707: 7706: 7673:extinct languages 7574:YIVO Encyclopedia 7349:Hebrew literature 7317:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 7157:Reconstructionist 6835:Judaeo-Portuguese 6524: 6523: 6480:Eastern Sephardim 6124:Synagogal Judaism 6027: 6026: 5690:Gender separation 4967:, Jason Aronson. 4011:en.wiktionary.org 3703:Religious Zionist 3334:was based on the 3259:(1488–1575). The 3043:talmidei haRambam 2908:("Questions") by 2840:section, laws of 2742:The view held by 2453:Deuteronomy 17:11 2316: 2315: 2188:shev v'al ta'aseh 2178:refers to either 1941:Babylonian Talmud 1775:who codified the 1685:bein adam laMakom 1505:developed in the 1449:, especially the 1358:Babylonian Talmud 1225:[haˈlɔχɔ] 1191:[halaˈχa] 1176: 1114: 1113: 466:Important figures 140:Reconstructionist 16:(Redirected from 9404: 9397:Rabbinic Judaism 9387:Orthodox Judaism 9337: 9336: 9335: 9323: 9322: 9146:Question of fact 9027:Criminal justice 8357:Construction law 8352:Conflict of laws 8317:Agricultural law 8159: 8152: 8145: 8136: 8135: 8126: 8121: 8120: 7979:United Synagogue 7954:Iggud HaRabbonim 7944:Edah HaChareidis 7749: 7748:Orthodox Judaism 7744: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7711: 7710: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7681: 7680: 6813:Judeo-Golpaygani 6414:Palestinian Jews 6389:Alexandrian Jews 6345:Crimean Karaites 6262:Unterlander Jews 6215: 6214: 6129:Rabbinic Judaism 6054: 6047: 6040: 6031: 6030: 5934:Toch k'dei dibur 5744:Terumat hamaaser 5558:(Theft of sleep) 5513: 5506: 5499: 5490: 5489: 5423:(search on site) 5386:Aruch HaShulchan 5189: 5161: 5153: 5141: 5133: 4991: 4940:, Magnes Press. 4926: 4852: 4823: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4786:(3–4): 325–350. 4771: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4739: 4730: 4713: 4707: 4691: 4685: 4668: 4662: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4539: 4533: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4433: 4427: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4171: 4165: 4148: 4142: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4096: 4090: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3956: 3947: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3872: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3758:Temimei Haderech 3710:Tzurba M’Rabanan 3627:Orthodox Judaism 3615:Shlomo Ganzfried 3497:Aruch HaShulchan 3449:Chabad-Lubavitch 3355:Israel Isserlein 3273:Israel Isserlein 3055:Asher ben Jehiel 2953:Halakhot Gedolot 2930:Halachot Pesukot 2923:The first legal 2583:Orthodox Judaism 2432:Orthodox Judaism 2390: 2381: 2343:Eliezer ben Jose 2308: 2301: 2294: 2232: 2231: 2153:has an official 1881: 1878: 1859: 1856: 1757: 1754: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1718: 1690: 1573:Rabbinic Judaism 1530:613 commandments 1397: 1391: 1324:are found among 1227: 1222: 1193: 1188: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1076: 1075: 1074: 348:Aruch HaShulchan 72: 66: 60: 37: 36: 21: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9367: 9366: 9363: 9358: 9331: 9317: 9308: 9285: 9276:Political party 9249:Legal education 9237:Law enforcement 9217:Court of equity 9175: 9151:Question of law 9104:Practice of law 9084:Judicial review 8998: 8949:Legal formalism 8929:Comparative law 8924:Contract theory 8907: 8827:Legal pluralism 8798: 8787:Act of Congress 8711:Executive order 8677: 8579: 8498:Nationality law 8423:Immigration law 8347:Competition law 8300: 8168: 8163: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8111: 8065: 8051:Mishnah Berurah 8034: 7993: 7927: 7908:The Jewish Home 7869: 7803: 7777: 7751: 7747: 7738: 7708: 7703: 7692: 7690: 7662: 7488: 7353: 7225: 7099: 6993: 6808:Judeo-Borujerdi 6783:Judeo-Malayalam 6729:Judeo-Aragonese 6700:Lishanid Noshan 6532: 6520: 6252:Oberlander Jews 6213: 6143: 6085: 6067: 6058: 6028: 6023: 5981: 5958: 5791: 5711:Sabbatical year 5699: 5645: 5603: 5525: 5517: 5458:Peninei Halakha 5427:Mishnah Berurah 5337: 5332: 5186: 5168: 5166:Further reading 5151:"Halacha" 5131:"Halakah" 5128: 5066:Emanuel Quint, 5008:Emanuel Quint, 4862:(5 vols), Ktav 4856:J. David Bleich 4849: 4831: 4826: 4820:Wayback Machine 4811: 4807: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4750:Wayback Machine 4740: 4733: 4724:Wayback Machine 4714: 4710: 4701:Wayback Machine 4692: 4688: 4679:Wayback Machine 4670:Fine, David J. 4669: 4665: 4661:. 8 April 2019. 4656:Wayback Machine 4647: 4643: 4635: 4633: 4620: 4616: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4550:Wayback Machine 4540: 4536: 4532:. 8 April 2019. 4526:Wayback Machine 4517:Jacobs, Jill. " 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4421:Wayback Machine 4414:"Noahide Laws." 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4257: 4253: 4244: 4242: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4225:. 9 April 2019. 4220:Wayback Machine 4211: 4207: 4201:Choshen Mishpat 4196: 4192: 4172: 4168: 4164:. 9 April 2019. 4159:Wayback Machine 4150:Tauber, Yanki. 4149: 4145: 4136:Wayback Machine 4126: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4097: 4093: 4089:. 9 April 2019. 4084:Wayback Machine 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4042:. 8 April 2019. 4037:Wayback Machine 4028: 4024: 4015: 4013: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3975: 3968: 3957: 3950: 3946:. 8 April 2019. 3941:Wayback Machine 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3912:. 8 April 2019. 3907:Wayback Machine 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3727:Modern Orthodox 3699:Eliezer Melamed 3695:Peninei Halakha 3661:Choshen Mishpat 3471:Mishnah Berurah 3232:Choshen Mishpat 3164:Jacob ben Asher 2902:An early work, 2885:and subsequent 2824: 2733:Robinson's Arch 2721: 2715: 2657:Modern Orthodox 2595: 2585: 2580: 2530: 2486:Mordecai Kaplan 2429: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2418:Knesset Menorah 2393: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2382: 2371: 2312: 2235:Rabbinical eras 2230: 2199:lulav and etrog 1891: 1885: 1882:to the present. 1879: 1857: 1755: 1739: 1735: 1709: 1705: 1532: 1524:Main articles: 1522: 1480:Jewish diaspora 1350: 1280:Jewish diaspora 1217: 1183: 1156: 1126: 1122: 1110: 1072: 1070: 1063: 1062: 1008: 1007: 998: 997: 988:Judeo-Christian 951: 950: 948:Other religions 939: 938: 899: 898: 887: 886: 822: 821: 810: 809: 764: 717: 716: 707: 706: 688: 654: 653: 638: 637: 593: 592: 590:Religious roles 581: 580: 543: 539: 469: 468: 457: 456: 418: 394: 393: 378: 377: 343:Mishnah Berurah 323: 322: 311: 310: 285: 238: 231: 230: 219: 218: 172: 171: 160: 159: 91: 84: 83: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9410: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9356: 9349: 9342: 9328: 9325:Law portal 9313: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9161:Trial advocacy 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9008: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8808: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8698: 8693: 8691:Ballot measure 8687: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8668:Legal treatise 8665: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8636: 8634:Letters patent 8631: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8595: 8589: 8587: 8585:Sources of law 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8570:Unenforced law 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8342:Commercial law 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8162: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8139: 8130: 8129: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8046:Shulchan Aruch 8042: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8020:Orthodox Union 8017: 8012: 8007: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7891:Agudat Yisrael 7883: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7860:Chinuch Atzmai 7857: 7855:Torah Umesorah 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7737: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7714: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7687: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7640:non-Christian 7638: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7498: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7339:Shulchan Aruch 7336: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7327:Sefer Yetzirah 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7307:Pardes Rimonim 7304: 7297:Kabbalah texts 7294: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7241: 7235: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7109: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7090:Land of Israel 7087: 7086: 7085: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7003: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6968: 6966:Judeo-Alsatian 6958: 6957: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6818:Judeo-Hamedani 6815: 6810: 6805: 6795: 6793:Judaeo-Occitan 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6734:Jewish English 6731: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6665:Judaeo-Aramaic 6662: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6653:Judeo-Tunisian 6650: 6645: 6643:Judeo-Moroccan 6640: 6639: 6638: 6636:Judeo-Baghdadi 6623: 6618: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6540: 6538: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6492: 6487: 6485:Livornese Jews 6482: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6232:Afrikaner-Jode 6223: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6034: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5941:Yad soledet bo 5937: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5909:Self-sacrifice 5906: 5899: 5894: 5891:Pikuach nefesh 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5807: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5641:Ritual washing 5638: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5564:Kiddush hashem 5560: 5552: 5548:Geneivat da'at 5544: 5540:Chillul hashem 5535: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5477: 5468: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5424: 5414: 5405: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5363:Shulchan Aruch 5360: 5351: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:External links 5328: 5327: 5326: 5321:, ed. (2005). 5319:Neusner, Jacob 5316: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5294: 5288: 5278: 5254:Neusner, Jacob 5251: 5244:Neusner, Jacob 5241: 5234:Neusner, Jacob 5231: 5224:Neusner, Jacob 5221: 5203:Neusner, Jacob 5200: 5193:Neusner, Jacob 5190: 5184: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5142: 5126: 5109: 5092: 5090:978-1422490204 5078: 5064: 5006: 4992: 4975: 4961: 4948: 4934: 4932:978-0199669837 4918: 4890: 4853: 4847: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4822:, mizrachi.org 4805: 4780:Jewish History 4766: 4757: 4731: 4727:New York Times 4715:Goldman, Ari. 4708: 4686: 4663: 4641: 4614: 4583: 4557: 4534: 4510: 4501: 4462: 4448: 4428: 4426:. 3 July 2019. 4406: 4384: 4361: 4336: 4309: 4278: 4251: 4227: 4205: 4190: 4166: 4143: 4117: 4091: 4075:Hecht, Mendy. 4068: 4056: 4044: 4022: 3998: 3966: 3948: 3926: 3914: 3892: 3880:Dictionary.com 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3798: 3795:Judaism portal 3782: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3739:Gavriel Zinner 3730: 3719:Shulchan Aruch 3715:Benzion Algazi 3706: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3664: 3645:Avraham Danzig 3634: 3631:Shulchan Aruch 3623:Shulchan Aruch 3605: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3552: 3522: 3513:Shulchan Aruch 3494: 3479:Shulchan Aruch 3460:Shulchan Aruch 3456: 3453:Hasidic groups 3433:Shulchan Aruch 3417: 3402:Shulchan Aruch 3390:Mordecai Yoffe 3386:Levush Malkhut 3382: 3367:Shulchan Aruch 3332:Shulchan Aruch 3320:Moshe Isserles 3316: 3313:Shulchan Aruch 3309:Sephardic Jews 3297:Shulchan Aruch 3289:Shulchan Aruch 3277:Shulchan Aruch 3252:Shulchan Aruch 3241: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3211: 3201: 3137: 3136: 3113: 3062: 3047: 2994: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2957:Simeon Kayyara 2950: 2921: 2910:Ahai of Shabha 2890: 2867:, composed by 2834:Shulchan Aruch 2823: 2820: 2772:Kavod HaBriyot 2714: 2711: 2641:Shulchan Aruch 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2529: 2526: 2493:Reform Judaism 2395: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2296: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2039: 2038: 2026: 2015: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1994: 1980: 1972:Shulchan Aruch 1963: 1962: 1961: 1950: 1884: 1883: 1867: 1863:Shulchan Aruch 1841: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1797: 1780: 1763: 1756: 170 BCE 1736: 250 BCE 1707: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1536:Tractate Makot 1521: 1518: 1503:rabbinical law 1470:Shulchan Aruch 1349: 1346: 1326:Ashkenazi Jews 1260:Shulchan Aruch 1249:), subsequent 1233:religious laws 1196:transliterated 1112: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1094: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1006:Related topics 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 952: 946: 945: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 900: 896:Major holidays 894: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 852:Birkat Hamazon 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 823: 817: 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 802: 796: 795: 794: 793: 786: 779: 772: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 718: 715:Ritual objects 714: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 699: 694: 687: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 655: 645: 644: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 594: 588: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 562: 561: 560: 559: 554: 549: 536:Rabbinic sages 531: 530: 525: 520: 515: 509: 508: 503: 498: 493: 487: 486: 481: 476: 470: 464: 463: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 449: 444: 442:Chevra kadisha 439: 434: 429: 424: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 395: 385: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 338:Shulchan Aruch 335: 330: 324: 318: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 307: 306: 301: 296: 291: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 257: 256: 255: 254: 249: 244: 232: 226: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 214:Musar movement 211: 210: 209: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 173: 167: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 131: 130: 125: 124: 123: 112: 111: 110: 109: 104: 103: 102: 85: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9409: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9392:Religious law 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9365: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9207:Civil society 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9166:Trier of fact 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9052:Legal opinion 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9032:Court-martial 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9004:Jurisprudence 9001: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8893:Statutory law 8891: 8889: 8888:Socialist law 8886: 8882: 8881:Byzantine law 8879: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8832:Religious law 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8804:Legal systems 8801: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8772:Statutory law 8770: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8602:Statutory law 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8560:Transport law 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8478:Legal fiction 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:Financial law 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367:Corporate law 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8291:Statutory law 8289: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173:Core subjects 8171: 8167: 8160: 8155: 8153: 8148: 8146: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8127: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8077:Torah Judaism 8075: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998:Organizations 7996: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7896:Degel HaTorah 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7789:Orthodox Jews 7787: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7743: 7735: 7730: 7728: 7723: 7721: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7700: 7699: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7624:Protestantism 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312:Sefer HaBahir 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7239:Sifrei Kodesh 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7095:Who is a Jew? 7093: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024:Chosen people 7022: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6981: 6980:Scots-Yiddish 6978: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6953:Klezmer-loshn 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6823:Judeo-Shirazi 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6798:Judeo-Persian 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6788:Judeo-Marathi 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6766:Judeo-Italian 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:Judeo-Amazigh 6619: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:Hadhrami Jews 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6409:Mountain Jews 6407: 6405: 6404:Egyptian Jews 6402: 6400: 6399:Bukharan Jews 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6187:Lists of Jews 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:High Holidays 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986:Related boxes 5984: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5954:Relative hour 5952: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5922:Shomea k'oneh 5919: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704:Agrarian laws 5702: 5696: 5695:Homosexuality 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5609:Ritual purity 5606: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5507: 5502: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5449:Chochmat Adam 5447: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354:Arba'ah Turim 5352: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5341:Mishneh Torah 5339: 5338: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246:(1983–1985). 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236:(1981–1983). 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226:(1979–1980). 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219:1-55635-349-9 5216: 5212: 5208: 5205:(1979–1980). 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195:(1974–1977). 5194: 5191: 5187: 5185:0-88706-459-0 5181: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5158: 5152: 5147: 5146:Gilman, D. C. 5143: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5124:0-8276-0397-5 5121: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5107:0-87334-035-3 5104: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5076:3-7186-0293-8 5073: 5069: 5065: 5063: 5062:965-229-375-X 5059: 5058:965-229-323-7 5055: 5054:965-229-322-9 5051: 5050:0-7657-9969-3 5047: 5046:1-56821-907-5 5043: 5042:1-56821-319-0 5039: 5038:1-56821-167-8 5035: 5034:0-87668-197-6 5031: 5030:0-87668-396-0 5027: 5026:0-87668-678-1 5023: 5022:0-87668-799-0 5019: 5018:0-87668-765-6 5015: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5004:0-88125-750-8 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4973:1-56821-302-6 4970: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4959:1-56821-901-6 4956: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946:965-223-980-1 4943: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4916:0-8276-0537-4 4913: 4909: 4908:0-8276-0389-4 4905: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4893:Menachem Elon 4891: 4889: 4888:1-56871-353-3 4885: 4881: 4880:0-87068-275-X 4877: 4876:0-88125-315-4 4873: 4872:0-88125-474-6 4869: 4868:0-87068-450-7 4865: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4848:9780300254907 4844: 4840: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4761: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4705: 4704:Masorti Olami 4702: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4632:on 2023-04-17 4631: 4627: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4571:(in Hebrew). 4570: 4569: 4561: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4451: 4449:9780205018253 4445: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4410: 4394: 4388: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4346: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4297: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4186: 4183:(in Hebrew). 4182: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3971: 3963:(2 ed.). 3962: 3955: 3953: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3827:Jewish ethics 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3817:Antinomianism 3815: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3785: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3734:Nitei Gavriel 3731: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3684:Torah portion 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641:Chochmat Adam 3638: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3559:Yitzhak Yosef 3556: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3531:and parts of 3530: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:Darkhei Moshe 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3351:Yaakov Moelin 3348: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3305:the Mordechai 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3238:of civil law. 3237: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168:Toledo, Spain 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156:Arba'ah Turim 3153: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3146:Arba'ah Turim 3141: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3104:, as well as 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092:("SeMaK") by 3091: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:Yemenite Jews 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998:Mishneh Torah 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978:Hilchot HaRif 2975: 2971:communities.) 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2893:Codifications 2891: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2699:in German or 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2636:Mishneh Torah 2633: 2632:Second Temple 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562:, which is a 2561: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2389: 2380: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2339:Rabbi Ishmael 2336: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174:. (Sometimes 2173: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967:Mishneh Torah 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1852: 1851:late medieval 1848: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1819:Theodosius II 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1773:Eretz Yisrael 1770: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1740: 625 CE 1730: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610:Written Torah 1607: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1464:Mishneh Torah 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:Sephardi Jews 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1255:rabbinic laws 1252: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1150: 1120: 1119: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1002: 1001: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 949: 943: 942: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 904:Rosh Hashanah 902: 901: 897: 891: 890: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 820: 814: 813: 806: 803: 801: 798: 797: 792: 791: 787: 785: 784: 780: 778: 777: 773: 771: 770: 766: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 711: 710: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 648: 642: 641: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 591: 585: 584: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 542: 538: 537: 533: 532: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 467: 461: 460: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 392: 388: 382: 381: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 328:Mishneh Torah 326: 325: 321: 315: 314: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 237: 234: 233: 229: 223: 222: 215: 212: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 170: 164: 163: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 118: 117: 114: 113: 108: 105: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 92: 90: 87: 86: 82: 76: 75: 71: 65: 59: 55: 54: 51: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 9364: 9351: 9344: 9330: 9316: 9089:Jurisdiction 9057:Legal remedy 9012:Adjudication 8912:Legal theory 8858: 8750:Ratification 8745:Promulgation 8716:Proclamation 8696:Codification 8629:Human rights 8617:Divine right 8607:Constitution 8575:Women in law 8493:Military law 8488:Marriage law 8483:Maritime law 8382:Election law 8322:Aviation law 8312:Abortion law 8264:Property law 8200:Criminal law 8122: 8097:Torah Umadda 8070:Philosophies 8055: 8030:Young Israel 7745: 7689: 7682: 7668: 7591: 7584: 7572: 7555: 7538: 7372:perspectives 7206:Samaritanism 7167:Neo-Hasidism 7147:Conservative 7067: 7061:Names of God 6970: 6951: 6761:Judaeo-Greek 6756:Judeo-Gascon 6695:Lishán Didán 6690:Lishana Deni 6658:Judeo-Yemeni 6626:Judeo-Arabic 6500:Meshuchrarim 6419:Persian Jews 6352:Kurdish Jews 6330:Kaifeng Jews 6279:Beta Abraham 6242:Galitzianers 6197:Antisemitism 6172:Israeli Jews 6157:Assimilation 6016: 6009: 6002: 5974: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5920: 5913: 5903:Sfeka d'yoma 5901: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5863:Ikar v'tafel 5861: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5733:Second tithe 5720: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5633: 5626: 5596: 5587:Noahide laws 5579: 5571: 5563: 5556:Gezel sheina 5555: 5547: 5539: 5520: 5519: 5479: 5471:Yalkut Yosef 5470: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5426: 5416: 5408:Ben Ish Chai 5407: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5373:(incomplete) 5362: 5353: 5340: 5322: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5257: 5247: 5237: 5227: 5206: 5196: 5174: 5155: 5135: 5116:Halakhic Man 5115: 5098: 5081: 5067: 5009: 4995: 4988:the original 4983: 4964: 4951:Moshe Koppel 4937: 4936:Jacob Katz, 4922: 4900: 4896: 4859: 4837: 4829:Bibliography 4808: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4760: 4752: 4726: 4711: 4703: 4689: 4681: 4666: 4658: 4644: 4634:, retrieved 4630:the original 4624: 4617: 4603:(2): 43–64. 4600: 4596: 4586: 4572: 4568:Iggrot Moshe 4567: 4560: 4552: 4541:Sokol, Sam. 4537: 4529: 4513: 4504: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4453:. Retrieved 4438: 4431: 4423: 4409: 4397:. Retrieved 4395:. Oradam.org 4387: 4375:. Retrieved 4364: 4356: 4349:. Retrieved 4339: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4300:. Retrieved 4295: 4289: 4281: 4269:. Retrieved 4264: 4254: 4243:. Retrieved 4239: 4230: 4222: 4208: 4193: 4184: 4178: 4169: 4161: 4146: 4138: 4108:. Retrieved 4104: 4094: 4086: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4039: 4025: 4014:. Retrieved 4010: 4001: 3989:. Retrieved 3984: 3979: 3960: 3943: 3929: 3917: 3909: 3895: 3883:. Retrieved 3879: 3870: 3837:Mishpat Ivri 3757: 3747: 3742: 3733: 3725:in numerous 3718: 3709: 3679: 3668:Ben Ish Chai 3660: 3657:Even Ha'ezer 3656: 3652: 3648: 3630: 3622: 3608: 3601: 3590: 3577:authorities. 3569:(1920–2013). 3567:Ovadia Yosef 3562: 3555:Yalkut Yosef 3529:Orach Chayim 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3482: 3478: 3459: 3443: 3432: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3359:Israel Bruna 3331: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3244: 3236:adjudication 3214:Even Ha'ezer 3194:Orach Chayim 3187: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3166:(1270–1343, 3159: 3144: 3132: 3128: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3065: 3050: 3049:The work of 3041: 3025: 3018:Aristotelian 3005: 2989: 2982:Isaac Alfasi 2952: 2946: 2928: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2876: 2869:Judah haNasi 2854: 2838:Even Ha'ezer 2833: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2737:Western Wall 2729:Conservative 2706: 2700: 2696: 2684: 2683:is to apply 2663: 2661: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2610: 2608: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2491: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2435: 2430: 2407: 2397: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2331: 2324: 2317: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2136: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2018: 2009: 2003:commandments 1996: 1992:commandments 1985: 1970: 1958: 1952: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1911: 1903:Yitzhak Baer 1894: 1892: 1870: 1861: 1844: 1827: 1800: 1783: 1766: 1746: 1695: 1684: 1678: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638:Hebrew Bible 1635: 1631: 1614:Hebrew Bible 1599:Law of Moses 1571: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1512: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1400: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1330:Mizrahi Jews 1321: 1317: 1310:Hebrew Bible 1305: 1295: 1283: 1277: 1272: 1264: 1258: 1244: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1038:Anti-Judaism 1033:Antisemitism 978:Samaritanism 956:Christianity 857:Shehecheyanu 788: 781: 774: 767: 762:Four species 669:Pidyon haben 623:Rosh yeshiva 534: 427:Beth midrash 373:Noahide laws 319: 116:Conservative 9382:Legal codes 9261:Legislature 9192:Bureaucracy 8989:Rule of man 8984:Rule of law 8959:Libertarian 8822:Chinese law 8723:Legislation 8673:Regulations 8661:Law reports 8639:Natural law 8535:Reparations 8530:Refugee law 8453:Jurimetrics 8394:(Media law) 8332:Banking law 8327:Amnesty law 8305:Disciplines 8242:Private law 7845:Bais Yaakov 7815:Torah study 7614:Catholicism 7196:Hellenistic 7034:Eschatology 6972:Lachoudisch 6897:Lotegorisch 6875:Lachoudisch 6865:Koiné Greek 6778:Judeo-Latin 6715:Palestinian 6609:Palestinian 6458:Mustaʿravim 6384:Afghan Jews 6372:Berber Jews 6296:Bene Israel 6284:Falash Mura 6274:Beta Israel 6192:Persecution 6134:Middle Ages 5728:First tithe 5622:Handwashing 5598:Yetzer hara 5580:Lifnei iver 5572:Lashon hara 5440:Chayei Adam 5417:Kaf HaChaim 4882:; Feldheim 4743:"Mamzerut." 4325:: 239–264. 4175:Baer, I. F. 4129:"D'Oraita." 3842:Se'if katan 3762:Isaac Klein 3672:Yosef Chaim 3653:Yoreh De'ah 3649:Orach Chaim 3637:Chayei Adam 3557:, by Rabbi 3549:Isaac Luria 3533:Yoreh De'ah 3525:Kaf HaChaim 3269:authorities 3204:Yoreh De'ah 3178:, with the 3162:) by Rabbi 3022:Saadia Gaon 3010:Metaphysics 2947:Hilkhot Riu 2731:service at 2697:Klausenberg 2624:Mount Sinai 2552:electricity 2528:Flexibility 2520:called the 2465:holds that 2449:Mount Sinai 2434:holds that 2369:Views today 2359:kal vahomer 2335:Rabbi Akiva 2164:(plural of 2100:. Notably, 1880: 1500 1858: 1038 1840:; 650–1038. 1583:Sefer Torah 1314:Israeli law 722:Sefer Torah 684:Bereavement 664:Zeved habat 447:Holy Temple 387:Holy cities 121:Conservadox 9371:Categories 9254:Law school 9134:Prosecutor 9072:Magistrate 8859:Jewish law 8817:Common law 8738:Rulemaking 8733:Regulation 8683:Law making 8622:Divine law 8598:Legal code 8545:Sports law 8468:Law of war 8418:Health law 8403:Family law 8387:Energy law 8337:Bankruptcy 8274:Punishment 8269:Public law 7932:Rabbinates 7609:Anabaptism 7551:Jew (word) 7418:Leadership 7231:Literature 7216:Secularism 7162:Humanistic 7029:Conversion 6999:Philosophy 6840:Judeo-Urdu 6604:Babylonian 6449:Saada Jews 6434:Adeni Jews 6227:Ashkenazim 6182:Samaritans 6149:Population 6104:Israelites 5963:Punishment 5870:Marit ayin 5738:Poor tithe 5310:. Part B. 5300:. Part A. 5284:. Part B. 5266:9004116176 4636:2023-05-09 4476:AJS Review 4455:10 October 4399:10 October 4377:30 January 4351:10 October 4302:10 October 4271:10 October 4245:2019-09-25 4203:Chapter 25 4162:Chabad.org 4087:Chabad.org 4052:Glenn 2014 4016:2020-10-23 3991:10 October 3922:Adler 2022 3885:10 October 3863:References 3809:Law portal 3705:community. 3451:and other 3398:Beit Yosef 3379:Beit Yosef 3281:Beit Yosef 3261:Beit Yosef 3257:Yosef Karo 3246:Beit Yosef 3002:Maimonides 2965:Monographs 2777:homosexual 2701:קלויזנבורג 2587:See also: 2440:divine law 2425:See also: 2160:Note that 1913:Bava Kamma 1887:See also: 1821:; 500–650. 1796:; 200–500. 1777:Oral Torah 1738: – c. 1621:Oral Torah 1473:. Because 1459:Oral Torah 1418:exegetical 1241:Oral Torah 1219:Ashkenazic 909:Yom Kippur 452:Tabernacle 197:Chosenness 169:Philosophy 150:Humanistic 9232:Judiciary 9227:Executive 9202:The bench 9139:Solicitor 9114:Barrister 8994:Sociology 8979:Pseudolaw 8919:Anarchist 8876:Roman law 8864:Parsi law 8849:Hindu law 8837:Canon law 8812:Civil law 8765:Concordat 8656:Precedent 8565:Trust law 8540:Space law 8377:Drugs law 8247:Procedure 8185:Civil law 8107:Anarchism 7808:Education 7671:indicate 7619:Mormonism 7604:Christian 7484:Symbolism 7472:Synagogue 7452:Mythology 7413:Education 7384:Astronomy 7367:Astrology 7184:relations 6989:Zarphatic 6937:Galitzish 6739:Yeshivish 6616:Catalanic 6579:Samaritan 6554:Ashkenazi 6535:Diasporic 6530:Languages 6475:Sephardim 6470:Romaniote 6357:Krymchaks 6291:Desi Jews 6167:Buddhists 5928:Testimony 5851:derabanan 5847:De'oraita 5772:Sicaricon 5680:Sexuality 5274:. Part A. 5095:Joel Roth 4800:225559599 4496:161130964 3876:"Halacha" 3737:by Rabbi 3713:by Rabbi 3697:by Rabbi 3613:of Rabbi 3602:conversos 3581:Teshuvot. 3545:Jerusalem 3499:by Rabbi 3487:Acharonic 3473:of Rabbi 3464:Acharonic 3425:of Rabbi 3344:Ashkenazi 3336:Sephardic 3322:("Rema"; 3255:of Rabbi 3210:impurity. 3208:menstrual 3198:synagogue 3149:from 1435 3121:Nuremberg 3119:(d. 3112:material. 3059:Tosafists 3032:– mainly 3028:for many 2969:Ashkenazi 2918:She'iltot 2905:She'iltot 2873:dialectic 2605:, Israel. 2503:heretical 2280:Acharonim 2214:Ahasuerus 2145:. Within 2044:Sanhedrin 1899:Maccabees 1872:Acharonim 1838:Pumbedita 1807:reasoners 1790:Babylonia 1666:mishpatim 1511:rabbinic 1363:The word 1342:Ethiopian 1292:religious 1185:Sephardic 1173:romanized 1028:Criticism 993:Pluralism 971:Mormonism 877:Kol Nidre 651:education 576:Acharonim 422:Synagogue 399:Jerusalem 81:Movements 9339:Category 9281:Tribunal 9266:Military 9109:Attorney 9079:Judgment 8939:Feminist 8854:Jain law 8651:Case law 8372:Cyberlaw 8279:Corporal 8257:Criminal 8227:Evidence 8217:Doctrine 8195:Contract 8125:Category 8082:Hasidism 8061:Responsa 8015:Mizrachi 7939:Rabbanut 7923:Sikrikim 7874:Politics 7830:Chavurah 7825:Chavrusa 7756:Branches 7684:Category 7654:Hinduism 7644:Buddhism 7546:Genetics 7462:Politics 7435:Marriage 7394:Holidays 7389:Calendar 7270:Rabbinic 7246:/Hebrew 7191:Haymanot 7118:Orthodox 7105:Branches 7078:Kabbalah 7073:Haskalah 7051:Holiness 6927:dialects 6907:Shassagh 6870:Krymchak 6850:Kayliñña 6744:Yinglish 6720:Galilean 6710:Talmudic 6705:Biblical 6680:Betanure 6599:Biblical 6594:Mishnaic 6589:Medieval 6574:Tiberian 6569:Yemenite 6559:Sephardi 6495:Paradesi 6439:Ḥabbanim 6429:Teimanim 6394:Baghdadi 6367:Maghrebi 6335:Karaites 6313:Gruzínim 6301:Kochinim 6219:Diaspora 6177:Karaites 6162:Atheists 6099:Timeline 5998:Passover 5815:beshogeg 5811:Bemeizid 5786:Kil'ayim 5765:Bikkurim 5674:Mechitza 5306:Vol. 5: 5296:Vol. 4: 5290:Vol. 3: 5280:Vol. 2: 5270:Vol. 1: 5256:(2000). 4998:, Ktav. 4899:(trans. 4816:Archived 4746:Archived 4720:Archived 4697:Archived 4675:Archived 4652:Archived 4609:23257361 4546:Archived 4522:Archived 4417:Archived 4331:23506588 4216:Archived 4155:Archived 4132:Archived 4080:Archived 4033:Archived 3980:Halakhah 3937:Archived 3903:Archived 3852:Theonomy 3781:See also 3750:branches 3743:halachah 3723:Mizrachi 3511:and the 3491:Orthodox 3442:decided 3414:Halakhot 3377:and the 3363:ha-Mapah 3249:and the 3218:marriage 3176:Rishonim 3082:and the 3053:, Rabbi 3051:the Rosh 3038:Dor Daim 2961:Responsa 2927:proper, 2816:mamzerut 2761:takkanah 2672:responsa 2653:minhagim 2638:and the 2615:revealed 2564:responsa 2543:communal 2514:gentiles 2409:Halakhah 2357:(e. g., 2275:Rishonim 2263:Savoraim 2218:Takkanah 2184:takkanot 2180:gezeirot 2176:takkanah 2167:takkanah 2162:takkanot 2112:Orthodox 2054:Oral law 2023:responsa 1998:Takkanah 1987:Gezeirah 1969:and the 1939:and the 1853:period ( 1846:Rishonim 1811:Sassanid 1802:Savoraim 1567:Messiah. 1513:responsa 1453:and the 1385:Akkadian 1338:Yemenite 1297:Haskalah 1251:Talmudic 1207:halakhah 1194:), also 1058:Muhammad 961:Hinduism 934:Hanukkah 872:Tachanun 867:Havdalah 732:Tefillin 679:Marriage 571:Rishonim 557:Savoraim 414:Tiberias 363:Tzedakah 283:Rabbinic 182:Kabbalah 155:Haymanot 89:Orthodox 42:a series 40:Part of 9353:Outline 9290:History 9197:The bar 9171:Verdict 9119:Counsel 9099:Justice 8954:History 8777:Statute 8593:Charter 8555:Tax law 8503:Probate 8056:Halakha 7840:Mesivta 7835:Yeshiva 7768:Hasidic 7669:Italics 7494:Studies 7440:Divorce 7406:Kashrut 7401:Cuisine 7359:Culture 7290:Midrash 7285:Tosefta 7275:Mishnah 7263:Ketuvim 7258:Nevi'im 7221:Schisms 7211:Science 7201:Karaite 7172:Renewal 7133:Litvaks 7128:Hasidic 7083:Sefirot 7068:Halakha 7039:Messiah 7012:Mitzvah 7007:Beliefs 6961:Western 6947:Poylish 6942:Litvish 6932:Eastern 6922:Yiddish 6917:Shuadit 6902:Qwareña 6890:Tetuani 6885:Haketia 6860:Knaanic 6855:Kivruli 6803:Bukhori 6749:Heblish 6685:Hulaulá 6675:Barzani 6631:Yahudic 6564:Mizrahi 6424:Urfalim 6379:Mizrahi 6323:Neofiti 6318:Italkim 6247:Lita'im 6139:Zionism 6091:History 6065:Judaism 6018:Kashrut 6004:Shabbat 5722:Terumah 5651:Modesty 5521:Halakha 5466:English 5435:English 5403:English 5371:English 5349:English 5211:Reprint 5140:. 1920. 4290:Aggadah 4110:3 March 3768:of the 3748:Hasidic 3676:Baghdad 3619:Hungary 3591:halakha 3563:halakha 3541:Baghdad 3505:halakha 3483:halakha 3444:halakha 3394:halakha 3347:customs 3340:glosses 3301:rulings 3293:halakha 3275:). The 3222:divorce 3180:Hilchot 3172:halakha 3133:the Rif 3129:Hilchot 3125:Italian 3110:ethical 3106:aggadic 3102:halakha 3084:Tosafot 3026:halakha 3006:halakha 2993:Talmud. 2990:Hilchot 2986:aggadic 2914:mitzvot 2895:by the 2865:Mishnah 2842:Ketubot 2831:Page of 2749:halakha 2685:halakha 2681:decisor 2664:halakha 2611:halakha 2603:Rehovot 2572:halakha 2568:halakha 2560:teshuva 2534:halakha 2518:halakha 2498:halakha 2471:halakha 2467:halakha 2438:is the 2436:halakha 2404:Solomon 2399:Aggadah 2258:Amoraim 2253:Tannaim 2205:melakha 2172:mitzvot 2128:halakha 2124:Judaism 2120:halakha 2108:halakha 2098:halakha 2091:halakha 2079:halakha 2065:halakha 2058:halakha 2050:halakha 2035:halakha 1979:below); 1959:halakha 1929:halakha 1925:halakha 1895:halakha 1785:Amoraim 1768:Tannaim 1725:Tosefta 1674:Shabbat 1661:shatnez 1645:require 1591:Cologne 1565:by the 1552:mitzvot 1548:mitzvot 1544:mitzvot 1540:mitzvot 1538:), 613 1491:halakha 1484:halakha 1475:halakha 1451:Mishnah 1442:mitzvot 1436:Halakha 1426:Halakha 1422:halakha 1413:aggadah 1408:Halakha 1401:*halak- 1381:halakha 1377:halakha 1365:halakha 1322:halakha 1318:halakha 1306:halakha 1284:halakha 1273:Halakha 1265:Halakha 1246:mitzvot 1237:Written 1213:halocho 1201:halacha 1175:: 1168:הֲלָכָה 1118:Halakha 1018:Zionism 924:Shavuot 842:Kaddish 819:Prayers 752:Menorah 747:Mezuzah 737:Tzitzit 692:Yeshiva 647:Culture 552:Amoraim 547:Tannaim 518:Rebecca 506:Solomon 474:Abraham 353:Kashrut 304:Tosefta 299:Midrash 289:Mishnah 271:Piyutim 252:Ketuvim 247:Nevi'im 187:Messiah 145:Renewal 135:Karaite 100:Hasidic 50:Judaism 18:Halakic 9271:Police 9242:Agency 9124:Lawyer 8869:Sharia 8760:Treaty 8755:Repeal 8701:Decree 8612:Custom 8508:Estate 8458:Labour 8222:Equity 8010:Dirshu 7850:Kollel 7794:Rabbis 7782:People 7773:Modern 7763:Haredi 7477:Hazzan 7467:Prayer 7344:Siddur 7280:Talmud 7244:Tanakh 7179:Neolog 7152:Reform 7140:Modern 7123:Haredi 7046:Ethics 6912:Shassi 6880:Ladino 6845:Karaim 6828:Juhuri 6670:Targum 6584:Signed 6549:Modern 6544:Hebrew 6512:Xuetes 6308:Dönmeh 6267:Yekkes 6011:Sukkot 5976:Kareth 5948:Zmanim 5915:Shinuy 5833:Chumra 5819:beones 5817:, and 5804:Aveira 5779:Hallah 5716:Tithes 5667:Yichud 5660:Negiah 5635:Niddah 5628:Mikveh 5531:Ethics 5484:Hebrew 5475:Hebrew 5462:Hebrew 5453:Hebrew 5444:Hebrew 5431:Hebrew 5421:Hebrew 5412:Hebrew 5399:Hebrew 5390:Hebrew 5381:Hebrew 5367:Hebrew 5358:Hebrew 5345:Hebrew 5264: 5217: 5182: 5122: 5105: 5088: 5074: 5016: 5002: 4971: 4957: 4944: 4930: 4914: 4906: 4886: 4866: 4845: 4798: 4607: 4494: 4446: 4329: 4139:The JC 4105:chabad 3847:Sharia 3587:Layman 3436:, and 3406:Mappah 3357:, and 3328:Poland 3324:Kraków 3287:. The 3226:family 3034:Baladi 2943:Hebrew 2897:Geonim 2878:gemara 2811:mamzer 2801:mamzer 2793:rabbis 2789:minyan 2766:mamzer 2649:Haredi 2591:, and 2455:. See 2451:, see 2363:middot 2355:middot 2270:Geonim 2243:Chazal 2210:Esther 2193:shofar 2149:, the 2116:poskim 2103:poskim 2052:; see 2011:Minhag 1954:Gemara 1937:Mishna 1829:Geonim 1817:under 1794:Gemara 1731:eras ( 1729:Talmud 1721:Mishna 1713:Chazal 1670:eduyot 1656:chukim 1649:forbid 1528:, and 1507:Talmud 1495:sharia 1457:(the " 1455:Talmud 1395:halakh 1373:halakh 1369:Hebrew 1300:) and 1230:Jewish 1210:, and 1179:hălāḵā 1164:Hebrew 1023:Israel 919:Pesach 914:Sukkot 862:Hallel 847:Minyan 837:Aleinu 832:Amidah 805:Gartel 800:Kittel 783:Hadass 757:Shofar 742:Kippah 727:Tallit 702:Cheder 697:Kollel 613:Hazzan 566:Geonim 541:Chazal 523:Rachel 437:Sukkah 432:Mikveh 409:Hebron 391:places 368:Niddah 358:Tzniut 294:Talmud 266:Siddur 261:Ḥumash 236:Tanakh 192:Ethics 128:Reform 107:Modern 95:Haredi 67: 61: 9346:Index 9212:Court 9156:Trial 9062:Judge 8903:Yassa 8706:Edict 8252:Civil 8205:Crime 7820:Shiur 7649:Islam 7457:Names 7447:Music 7428:Rebbe 7423:Rabbi 7377:Monen 7332:Zohar 7253:Torah 7248:Bible 6362:Lemba 6237:Chuts 5877:Neder 5758:Orlah 5751:Demai 4796:S2CID 4605:JSTOR 4492:S2CID 4327:JSTOR 3098:SeMaG 3080:Rashi 3076:Coucy 2925:codex 2887:codes 2807:sotah 2781:Bible 2626:(see 2620:Moses 2556:posek 2445:Moses 2414:Aaron 2320:tanna 2248:Zugot 2132:below 2087:posek 2071:posek 1918:torts 1908:Solon 1748:Zugot 1430:Torah 1371:root 1288:civil 1053:Jesus 1048:Music 966:Islam 929:Purim 827:Shema 790:Arava 776:Lulav 769:Etrog 633:Kohen 628:Mohel 618:Dayan 608:Posek 603:Rebbe 598:Rabbi 513:Sarah 501:David 496:Aaron 491:Moses 484:Jacob 479:Isaac 404:Safed 276:Zohar 242:Torah 228:Texts 207:Names 9094:Jury 9042:Fiqh 8898:Xeer 8296:Tort 8212:Deed 8039:Laws 7881:Shas 6063:and 6061:Jews 5849:and 5262:ISBN 5215:ISBN 5180:ISBN 5120:ISBN 5103:ISBN 5086:ISBN 5072:ISBN 5014:ISBN 5000:ISBN 4969:ISBN 4955:ISBN 4942:ISBN 4928:ISBN 4912:ISBN 4904:ISBN 4884:ISBN 4864:ISBN 4843:ISBN 4457:2018 4444:ISBN 4401:2018 4379:2020 4353:2018 4304:2018 4273:2018 4198:Rema 4180:Zion 4112:2021 3993:2018 3887:2018 3666:The 3659:and 3639:and 3607:The 3543:and 3469:The 3419:The 3384:The 3243:The 3228:law. 3188:Tur' 3154:The 3108:and 3064:The 3036:and 3012:and 2996:The 2976:The 2963:and 2863:The 2693:Cluj 2337:and 2017:The 1869:The 1843:The 1836:and 1834:Sura 1826:The 1799:The 1782:The 1765:The 1745:The 1727:and 1717:lit. 1689:lit. 1619:The 1608:The 1597:The 1499:fiqh 1493:and 1467:and 1440:613 1389:ilku 1290:and 1269:root 1253:and 1239:and 1159:-khə 1155:hah- 1013:Jews 659:Brit 649:and 528:Leah 8166:Law 7056:God 4788:doi 4528:." 4484:doi 3670:by 3643:by 3527:on 3509:Tur 3375:Tur 3285:Tur 3265:Tur 3184:Tur 3160:Tur 3131:of 3000:by 2945:as 2622:on 2447:on 2329:). 2182:or 2134:). 2083:vow 1742:). 1585:at 1198:as 1157:LAW 333:Tur 320:Law 202:God 9373:: 8600:/ 5813:, 5482:: 5473:: 5464:; 5460:: 5451:: 5442:: 5433:; 5429:: 5419:: 5410:: 5401:; 5397:: 5388:: 5379:: 5369:; 5365:: 5356:: 5347:; 5343:: 5154:. 5134:. 5114:, 5097:, 5060:, 5056:, 5052:, 5048:, 5044:, 5040:, 5036:, 5032:, 5028:, 5024:, 5020:, 4895:, 4878:, 4874:, 4870:, 4858:, 4794:. 4784:33 4782:. 4778:. 4734:^ 4601:14 4599:. 4595:. 4490:. 4480:26 4478:. 4355:. 4323:22 4321:. 4294:. 4263:. 4238:. 4185:17 4120:^ 4103:. 4009:. 3983:. 3969:^ 3951:^ 3878:. 3593:: 3353:, 3326:, 3220:, 2949:.) 2859:. 2836:; 2818:. 2795:. 2735:, 2644:. 2477:. 2459:. 2224:. 2157:. 1877:c. 1855:c. 1805:(" 1753:c. 1733:c. 1723:, 1687:, 1516:. 1486:. 1340:, 1336:, 1332:, 1328:, 1282:, 1263:. 1204:, 1182:, 1170:, 1166:: 1162:; 1140:ɔː 1131:ɑː 44:on 8158:e 8151:t 8144:v 7733:e 7726:t 7719:v 6537:) 6533:( 6053:e 6046:t 6039:v 5512:e 5505:t 5498:v 5188:. 4851:. 4790:: 4611:. 4498:. 4486:: 4459:. 4403:. 4381:. 4333:. 4306:. 4292:" 4275:. 4248:. 4114:. 4066:. 4019:. 3995:. 3924:. 3889:. 3674:( 3633:. 3617:( 3539:( 3521:. 3381:. 3046:. 2889:. 2695:( 2307:e 2300:t 2293:v 2021:( 1866:. 1715:( 1616:. 1221:: 1216:( 1187:: 1149:/ 1146:ə 1143:x 1137:l 1134:ˈ 1128:h 1125:/ 1121:( 1105:e 1098:t 1091:v 389:/ 34:. 20:)

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