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34:
1282:
1960:
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In Indic religions namely
Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism selfless service to Guru, accepting and following all his/her orders carries very significant and valued part of relationship of Shishya (disciple) with his/her Guru. Orders of Guru are referred as Guru Agya/Adnya/Hukam, Service of Guru
1155:(figuratively "diamond") guru, the one who is the source of initiation into the tantric deity. The disciple is asked to enter into a series of vows and commitments that ensure the maintenance of the spiritual link with the understanding that to break this link is a serious downfall.
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itself. The guru is not an individual who initiates a person, but the person's own Buddha-nature reflected in the personality of the guru. In return, the disciple is expected to show great devotion to his or her guru, who he or she regards as one who possesses the qualities of a
715:. Preece further states that when we transfer an inner quality onto another person we may be giving that person a power over us as a consequence of the projection, carrying the potential for great insight and inspiration, but also the potential for great danger.
1182:, speaking of the importance of the guru, said: "Rely on the teachings to evaluate a guru: Do not have blind faith, but also no blind criticism." He also observed that the term 'living Buddha' is a translation of the Chinese words
1096:
engage in various forms of physical demonstrations of affection towards the guru, such as bowing, kissing the hands or feet of the guru, and sometimes agreeing to various physical punishments as may sometimes be ordered by the
1175:. A guru is regarded as one which has not only mastered the words of the tradition, but one that with which the student has an intense personal relationship; thus, devotion is seen as the proper attitude toward the guru.
1017:
to the will of God or the guru is sometimes extreme, and is often coupled with an attitude of personal helplessness, self-effacement and resignation. This doctrine is perhaps best expressed in the teachings of the four
911:
The word Śrauta is derived from the word Śruti meaning that which is heard. The Śrauta tradition is a purely oral handing down of the Vedas, but many modern Vedic scholars make use of books as a teaching tool.
1143:, however, the teacher is viewed as the very root of spiritual realization and the basis of the entire path. Without the teacher, it is asserted, there can be no experience or insight. The guru is seen as
314:, are examples of Bhakti. In the Upanishads, gurus and disciples appear in a variety of settings (e.g. a husband answering questions about immortality; a teenage boy being taught by
717:"In giving this power over to someone else they have a certain hold and influence over us it is hard to resist, while we become enthralled or spellbound by the power of the
392:
word figuratively means "an uninterrupted series or succession". Sometimes defined as "the passing down of Vedic knowledge", it is believed to be always entrusted to the
704:
writes that while the teacher/disciple relationship can be an invaluable and fruitful experience, the process of relating to spiritual teachers also has its hazards.
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as a token of gratitude, often the only monetary or otherwise fee that the student ever gives. Such tokens can be as simple as a piece of fruit or as serious as a
810:
The seeker must serve the guru and submit his questions with all humility so that doubt may be removed. According to
Advaita, the seeker will be able to attain
713:"In its simplest sense transference occurs when unconsciously a person endows another with an attribute that actually is projected from within themselves"
244:. In the traditional residential form of education, the shishya remains with his or her guru as a family member and gets the education as a true learner.
510:(formal initiation): A formal recognition of this relationship, generally in a structured initiation ceremony where the guru accepts the initiate as a
1779:
Beginning the process: The Great
Masters and Selecting a Teacher - The Guru-Disciple relationship; in: The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art
904:
says the term may be 12 years, 36 years or 48 years). After the stay at the
Gurukul the brahmachari returns home after performing a ceremony called
622:
In paramapara, not only is the immediate guru revered, the three preceding gurus are also worshipped or revered. These are known variously as the
1858:
1964:
207:
It is considered that this relationship, based on the genuineness of the guru and the respect, commitment, devotion and obedience of the
211:, is the best way for subtle or advanced knowledge to be conveyed. The student eventually masters the knowledge that the guru embodies.
996:
act of focusing their bhakti upon the guru is sufficiently strong and worthy, then some form of spiritual merit will be gained by the
1410:- This supreme science was thus received through the chain of disciplic succession, and the saintly kings understood it in that way.
930:
of his disciples and communicates its particular characteristic. In this process the disciple is made part of the spiritual family (
1135:
Buddhist tradition, the teacher is a valued and honoured mentor worthy of great respect and a source of inspiration on the path to
747:
forms of yoga, such as the
Sankara Saranam movement. Between these two there are many variations in degree and form of authority.
584:
as one's gotra (surname) instead of gotra at birth. The disciples of same guru, especially in the same cohort, are referred to as
711:
to explain the manner in which the guru/disciple relationship develops from a more
Western psychological perspective. He writes,
472:
sect, the word denotes both martial arts and religious monastic aspects of the trident wielding martial regiment of renunciate
1945:
1935:
1454:
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teachings include generating visualisations of the guru and making offerings praising the guru. The guru becomes known as the
1928:
1887:
1664:
1653:
1499:
1381:
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relationship had evolved into a fundamental component of
Hinduism. The term "Upanishad" derives from the Sanskrit words
1918:
1842:
1811:
1786:
1706:
1646:
1465:
1439:
1392:
926:
The guru passes his knowledge to his disciples by virtue of the fact that his purified consciousness enters into the
1460:, by Editors of Hinduism Today, Hinduism Today Magazine Editors. Published by Himalayan Academy Publications, 2007.
1112:
directly to the highest possible state of spirituality or consciousness, sometimes referred to within
Hinduism as
1085:
A system of various titles of implied superiority or deification which the guru assumes, and often requires the
290:(to sit) — so it means "sitting down near" a spiritual teacher to receive instruction. The relationship between
1522:"Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul"
1120:
relationship the guru is often believed to have supernatural powers, leading to the deification of the guru.
734:
There is a variation in the level of authority that may be granted to the guru. The highest is that found in
436:
speaks according to the time and circumstance in which he appears, he upholds the original conclusion, or
318:, Hinduism's Lord of Death). Sometimes the sages are women, and the instructions may be sought by kings.
1767:
Abhinavagupta: The Kula Ritual, as
Elaborated in Chapter 29 of the Tantrāloka, John R. Dupuche, Page 131
1990:
1690:
1128:
In the Pali
Buddhist tradition, magae the Bhikkus are also known as Sekhas (SN XLVIII.53 Sekha Sutta).
700:
The relation of Guru and Shishya is equated with that of a child in the womb of mother. Rob Preece, in
27:
528:(transmission of knowledge): Sometimes this initiation process will include the conveying of specific
1985:
1334:
1254:
1561:"Delivering holistic education for contemporary times: Banasthali Vidyapith and the Gurukula system"
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or guru. Bhakti extends from the simplest expression of devotion to the ego-destroying principle of
756:
1980:
388:
system, knowledge (in any field) is believed to be passed down through successive generations. The
460:
is a place of practice with facilities for boarding, lodging and training, both in the context of
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934:) - a family which is not based on blood relations but on people of the same knowledge.
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Soaring and settling: Buddhist perspectives on contemporary social and religious issues
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204:, is imparted through the developing relationship between the guru and the disciple.
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and also accepts responsibility for the spiritual well-being and progress of the new
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an uninterrupted row or series, order, succession, continuation, mediation, tradition
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1013:(Sanskrit, "Throwing oneself down"), the level of the submission of the will of the
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428:. While some argue for freedom of interpretation others maintain that "Although an
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The traditional guru–disciple relationship. Watercolour, Punjab Hills, India, 1740.
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Traditionally the word used for a succession of teachers and disciples in ancient
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1147:. In Tibetan texts, emphasis is placed upon praising the virtues of the guru.
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189:
20:
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Nandram, Sharda S.; Joshi, Ankur; Sukhada, N.A.; Dhital, Vishwanath (2021).
1910:
The life of music in north India: the organization of an artistic tradition
1638:
The Wisdom of Imperfection: The Challenge of Individuation in Buddhist Life
1368:
869:
708:
542:
181:
1405:
479:
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Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town
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The sound of two hands clapping: the education of a Tibetan Buddhist monk
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Volgelingen van de goeroe: Hedendaagse religieuze bewegingen in Nederland
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relationship generally incorporates three primary beliefs or practices:
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there is never more than one active master at the same time in the same
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monastery for religious renunciates. For example, in the context of the
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Sometimes the authority of the guru will extend to all aspects of the
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saints, who shared a profound and mystical love of Siva expressed by:
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As other authors had done before him, Preece mentions the notion of
128:. It is the tradition of spiritual relationship and mentoring where
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to all of the commands of the guru. An example is the legend that
1929:
Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia
1458:
What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures Into a Profound Global Faith
1206:
1052:
The assignment of all or many of the material possessions of the
881:
873:
860:
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795:
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requires anyone seeking to study Advaita Vedānta to do so from a
446:, of the Vedic literature." This parampara ensures continuity of
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208:
69:
65:
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Often a guru will assert that he or she is capable of leading a
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56:("lineage"), denotes a succession of teachers and disciples in
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International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management
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1777:
Thurman, Robert A. F.; Huntington, John; Dina Bangdel (2003).
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relationship can be found in numerous variant forms including
1432:
Readings in Vedit Literature: The Tradition Speaks for Itself
1136:
1065:
1041:
885:
865:
851:
670:
580:, refers to the practice of adopting the name of guru or the
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566:
555:
473:
349:
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The belief that such a guru has transmitted, or will impart
1806:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 61–3.
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877:
855:
765:
738:
687:, e.g. for the Śankaracharya's this is usually depicted as
381:
303:
223:
148:
134:
1879:
The Guru in South Asia: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives
1363:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 587(column a).
726:
1851:
1558:
1027:
951:
683:: Refer to the highest guru, who has the power to bestow
81:
1104:
life, including sexuality, livelihood, social life, etc.
695:
1946:
Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession
488:
Within the broad spectrum of the Indian religions, the
1801:
1353:
626:
or as the "four gurus" and are designated as follows:
496:. Some common elements in this relationship include:
1714:: "overdracht" is the Dutch term for "transference")
1434:. S.l.: Assoc Publishing Group. pp. 240 pages.
1277:
1036:
A relationship of lover and beloved known as bridal
500:
The establishment of a teacher/student relationship.
1635:Preece, Rob. "The teacher-student relationship" in
1605:, p. 44. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
1565:
International Journal of Business and Globalisation
1481:
1033:
Total surrender to God as the only true refuge; and
958:, which is total surrender. The bhakti form of the
669:or tradition, e.g. for the Śankaracharya's this is
665:: Refer to guru who is the source of knowledge for
619:is a form of salutation to revere the guru as god.
608:might allow multiple simultaneous gurus at a time.
1483:
1906:
1820:
1972:
1649:, p. 155 ff. At mudra.co.uk (author's website):
1048:In its most extreme form it sometimes includes:
1026:Deep humility and self-effacement, admission of
424:are developed following a single teacher, or an
26:"Parampara" redirects here. For other uses, see
19:"Sishya" redirects here. For the 1997 film, see
772:). The guru must have the following qualities:
1875:
1826:
1059:The strict and unconditional adherence by the
813:liberation from the cycle of births and deaths
1673:
1486:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M
1475:
750:
643:: Refer to the founding guru of the specific
1387:7.12.1, The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1976,
1073:stinging his thigh so as not to disturb his
854:have been handed down through the ages from
1407:evaṁ paramparā-prāptam imaṁ rājarṣayo viduḥ
966:Devotion to the guru as a divine figure or
588:(brother by virtue of having same guru) or
1519:
1426:
350:Sampradaya, Parampara, Gurukula and Akhara
1631:
1629:
838:tradition plays an important part in the
1913:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1040:, in which the devotee is the bride and
416:, or school of thought. For example, in
32:
1689:("Between stigma and charisma"), 1982.
1490:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp.
950:. Bhakti (devotion) means surrender to
915:
794:— figuratively meaning "established in
592:(sister by virtue of having same guru).
1973:
1626:
1520:Joshi, Ankur; Gupta, Rajen K. (2017).
1166:Buddhism) as the guru is perceived as
1123:
1004:
176:(initiation). Such knowledge, whether
100:for teaching, which might be based at
1876:Copeman, Jacob; Ikegame, Aya (2012).
1724:
1722:
1720:
1597:Padoux, André. "The Tantric Guru" in
1422:
1420:
1418:
696:Psychological aspects of relationship
1515:
1513:
1511:
1213:is considered to be last Guru hence
1189:
1089:to use whenever addressing the guru.
270:In the early oral traditions of the
1382:A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
1009:In the ego-destroying principle of
823:
13:
1944:, Heidi Rika Maria Pauwels, 2009,
1900:
1717:
1448:
1415:
611:
14:
2002:
1952:
1781:. London: Serindia Publications.
1508:
868:themselves prescribe for a young
1958:
1641:, Snow Lion Publications, 2006,
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1280:
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1802:Dreyfus, Georges B. J. (2003).
1795:
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1615:
892:. The pupil is also taught the
344:
333:) is communicated from guru to
1591:
1552:
1397:
1375:
1347:
937:
633:: Refer to the immediate guru.
480:Common characteristics of the
1:
1833:. London: Continuum. p.
1360:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
1340:
1205:is referred as Guru Seva. In
806:in everything and in himself.
170:(follower), after the formal
1482:James G. Lochtefeld (2002).
1069:silently bore the pain of a
214:
7:
1406:
1273:
942:The best known form of the
900:. The term of stay varies (
741:, and the lowest is in the
702:The Wisdom of Imperfection,
440:
431:
411:
396:
375:
10:
2007:
1927:Federico Squarcini, 2011,
1907:Neuman, Daniel M. (1990).
1538:10.1504/IJICBM.2017.085390
1228:(lineage) are as follows:
1224:(denominations) and their
1193:
919:
827:
754:
751:Advaita Vedanta sampradaya
730:relationship by sampradaya
353:
251:
247:
28:Parampara (disambiguation)
25:
18:
1687:Tussen stigma en charisma
1335:List of Indian yoga gurus
1092:The requirement that the
779:— must be learned in the
691:, being the highest guru.
157:
143:
130:teachings are transmitted
1859:"The Teacher - The Guru"
1577:10.1504/IJBG.2021.118235
1428:Satsvarupa, dasa Goswami
946:relationship is that of
884:) teaches the pupil the
454:, knowledge and skills.
1827:Gross, Rita M. (1998).
992:The belief that if the
604:(lineage), while other
222:means "succession from
94:, and may have its own
58:Indian-origin religions
1965:Guru–shishya tradition
1455:Akharas and Kumbh Mela
1355:Monier Monier-Williams
1246:Buddhist denominations
1237:Hindu reform movements
757:Advaita Guru Paramparā
462:Indian martial artists
452:transmission of dharma
88:belongs to a specific
38:
1701:. Ambo, Baarn, 1981,
1264:Sikhism denominations
1259:Tirthankara parampara
1215:the book is worshiped
880:(referred to also as
36:
1967:at Wikimedia Commons
1934:Leela Prasad, 2012,
1310:Apostolic succession
1217:as like human Guru.
985:to the (successful)
916:Shaktipat sampradaya
558:, as in the case of
550:gives a gift to the
470:Dashanami Sampradaya
1330:List of Hindu gurus
1315:Dharma transmission
1233:Hindu denominations
1124:Buddhism sampradaya
1005:Prapatti sampradaya
325:, the knowledge of
258:Buddhist philosophy
240:) literally means
1667:2008-06-03 at the
1656:2003-08-07 at the
1622:Mahanirvana Tantra
1603:Tantra in Practice
1599:David Gordon White
1325:Lineage (Buddhism)
1255:Jain denominations
1250:Buddhism parampara
266:Sikhism philosophy
84:traditions). Each
39:
1991:Knowledge sharing
1963:Media related to
1889:978-0-415-51019-6
1730:Mundaka Upanishad
1501:978-0-8239-3179-8
1385:Srimad Bhagavatam
1190:Order and service
1141:Tibetan tradition
850:believe that the
402:. An established
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6:
4:
3:
2:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:0-226-57516-0
1916:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1891:
1885:
1882:. Routledge.
1881:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1844:0-8264-1113-4
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1813:0-520-23260-7
1809:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1788:1-932476-01-6
1784:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1744:Bhagavad Gita
1739:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1707:90-263-0521-4
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:Ch. V, p. 142
1688:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
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1647:1-55939-252-5
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1503:
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1471:
1467:
1466:1-934145-00-9
1463:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1441:0-912776-88-9
1437:
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1393:0-912776-87-0
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1138:
1137:Enlightenment
1134:
1129:
1121:
1119:
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1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
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1058:
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1049:
1043:
1039:
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1032:
1030:and weakness;
1029:
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849:
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842:tradition of
841:
837:
831:
821:
819:
815:
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805:
801:
798:"; must have
797:
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790:
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748:
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724:
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629:
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609:
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587:
583:
579:
578:
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569:
568:
564:and his guru
563:
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190:architectural
187:
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160:, disciple),
155:
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141:
137:
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63:
59:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
35:
29:
22:
21:Sishya (film)
1909:
1878:
1871:
1863:the original
1853:
1829:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1757:Hindu Dharma
1752:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1711:
1698:
1686:
1675:
1636:
1617:
1602:
1601:(ed.) 2000.
1593:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1529:
1525:
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1225:
1221:
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1167:
1157:
1152:
1130:
1127:
1118:guru–shishya
1117:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1056:to the guru.
1053:
1047:
1020:Samayacharya
1019:
1014:
1010:
1008:
997:
993:
986:
960:guru–shishya
959:
944:guru–shishya
943:
941:
925:
910:
893:
859:
836:guru–shishya
835:
833:
817:
811:
809:
799:
792:Brahmaniṣṭha
791:
784:
776:
769:
760:
742:
733:
728:Guru–shishya
727:
716:
712:
709:transference
706:
701:
699:
679:
678:
666:
661:
660:
644:
639:
638:
630:
623:
621:
615:
605:
601:
597:
595:
590:guru bhagini
589:
585:
581:
575:
565:
559:
551:
547:
546:, where the
543:Gurudakshina
541:
523:
515:
511:
505:
490:guru–shishya
489:
487:
484:relationship
482:guru–shishya
481:
465:
456:
447:
437:
429:
421:
420:a number of
409:
403:
393:
385:
373:
369:
363:
345:Arrangements
334:
330:
320:
287:
283:
279:
276:guru–shishya
275:
269:
241:
237:
229:
228:
220:Guru–shishya
219:
218:
206:
202:martial arts
171:
167:
161:
153:
147:
138:, teacher, (
133:
119:
113:
107:
101:
95:
89:
85:
52:
51:
47:
44:guru–shishya
43:
42:
40:
1241:Hindu gurus
1222:sampradayas
1173:Bodhisattva
1079:Parashurama
938:Bhakti yoga
906:samavartana
902:Manu Smriti
896:to perform
870:brahmachari
653:Adi Śankara
640:Parama-guru
586:guru bhrata
567:Dronacharya
536:techniques.
422:sampradayas
418:Vaishnavism
384:). In the
368:culture is
331:brahmavidya
300:Mahabharata
286:(down) and
236:: परम्परा,
156:(Sanskrit:
76:(including
1975:Categories
1693:, quoting
1680:(in Dutch)
1571:(2): 222.
1532:(1): 100.
1341:References
1320:Sampradaya
1268:Sikh gurus
1211:Adi granth
1194:See also:
1180:Dalai Lama
876:where the
786:sampradaya
667:sampradaya
606:paramparas
598:paramparas
577:Guru gotra
534:meditation
466:Sampradaya
448:sampradaya
412:sampradāya
356:Sampradaya
272:Upanishads
252:See also:
186:scriptural
91:sampradaya
1585:1753-3627
1546:1753-0806
1226:parampara
1196:Hukamnama
1160:Vajrayana
1139:. In the
1133:Theravada
1102:shishya's
1038:mysticism
994:shishya's
983:shaktipat
922:Shaktipat
744:pranayama
719:archetype
689:Lord Śiva
671:Vedavyāsa
645:parampara
624:kala-guru
582:parampara
441:siddhānta
405:parampara
386:parampara
376:paramparā
370:parampara
339:oral lore
238:paramparā
230:Paramparā
215:Etymology
182:spiritual
97:gurukulas
86:parampara
53:parampara
48:tradition
1683:Schnabel
1665:Archived
1654:Archived
1611:43441625
1430:(1976).
1403:Bg. 4.2
1369:6534982M
1357:(1899).
1274:See also
1220:Various
1200:Dakshina
1011:prapatti
956:prapatti
890:Vedangas
800:realised
777:Śrotriya
651:this is
617:Gurunath
596:In some
561:Ekalavya
530:esoteric
390:Sanskrit
312:Ramayana
282:(near),
234:Sanskrit
163:shramana
140:Sanskrit
74:Buddhism
62:Hinduism
60:such as
1470:243-244
1207:Sikhism
1184:huo fuo
1168:the way
1164:tantric
1149:Tantric
1131:In the
1110:shishya
1094:shishya
1087:shishya
1061:shishya
1054:shishya
1015:shishya
998:shishya
987:shishya
894:Prayoga
882:acharya
874:Gurukul
861:shishya
804:Brahman
796:Brahman
770:teacher
548:shishya
525:Shiksha
516:shishya
512:shishya
426:acharya
397:ācāryas
335:shishya
327:Brahman
321:In the
310:in the
308:Hanuman
298:in the
292:Krishna
248:History
209:student
194:musical
152:, to a
132:from a
126:temples
121:viharas
103:akharas
78:Tibetan
70:Sikhism
66:Jainism
1917:
1886:
1841:
1810:
1785:
1733:1.2.12
1705:
1662:Part 2
1651:Part 1
1645:
1609:
1583:
1544:
1498:
1464:
1438:
1391:
1367:
1145:Buddha
1114:moksha
979:diksha
975:moksha
968:Avatar
948:bhakti
928:selves
898:yajnas
864:. The
848:Hindus
846:. The
840:Shruti
830:Śrauta
818:moksha
736:bhakti
507:Diksha
494:tantra
474:sadhus
458:Akhara
432:ācārya
366:Indian
360:Akhara
296:Arjuna
274:, the
264:, and
178:agamic
173:diksha
115:mathas
109:gompas
1153:vajra
1097:guru.
1066:Karna
886:Vedas
866:Vedas
852:Vedas
685:mokṣa
556:thumb
464:or a
323:Vedas
288:"ṣad"
280:"upa"
168:chela
158:शिष्य
154:śiṣya
146:) or
50:, or
1915:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1747:4.34
1712:note
1703:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1607:OCLC
1581:ISSN
1542:ISSN
1496:ISBN
1492:23–4
1462:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1266:and
1257:and
1248:and
1239:and
1198:and
1178:The
1075:guru
1071:wasp
1042:Siva
932:kula
888:and
878:Guru
856:guru
834:The
783:and
766:guru
739:yoga
631:Guru
552:guru
382:IAST
358:and
316:Yama
306:and
304:Rama
294:and
284:"ni"
224:guru
198:arts
149:lama
144:गुरु
135:guru
80:and
72:and
41:The
1835:184
1573:doi
1534:doi
1158:In
1028:sin
981:or
952:God
858:to
820:).
380:in
337:by
200:or
124:or
82:Zen
1977::
1837:.
1719:^
1697:,
1685:,
1660:,
1628:^
1579:.
1569:29
1567:.
1563:.
1540:.
1530:15
1528:.
1524:.
1510:^
1494:.
1468:.
1417:^
1365:OL
1235:,
1186:.
977:,
908:.
723:.
476:.
450:,
341:.
260:,
256:,
196:,
192:,
188:,
184:,
180:,
142::
118:,
112:,
106:,
68:,
64:,
1948:.
1938:.
1931:.
1923:.
1892:.
1847:.
1816:.
1791:.
1710:(
1587:.
1575::
1548:.
1536::
1504:.
1472:.
1444:.
1412:.
1371:.
1162:(
1082:.
1000:.
989:.
970:.
816:(
768:(
721:"
673:.
655:.
570:.
518:.
372:(
329:(
232:(
30:.
23:.
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