614: Einn fiskr er enn útaldr, er mér vex heldr í augu frá at segja fyrir vaxtar hans sakir, þviat þat mun flestum mǫnnum útrúligt þykkja; þar kunnu ok fæstir frá hánum nǫkkut at segja gǫrla. þviat hann er flestum sjaldsénn, þviat hann er sjaldan við land eða í ván við veiðarmenn, ok ætla ek ekki þesskyns fisk margan i hǫfum; vér kǫllum hann optast á vára tungu hafgufu. Eigi kann ek skilvísliga fráa lengð hans at secja með álna tali, þviat þeim sinnum er hann hefir birzk fyrir mǫnnum, þá hefir hann landi sýnzk likari en fiski; hvárk spyr ek, at hann hafi veiddr verit né dauðr fundinn; ok þat þykki mér likt, at þeir sé eigi fleiri en tveir í hǫfum, ok ǫngvan ætla ek þá auka geta sín ámilli, þiat ek ætla þá hina sǫmu jafnan vera, of eigo mundi ǫðrum fiskum hlýða, at þeir væri svá margir sem aðrir hvalir fyrir mikilleika sakir þeirra, ok svá mikillar atvinnu er þeir þurfu. En sú er náttúra sǫgð þeirra fiska, at þegar er hann skal eta, þá gefr hann ropa mikinn upp or hálsi sér, ok fylgir þeim ropa mikil áta, svá at allskyns fiskar, þeir er í nánd verða staddir, þá samnask til, bæði smáir ok stórir, ok hyggjask sér skulu þar matar afla ok góðrar atvinnu; en þessi hinn mikli fiskr lætr standa munn sinn opinn meðan, ok er þat hlið eigi minna en sund mikit eða fjǫrðr, ok kunni fiskar eigi at varask þat at renna þar í með fjǫlda sinum. En þegar er kviðr hans er fullr ok munnr, þá lýkr hann saman munn sinn, ok hefir þá all veidda ok inni byrgða, er áðr girntusk þangat at leita sér til matfanga
676: Vignir sagði: «..ú mun ek segja þér, at þetta eru sjáskrímsl tvau, heitir annat hafgufa, en annat lyngbakr; er hann mestr allra hvala í heiminum, en hafgufa er mest skrímsl skapat í sjánum; er þat hennar náttúra, at hon gleypir bæði menn ok skip ok hvali ok allt þat hon náir; hon er í kafi, svá at dægrum skiptir, ok þá hon skýtr upp hǫfði sínu ok nǫsum, þá er þat aldri skemmr en sjávarfall, at hon er uppi. Nú var þat leiðarsundit, er vér fórum á millum kjapta hennar, en nasir hennar ok inn neðri kjaptrinn váru klettar þeir, er yðr sýndiz í hafinu, en lyngbakr var ey sjá, er niðr sǫkk. En Ǫgmundr flóki hefir sent þessi kvikvendi í móti þér með fjǫlkynngi sinni til þess at bana þér ok ǫllum mǫnnum þínum; hugði hann, at svá skyldi hafa farit fleiri sem þeir, at nú druknuðu, en hann ætlaði, at hafgufan skyldi hafa gleypt oss alla. Nú siglda ek því í gin hennar, at ek vissa, at hún var nýkomin upp.
632:
all kinds of fish that are near to hand will come to present location, then will gather together, both small and large, believing they shall obtain there food and good eating; but this great fish lets its mouth stand open the while, and the gap is no less wide than that of a great sound or fjord, And nor may the fish avoid running together there in their great numbers. But as soon as its stomach and mouth is full, then it locks together its jaws and has the fish all caught and enclosed, that before greedily came there looking for food
627:. Nor can I conclusively speak about its length in ells, because the times he has shown before men, he has appeared more like land than like a fish. Neither have I heard that one had been caught or found dead; and it seems to me as though there must be no more than two in the oceans, and I deem that each is unable to reproduce itself, for I believe that they are always the same ones. Then too, neither would it do for other fish if the
623: There is a fish that is still unmentioned, which it is scarcely advisable to speak about on account of its size, because it will seem to most people incredible. There are only a very few who can speak upon it clearly, because it is seldom near land nor appears where it may be seen by fishermen, and I suppose there are not many of this sort of fish in the sea. Most often in our tongue we call it
355:
697:
is the largest monster in the sea. It is the nature of this creature to swallow men and ships, and even whales and everything else within reach. It stays submerged for days, then rears its head and nostrils above surface and stays that way at least until the change of tide. Now, that sound we just
631:
were of such a number as other whales, on account of their vastness, and how much subsistence that they need. It is said to be the nature of these fish that when one shall desire to eat, then it stretches up its neck with a great belching, and following this belching comes forth much food, so that
533:
In 2023, scientists reported observed behaviour of whales resembling that of the
Hafgufa of legends, by staying stationary on the sea surface with their jaws open and waiting for fish to swim into mouths. The whale may also use chewed up fish to attract more fish. The scientists noted that the
1460:
Aspedo, som hvalen kaldes i «Physiologus», er en forkortelse af aspidochelone, som betyder havskildpadde, og dyret opfattes som en hval. Det er da sandsynligt, at det er den varme zones store flydende havskildpadder, som i middelalderen hos de nordlige folk er blevet forstørret til øer.
1461:«Physiologus», is an abbreviation of aspidochelone, which means sea turtle, and the animal is perceived as a whale. It is then probable that it is the large floating sea turtles of the warm zone which in the Middle Ages among the northern peoples have been magnified into islands.]
702:
was the island we saw sinking down. However, Ogmund
Tussock has sent these creatures to you by means of his magic to cause the death of you and all your men. He thought more men would have gone the same way as those that had already drowned , and he expected that the
247:
work written in the mid-13th century, the King told his son of several whales that inhabit the
Icelandic seas, concluding with a description of a large whale that he himself feared, but he doubted anyone would believe him about without seeing it. He described the
789:
850:, vapor marinus, quibusdam Lyngbak, quod ejus dorsum Ericeto sit simile. Extat historia de Episcop quodam Brandano, qui in hujus belluae dorso tabernam fixit, missam celbravit, & non multo post hanc ut purabant , insulam submersam esse.
1686:: "So er lesit j sögu hins H. Brandanij biskups, at j ysta vthafi, þá skylldi hann messu sungit hafa á eylandi nockru lijnguöxnu, sem sijdan sockit hafdi, og menn nú nefna lijngbak edur hafgufu, sem endist med heiminum en fiölgar alldri"
1547:
Er hvalr í sæ , er heitir aspedo , ok er of bak sem skógr sé . En í miðju hafi skýtt þat upp baki sínu, en skipverjar ætla ey vera festa skip sitt við þar, ok kynda elda síðan. En aspedo kennir hita, ok drekkir sér í sjó ǫllum
326:("mouth and nostrils") above water for a duration until the tide changed, and that it was the nostril and lower jaw which they had sailed in-between, although they mistook these for two massive rocks rising from the sea.
1581:
Er hvalr í sæ, er heitir aspedo.. /There is a whale in the ocean, who is called ' aspedo ' and its back is like a forest. And in the middle of the ocean it lifts up its back so that the sailors think it's an
534:
earliest description of
Hafgufa described it as a type of whale, and proposed that this behaviour of whale as the origin of the Hafgufa myth which became more fantastic in later centuries.
796:
267:, which would expel so much food that it would attract all the nearby fish. Once a large number had crowded into its mouth and belly, it would close its mouth and devour them all at once.
985:
322:) of all, which fed on whales, ships, men, and anything it could catch, according to the deck officer Vignir Oddsson who knew the lore. He said it lived underwater, but reared its
414:
observed that these were represented as two distinct illustrations in the
Icelandic copy; he further theorized that this led to the mistaken notion of separate creatures called
256:
was rarely seen, but always seen in the same two places. He concluded there must be only two of them and that they must be infertile, otherwise the seas would be full of them.
148:, the hafgufa is reputed to consume even whales or ships and men, though Oddr's ship merely sailed through its jaws above water, which appeared to be nothing more than rocks.
473:
with the beast mistaken for an island in St. Brendan's voyage. The island-like creature is indeed told of in the legend of
Brendan's voyage, though the giant fish is named
107:. Although it was thought to be a sea monster, research suggests that the stories originated from a specialized feeding technique among whales known as trap-feeding.
1605:
There is in the sea a whale called Aspedo ... When he is hungry he opens his mouth and emits as it were a sort of perfume . And the little fishes smell the perfume..
739:
This was where Vignir knew to find the troll Ögmundr flóki (Ogmund
Tussock), slayer of Eyþjófr (Eythjof). They aimed to fight Ögmundr so they could exact vengeance.
404:
1658:
1845:
The
History of Greenland: Including an Account of the Mission Carried on by the United Brethren in that Country. From the German of David Crantz
496:
660:
Technically the hafgufa and lygbakr are mentioned as two sea monsters, and the hafgufa is called the "biggest monster in the whole ocean".
2222:
1826:
A description of
Greenland : Shewing the natural history, situation, boundaries and face of the country, the nature of the soil;
1453:
754:
only signified it was a "cetacean" in the non-modern, broader sense including sharks, and actually, the classical Greek equivalent
698:
sailed through was the space between its jaws, and its nostrils and lower jaw were those rocks that appeared in the sea, while the
332:
and his crew, who started from the
Greenland Sea were sailing along the coast south and westward, towards a fjord called Skuggi on
1896:
1828:. London: Printed for C. Hitch in Pater-noster Row; S. Austen in Newgate-Street; and J. Jackson near St. James’s Gate. p. 87.
2202:
1265:. Histoire naturelle : générale et particulière 102 (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie de F. Dufart. p. 387.
1324:, p. 11: "the representation of our Physiologus has in Iceland caused a tradition to be formed about two separate animals,
336:(also given by the English-translated name of "Slabland"), and it is on the way there that they encountered two monsters, the
2217:
2207:
382:
Although the original aspidochelone was a turtle-island of warmer waters, this was reinvented as a type of whale named
1149:
Margúa ' mermaid ' occurs in the 18th cent. as a synonym of hafgúa (Ann. IV 45 (OH) ), found in OI in the form hafgúfa
2175:
2117:
2097:
1638:
1574:
1498:
1303:
1100:
969:
1928:
1709:... The whale as an island was, of course, known from the Saga of St. Brandan, but there it was called Jaskonius".
986:"A 'recently discovered' whale feeding strategy has turned up in 2,000-year-old texts about fearsome sea monsters"
1936:
1671:
458:
1272:
2138:
1291:
935:, "Ch. 21. Death of Vignir", pp. 68–69: "one called 'sea-reek' and the other 'heather-back'". Based on
2085:
2069:
1821:
1193:
1008:"Parallels for cetacean trap feeding and tread-water feeding in the historical record across two millennia"
707:
would have swallowed us all. Today I sailed through its mouth because I knew that it had recently surfaced.
290:, as did Bartholin, but one difference was that Ole Worm's book printed the entry with the skewed spelling
883:
1741:
1998:
1268:
1142:
403:) being mistaken for an island, and as opening its mouth to issue a perfume of sorts to attract prey.
2158:
2037:
2013:
1992:
1772:
1598:
1404:
1138:
409:
2166:
1254:
2017:
1683:
1491:
A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second-family Bestiary : Commentary, Art, Text and Translation
1077:
757:
1594:
252:
as a massive fish that looked more like an island than like a living thing. The King noted that
1956:
1735:
1560:
1530:
1090:
2184:
2170:
2130:
2107:
1871:
1851:
1843:
1787:
1745:
1642:
1564:
1486:
1258:
1170:
1116:
900:
837:
2212:
1918:
1634:
1618:
1375:
961:
717:
685: Vignir said, "..Now I will tell you that there are two sea-monsters. One is called the
387:
2029:
1679:
1019:
896:
8:
2126:
2061:
1095:. Kunin, Devra Levingson (tr.). London: Viking Society for Northern Research. p. 4.
1822:"Ch. 6. Of the Greenland Sea Animals, and Sea Fowl and Fishes / § Of other Sea Animals"
1023:
233:
112:
2146:
2081:
2065:
1980:
1966:
1799:
1760:
1731:
1392:
1217:
84:
76:
28:
1940:
1125:
Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: Formáli, Gylfaginníng, Bragaræður, Skáldskaparmál et Háttatal
2113:
2093:
1970:
1922:
1652:
1570:
1534:
1494:
1299:
1096:
965:
1961:. Vol. 2. Reykjavík: I kommission i den Gyldendalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag.
1952:
1379:
519:
1027:
833:
522:
for instance has expressed skepticism towards the notion which developed that the
432:
283:
354:
2041:
1623:. New York: A.T. De La Mare ptg. and Publishing Company, Limited. pp. 20–22.
492:
1839:
501:
454:
2196:
2057:
1449:
1292:"Musei Wormiani Historiae de animalibus (liber tertius). Cap. XIII. De Cetis"
445:
366:
241:
238:
144:
100:
49:
1127:. Vol. 1. Copenhagen: sumptibus Legati Arnamagnæani. 1848. p. 580.
329:
305:
138:
According to Norwegian didactic work, this creature uses its own vomit-like
118:
110:
The hafgufa is mentioned in the mid-13th century Norwegian tract called the
2006:
2092:, Library of Scandinavian literature 15, Twayne Publishers, p. 125,
450:
371:
313:
171:
38:
1803:
1817:
581:
is given instead by Finnur Jónsson in his commentary to his edition of
480:
1032:
1007:
750:
775:
genus, and it was not until 1802 the common heather was reclassified
474:
429:
359:
333:
163:
104:
60:
1505:
aspidochelone.. the cetaceans (note 406: 'Whales, dolphins, sharks')
1296:
Museum Wormianum, seu Historia rerum rariorum adornata ab Olav Worm
1975:. Vol. 2. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan. pp. 199−363.
1566:
The Book of Reykjahólar: The Last of the Great Medieval Legendaries
1287:
1216:
First complete translation, by Edwards and Pálsson in 1970, though
491:, though has heard little on the latter. and later, the non-native
342:
275:
264:
244:
139:
131:
1092:
A History of Norway, and the Passion and Miracles of Blessed Óláfr
457:, causing the island to sink after their departure. The Icelander
181:
1876:
1466:
1223:
1055:
1045:
1043:
212:('')" in a recent excerpt of this work, but has been translated '
1553:
1198:
1712:
1705:
of the 13th century describes a monstrous whale which it calls
842:
Thomae Bartholini historiarum anatomicarum rariorum centuria IV
771:
The common heather was actually the type species of Linnaeus's
484:
213:
2171:"Remarks on the histories of the kraken and great sea serpent"
1040:
449:
plants'). He added that it was on the back of this beast that
2086:"XXII. The Marvels of the Icelandic Seas: whales; the kraken"
1644:
Beyträge zur Naturgeschichte der Wallfischarten, Erster Theil
1603:. Boucher, Alan (tr.). Saga Publishing Company. p. 143.
1523:
1335:
426:
323:
99:") is a sea creature, purported to inhabit Iceland's waters (
216:' in the past. It was translated as "sea-reek" in the saga.
1897:"Scientists solve the mystery of dreaded Norse sea monster"
748:
A finer point is that the Latin aspidochelone being called
286:
the senior (1657). Ole Worm classed it as the 22nd type of
122:
844:(in Latin). typis Petri Hakii, acad. typogr. p. 283.
577:
in the original text,but that nominative is not used, but
443:('sea vapor') was synonymous with 'lyngbak' (, 'back like
2106:
Somerville, Angus A.; McDonald, R. Andrew, eds. (2020) ,
1535:"Reykjahólabók:A Legendary on the Eve of the Reformation"
1298:. Leyden (Lugduni Batavorum): J.Elsevirium. p. 280.
1161:
1159:
1157:
2112:(3 ed.), University of Toronto Press, p. 308,
2090:
The King's Mirror: (Speculum Regalae - Konungs Skuggsjá)
947:
945:
193:
in some copies. An 18th-century source glosses the term
1779:
1387:. Copenhagen: Det arnamagnæanske Institut. p. 849.
1165:
Somerville, A. A. tr., "Wonders of the Iceland sea" in
1001:
999:
1510:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1154:
1692:
942:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
872:
801:("A brief description of Iceland's various natures").
791:
Stutt undirrétting um Íslands aðskiljanlegar náttúrur
349:
2018:"Jón Guðmundsson and his natural history of Iceland"
1381:
Christian influence in the Fornaldarsǫgur Norðrlanda
996:
2036:
2012:
1698:
1675:
1472:
1427:
1347:
1321:
1235:
1137:
1073:
1006:McCarthy, John; Sebo, Erin; Firth, Matthew (2023).
2137:. Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Enni Poppsku. pp.
2105:
1593:
1378:; Sanders, Christopher; Springborg, Peter (eds.).
1229:
1183:
1166:
911:
905:An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
1587:
1005:
693:. It is the largest whale in the world, but the
2194:
2165:
2056:
1740:. Christiania: Trykt hos B.M. Bentzen. pp.
1176:
1049:
1724:
1665:
568:
560:
398:
317:
200:
194:
186:
157:
69:
1951:
1935:
1882:
1341:
1317:
1315:
1253:
1247:
1204:
1061:
928:
375:is identified as the potential source for the
1965:
936:
2076:, Oslo: Carl C. Werner & Co., p. 32
1657:: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (
1569:. University of Toronto Press. p. 143.
1328:, as we see in the younger recension of the
1312:
1282:
1280:
1131:
1109:
951:
862:
828:
826:
824:
822:
755:
1444:
1442:
1088:
1082:
487:) of Norway equates it with the Icelandic
219:
1969:, ed. (1950). "21. Vignir kom til Odds".
1627:
1031:
832:
259:The King described the feeding manner of
1520:s.v. "", 'any sea-monster or huge fish'.
1369:
1367:
1277:
819:
353:
1894:
1616:
1610:
1559:
1529:
1448:
1439:
1286:
1259:"La poulpe colossal – La poulpe kraken"
1144:Old Icelandic Heiti in Modern Icelandic
116:("King's Mirror"). Later recensions of
2195:
2080:
1838:
1832:
1639:Schneider, Johann Gottlob (tr., comm.)
1633:
1241:
1189:
393:(fragment B, No. 8). In the Icelandic
308:saga dating to the late 14th century,
1816:
1810:
1730:
1484:
1478:
1458:(in Danish), Aschehoug, p. 302,
1373:
1364:
895:
422:in existence, as occurs in the saga.
179:("sea-steamer") appears in the list (
2125:
1917:
1785:
1433:
1417:
1411:
1358:
952:Faulkes, Anthony (tr), ed. (1995). "
889:
762:signified "sea monster" of any kind.
670:
608:
550:"reek" is defined as 'vapor, smoke'.
537:
166:in the 13th century Norwegian work.
1895:Knapton, Sarah (28 February 2023).
1455:Norges land og folk: Finmarkens amt
1147:, Institute of Nordic Linguistics,
674:
135:as similar but distinct creatures.
13:
1620:The Heather in Lore, Lyric and Lay
518:in the Norwegian tongue. However,
350:Original sea monster and analogues
185:) of whales. The spelling is also
142:-bait to gather prey-fish. In the
14:
2234:
2074:Speculum Regale. Konungs-Skuggsjá
1958:Konungs skuggsjá: Speculum regale
1863:
1718:
1220:had published selections in 1965.
2223:Scandinavian legendary creatures
1230:Somerville & McDonald (2020)
1177:Keyser, Munch & Unger (1848)
1167:Somerville & McDonald (2020)
1050:Keyser, Munch & Unger (1848)
878:Cleasby & Vigfusson (1874),
156:This creature's name appears as
1888:
1857:
1647:, Leipzig: Schäfer, p. 117
1600:Icelandic Sagas and Manuscripts
1210:
1067:
880:An Icelandic-English Dictionary
838:"Historia XXIV. Cetorum genera"
782:
765:
742:
733:
669:Text vs. English translation:
663:
654:
612:
601:
588:
553:
151:
2203:Mythological aquatic creatures
2176:Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine
1868:Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine
1792:The Catholic Historical Review
1493:. Boydell Press. p. 205.
978:
907:, Clarendon Press, p. 497
855:
544:
1:
1786:Dunn, Joseph (January 1921).
1273:Biodiversity Heritage Library
808:
596:Íslandske Annaler indtil 1578
299:
274:was noted by Olaus Wormiaus (
2218:Canadian legendary creatures
2208:Creatures in Norse mythology
1947:. New York University Press.
1516:Liddell & Scott (1940)
1342:Edwards & Pálsson (1970)
1205:Edwards & Pálsson (1970)
933:Arrow-Odd: a medieval novel
641:—Keyser; Munch; Unger edd.,
312:is described as the largest
282:(1654) and by another Dane,
16:Sea monster in Nordic legend
7:
1945:Arrow-Odd: a medieval novel
1848:. Vol. 1. p. 122.
1617:Wallace, Alexander (1903).
358:St. Brendan says Mass atop
237:, the "King's Mirror"), an
10:
2239:
2082:Larson, Laurence Marcellus
1699:Halldór Hermannsson (1938)
1676:Halldór Hermannsson (1924)
1485:Clark, Willene B. (2006).
1473:Halldór Hermannsson (1938)
1322:Halldór Hermannsson (1938)
1074:Halldór Hermannsson (1924)
929:Edwards & Pálsson 1970
510:(1765, in German) treated
463:Natural History of Iceland
439:IV (1657) stated that the
397:was described as a whale (
2183:(12). William Blackwood:
1737:Brandanus saga (fragment)
1732:Unger, Carl Richard (tr.)
1173:based on 'Speculum Regale
1089:Phelpstead, Carl (1996).
756:
56:
44:
34:
24:
2109:The Viking Age: A Reader
1487:"CXIII De aspidochelone"
1374:Power, Rosemary (1985).
483:writing on the kracken (
437:Historiarum anatomicarum
304:In the later version of
2042:"Icelandic Physiologus"
2028:: 8, 36, archived from
1941:Pálsson, Hermann (trr.)
1927:. E. J. Brill. p.
1518:A Greek–English Lexicon
594:The source being Ann. =
569:
561:
526:had its origins in the
514:as synonymous with the
399:
318:
201:
195:
187:
158:
103:) and southward toward
88:
80:
70:
1919:Boer, Richard Constant
1450:Helland, Amund Theodor
1255:Denys-Montfort, Pierre
958:Edda: Snorri Sturluson
864:Hafgufa, vapor marinus
863:
718:Boer, Richard Constant
683:
621:
607:Text vs. translation:
425:Contrary to the saga,
362:
1883:Finnur Jónsson (1920)
1788:"The Brendan problem"
1635:Hunter, John (F.R.S.)
1179:ed. pp. 29–32, 33–40.
1062:Finnur Jónsson (1920)
1012:Marine Mammal Science
897:Skeat, Walter William
357:
2127:Rafn, Carl Christian
2062:Munch, Peter Andreas
1955:, ed. (1920). "12".
1561:Kalinke, Marianne E.
1545:: 248, and note 17.
1531:Kalinke, Marianne E.
1424:Kap. 21, pp. 248–249
992:. February 28, 2023.
937:Guðni Jónsson (1950)
788:The actual title is
508:History of Greenland
278:) in his posthumous
2066:Unger, Carl Richard
2038:Halldór Hermannsson
2014:Halldór Hermannsson
1901:The Daily Telegraph
1885:, pp. 113–114.
1376:Louis-Jensen, Jonna
1326:lyngbakr og hafgufa
1269:alt text (Vol. 102)
1139:Halldór Hermannsson
1064:, pp. 113–115.
1024:2023MMamS..39..830M
886:". 'vapour, steam'.
846:Vigesimum secundum
405:Halldór Hermannsson
270:Its mention in the
208:This was rendered "
21:
1595:Jónas Kristjánsson
1218:Jacqueline Simpson
1207:, pp. xx–xxi.
363:
346:('heather-back').
29:Legendary creature
19:
1033:10.1111/mms.13009
834:Bartholin, Thomas
730:
729:
651:
650:
538:Explanatory notes
465:also equated the
340:('sea-reek') and
263:: The fish would
66:
65:
2230:
2188:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2122:
2102:
2077:
2053:
2033:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1962:
1948:
1932:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1744:. Archived from
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1533:(January 1992).
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1003:
994:
993:
982:
976:
975:
949:
940:
926:
909:
908:
893:
887:
876:
870:
866:
859:
853:
852:
830:
802:
800:
786:
780:
777:Calluna vulgaris
769:
763:
761:
760:
746:
740:
737:
731:
671:
667:
661:
658:
652:
643:Konungs skuggsjá
609:
605:
599:
592:
586:
583:Konungs skuggsjá
573:. It appears as
572:
564:
557:
551:
548:
505:
433:Thomas Bartholin
413:
402:
321:
284:Thomas Bartholin
280:Museum Wormianum
234:Konungs skuggsjá
204:
198:
192:
161:
113:Konungs skuggsjá
73:
22:
18:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2135:Ǫrvar-Odds saga
2120:
2100:
2068:, eds. (1848),
1988:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1972:Örvar-Odds saga
1924:Ǫrvar-Odds saga
1908:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1862:
1858:
1837:
1833:
1815:
1811:
1784:
1780:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1703:Speculum regiae
1697:
1693:
1687:
1672:Jón Guðmundsson
1670:
1666:
1650:
1649:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1611:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1558:
1554:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1422:Örvar-Odds saga
1416:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1330:Örvar-Odds Saga
1320:
1313:
1306:
1285:
1278:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1164:
1155:
1136:
1132:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1004:
997:
984:
983:
979:
972:
964:. p. 162.
950:
943:
927:
912:
894:
890:
877:
873:
860:
856:
831:
820:
811:
806:
805:
794:
787:
783:
770:
766:
747:
743:
738:
734:
722:Ǫrvar-Odds saga
711:
708:
680:
677:
668:
664:
659:
655:
636:
633:
618:
615:
606:
602:
593:
589:
558:
554:
549:
545:
540:
499:
459:Jón Guðmundsson
407:
352:
302:
272:Speculum regale
229:Speculum regale
225:
154:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2190:
2189:
2169:(March 1818).
2163:
2129:, ed. (1829).
2123:
2118:
2103:
2098:
2084:, ed. (1917),
2078:
2058:Keyser, Rudolf
2054:
2034:
2010:
1963:
1953:Finnur Jónsson
1949:
1933:
1921:, ed. (1888).
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1887:
1875:
1856:
1831:
1809:
1798:(4): 427–428.
1778:
1734:, ed. (1877).
1723:
1721:, p. 649.
1711:
1701:, p. 11:
1691:
1688:(in Icelandic)
1684:p. 36, endnote
1664:
1626:
1609:
1586:
1575:
1552:
1539:Skáldskaparmál
1522:
1509:
1499:
1477:
1465:
1452:, ed. (1906),
1438:
1436:, p. 131.
1426:
1410:
1363:
1361:, p. 132.
1346:
1344:, p. xxi.
1334:
1311:
1304:
1288:Wormius, Olaus
1276:
1263:Des mollusques
1246:
1234:
1232:, p. 307.
1222:
1209:
1197:
1182:
1153:
1130:
1119:Skaldskaparmál
1108:
1101:
1081:
1078:p. 36, endnote
1066:
1054:
1039:
1018:(3): 830–841.
995:
977:
970:
954:Skaldskaparmál
941:
910:
899:, ed. (1882),
888:
871:
854:
817:
816:
815:
810:
807:
804:
803:
781:
764:
741:
732:
728:
727:
724:
713:
712:
681:
662:
653:
649:
648:
645:
638:
637:
619:
600:
587:
552:
542:
541:
539:
536:
520:Finnur Jónsson
351:
348:
301:
298:
224:
218:
153:
150:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
31:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2235:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:9781487570477
2115:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:9780890670088
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:on 2017-08-13
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:Guðni Jónsson
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:Edwards, Paul
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1854:, pp. 323–338
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:Crantz, David
1835:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1762:
1748:on 2008-06-01
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1680:p. 8, line 31
1677:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1576:9780802078148
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1500:9780851156828
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1475:, p. 10.
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1305:9780903521482
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1242:Larson (1917)
1238:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1190:Larson (1917)
1186:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1102:9780903521482
1098:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1052:, p. 32.
1051:
1046:
1044:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
991:
987:
981:
973:
971:0-460-87616-3
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
946:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
906:
902:
898:
892:
885:
881:
875:
869:
865:
858:
851:
849:
843:
839:
835:
829:
827:
825:
823:
818:
813:
812:
798:
793:
792:
785:
778:
774:
768:
759:
753:
752:
745:
736:
726:—Translation
725:
723:
719:
715:
714:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
682:
679:
673:
672:
666:
657:
647:—Translation
646:
644:
640:
639:
635:
630:
626:
620:
617:
611:
610:
604:
597:
591:
584:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
556:
547:
543:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
431:
428:
423:
421:
417:
411:
406:
401:
396:
392:
391:
385:
380:
378:
374:
373:
368:
367:aspidochelone
361:
356:
347:
345:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
320:
315:
311:
307:
297:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
246:
243:
242:philosophical
240:
239:Old Norwegian
236:
235:
230:
223:
222:King's Mirror
217:
215:
211:
206:
203:
199:'mermaid' as
197:
191:
190:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
167:
165:
160:
149:
147:
146:
145:Fornaldarsaga
141:
136:
134:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
115:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:Greenland Sea
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
72:
62:
59:
55:
51:
50:Old Norwegian
47:
45:Other name(s)
43:
40:
37:
33:
30:
27:
23:
2213:Sea monsters
2180:
2174:
2134:
2108:
2089:
2073:
2070:"Chapter 12"
2049:
2045:
2030:the original
2025:
2021:
2000:
1971:
1957:
1944:
1923:
1911:Bibliography
1900:
1890:
1878:
1867:
1859:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1812:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1736:
1726:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1667:
1643:
1629:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1580:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1490:
1480:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1380:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1295:
1262:
1249:
1244:, p. 7.
1237:
1225:
1212:
1200:
1185:
1174:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1091:
1084:
1069:
1057:
1015:
1011:
990:Conversation
989:
980:
957:
953:
932:
904:
891:
879:
874:
867:
861:Glossed as:"
857:
847:
845:
841:
790:
784:
776:
772:
767:
749:
744:
735:
721:
704:
699:
694:
690:
686:
684:
675:
665:
656:
642:
628:
624:
622:
613:
603:
595:
590:
582:
578:
574:
565:
555:
546:
532:
527:
523:
515:
511:
507:
497:David Crantz
488:
479:
477:/Jaskonius.
470:
466:
462:
461:(d. 1658)'s
444:
440:
436:
424:
419:
415:
394:
389:
383:
381:
376:
370:
364:
341:
337:
328:
309:
303:
292:
291:
287:
279:
271:
269:
260:
258:
253:
249:
232:
228:
226:
221:
209:
207:
188:
180:
176:
170:
168:
155:
152:Nomenclature
143:
137:
130:
126:
117:
111:
109:
96:
92:
68:
67:
35:Sub grouping
2155:|work=
1989:|work=
1818:Egede, Hans
1769:|work=
1434:Boer (1888)
1418:Rafn (1829)
1401:|work=
1359:Boer (1888)
795: [
500: [
451:St. Brendan
408: [
390:Physiologus
372:Physiologus
314:sea monster
172:Snorra Edda
97:sea-steamer
39:Sea monster
2197:Categories
1752:2021-01-12
1548:skipverjum
809:References
689:, another
481:Hans Egede
388:Icelandic
330:Örvar-Oddr
319:sjóskrímsl
306:Örvar-Odds
300:Odd's saga
220:Norwegian
119:Örvar-Odds
91:"steam"; "
2157:ignored (
2147:cite book
2131:"Kap. 21"
2046:Islandica
2022:Islandica
1999:1959 ed.
1991:ignored (
1981:cite book
1771:ignored (
1761:cite book
1403:ignored (
1393:cite book
814:Citations
475:Jasconius
453:read his
430:physician
360:Jasconius
334:Helluland
164:Old Norse
105:Helluland
85:Old Norse
77:Old Norse
61:Greenland
48:Hafgufu (
2040:(1938),
2016:(1924),
1943:(1970).
1864:W (1818)
1842:(1820).
1820:(1745).
1804:25011716
1719:W (1818)
1653:citation
1637:(1882),
1597:(1970).
1582:island..
1563:(1996).
1290:(1655).
1257:(1801).
1141:(1975),
962:Everyman
939:edition.
882:, s.v. "
836:(1657).
700:lyngbakr
691:lyngbakr
493:Moravian
467:lyngbakr
420:lyngbakr
343:lyngbakr
276:Ole Worm
245:didactic
140:chumming
132:lyngbakr
125:feature
93:sea-reek
83:"sea" +
25:Grouping
2185:645-654
2139:248–249
2009:@snerpa
2003:286–280
1742:272–275
1707:hafgufa
1641:(ed.),
1192:(tr.),
1020:Bibcode
848:Hafgufa
709:
705:hafgufa
695:hafgufa
687:hafgufa
678:
634:
629:hafgufa
625:hafgufa
616:
579:hafgufa
575:hafgufu
570:hafgufa
562:hafgufa
528:hafgufa
512:hafgafa
495:cleric
489:hafgufa
471:hafgufa
441:hafgufa
435:in his
416:hafgufa
386:in the
377:hafgufa
369:of the
338:hafgufa
310:hafgufa
293:hafgufe
261:hafgufa
254:hafgufa
250:hafgufa
227:In the
210:hafgufa
177:hafgufa
169:In the
159:hafgufa
127:hafgufa
71:Hafgufa
57:Country
20:Hafgufa
2116:
2096:
2052:: 4–17
2007:e-text
1852:Note X
1850:; Cf.
1802:
1573:
1497:
1302:
1194:p. 125
1171:p. 308
1099:
968:
901:"reek"
559:i.e.,
485:kraken
427:Danish
395:aspedo
384:aspedo
379:lore.
214:kraken
202:hafgúa
196:margúa
189:hafgúa
175:, the
1800:JSTOR
1678:ed.,
1385:(PDF)
956:75".
931:tr.,
799:]
773:Erica
758:κῆτος
751:cetus
720:ed.,
566:recté
524:krake
516:krake
504:]
446:Erica
412:]
400:hvalr
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