39:
421:), with half of that land rented. In European Russia this figure was closer to 10 or 11 desyatina per household, while the authorities in Kutaisi estimated at least 4 desyatina were required for a poor family to survive. Estimates by government officials suggested that 70 percent of Gurian households could not meet these land requirements. Peasants thus farmed their own plots, but as this was not enough to survive on they rented from nobles or worked on the land as labourers. Roughly 60 percent of the peasants rented land, paying anywhere from one-sixth to one-half of the harvest in rent. Between the 1880s and 1900, Guria had seen the highest average increase in rent of anywhere in the Transcaucasus.
604:
811:
Alikhanov-Avarsky had his predecessor arrested immediately for his failure to resolve the crisis and sent to Tiflis, and began harsh reprisals in an attempt to restore order. An attempted stand at the Surami Pass by the
Gurians failed to stop Alikhanov-Avarsky, who reached Kutaisi by the middle of January. He issued a proclamation stating that if order was not restored he would do it by force, deadly force if necessary. By mid-February 20 battalions of soldiers, a squadron of Cossacks, and 26 cannons were sent to restore government control over Guria. People were forced to publicly swear allegiance to the Tsar, and those who refused were either exiled to Siberia or shot.
868:
689:
752:, and was well known to the Georgian intelligentsia as a liberal. He accepted the position with conditions, namely that martial law be ended and that "arbitrary behaviour" of officials, including questionable arrests, also be ended; within 10 days of his appointment both had been met. He further enabled the Gurian Republic by attending meetings, reportedly released prisoners, and used trains controlled by the committees. Uratadze later wrote that he was unusual, "a real nihilist member of the intelligentsia, more of an idealist than an administrator".
2811:
773:, lowered tensions again. The Manifesto was seen by the Caucasus administration as an endorsement of its liberal policies, and a confirmation that using force to re-integrate Guria would only lead to further destabilisation across the Empire. Staroselski went to Guria and met with the leadership there to discuss terms of ending the rebellion; after some debate the Gurian Republic determined that they would only agree to ending the boycott if the provisions of the Manifesto were properly implemented; until that point they would continue their efforts.
892:, who later served in the Georgian government, said in 1908 that the "Gurian movement was the most important stage on the path of Georgian social democracy's independent self-development ... it forced social democracy to pay attention to the peasantry." It also forced the Georgian Social Democrats to realise the importance of incorporating the peasants into the movement, an idea previously downplayed by leading Social Democrats. This helped solve the dilemma of utilising Marxism (which was traditionally oriented towards the
398:(RSDLP), were also Gurian, though the region overwhelmingly supported the Mensheviks. Many labourers who went to Batumi and Poti were exposed to socialist ideals, and participated in strikes and other labour actions led by the RSDLP; on their return to Guria they would expose the peasants to these ideas. In particular, after a strike action was broken up in Batumi in 1902, some 500 to 600 workers were forced to leave the city, with many of them going to Guria.
440:, were major sources of income in the Kutais Governorate, maize was by far the most important. In the 1880s over one-quarter of all Russian maize exports came from the Kutais Governorate; by 1901 it was producing 90 percent of all maize from the Transcaucasus. Exports were severely restricted in 1891 to help alleviate the shortages caused by the bad harvest in the rest of Russia that year; they did not recover until 1895. By that time grain from the
788:
363:, allowing passengers to easily travel across Georgia; it was possible to go from Ozurgeti to Batumi in 40 minutes. With many Gurians unable to make a living from farming land, they instead became seasonal workers, travelling to Batumi and Poti, or other developing regions across Georgia. Indeed, by 1900 most of the 12,000 workers in Batumi, which was the third-largest industrial centre in the
327:). That reflected a major increase during this era, and by 1913 it had grown a further 35 per cent. Guria was overwhelmingly rural, with Ozurgeti the largest city at 4,694, and only 26 other villages listed. There were few factories, though some smaller distilleries did exist, with most of the population working in agriculture. In contrast to other parts of Georgia, especially the capital
616:
they should be reformed." Thus when the movement first began, locals immediately established their own judiciary, ignoring the
Russian courts. The local courts were prone to make grave mistakes, with many individuals going for entertainment or to pursue grudges against others. Decisions were made by a majority vote, and women were allowed to participate.
715:, particularly in Guria. The position of viceroy had been replaced with a governor-general, who held reduced authority, in the 1880s as the imperial government tried to centralise control over the Caucasus. Vorontsov-Dashkov was seen as a moderate and less reactionary than Alikhanov-Avarsky, and rather than use military force sent a sole representative,
896:) into a rural society (which encompassed much of the Russian Empire). According to Lee, while not fully implemented by the Bolsheviks or Mensheviks, the ideas of the Gurian Republic were a clear indication of how such an issue could be resolved, and were used by the government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia when it was formed in 1918.
719:, to tour Guria and hear local grievances. Krym-Girei spent a few weeks in the region attending meetings at which he told the Gurians that Vorontsov-Dashkov was willing to make broad concessions and agree to any reasonable request, but rebellions broke out closer to Tiflis, and within two weeks he was recalled.
814:
By mid-March, the Gurian
Republic was effectively abolished, and Guria was once again integrated into the Empire. This came at a terrible cost: hundreds of buildings were destroyed, about 300 people were deported to Siberia, and an unknown number were killed. A report by a Social Democratic newspaper
760:
The rebellions continued throughout 1905, and with no end in sight the military was dispatched by the authorities in August to restore order in eastern
Georgia. Several people were killed as a result, which heightened tensions throughout Georgia, and Guria armed itself and cut off all transit between
619:
The death penalty was retained, but not used; instead, the most severe form of punishment was a boycott of an individual. This was considered a terrible sentence: one contemporary said that "everyone feared the boycott" as it meant "expulsion from social life, isolation from one's neighbourhood, the
615:
Justice was conducted under a system known as a "popular tribunal". As
Villari noted, the "corruption and inefficiency of the Russian courts of justice in Georgia was a byword among the people and constituted one of the chief grievances of the inhabitants, who constantly but fruitlessly demanded that
594:
tax was instituted in Guria to purchase arms, leading the
Tsarist authorities to fear an armed peasant uprising. "Red Detachments" were organised, and while nearly every Gurian was armed, they were not a serious force that could have deterred a real military invasion. A contemporary report noted that
573:
The decision to have two systems like this caused tension between the groups: the Social
Democrats did not want to lose focus on their class struggles, while the peasants were angry at being excluded from the party. This was part of the larger division in the RSDLP that had led to a split between the
209:
During its existence, the Gurian
Republic ignored Russian authority and established its own system of government, which consisted of assemblies of villagers meeting and discussing issues. A unique form of justice, where trial attendees voted on sentences, was introduced. While the movement broke from
732:
would not have been enough to satisfy them. He did give four recommendations to
Vorontsov-Dashkov: replacement of appointed elders by elected individuals; the restoration of libraries; allowing the return of those in administrative exile; and the removal of soldiers stationed in Guria. The first two
627:
Villari witnessed a trial where about 200 people gathered for the case. A merchant who had been convicted of adultery and sentenced to a boycott was appealing it. After he made his case, there was advocacy both for and against him, until a motion to withdraw the boycott passed with a simple majority
578:
in August 1903: the
Bolsheviks wanted the party to be more exclusive, while the Mensheviks were more willing to accommodate a variety of members, including peasants whom the Bolsheviks felt were not ready for class struggles. These factional differences, which also led to a split within the Georgian
488:
The movement gained momentum, with meetings occurring on a frequent basis, and by the spring of 1903 half of the region was involved. The following year 20 of the 25 rural societies (analogous to municipal governments) were participating in boycotts of landowners. The boycott was extended in January
343:
were high throughout the region; with one student per 20 people, the Ozurget Uyezd had by far the highest proportion of students in Georgia. This gave Guria a reputation as an educated and literate region, but there were no real opportunities for further development there, which frustrated the rural
879:
Socialism, particularly the social democratic views of the local Georgian intelligentsia, played a major role in the Gurian Republic. Jones has cautioned that the success of the movement "was not due to the strength of Marx's ideas," as most participants were "religious believers who swore oaths on
810:
With the uprisings in Russia ended, orders came in late December to resolve the situation militarily, and have all the revolutionaries arrested. The next month, on orders of the Tsar, Staroselski was removed from his position as governor of the Kutais Governorate, and replaced by Alikhanov-Avarsky.
522:
of the serfs. Village meetings were vested with supreme authority, and also served as a court. These meetings initially met infrequently, but by 1905 were assembling weekly. They were forums for a variety of topics, from banning expensive funerals and weddings to setting the curriculum for schools.
496:
were exiled to Siberia; this only encouraged further participation. The peasants wanted to use terrorism and acts of violence to support their movement, but this was not considered proper for revolutionaries and not promoted. By that time the Georgian Social Democrats, a branch of the RSDLP, agreed
424:
This was compounded by the high proportion of nobles in Georgia, where approximately 5.6 percent of the population were landowning nobles, compared to 1.4 percent in European Russia. While larger landowners were required to make land available for rent, those who owned less than 11.25 desyatina did
875:
The Gurian Republic has been called "the most effective and organized peasant movement in the empire" by Jones. Due to its location on the fringes of the Empire, both geographically and politically, the authorities were slow to respond and Guria was able to sustain the republic for several years.
562:). They would then elect representatives for the rural society, who selected their own regional representatives. All people were expected to contribute money or labour, and Villari reported that "one sometimes saw nobles, priests, peasants, and shopkeepers all manfully doing their turn of work."
798:
In late November and early December tsarist forces began to re-assert control in both Saint Petersburg and Moscow. With the end of the war with Japan Nicholas felt comfortable enough to use military force to end the uprisings, more so as promises of reform had failed to have any real effect. In
565:
These regional representatives would be the ones directly in contact with the Gurian Social Democratic Committee, established as a parallel governmental structure by the Social Democrats. Guria was divided into five regions, each led by a committee member, though the village assembly still held
198:. It rose from a revolt over land grazing rights in 1902. Several issues over the previous decades affecting the peasant population including taxation, land ownership and economic factors also factored into the start of the insurrection. The revolt gained further traction through the efforts of
838:
The repressive measures of Vorontsov-Dashkov and Alikhanov-Avarsky were not forgotten; both were the target of multiple assassination attempts after the uprisings. Vorontsov-Dashkov was wounded several times but survived all attempts on his life; he continued to pursue tolerant policies in the
473:, a member of the RSDLP. Uratadze sought the support of the RSDLP for the boycott, but they refused because of the overt religious elements of the meeting, such as swearing oaths on icons. They were reluctant to help a peasant movement, seeing social democracy as a worker-led movement.
570:, who was variously referred to as the "Gurian President" or the "Gurian King." According to Jones, "in all the meetings there was no sign of nationalism or anti-Russian feeling", as Russia was seen as a protector against a possible invasion from the neighbouring Ottoman Empire.
887:
Many of the leading figures of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which existed from 1918 until 1921 and was led by Georgian Mensheviks, Lee notes, were Gurians who had earlier participated in the movement in Guria. This was recognised by the Mensheviks themselves —
819:, who represented Kutaisi, noted that in eight months of occupation in Guria, 80,000 rubles in fines were issued, 381 houses and 400 shops were burnt down. Military courts were established in August 1906; they sentenced 73 to death, 62 to hard labour, and 4 to exile.
679:
in Guria in February and was named the governor of the Kutais Governorate ten days later, but before he moved west a petition of leading Georgians convinced Malama to call it off his military intervention and instead resolve the troubles in Guria diplomatically.
38:
727:
wrote, the Gurians "merely desired to emerge from their colonial status and enjoy the same rights and privileges as the citizens of European Russia." Krym-Girei later said that the demands of the Gurians were too extreme to seriously consider, and that the
803:. That month Vorontsov-Dashkov named Malama military governor of Tiflis, but quickly replaced him with Alikhanov-Avarsky, who he tasked with restoring order to the city by whatever means necessary. In response the Gurians moved east and blocked the
221:
led to massive uprisings throughout the Empire, including Georgia, and in reaction the Russian imperial authorities deployed military forces to end the rebellions, including in Guria. The organised peasants were able to fend off a small force of
671:, notified the authorities in Saint Petersburg that "The situation in the Ozurgeti district and surrounding areas is assuming the character of a rebellion" and requested military assistance to handle it. Before a reply was sent Malama ordered
338:
Guria had high levels of education for a poor peasant region. There were an estimated 63 schools, with 2,833 students, throughout the region by 1905. Ozurgeti alone had four, including one for girls, and 681 total students. As a result,
656:
of police stations and local administrative offices (which held land records). Eight police officers were stationed in Guria at the start of 1905, one was murdered, one wounded, two ran away, and the other four resigned their posts.
226:, but the imperial authorities returned with overwhelming military force to re-assert control in 1906. Some of the Republic's leaders were executed, imprisoned or exiled, but others later played prominent roles in the 1918–1921
410:. Though nominally freed from serfdom, serfs were not freed from their economic obligations, and thus many peasants in Georgia remained "temporarily obligated" to their former masters without real improvement in their lives.
807:, the lone railway link between western and eastern Georgia, and prepared for a military invasion. No train was allowed to cross without their permission, effectively cutting western Georgia off from the rest of the Empire.
876:
Jones has noted that the "social, economic, and ethnic homogeneity of the region" were important factors in its success, as it was unique within Georgia for being an overwhelmingly peasant, ethnically Georgian region.
880:
icons" and peasants who simply wanted to own their own land. Lee by contrast argued that it should be seen as a serious "test of Marxism in theory and practice", and that it was arguably "even more important than the
620:
people's enmity." In even more extreme cases, the courts could have individuals expelled from their village or town. Other methods were employed as well: Villari notes that in one case two peasants were convicted of
722:
Krym-Girei was nonetheless able to take in several of the main issues facing the Gurian Republic, mainly political and economic demands, and was clear they wished to remain part of the Russian Empire; as historian
666:
815:
that March said that Ozurgeti no longer existed and that houses had been burned in many villages. The occupation would last several more months, and did not let up: in a speech to the Duma in 1909,
624:
and forced to ride a donkey naked through the town while proclaiming their guilt and swearing to live a better life. The Tsarist police, effectively powerless, were unable to carry out any arrests.
425:
not have to, which meant some 80 percent of landowners were exempt, greatly limiting the amount of land available. The nobles were reluctant to sell their land, further increasing tensions.
469:, led to a meeting of peasants, who agreed to stop working on the Prince's land and stop paying rent. Led by former workers from Batumi, approximately 700 peasants met, organised by
497:
at a May 1903 meeting to support the Gurian Republic. They established a separate committee for "agricultural workers" that would focus on Guria, a term that attempted to reconcile
784:; 14 Cossacks were killed. Before further expeditions could be sent, Staroselski and intelligentsia from Tiflis dissuaded Vorontsov-Dashkov, who hoped negotiations could continue.
827:
Though protests continued sporadically through 1907, the Gurian Republic was over. The organisers of the movement knew that their ideas could be successful; labour organiser
776:
Despite these assurances, clashes continued between the peasants and the government. Vorontsov-Dashkov again attempted a military solution, sending a detachment of 100
582:
Starting in 1903 there had been a slow expansion of the ideals of the Gurian Republic outside its borders, and by August 1904 it had firmly taken hold in neighbouring
575:
391:
840:
477:, a Georgian Menshevik active in Batumi at the time, said that social democrats "cannot have a peasant movement under our banners." However two local Mensheviks,
2897:
2599:
2892:
2902:
579:
Social Democrats, had little impact on the Gurian Republic, with both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks at times being asked to participate in local debates.
2513:
444:
had become popular, and the prices for maize dropped considerably. A poor harvest in Guria itself during 1902–1903 further agitated its peasantry.
2569:
661:
675:
west from Tiflis, with full military authority, to handle the situation. Alikhanov-Avarsky, known as a brutal military commander, declared
794:
led a military invasion in 1906 that ended the Gurian Republic. He restored government order using repressive measures within a few weeks.
566:
ultimate authority. Commissions were formed to set rent and establish grazing rights on confiscated land. In charge of the committee was
505:, an Italian traveler who visited Guria in 1905, stating that "no Gurian would think of applying to a Government official for anything."
2592:
831:
has written that "it turned out to be a harbinger for a much larger experiment in 'revolutionary self-government,'" a reference to the
230:. The Republic also showed that peasants could be incorporated into the socialist movement, an idea previously downplayed by leading
530:
Within a village a "circle" was made, and there were on average 10 circles for 90 households. Each circle would elect a "tensman" (
2877:
780:
to Guria. They were repelled in battle by a number of armed Gurians (between 1,000 and 4,000; sources differ) on 20 October at
395:
2585:
2492:
2467:
2442:
2375:
2315:
2282:
485:, agreed to help. The peasants' demands included free grazing rights, rent reduction, and an end to payments to the clergy.
708:
704:
696:
308:, and that legacy as a borderland was slow to dissipate: many residents remained armed, and bandits frequented the region.
595:
at most there were 2,000 rifles in the entire region, with not all of them in working order and a shortage of ammunition.
2907:
2852:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2791:
387:
199:
2395:
518:
The Gurian Republic's government was organised from the village level up, based on the legislation that came from the
492:
The authorities responded by arresting over 300 people, and several, including Zhordania and fellow Menshevik leader
297:
243:
799:
response a general strike was called for Tiflis in December, while the railway and telegraph lines were captured in
272:
in 1810 and retained autonomy until 1829 when it was formally annexed. The region was re-organised in 1840 into an
2912:
648:. Protests against Tsarist rule broke out across the Russian Empire, exacerbated by continual defeats during the
527:, while the peasants took an active role in the meetings, the workers from the cities were largely running them.
315:, in 1897, counted Guria's population at just under 100,000, while the Kutais Governorate had the second-highest
523:
They became increasingly political and could last for hours, even days, at a time. According to Gurian linguist
2882:
2786:
835:
that would be established in 1918 and led by many of the Social Democrats associated with the Gurian Republic.
832:
227:
202:, despite some reservations within their party over supporting a peasant movement, and grew further during the
2640:
965:
2872:
2612:
766:
89:
2810:
2363:
828:
770:
407:
769:
that would grant freedom of speech, assembly, and the establishment of an elected legislative body, the
839:
Caucasus in an attempt to mollify the population. He was finally replaced in 1916 by the Tsar's cousin
692:
2862:
2776:
2728:
2348:
394:
in 1907 were from the region. Several leading Georgian Bolsheviks, the other main faction within the
2887:
2733:
2695:
2484:
2307:
928:
791:
672:
652:, and the situation in Guria became much more violent. Terrorist activities became common, usually
406:
Underdeveloped and poor, Guria had serious land shortages, made worse by population growth and the
2280:(July 1989), "Marxism and Peasant Revolt in the Russian Empire: The Case of the Gurian Republic",
2743:
2679:
946:
645:
603:
501:
with the peasant movement. Tsarist officials remained in Guria, though they were boycotted, with
489:
1904 to include government institutions and the church, with further calls to seize these lands.
218:
203:
586:, which had 600 "circles" of its own by the end of 1905; similar movements also arose in nearby
2663:
729:
211:
2738:
352:
312:
265:
2410:
Pate, Alice K. (2005), "Generational Conflict and the Gurian Republic in Georgia to 1905",
737:
641:
567:
108:
8:
2668:
2324:
724:
482:
461:, the Gurian Republic began in May 1902. A dispute over grazing rights in the village of
2760:
2755:
2723:
2718:
2700:
2476:
2291:
973:
649:
375:
324:
316:
293:
855:. Chkhikvishvili fled Guria to avoid arrest, but was later detained and at a trial in
122:
2796:
2750:
2690:
2577:
2563:
2536:
2517:
2488:
2463:
2438:
2371:
2352:
2332:
2311:
917:
844:
816:
762:
716:
547:
531:
474:
257:
183:
170:
72:
867:
2419:
2277:
937:
889:
637:
458:
277:
2673:
2547:
2501:
2430:
976:; in the early 20th century the Julian calendar was 13 days behind the Gregorian.
969:
848:
688:
470:
355:
in 1872 had a major effect on Guria. It connected Tiflis with the port cities of
2867:
345:
305:
261:
195:
51:
2540:
2826:
2528:
2521:
2451:
2356:
2336:
2304:
Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy 1883–1917
893:
881:
502:
493:
478:
441:
364:
340:
331:, Guria was ethnically homogeneous, with most of the population being ethnic
285:
191:
182:
was an insurgent community that existed between 1902 and 1906 in the western
47:
2423:
748:, Staroselski had previously worked in Georgia to help combat the spread of
432:
as a cash crop exacerbated the issue further. While other products, notably
160:
2385:
524:
519:
269:
851:. Alikhanov-Avarsky was assassinated by an Armenian group in July 1907 in
804:
741:
676:
761:
it and the rest of the Caucasus. Tsar Nicholas II's announcement of the
2295:
781:
749:
745:
466:
390:, came from Guria; nearly 30 per cent of the Georgian delegates at the
386:." Many of the leading Georgian Mensheviks, the leading faction of the
383:
2608:
712:
699:
in February 1905 and tasked with resolving the Gurian Republic issue.
587:
414:
379:
371:
332:
2683:
777:
740:
governor of the Kutais Governorate, and tasked him with devising a
621:
608:
320:
289:
231:
223:
82:
62:
636:
On 9 January 1905 soldiers fired upon a crowd of demonstrators in
2635:
2630:
800:
583:
498:
462:
418:
2645:
856:
852:
356:
328:
301:
260:. In the early 19th century it had been incorporated into the
653:
591:
429:
273:
253:
187:
43:
787:
437:
433:
360:
2456:Революция как момент истины: 1905–1907 гг. – 1917–1922 гг.
546:) who then would select among themselves a "hundredsman" (
2368:
The Experiment: Georgia's Forgotten Revolution, 1918–1921
382:
active during the republic's existence, as "a citadel of
374:
was also an important factor in Guria. It was noted by
284:; a secondary administrative division) and renamed the
2607:
2460:
Revolution as a Moment of Truth: 1905–1907 – 1917–1922
557:
541:
1435:
1433:
985:
These figures do not include court-martial sentences.
951:
711:, was appointed and given sweeping powers to end the
413:The average peasant household had no more than 1.5
292:, the main city in the region; it was added to the
16:
Peasant insurrection in Russian Georgia (1902–1906)
2345:The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658–1832
1430:
248:
1408:
1406:
2824:
2514:Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace
2394:], The Biographical Dictionary of Georgia,
2013:
2011:
1809:
1807:
859:in 1908 was sentenced to four years in prison.
1403:
1003:
1001:
921:
551:
535:
2898:States and territories disestablished in 1906
2593:
660:The acting governor-general of the Caucasus,
2383:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2008:
1986:
1984:
1911:
1909:
1824:
1822:
1804:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1364:
1362:
1187:
1185:
1007:
765:, a precursor to the Russian Empire's first
644:, this was one of the primary causes of the
452:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1666:
1664:
1241:
1239:
1148:
1146:
1097:
1095:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1041:
1039:
998:
2893:States and territories established in 1902
2600:
2586:
2568:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2512:] (in Russian), Stanford, California:
574:Bolshevik and Menshevik factions at their
37:
2903:1902 establishments in the Russian Empire
2506:Воспоминания грузинского социал-демократа
2483:(Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana:
2052:
2023:
1981:
1906:
1819:
1693:
1691:
1596:
1584:
1543:
1512:
1469:
1386:
1359:
1202:
1200:
1182:
2546:
2500:
2429:
2220:
2218:
2161:
2137:
2125:
2101:
2077:
2017:
1975:
1939:
1900:
1840:
1813:
1763:
1661:
1236:
1143:
1092:
1063:
1036:
866:
786:
687:
602:
214:, desiring to remain within the Empire.
2527:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1566:
1494:
1125:
695:. Seen as a moderate, he was appointed
513:
2825:
2450:
2398:from the original on December 10, 2020
1688:
1197:
1018:
755:
465:between peasants and the local noble,
396:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
2581:
2510:Memoirs of a Georgian Social-Democrat
2462:] (in Russian), Moscow: Bes Mir,
2435:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
2301:
2283:The Slavonic and East European Review
2276:
2248:
2236:
2215:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2089:
2065:
2034:
1990:
1963:
1915:
1864:
1852:
1828:
1786:
1745:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1607:
1590:
1554:
1525:
1506:
1482:
1451:
1439:
1412:
1397:
1380:
1368:
1341:
1329:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1257:
1230:
1191:
1164:
1137:
1113:
1101:
1086:
1074:
1057:
1045:
2475:
2409:
2342:
2323:
2149:
2046:
2002:
1951:
1927:
1876:
1798:
1774:
1670:
1353:
1317:
1269:
1245:
1218:
1176:
1152:
1030:
210:imperial administration, it was not
2362:
2260:
2224:
2113:
1888:
1757:
1697:
1682:
1619:
1578:
1537:
1463:
1424:
1206:
736:In May Vorontsov-Dashkov appointed
683:
13:
2329:A Modern History of Soviet Georgia
871:Modern borders of Guria in Georgia
631:
14:
2924:
2481:The Making of the Georgian Nation
2412:The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review
256:was a historic region in western
244:Georgia within the Russian Empire
2809:
2254:
2384:Mchedishvili, David A. (2012),
2269:
2242:
2230:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2040:
1996:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1792:
1780:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1676:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1572:
1560:
1531:
1500:
1488:
1457:
1445:
1418:
1374:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1224:
1212:
1170:
1158:
1131:
1119:
1107:
979:
958:
508:
249:Guria within the Russian Empire
2787:Democratic Republic of Georgia
2533:Fire and Sword in the Caucasus
2331:, New York City: Grove Press,
1080:
1051:
1024:
1012:
968:. The Russian Empire used the
933:
911:
833:Democratic Republic of Georgia
401:
228:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1:
2878:National liberation movements
2343:Lang, David Marshall (1957),
899:
733:were eventually implemented.
703:At the end of February a new
590:. Near the end of 1904 a two-
237:
2558:] (in Georgian), Tbilisi
2306:, Cambridge, Massachusetts:
992:
822:
417:(roughly the same amount of
313:Russian Empire's only census
304:in 1878, Guria bordered the
7:
2535:, London: T. Fisher Unwin,
952:
558:
542:
428:Guria's high dependence on
46:, known at the time as the
10:
2929:
2908:Former socialist republics
2853:Russian Revolution of 1905
2437:, London: Reaktion Books,
2302:Jones, Stephen F. (2005),
709:Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov
693:Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov
598:
447:
241:
190:(known at the time as the
2858:1906 in Georgia (country)
2848:1905 in Georgia (country)
2843:1904 in Georgia (country)
2838:1903 in Georgia (country)
2833:1902 in Georgia (country)
2807:
2777:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
2769:
2729:Principality of Mingrelia
2709:
2654:
2623:
2619:
2349:Columbia University Press
941:
922:
862:
552:
536:
453:Formation of the republic
408:emancipation of the serfs
388:Georgian Social Democrats
281:
200:Georgian social democrats
166:
156:
152:
142:
132:
128:
118:
114:
102:
98:
88:
78:
68:
58:
36:
31:
21:
2761:Principality of Samtskhe
2734:Principality of Abkhazia
2696:First Kingdom of Kakheti
2485:Indiana University Press
2308:Harvard University Press
904:
792:Maksud Alikhanov-Avarsky
673:Maksud Alikhanov-Avarsky
2744:Principality of Svaneti
2424:10.1163/187633205X00096
964:All dates are given in
705:Viceroy of the Caucasus
697:Viceroy of the Caucasus
646:1905 Russian Revolution
457:According to historian
351:The development of the
219:1905 Russian Revolution
204:1905 Russian Revolution
109:Beniamin Chkhikvishvili
2913:Revolutionary communes
2664:Principality of Iberia
872:
795:
730:Constitution of France
700:
612:
607:A popular tribunal in
300:and the annexation of
144:• Disestablished
2883:Communist revolutions
2739:Principality of Guria
2370:, London: Zed Books,
953:Guriiskaya respublika
870:
843:in order to lead the
790:
691:
606:
353:Transcaucasus Railway
266:Principality of Guria
69:Common languages
2392:benia chkhikvishvili
2325:Lang, David Marshall
942:Гурийская республика
738:Vladimir Staroselski
568:Benia Chkhikvishvili
514:System of government
392:Fifth Party Congress
2873:Kutaisi Governorate
2669:Kingdom of Abkhazia
2477:Suny, Ronald Grigor
934:guriis resp'ublik'a
841:Grand Duke Nicholas
756:End of the Republic
725:David Marshall Lang
483:Silibistro Jibladze
367:, were from Guria.
296:in 1846. Until the
134:• Sovereignty
2756:Kingdom of Kakheti
2724:Kingdom of Imereti
2719:Kingdom of Georgia
2701:Emirate of Tbilisi
2678:Principalities of
2611:states throughout
2188:, pp. 156–157
2140:, pp. 317–321
2128:, pp. 314–316
2080:, pp. 313–314
2005:, pp. 169–170
1966:, pp. 428–429
1867:, pp. 426–427
1843:, pp. 306–307
1454:, pp. 421–422
1442:, pp. 146–147
1296:, pp. 410–411
1260:, pp. 407–408
1233:, pp. 133–134
974:Gregorian calendar
873:
796:
701:
650:Russo-Japanese War
613:
376:Grigory Aleksinsky
325:Erivan Governorate
317:population density
294:Kutais Governorate
2818:
2817:
2805:
2804:
2782:Republic of Guria
2751:Kingdom of Kartli
2691:Kingdom of Hereti
2552:1905 წლის გურიაში
2494:978-0-25-320915-3
2469:978-5-7777-0039-1
2444:978-1-78-023030-6
2387:ბენია ჩხიკვიშვილი
2377:978-1-78699-092-1
2347:, New York City:
2317:978-0-67-401902-7
1008:Mchedishvili 2012
950:
923:გურიის რესპუბლიკა
845:Caucasus Campaign
817:Evgeni Gegechkori
763:October Manifesto
717:Sultan Krym-Girei
640:. Later known as
475:Nikolay Chkheidze
467:Prince Machutadze
298:Russo-Turkish War
176:
175:
104:• 1902–1906
26:გურიის რესპუბლიკა
2920:
2863:Former republics
2813:
2621:
2620:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2559:
2548:Zhghenti, Tengiz
2543:
2524:
2502:Uratadze, Grigol
2497:
2472:
2447:
2431:Rayfield, Donald
2426:
2418:(2–3): 255–268,
2406:
2405:
2403:
2380:
2359:
2339:
2320:
2298:
2264:
2263:, pp. 29–30
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2116:, pp. 27–28
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1736:, pp. 94–97
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1622:, pp. 14–15
1617:
1611:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1569:, pp. 92–93
1564:
1558:
1552:
1541:
1540:, pp. 19–20
1535:
1529:
1523:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1005:
986:
983:
977:
972:rather than the
962:
956:
955:
945:
943:
935:
932:
925:
924:
915:
890:Akaki Chkhenkeli
684:Tsarist response
670:
638:Saint Petersburg
561:
555:
554:
545:
539:
538:
459:Stephen F. Jones
283:
41:
19:
18:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2888:Peasant revolts
2823:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2801:
2765:
2711:
2705:
2674:Bagratid Iberia
2656:
2650:
2615:
2606:
2576:
2561:
2560:
2495:
2470:
2445:
2401:
2399:
2378:
2318:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2024:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1006:
999:
995:
990:
989:
984:
980:
970:Julian calendar
963:
959:
936:
927:
916:
912:
907:
902:
865:
849:First World War
825:
758:
686:
664:
634:
632:1905 Revolution
601:
576:Second Congress
516:
511:
471:Grigol Uratadze
455:
450:
404:
372:socialist ideas
251:
246:
240:
180:Gurian Republic
145:
135:
105:
54:
27:
24:
23:Gurian Republic
17:
12:
11:
5:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2575:
2574:
2544:
2529:Villari, Luigi
2525:
2498:
2493:
2473:
2468:
2452:Shanin, Teodor
2448:
2443:
2427:
2407:
2381:
2376:
2360:
2340:
2321:
2316:
2299:
2290:(3): 403–434,
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2051:
2039:
2022:
2007:
1995:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1818:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1687:
1675:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1542:
1530:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1429:
1417:
1402:
1385:
1373:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1196:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1091:
1079:
1062:
1050:
1035:
1023:
1011:
996:
994:
991:
988:
987:
978:
957:
909:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
864:
861:
824:
821:
757:
754:
685:
682:
633:
630:
600:
597:
515:
512:
510:
507:
454:
451:
449:
446:
403:
400:
370:The advent of
346:intelligentsia
341:literacy rates
306:Ottoman Empire
262:Russian Empire
250:
247:
239:
236:
196:Russian Empire
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
119:Historical era
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:Russian Empire
42:
34:
33:
29:
28:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2925:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:Modern period
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:High and Late
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2557:
2556:1905 in Guria
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2402:September 27,
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2262:
2257:
2251:, p. 433
2250:
2245:
2239:, p. 405
2238:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2212:, p. 156
2211:
2206:
2200:, p. 432
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2176:, p. 131
2175:
2170:
2164:, p. 316
2163:
2162:Rayfield 2012
2158:
2152:, p. 189
2151:
2146:
2139:
2138:Rayfield 2012
2134:
2127:
2126:Rayfield 2012
2122:
2115:
2110:
2104:, p. 314
2103:
2102:Rayfield 2012
2098:
2092:, p. 155
2091:
2086:
2079:
2078:Rayfield 2012
2074:
2068:, p. 430
2067:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2049:, p. 170
2048:
2043:
2037:, p. 429
2036:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2020:, p. 313
2019:
2018:Rayfield 2012
2014:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1993:, p. 428
1992:
1987:
1985:
1978:, p. 156
1977:
1976:Zhghenti 1936
1972:
1965:
1960:
1954:, p. 169
1953:
1948:
1942:, p. 154
1941:
1940:Zhghenti 1936
1936:
1930:, p. 168
1929:
1924:
1918:, p. 154
1917:
1912:
1910:
1903:, p. 116
1902:
1901:Uratadze 1968
1897:
1890:
1885:
1879:, p. 153
1878:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1855:, p. 150
1854:
1849:
1842:
1841:Rayfield 2012
1837:
1831:, p. 425
1830:
1825:
1823:
1816:, p. 312
1815:
1814:Rayfield 2012
1810:
1808:
1801:, p. 152
1800:
1795:
1789:, p. 424
1788:
1783:
1777:, p. 167
1776:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1748:, p. xii
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1673:, p. 151
1672:
1667:
1665:
1658:, p. 421
1657:
1652:
1646:, p. 148
1645:
1640:
1634:, p. 420
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1610:, p. 427
1609:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1593:, p. 149
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1557:, p. 423
1556:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1528:, p. 147
1527:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1509:, p. 146
1508:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1485:, p. 418
1484:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1415:, p. 142
1414:
1409:
1407:
1400:, p. 417
1399:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1383:, p. 141
1382:
1377:
1371:, p. 416
1370:
1365:
1363:
1356:, p. 150
1355:
1350:
1344:, p. 135
1343:
1338:
1332:, p. 409
1331:
1326:
1320:, p. 148
1319:
1314:
1308:, p. 407
1307:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1284:, p. 137
1283:
1278:
1272:, p. 149
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1248:, p. 147
1247:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1221:, p. 263
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1194:, p. 132
1193:
1188:
1186:
1179:, p. 260
1178:
1173:
1167:, p. 411
1166:
1161:
1155:, p. 166
1154:
1149:
1147:
1140:, p. 138
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1116:, p. 139
1115:
1110:
1104:, p. 415
1103:
1098:
1096:
1089:, p. 408
1088:
1083:
1077:, p. 134
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1060:, p. 140
1059:
1054:
1048:, p. 133
1047:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1021:, p. 180
1020:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
982:
975:
971:
967:
961:
954:
948:
939:
930:
919:
914:
910:
897:
895:
894:working class
891:
885:
883:
882:Paris Commune
877:
869:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
836:
834:
830:
820:
818:
812:
808:
806:
802:
793:
789:
785:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
698:
694:
690:
681:
678:
674:
668:
663:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:Bloody Sunday
639:
629:
625:
623:
617:
610:
605:
596:
593:
589:
585:
580:
577:
571:
569:
563:
560:
549:
544:
533:
528:
526:
521:
506:
504:
503:Luigi Villari
500:
495:
494:Noe Khomeriki
490:
486:
484:
480:
479:Noe Zhordania
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
445:
443:
442:United States
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
420:
416:
411:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
365:Transcaucasus
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
342:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:Ozurget Uyezd
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
215:
213:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:Ozurget Uyezd
189:
185:
181:
172:
169:
167:Today part of
165:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
141:
137:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
113:
110:
107:
101:
97:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
50:, within the
49:
48:Ozurget Uyezd
45:
40:
35:
30:
20:
2820:
2792:Georgian SSR
2781:
2555:
2551:
2532:
2509:
2505:
2480:
2459:
2455:
2434:
2415:
2411:
2400:, retrieved
2391:
2386:
2367:
2344:
2328:
2303:
2287:
2281:
2270:Bibliography
2256:
2244:
2232:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2042:
1998:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1896:
1891:, p. 25
1884:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1794:
1782:
1760:, p. 16
1753:
1741:
1734:Villari 1906
1729:
1724:, p. 96
1722:Villari 1906
1717:
1712:, p. 93
1710:Villari 1906
1705:
1700:, p. 17
1685:, p. 21
1678:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1586:
1581:, p. 14
1574:
1567:Villari 1906
1562:
1533:
1502:
1497:, p. 92
1495:Villari 1906
1490:
1466:, p. 12
1459:
1447:
1427:, p. 11
1420:
1376:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1226:
1214:
1209:, p. 10
1172:
1160:
1133:
1128:, p. 84
1126:Villari 1906
1121:
1109:
1082:
1053:
1033:, p. 57
1026:
1014:
981:
960:
913:
886:
878:
874:
853:Alexandropol
837:
826:
813:
809:
797:
775:
767:Constitution
759:
735:
721:
702:
662:Yakov Malama
659:
635:
626:
618:
614:
581:
572:
564:
529:
525:Nikolai Marr
520:emancipation
517:
509:Organization
491:
487:
456:
427:
423:
412:
405:
369:
350:
337:
310:
270:protectorate
252:
216:
212:anti-Russian
208:
179:
177:
2712:Middle Ages
2657:Middle Ages
2278:Jones, S.F.
2227:, p. 9
1019:Shanin 1997
805:Surami Pass
744:policy. An
742:land reform
677:martial law
665: [
402:Land issues
323:(after the
268:was made a
2827:Categories
2541:1004566072
2249:Jones 1989
2237:Jones 1989
2210:Jones 2005
2198:Jones 1989
2186:Jones 2005
2174:Jones 2005
2090:Jones 2005
2066:Jones 1989
2035:Jones 1989
1991:Jones 1989
1964:Jones 1989
1916:Jones 2005
1865:Jones 1989
1853:Jones 2005
1829:Jones 1989
1787:Jones 1989
1746:Jones 2005
1656:Jones 1989
1644:Jones 2005
1632:Jones 1989
1608:Jones 1989
1591:Jones 2005
1555:Jones 1989
1526:Jones 2005
1507:Jones 2005
1483:Jones 1989
1452:Jones 1989
1440:Jones 2005
1413:Jones 2005
1398:Jones 1989
1381:Jones 2005
1369:Jones 1989
1342:Jones 2005
1330:Jones 1989
1306:Jones 1989
1294:Jones 1989
1282:Jones 2005
1258:Jones 1989
1231:Jones 2005
1192:Jones 2005
1165:Jones 1989
1138:Jones 2005
1114:Jones 2005
1102:Jones 1989
1087:Jones 1989
1075:Jones 2005
1058:Jones 2005
1046:Jones 2005
900:References
782:Nasakirali
750:phylloxera
746:agronomist
384:Menshevism
242:See also:
238:Background
186:region of
123:Modern Era
79:Government
2624:Antiquity
2522:881537801
2364:Lee, Eric
2357:561875674
2337:317495278
2150:Suny 1994
2047:Suny 1994
2003:Suny 1994
1952:Suny 1994
1928:Suny 1994
1877:Lang 1962
1799:Lang 1962
1775:Suny 1994
1671:Lang 1962
1354:Suny 1994
1318:Suny 1994
1270:Suny 1994
1246:Suny 1994
1219:Pate 2005
1177:Pate 2005
1153:Suny 1994
1031:Lang 1957
993:Citations
966:Old Style
947:romanized
929:romanized
823:Aftermath
713:rebellion
588:Mingrelia
415:desyatina
380:Bolshevik
333:Georgians
194:) in the
90:President
32:1902–1906
2684:Klarjeti
2609:Georgian
2564:citation
2550:(1936),
2531:(1906),
2504:(1968),
2479:(1994),
2454:(1997),
2433:(2012),
2396:archived
2366:(2017),
2327:(1962),
2261:Lee 2017
2225:Lee 2017
2114:Lee 2017
1889:Lee 2017
1758:Lee 2017
1698:Lee 2017
1683:Lee 2017
1620:Lee 2017
1579:Lee 2017
1538:Lee 2017
1464:Lee 2017
1425:Lee 2017
1207:Lee 2017
918:Georgian
829:Eric Lee
778:Cossacks
622:adultery
609:Ozurgeti
559:asistavi
553:ასისთავი
548:Georgian
543:atistavi
537:ათისთავი
532:Georgian
419:hectares
321:Caucasus
290:Ozurgeti
288:, after
232:Marxists
224:Cossacks
184:Georgian
157:Currency
83:Republic
73:Georgian
63:Ozurgeti
2797:Georgia
2636:Colchis
2631:Diauehi
2613:history
2296:4210029
949::
938:Russian
847:of the
801:Kutaisi
599:Justice
584:Imereti
499:Marxism
463:Nigoiti
448:History
319:in the
278:Russian
258:Georgia
171:Georgia
59:Capital
2682:&
2646:Lazica
2641:Iberia
2539:
2520:
2491:
2466:
2441:
2374:
2355:
2335:
2314:
2294:
920::
863:Legacy
857:Odessa
628:vote.
611:, 1905
550::
534::
357:Batumi
329:Tiflis
302:Adjara
264:: the
94:
2868:Guria
2655:Early
2554:[
2508:[
2458:[
2390:[
2292:JSTOR
905:Notes
669:]
654:arson
592:ruble
430:maize
274:uyezd
254:Guria
188:Guria
161:Ruble
44:Guria
2570:link
2537:OCLC
2518:OCLC
2489:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2404:2020
2372:ISBN
2353:OCLC
2333:OCLC
2312:ISBN
771:Duma
481:and
438:wine
436:and
434:silk
378:, a
361:Poti
359:and
311:The
282:уезд
217:The
178:The
148:1906
138:1902
2680:Tao
2420:doi
884:."
2829::
2566:}}
2562:{{
2516:,
2487:,
2416:32
2414:,
2351:,
2310:,
2288:67
2286:,
2217:^
2054:^
2025:^
2010:^
1983:^
1908:^
1821:^
1806:^
1765:^
1690:^
1663:^
1598:^
1545:^
1514:^
1471:^
1432:^
1405:^
1388:^
1361:^
1238:^
1199:^
1184:^
1145:^
1094:^
1065:^
1038:^
1000:^
944:,
940::
926:,
707:,
667:ru
556:,
540:,
348:.
335:.
280::
234:.
206:.
2601:e
2594:t
2587:v
2572:)
2422::
931::
276:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
