160:
240:
206:
565:
1079:
354:
186:
1420:
95:
31:
171:
217:
147:
228:
107:
119:
135:
619:
That month Vieira was permitted to leave Guinea-Bissau to seek medical treatment in France. Sanhá cited humanitarian reasons for allowing Vieira's departure, but stressed that he would return to stand trial. In the same month Sanhá asserted that presidential and legislative elections would take place
611:
At a tripartite meeting conducted in late May by representatives of the government, the military junta and the political parties, agreement was reached that Vieira should stand trial for his involvement in arms trafficking to the
Casamance separatists and for political and economic crimes relating to
551:
In April, a report was released by the
National People's Assembly, which exonerated Mané on charges of trafficking arms to the Casamance rebels. Although the report, which had been due for release in June 1998 when hostilities began, called for the reinstatement of Mané as Chief of Staff of the armed
499:
It was also agreed that a
Government of National Unity would be established to include rebel representatives and that presidential and legislative elections would be held no later than March 1999. In early November 1998, an agreement was reached on the composition of a joint executive commission to
535:
At the end of
January 1999, hostilities resumed in the capital resulting in numerous fatalities and the displacement of some 250,000 residents. On 9 February, talks between the government and the rebels produced agreement on a cease-fire that provided for the immediate withdrawal of Senegalese and
531:
In
January 1999, Fadul announced that presidential and legislative elections would not take place in March as envisaged in the Abuja accord, and would be delayed until the end of the year. Also in January agreement was reached between the government, rebels and ECOWAS on the strength of the ECOMOG
426:
disaster, with the hostilities preventing aid organizations from distributing emergency food and medical supplies to the refugees. Fighting continued into July, with many members of the Guinea-Bissau armed forces reportedly defecting to the side of the rebels. Portuguese marines were dispatched to
476:
By that time almost all of the government troops had defected to the side of rebel forces, which were believed to control approximately 99% of the country. On 23 October, Brigadier-General Mané agreed to observe a 48-hour truce to allow Vieira time to clarify his proposals for a negotiated peace
368:
The armed forces deployed reinforcements along the border with
Casamance to prevent the separatists from entering the country. In late January, following the seizure in Guinea-Bissau of a cache of weapons, a number of officers of the armed forces were arrested on charges of supplying arms to the
472:
separating the opposing forces in the capital. Before the proposal could be formally endorsed, the cease-fire collapsed as fighting erupted in the capital and several other towns. On 20 October, the government imposed a nationwide curfew, and on the following day
President Vieira declared a
615:
At a meeting of ECOWAS foreign ministers held in Togo in May 1999, Vieira's overthrow was condemned and demands were made for him to be permitted to leave Guinea-Bissau. It was also decided that ECOMOG forces would be withdrawn from the country. The last ECOMOG troops left in early June.
394:, an independent national elections commission was established. The elections were due to be held in July. In April, Mané publicly accused the Minister of Defense and a group of officers in the armed forces of involvement in arms trafficking to the Casamance separatists. At the sixth
547:
of rebel troops and those loyal to the president, as provided for under the Abuja accord, began in early March. The withdrawal of
Senegalese and Guinean troops was completed that month following an extension of the deadline from 28 February to 16 March, owing to logistical problems.
318:
An eventual peace agreement in
November 1998 provided for a national unity government and new elections in the next year. However, a subsequent and brief outbreak of fighting in May 1999 ended with the deposing of Vieira on 10 May 1999 when Vieira signed an unconditional surrender.
492:, resulted in the signing of a peace accord on 1 November. Under the accord's terms, the two sides reaffirmed the cease-fire of 25 August and resolved that the withdrawal of Senegalese and Guinean troops from Guinea-Bissau be conducted simultaneously with the deployment of an
579:
on 7 May, to widespread condemnation by the international community. Fighting had erupted in Bissau on the previous day when rebel troops seized stockpiles of weapons that had been held at the international airport since the disarmament of the rival forces in March.
461:. The rebels demanded that all Senegalese and Guinean forces be withdrawn from the country as a precondition to a definitive peace agreement, which was rejected by the government. The rebels, in turn, rejected a proposal for the establishment by Senegal of a
414:
as well as other strategic locations including the international airport. Mané subsequently demanded the resignation of Vieira and his administration and the conduct of free and democratic elections in July. With the support of 1,300 Senegalese and 400
434:(CPLP), the government and the rebels agreed to implement a truce enforced by the Portuguese, still occupying Bissau and other major urban centers. On 25 August, representatives of the government and the rebels met under the auspices of the CPLP and
604:, was appointed acting president of the republic until elections were held. The Government of National Unity, including the ministers appointed by Vieira, remained in office. At a meeting of the ruling bodies of the PAIGC that month,
583:
The rebels, who claimed that their actions had been prompted by Vieira's refusal to allow his presidential guard to be disarmed, surrounded the presidential palace and forced its surrender. Vieira subsequently took refuge at the
647:, placed first winning 38.81% of the vote. In a run-off held on 16 January 2000, Ialá easily defeated acting President Malam Bacai Sanhá of the PAIGC, winning 72% of the vote. He was sworn in on 17 February 2000.
511:
and later that month Vieira and Mané reached agreement on the allocation of portfolios to the two sides. The first contingent of 100 ECOMOG troops arrived in late
December. At the same time, the
422:
In the following days more than 3,000 foreign nationals were evacuated from the capital by ship to Senegal. An estimated further 200,000 residents of Bissau fled the city, prompting fears of a
410:
Vieira dismissed the suspended Mané and appointed General Humberto Gomes to replace him on 6 June 1998. On 7 June, rebelling troops led by Ansumane Mané seized control of military barracks in
2775:
2711:
543:
on 17 February, João Bernardo Vieira and Ansumane Mané pledged never again to resort to armed conflict. On 20 February the new Government of National Unity was announced. The
532:
interposition force, which was to comprise some 710 troops. Agreement was also reached on a timetable for the withdrawal of Senegalese and Guinean troops from Guinea-Bissau.
500:
implement the peace accord. Later that month the commission approved the structure of the new government, which was to comprise ten ministers and seven secretaries of state.
553:
640:
395:
612:
his terms in office. Vieira subsequently agreed to stand trial, but only after receiving medical treatment abroad, after which he pledged to return to Guinea-Bissau.
1654:
835:
806:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
312:. Government forces, backed by neighbouring states, clashed with the coup leaders who had quickly gained almost total control over the country's armed forces.
450:. The accord provided for the reopening of the international airport and for the deployment of international forces to maintain and supervise the cease-fire.
1436:
2534:
2221:
1713:
628:. It was also stipulated that the country's principal offices of state could only be held by Guinea-Bissau nationals born of Guinea-Bissau parents.
575:
In early May 1999, Vieira announced that legislative and presidential elections would take place on 28 December, but he was overthrown by the rebel
1408:
2178:
2173:
516:
2785:
987:
597:
419:
soldiers, troops loyal to the government attempted unsuccessfully to regain control of rebel held areas of the city and heavy fighting ensued.
831:
Conflict Encyclopedia, Guinea Bissau: government, in depth, Negotiations, Veira's surrender and the end of the conflict, viewed 12 July 2013,
2185:
1647:
1177:
1803:
2345:
2020:
1745:
2025:
1779:
1182:
431:
335:
175:
774:
2455:
1707:
435:
1640:
1192:
2780:
2624:
1366:
1277:
1000:
2339:
1844:
1386:
1167:
1036:
2795:
2552:
921:
894:
2569:
2273:
1401:
1310:
832:
803:
636:
508:
1068:
1058:
1048:
315:
The conflict resulted in the deaths of hundreds if not thousands of people and the displacement of hundreds of thousands.
2575:
2404:
2091:
1236:
1187:
851:
695:
664:
639:(PRS) winning 38 of 102 seats making it the largest party represented in the National People's Assembly. The long ruling
2216:
1875:
1162:
1063:
980:
387:
as the weapons impounded in the previous month had been taken from a military depot of the Guinea-Bissau armed forces.
2674:
2546:
2239:
2210:
1255:
1111:
1101:
1043:
496:(ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group) interposition force, which would guarantee security on the border with Senegal.
331:
552:
forces, it revealed that President Vieira's presidential guard had been heavily implicated in arms trafficking. The
485:. At the talks, which took place on 29 October, the rebels confirmed that they would not seek Vieira's resignation.
2637:
2409:
1900:
1895:
1750:
1735:
1231:
2800:
2416:
2388:
1690:
1446:
1441:
1394:
1340:
1121:
1106:
512:
299:
295:
2810:
2805:
2790:
2500:
2489:
2399:
2717:
2138:
1851:
1838:
1315:
1267:
1078:
973:
828:
799:
556:
was subsequently established to monitor the general elections and the implementation of the Abuja Agreement.
2250:
1226:
520:
2449:
2244:
1862:
1667:
737:
2696:
2679:
2528:
2484:
2437:
2355:
2333:
2032:
1287:
1272:
1241:
1157:
1089:
958:
632:
361:
2516:
2432:
2360:
1958:
1868:
1292:
1172:
1145:
1131:
605:
373:
347:
164:
390:
In March 1998, following protest by opposition parties at delays in the organization of legislative
2619:
2494:
1984:
1953:
1696:
1359:
1320:
1302:
1206:
1126:
1116:
1008:
621:
2614:
2350:
2151:
1979:
1905:
1768:
1740:
1282:
1416:
399:
357:
302:
210:
76:
2327:
2145:
1934:
1375:
1335:
1330:
1218:
1016:
884:
852:"Conflict Transformation, Guinea-Bassau, The Military Crisis in Guinea-Bassau, Terhi Lehtinen"
665:"Conflict Transformation, Guinea-Bassau, The Military Crisis in Guinea-Bassau, Terhi Lehtinen"
624:
were introduced that limited the tenure of presidential office to two terms and abolished the
2279:
1856:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1325:
911:
16:
1998–99 conflict in Guinea-Bissau following a military coup of President João Bernardo Vieira
696:
Conflict Transformation, Guinea-Bassau, The Military Crisis in Guinea-Bassau, Terhi Lehtinen
2668:
2608:
2321:
778:
601:
8:
2815:
2632:
2008:
1808:
1730:
1026:
936:
384:
833:
http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=68®ionSelect=2-Southern_Africa#
804:
http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=68®ionSelect=2-Southern_Africa#
458:
2014:
1797:
1774:
469:
2754:
2598:
2268:
2127:
2062:
1031:
917:
890:
377:
372:
On 30 January 1998, Guinea-Bissau's defense minister announced the suspension of the
306:
2443:
1632:
2702:
2602:
2394:
2097:
1701:
427:
occupy Bissau to both rescue Portuguese citizens and attempt to force a ceasefire.
955:
Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World
380:
309:
244:
232:
2653:
2461:
2085:
1929:
839:
810:
504:
477:
settlement and agreement was subsequently reached for direct talks to be held in
439:
2581:
2314:
2309:
2121:
2115:
2103:
2047:
576:
330:
gained independence from Portugal in 1974 after an eleven-and-a-half-year-long
858:
712:"Civil War in Guinea-Bissau: June 1998- May 1999. | Omobolaji Olarinmoye"
671:
2769:
2739:
2540:
2522:
2478:
2370:
2133:
2109:
1425:
996:
625:
327:
294:
was fought from 7 June 1998 to 10 May 1999 and was triggered by an attempted
239:
205:
191:
100:
64:
644:
564:
540:
468:
In October the rebels agreed to a government proposal for the creation of a
353:
1675:
423:
802:
Conflict Encyclopedia, Guinea Bissau: government, Fatality estimate: low,
453:
In September 1998, talks between the government and the rebels resumed in
30:
2749:
2744:
2294:
2068:
1823:
965:
886:
Regional Guide to International Conflict and Management from 1945 to 2003
568:
The war-damaged and abandoned former presidential palace in the capital,
544:
462:
346:, were killed and another forty were arrested following clashes with the
221:
446:, where an agreement was reached to transform the existing truce into a
2365:
482:
447:
443:
391:
343:
36:
588:
embassy, where on 10 May 1999 he signed an unconditional surrender.
2191:
1912:
1664:
711:
585:
152:
454:
339:
216:
112:
465:
within Guinea-Bissau territory along the border with Casamance.
569:
493:
478:
416:
411:
227:
140:
124:
40:
882:
1021:
489:
909:
554:
United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office in Guinea-Bissau
641:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
430:
On 26 July, following mediation by a delegation from the
913:
Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau
643:(PAIGC) won 24 seats. The PRS presidential candidate,
350:
in two towns on the northern border of Guinea-Bissau.
2776:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
1662:
883:
Jacob Bercovitch; Judith Fretter (25 November 2004).
876:
755:
284:: At least 655 killed in fighting, 350,000 displaced.
910:Peter Karibe Mendy; Lobban Jr. (17 October 2013).
608:was appointed to replace Vieira as party leader.
405:
2767:
824:
822:
820:
818:
488:Further talks held under the aegis of ECOWAS in
338:(MDFC), an insurgent separatist group from the
937:"GUINEA BISSAU: Fighting in capital continues"
1648:
1402:
981:
815:
523:and hold elections by the end of March 1999.
903:
939:, IRIN-West Africa Update 224, 8 June 1998.
716:Global South Sephis E-Magazine, Vol.1, No.3
705:
703:
1655:
1641:
1409:
1395:
995:
988:
974:
709:
432:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
336:Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance
559:
334:. In January 1998, ten fighters from the
1804:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
710:Olarinmoye, Omobolaji (1 January 1970).
700:
563:
519:which called for both parties to form a
352:
2346:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
2021:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
952:
857:. Conflicttransform.net. Archived from
761:
670:. Conflicttransform.net. Archived from
591:
402:was re-elected president of the party.
322:
2768:
633:presidential and legislative elections
2786:Separatist rebellion-based civil wars
2535:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
2456:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
1636:
1390:
969:
738:"Corpo de Fuzileiros / Marine Corps"
2625:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
2576:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
2092:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
13:
2340:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
1876:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
1077:
889:. SAGE Publications. p. 101.
398:congress held May 1998, President
14:
2827:
2570:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
2274:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
2400:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
1418:
735:
238:
226:
215:
204:
184:
169:
158:
145:
133:
117:
105:
93:
29:
2417:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
946:
930:
916:. Scarecrow Press. p. 93.
777:. AfricanCrisis. Archived from
513:United Nations Security Council
2781:Civil wars of the 20th century
844:
793:
767:
729:
689:
657:
635:were held with the opposition
406:Coup and civil war (1998–1999)
1:
2718:2014 Lesotho political crisis
2675:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
1839:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
829:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
800:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
650:
2796:Wars involving Guinea-Bissau
2712:SADC intervention in Lesotho
2315:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
2269:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
2026:ECOWAS military intervention
1746:2011–2014 factional violence
521:government of national unity
7:
2389:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
2245:Insurgency in Northern Chad
358:JoĂŁo Bernardo "Nino" Vieira
10:
2832:
2680:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
2501:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
2356:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
2222:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
2033:Western Togoland Rebellion
959:Greenwood Publishing Group
598:National People's Assembly
362:President of Guinea-Bissau
298:against the government of
2732:
2689:
2661:
2652:
2591:
2562:
2517:Second Sudanese Civil War
2509:
2471:
2425:
2381:
2302:
2293:
2261:
2232:
2201:
2161:
2078:
2055:
2046:
1995:
1969:
1943:
1922:
1885:
1831:
1822:
1790:
1761:
1723:
1683:
1674:
1432:
1353:
1301:
1263:
1254:
1214:
1205:
1153:
1144:
1097:
1088:
1075:
1007:
725:– via Academia.edu.
622:constitutional amendments
620:by 28 November. In July,
606:Manuel Saturnino da Costa
280:
267:
250:
197:
86:
55:7 June 1998 – 10 May 1999
47:
28:
23:
2620:2008 invasion of Anjouan
2217:Civil War (2012–present)
2186:Pool Department conflict
838:31 December 2013 at the
809:31 December 2013 at the
2615:Hanish Islands conflict
2152:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
2003:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
1845:Herder–farmer conflicts
1769:Western Sahara conflict
953:Minahan, James (2002).
526:
473:unilateral cease-fire.
369:Casamance separatists.
292:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
24:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
2801:Wars involving Senegal
2438:Somali–Kenyan conflict
2334:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
2328:Second Afar insurgency
1935:Sierra Leone Civil War
1082:
572:
560:Second coup (May 1999)
365:
198:Commanders and leaders
39:from the civil war in
2811:1999 in Guinea-Bissau
2806:1998 in Guinea-Bissau
2791:Wars involving Guinea
2697:Bophuthatswana crisis
2361:Oromia–Somali clashes
2280:Boko Haram insurgency
2240:Civil War (2005–2010)
1857:Boko Haram insurgency
1780:Clashes, 2020–present
1081:
631:On 28 November 1999,
596:The President of the
567:
539:At a meeting held in
376:of the armed forces,
356:
268:Casualties and losses
75:Ousting of President
2669:Mozambican Civil War
2629:Burundian conflicts
2609:Djiboutian Civil War
2322:Insurgency in Ogaden
1950:Liberian Civil Wars
1863:Niger Delta conflict
1064:2010 military unrest
637:Social Renewal Party
592:Post-conflict events
400:JoĂŁo Bernardo Vieira
323:Pre-conflict tension
303:JoĂŁo Bernardo Vieira
211:JoĂŁo Bernardo Vieira
77:JoĂŁo Bernardo Vieira
2708:Lesothan conflicts
2633:1993–2005 Civil War
2351:Afar–Somali clashes
2139:2022–2024 offensive
2134:2012–2013 rebellion
1976:Ivorian Civil Wars
1809:Tunisian revolution
1751:2014–2020 civil war
1731:2008 Kufra conflict
1668:conflicts in Africa
1044:War of Independence
1027:African slave trade
864:on 31 December 2016
677:on 31 December 2016
385:dereliction of duty
332:war of independence
256:Government: Unknown
2755:Colour revolutions
2553:Sudanese civil war
2405:2009–present phase
2146:Batwa–Luba clashes
2015:Casamance conflict
1892:Tuareg rebellions
1852:Religious violence
1798:Algerian Civil War
1714:Terrorism in Egypt
1237:Telecommunications
1083:
742:GlobalSecurity.org
573:
470:demilitarized zone
383:on the grounds of
366:
2763:
2762:
2728:
2727:
2648:
2647:
2599:Rwandan Civil War
2547:Blue Nile clashes
2529:Nomadic conflicts
2485:Nomadic conflicts
2289:
2288:
2128:March 23 Movement
2063:Angolan Civil War
2042:
2041:
1818:
1817:
1630:
1629:
1384:
1383:
1349:
1348:
1250:
1249:
1201:
1200:
1183:Political parties
1163:Foreign relations
1140:
1139:
1032:Portuguese Guinea
923:978-0-8108-8027-6
896:978-1-4522-6736-4
602:Malam Bacai Sanhá
378:Brigadier-General
307:Brigadier-General
288:
287:
82:
81:
2823:
2703:Caprivi conflict
2659:
2658:
2638:2015–2018 unrest
2444:Likoni massacres
2433:Ethnic conflicts
2395:Somali Civil War
2300:
2299:
2098:Second Congo War
2053:
2052:
1829:
1828:
1708:Post-coup unrest
1702:Sinai insurgency
1681:
1680:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1369:
1362:
1261:
1260:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1151:
1150:
1095:
1094:
1069:2012 coup d'Ă©tat
1059:2003 coup d'Ă©tat
1049:1980 coup d'Ă©tat
1017:Regional history
990:
983:
976:
967:
966:
962:
940:
934:
928:
927:
907:
901:
900:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
863:
856:
848:
842:
826:
813:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
781:on 13 March 2012
771:
765:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
733:
727:
726:
724:
722:
707:
698:
693:
687:
686:
684:
682:
676:
669:
661:
536:Guinean troops.
243:
242:
231:
230:
220:
219:
209:
208:
190:
188:
187:
174:
173:
172:
163:
162:
161:
151:
149:
148:
139:
137:
136:
123:
121:
120:
111:
109:
108:
99:
97:
96:
49:
48:
33:
21:
20:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2724:
2685:
2654:Southern Africa
2644:
2587:
2558:
2505:
2490:Ethnic violence
2467:
2462:Baragoi clashes
2421:
2377:
2285:
2257:
2247:(2016–present)
2228:
2203:
2202:Central African
2197:
2163:
2157:
2086:First Congo War
2074:
2038:
1991:
1965:
1939:
1930:Ndogboyosoi War
1918:
1881:
1865:(2003–present)
1841:(1998–present)
1814:
1786:
1771:(1970–present)
1757:
1719:
1697:2011 revolution
1691:Egyptian Crisis
1670:
1661:
1631:
1626:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1385:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1345:
1297:
1246:
1220:
1197:
1136:
1084:
1073:
1003:
994:
949:
944:
943:
935:
931:
924:
908:
904:
897:
881:
877:
867:
865:
861:
854:
850:
849:
845:
840:Wayback Machine
827:
816:
811:Wayback Machine
798:
794:
784:
782:
775:"AfricanCrisis"
773:
772:
768:
760:
756:
746:
744:
734:
730:
720:
718:
708:
701:
694:
690:
680:
678:
674:
667:
663:
662:
658:
653:
594:
562:
529:
517:Resolution 1216
505:Francisco Fadul
503:On 3 December,
408:
325:
259:
257:
237:
225:
224:
214:
213:
203:
185:
183:
182:
178:
170:
168:
167:
165:Military rebels
159:
157:
146:
144:
143:
134:
132:
131:
127:
118:
116:
115:
106:
104:
103:
94:
92:
67:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2733:Related topics
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:(2017–present)
2677:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2582:Kasese clashes
2579:
2578:(1996–present)
2573:
2572:(1987–present)
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2555:(2023–present)
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2531:(2009–present)
2526:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2440:(1963–present)
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2391:(1998–present)
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2310:Oromo conflict
2306:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2282:(2009–present)
2277:
2276:(1987–present)
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:2021 offensive
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2125:
2124:(2009–present)
2122:Ituri conflict
2119:
2116:Dongo conflict
2113:
2112:(2004–present)
2107:
2104:Ituri conflict
2101:
2095:
2094:(1996–present)
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2071:(1975–present)
2066:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2048:Central Africa
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:(2020–present)
2030:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2017:(1982–present)
2012:
2009:Guinea clashes
2006:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:(2012–present)
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1878:(2021–present)
1873:
1872:
1871:
1860:
1859:(2009–present)
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1775:War, 1975–1991
1765:
1763:
1762:Western Sahara
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:2011 civil war
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1716:(2013–present)
1711:
1705:
1704:(2011–present)
1699:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1193:Prime Minister
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1004:
993:
992:
985:
978:
970:
964:
963:
948:
945:
942:
941:
929:
922:
902:
895:
875:
843:
814:
792:
766:
764:, p. 400.
762:Minahan (2002)
754:
728:
699:
688:
655:
654:
652:
649:
593:
590:
577:military junta
561:
558:
528:
525:
509:Prime Minister
507:was appointed
490:Abuja, Nigeria
407:
404:
374:Chief of Staff
324:
321:
286:
285:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
265:
264:
261:
258:Senegal: 1,300
253:
252:
248:
247:
235:
200:
199:
195:
194:
155:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2828:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:War on terror
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:Heglig Crisis
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:War in Darfur
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:Heglig Crisis
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:Kenyan crisis
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2371:War in Amhara
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:Kivu conflict
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
1968:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:2016 conflict
1867:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:Libyan Crisis
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:Guinea-Bissau
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:Ethnic groups
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Guinea-Bissau
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
972:
971:
968:
960:
956:
951:
950:
938:
933:
925:
919:
915:
914:
906:
898:
892:
888:
887:
879:
860:
853:
847:
841:
837:
834:
830:
825:
823:
821:
819:
812:
808:
805:
801:
796:
780:
776:
770:
763:
758:
743:
739:
732:
717:
713:
706:
704:
697:
692:
673:
666:
660:
656:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
626:death penalty
623:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
589:
587:
581:
578:
571:
566:
557:
555:
549:
546:
542:
537:
533:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
474:
471:
466:
464:
460:
459:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
425:
420:
418:
413:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
381:Ansumane Mané
379:
375:
370:
363:
359:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Guinea-Bissau
320:
316:
313:
311:
310:Ansumane Mané
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
283:
279:
275:
272:
271:
266:
262:
255:
254:
249:
246:
245:Ansumane Mané
241:
236:
234:
233:Lansana Conté
229:
223:
218:
212:
207:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:United States
181:
180:Supported by:
177:
166:
156:
154:
142:
130:
129:Supported by:
126:
114:
102:
101:Guinea-Bissau
91:
90:
85:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
65:Guinea-Bissau
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:An abandoned
32:
27:
22:
19:
2601: /
2164:of the Congo
2002:
1923:Sierra Leone
1676:North Africa
1316:Coat of arms
1268:Demographics
1168:Human rights
1053:
954:
947:Bibliography
932:
912:
905:
885:
878:
866:. Retrieved
859:the original
846:
795:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
769:
757:
745:. Retrieved
741:
736:Pike, John.
731:
719:. Retrieved
715:
691:
679:. Retrieved
672:the original
659:
630:
618:
614:
610:
595:
582:
574:
550:
538:
534:
530:
502:
498:
487:
475:
467:
452:
429:
424:humanitarian
421:
409:
389:
371:
367:
348:armed forces
326:
317:
314:
291:
289:
281:
179:
128:
87:Belligerents
18:
2750:Arab Winter
2745:Arab Spring
2714:(1998–1999)
2705:(1994–1999)
2671:(1977–1992)
2611:(1991–1994)
2605:(1990–1994)
2549:(2022–2023)
2537:(2011–2020)
2525:(2003–2020)
2519:(1983–2005)
2497:(2013–2020)
2472:South Sudan
2458:(2012–2013)
2452:(2007–2008)
2342:(2000–2018)
2336:(1998–2000)
2330:(1995–2018)
2324:(1994–2018)
2295:East Africa
2213:(2004–2007)
2194:(2016–2017)
2188:(2002–2003)
2170:Civil wars
2154:(2016–2019)
2148:(2013–2018)
2106:(1999–2007)
2100:(1998–2003)
2088:(1996–1997)
2069:Cabinda War
2065:(1975–2002)
2005:(1998–1999)
1824:West Africa
1811:(2010–2011)
1800:(1991–2002)
1710:(2013–2014)
1693:(2011–2014)
1227:Agriculture
747:28 November
545:disarmament
463:buffer zone
364:(1980–1999)
296:coup d'Ă©tat
260:Guinea: 400
222:Abdou Diouf
2816:Proxy wars
2770:Categories
2662:Mozambique
2366:Tigray War
1221:(currency)
1178:Parliament
868:12 October
681:12 October
651:References
645:Kumba Ialá
586:Portuguese
541:Lomé, Togo
483:The Gambia
448:cease-fire
444:Cape Verde
440:Sal Island
342:region of
340:Senegalese
2495:Civil War
2179:1997–1999
2174:1993–1994
2130:conflict
1985:2010–2011
1980:2002–2007
1959:1999–2003
1954:1989–1996
1901:2007–2009
1896:1990–1995
1424:Years in
1288:Languages
1273:Education
1242:Transport
1188:President
1158:Elections
1090:Geography
1054:Civil War
1037:governors
785:18 August
392:elections
344:Casamance
300:President
2603:genocide
2303:Ethiopia
2211:Bush War
2204:Republic
2192:Pool War
2162:Republic
2079:DR Congo
1913:Mali War
1665:Cold War
1437:Pre-1973
1376:Category
1293:Religion
1173:Military
1146:Politics
1132:Wildlife
1001:articles
836:Archived
807:Archived
721:17 April
515:adopted
251:Strength
153:Portugal
60:Location
2382:Somalia
1944:Liberia
1832:Nigeria
1360:Outline
1321:Cuisine
1303:Culture
1256:Society
1207:Economy
1127:Sectors
1117:Regions
1112:Islands
1102:Borders
1009:History
455:Abidjan
417:Guinean
305:led by
276:Unknown
273:Unknown
263:Unknown
113:Senegal
2699:(1994)
2690:Others
2592:Others
2584:(2016)
2563:Uganda
2543:(2012)
2481:(2012)
2464:(2012)
2446:(1997)
2410:AMISOM
2262:Others
2118:(2009)
2056:Angola
2011:(2013)
1996:Others
1791:Others
1341:Sports
1311:Anthem
1283:Health
1232:Mining
1219:Franc
1122:Rivers
1107:Cities
999:
920:
893:
570:Bissau
494:ECOMOG
479:Banjul
436:ECOWAS
412:Bissau
189:
150:
141:France
138:
125:Guinea
122:
110:
98:
72:Result
43:, 2003
41:Bissau
2510:Sudan
2426:Kenya
1724:Libya
1684:Egypt
1663:Post–
1447:1980s
1442:1970s
1367:Index
1336:Music
1331:Media
1022:Kaabu
862:(PDF)
855:(PDF)
675:(PDF)
668:(PDF)
396:PAIGC
282:Total
2233:Chad
1906:2012
1886:Mali
1622:2024
1617:2023
1612:2022
1607:2021
1602:2020
1597:2019
1592:2018
1587:2017
1582:2016
1577:2015
1572:2014
1567:2013
1562:2012
1557:2011
1552:2010
1547:2009
1542:2008
1537:2007
1532:2006
1527:2005
1522:2004
1517:2003
1512:2002
1507:2001
1502:2000
1497:1999
1492:1998
1487:1997
1482:1996
1477:1995
1472:1994
1467:1993
1462:1992
1457:1991
1452:1990
1326:Flag
918:ISBN
891:ISBN
870:2014
787:2013
749:2023
723:2017
683:2014
527:1999
290:The
176:MFDC
52:Date
37:T-55
438:on
2772::
957:.
817:^
740:.
714:.
702:^
600:,
481:,
457:,
442:,
360:,
1656:e
1649:t
1642:v
1410:e
1403:t
1396:v
989:e
982:t
975:v
961:.
926:.
899:.
872:.
789:.
751:.
685:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
