20:
28:
683:
536:
582:
495:
483:
594:
645:
570:
471:
618:
671:
659:
695:
106:, a composite building material which utilizes similar properties in frozen sawdust, Hani and Evirgen investigated the mechanical and microstructural properties of an artificially frozen Sawdust-Ice mixture (Pykrete) and its usability as a retaining structure . In addition, they developed an uncoupled thermo-hydro-mechanical approach to simulate a pykrete diaphragm wall for numerical analysis using finite element methods .
606:
719:
635:
558:
459:
707:
507:
89:
In northern Canada and arctic Alaska, passive pipe systems are used that do not require any external power to keep the ground frozen. These systems use in-ground evaporators and above-ground radiators filled with liquid refrigerant. When ambient temperatures fall below ground temperatures, the liquid
186:
In order to maintain support to the tunnel face, excavation and jacking normally carried out alternately in small increments, typically in the range of 2 to 4 feet. In most cases, the soft ground must be treated by means of ground improvement techniques such as ground freezing, jet grouting, etc. as
38:
is a construction technique used in circumstances where soil needs to be stabilized so it will not collapse next to excavations, or to prevent contaminants spilled into soil from being leached away. Ground freezing has been used for at least one hundred years.
90:
vapor starts condensing in the radiator, reducing the pressure in the system causing the liquid in the evaporator to boil and evaporate. This process results in heat transfer from the ground to the air and keeps the ground in a permanent frozen state.
93:
Hani and
Evirgen (2023) introduced a new method for sampling granular soils without disturbing their natural state; they suggest using artificial ground freezing, a ground enhancement technique, as an on-site option for deep excavation applications .
85:
used ground freezing during some of its tunneling, to allow its wide tunnels to be built under or through soil that supported existing infrastructure that would have been difficult or expensive to support using more traditional excavation methods.
219:
During the last two decades soil freezing with liquid nitrogen (LIN) has developed from an exotic gas application with many uncertainties into a standard procedure for treating unstable soil and leakages.
154:
The basic premise behind ground freezing is that soil—made up of bits of minerals and organic matter, water, and air—becomes stronger and less penetrable when its water freezes and expands.
335:
Hani, Mostefa; Evirgen, Burak (2023). "The
Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Artificially Frozen Sawdust–Ice Mixture (Pykrete) and Its Usability as a Retaining Structure".
239:
254:
Passive cooling by means of pressured heat exchange pipes was developed in Alaska by the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers in 1965 to preserve foundations in 'warm' permafrost.
362:
Hani, Mostefa; Evirgen, Burak (2024). "Uncoupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of a pykrete diaphragm wall for an alternative artificial ground freezing application".
207:
486:
296:
The basis of thermosyphon thechnology is a heat transfer device (thermosyphon) which extracts the heat from the soil during winter and passes it to the environment.
597:
573:
23:
Ground freezing allowed tunnels to be excavated under an active railyard during Boston's Big Dig. Each white lump marks the top of a deep ground-freezing tap.
42:
Pipes are run through the soil to be frozen, and then refrigerants are run through the pipes, freezing the soil. Frozen soil can be as hard as concrete.
621:
407:
674:
266:
142:
561:
1372:
284:
174:
232:
19:
1417:
400:
199:
71:
827:
425:
393:
308:
Hani, Mostefa; Evirgen, Burak (2023). "A frozen soil sampling technique for granular soils and thermal modeling".
27:
1075:
956:
498:
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988:
433:
170:
134:
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686:
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416:
1207:
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802:
743:
280:
1470:
1281:
1095:
931:
906:
757:
736:
628:
1157:
966:
474:
1510:
1362:
1319:
1212:
1137:
520:
8:
1286:
1276:
832:
817:
777:
750:
525:
515:
54:
as the refrigerant, but other projects benefit from using more exotic refrigerants, like
1237:
946:
729:
648:
260:
1334:
1080:
971:
941:
792:
1384:
1271:
1162:
1127:
1102:
961:
782:
371:
344:
317:
609:
375:
1500:
1324:
1242:
1177:
1172:
936:
807:
662:
203:
55:
1447:
1339:
1256:
1060:
822:
812:
698:
348:
321:
167:"Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road Tunnels - Civil Elements"
1377:
1532:
1475:
1314:
1192:
1187:
1142:
911:
682:
535:
238:. Government of the NT Asset Management Division Public Works and Services.
1495:
1490:
1480:
1460:
1147:
1090:
921:
638:
581:
494:
385:
547:
482:
187:
discussed in
Chapter 7 Soft Ground Tunneling to enhance its stand up time.
166:
1505:
1202:
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1024:
593:
644:
569:
470:
1329:
1309:
1197:
1009:
1004:
926:
916:
797:
542:
462:
51:
135:"How Engineers Use Ground Freezing to Build Bigger, Safer, and Deeper"
1485:
1465:
1351:
1167:
1152:
768:
710:
510:
1515:
1402:
1132:
1107:
1034:
951:
617:
670:
658:
1455:
1427:
1112:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1014:
722:
694:
103:
82:
605:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1344:
1117:
1065:
875:
718:
634:
557:
78:
31:
Cross section of a ground freezing pipe as used in the Big Dig.
458:
890:
67:
66:
Soil contaminated with radioactive elements that leaked from
706:
506:
885:
880:
870:
865:
860:
845:
230:
138:
233:"Flat Loop Thermosyphon Foundations in Warm Permafrost"
200:"Ground Freezing: Freezing soil with liquid nitrogen"
310:
128:
126:
124:
122:
120:
1530:
132:
117:
401:
281:"Thermosyphon Technology for Ground Freezing"
415:
265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
361:
334:
307:
273:
408:
394:
337:International Journal of Civil Engineering
50:Some ground freezing projects use common
159:
26:
18:
224:
74:was contained through ground freezing.
1531:
389:
72:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant
231:Igor Holubec, Ph.D., P.Eng (2014).
13:
192:
14:
1550:
426:Offshore geotechnical engineering
717:
705:
693:
681:
669:
657:
643:
633:
616:
604:
592:
580:
568:
556:
534:
505:
493:
481:
469:
457:
287:from the original on 2014-11-26
245:from the original on 2015-04-02
210:from the original on 2014-02-26
177:from the original on 2013-12-05
145:from the original on 2014-04-11
133:Jessica Morrison (2013-10-30).
355:
328:
301:
1:
1076:Mechanically stabilized earth
376:10.1016/j.compgeo.2024.106243
110:
828:Hydraulic conductivity tests
7:
1389:Stress distribution in soil
97:
61:
10:
1555:
539:Pore pressure measurement
349:10.1007/s40999-022-00751-y
322:10.1007/s10064-023-03372-4
171:US Department of Transport
1446:
1401:
1300:
1292:Preconsolidation pressure
1264:
1255:
1228:
1048:
997:
984:
899:
853:
844:
767:
687:Standard penetration test
445:
432:
423:
364:Computers and Geotechnics
45:
788:California bearing ratio
586:Rotary-pressure sounding
417:Geotechnical engineering
1208:Geosynthetic clay liner
1183:Expanded clay aggregate
803:Proctor compaction test
744:Crosshole sonic logging
730:Nuclear densometer test
487:Geo-electrical sounding
1471:Earthquake engineering
1282:Lateral earth pressure
907:Hydraulic conductivity
758:Wave equation analysis
737:Exploration geophysics
629:Deformation monitoring
598:Rotary weight sounding
32:
24:
16:Construction technique
649:Settlement recordings
574:Rock control drilling
475:Cone penetration test
30:
22:
1511:Agricultural science
1213:Cellular confinement
1403:Numerical analysis
1287:Overburden pressure
1277:Pore water pressure
1057:Shoring structures
932:Reynolds' dilatancy
833:Water content tests
818:Triaxial shear test
778:Soil classification
751:Pile integrity test
1378:Slab stabilisation
1358:Stability analysis
33:
25:
1526:
1525:
1397:
1396:
1373:Sliding criterion
1335:Response spectrum
1251:
1250:
1081:Pressure grouting
980:
979:
840:
839:
793:Direct shear test
499:Permeability test
1546:
1385:Bearing capacity
1272:Effective stress
1262:
1261:
1163:Land reclamation
1103:Land development
998:Natural features
995:
994:
962:Specific storage
851:
850:
783:Atterberg limits
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
647:
637:
622:Screw plate test
620:
608:
596:
584:
572:
560:
538:
509:
497:
485:
473:
461:
443:
442:
410:
403:
396:
387:
386:
380:
379:
359:
353:
352:
332:
326:
325:
305:
299:
298:
293:
292:
277:
271:
270:
264:
256:
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228:
222:
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216:
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196:
190:
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182:
163:
157:
156:
151:
150:
130:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1539:Ground freezing
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1501:Earth materials
1442:
1404:
1393:
1302:
1296:
1247:
1224:
1178:Earth structure
1173:Erosion control
1071:Ground freezing
1061:Retaining walls
1044:
986:
976:
937:Angle of repose
895:
836:
770:
763:
762:
723:Visible bedrock
675:Simple sounding
663:Shear vane test
439:instrumentation
438:
436:
428:
419:
414:
384:
383:
360:
356:
333:
329:
306:
302:
290:
288:
279:
278:
274:
258:
257:
248:
246:
242:
235:
229:
225:
213:
211:
204:The Linde Group
198:
197:
193:
180:
178:
165:
164:
160:
148:
146:
131:
118:
113:
100:
64:
56:liquid nitrogen
48:
36:Ground freezing
17:
12:
11:
5:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1448:Related fields
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:Classification
1365:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1340:Seismic hazard
1337:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
992:
982:
981:
978:
977:
975:
974:
969:
967:Shear strength
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
942:Friction angle
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
901:
897:
896:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
855:
848:
842:
841:
838:
837:
835:
830:
825:
823:Oedometer test
820:
815:
813:Sieve analysis
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
773:
765:
764:
761:
760:
754:
753:
747:
746:
740:
739:
733:
732:
726:
725:
714:
713:
702:
701:
699:Total sounding
690:
689:
678:
677:
666:
665:
654:
653:
652:
651:
641:
625:
624:
613:
612:
601:
600:
589:
588:
577:
576:
565:
564:
553:
552:
551:
550:
545:
531:
530:
529:
528:
523:
518:
502:
501:
490:
489:
478:
477:
466:
465:
454:
453:
451:
440:
430:
429:
424:
421:
420:
413:
412:
405:
398:
390:
382:
381:
354:
327:
300:
272:
223:
191:
158:
115:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
99:
96:
63:
60:
47:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1551:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Geomorphology
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Consolidation
1318:
1316:
1315:Frost heaving
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:Geosynthetics
1191:
1189:
1188:Crushed stone
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Cut-and-cover
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
983:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:Water content
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
852:
849:
847:
843:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
772:
766:
759:
756:
755:
752:
749:
748:
745:
742:
741:
738:
735:
734:
731:
728:
727:
724:
720:
716:
715:
712:
708:
704:
703:
700:
696:
692:
691:
688:
684:
680:
679:
676:
672:
668:
667:
664:
660:
656:
655:
650:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
619:
615:
614:
611:
610:Sample series
607:
603:
602:
599:
595:
591:
590:
587:
583:
579:
578:
575:
571:
567:
566:
563:
559:
555:
554:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
537:
533:
532:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
508:
504:
503:
500:
496:
492:
491:
488:
484:
480:
479:
476:
472:
468:
467:
464:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
444:
441:
435:
434:Investigation
431:
427:
422:
418:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
392:
391:
388:
377:
373:
369:
365:
358:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:
323:
319:
315:
311:
304:
297:
286:
282:
276:
268:
262:
255:
241:
234:
227:
220:
209:
205:
201:
195:
188:
176:
172:
168:
162:
155:
144:
140:
136:
129:
127:
125:
123:
121:
116:
105:
102:
101:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:known as the
80:
77:A project in
75:
73:
69:
59:
57:
53:
43:
40:
37:
29:
21:
1496:Biogeography
1491:Hydrogeology
1481:Soil science
1461:Geochemistry
1220:Infiltration
1148:Cut and fill
1091:Soil nailing
1070:
957:Permeability
922:Bulk density
639:Inclinometer
562:Ram sounding
447:
367:
363:
357:
340:
336:
330:
313:
309:
303:
295:
289:. Retrieved
275:
253:
247:. Retrieved
226:
218:
212:. Retrieved
194:
185:
179:. Retrieved
161:
153:
147:. Retrieved
92:
88:
76:
65:
49:
41:
35:
34:
1506:Archaeology
1230:Foundations
1203:Geomembrane
1086:Slurry wall
1025:Water table
989:Interaction
985:Structures
972:Sensitivity
769:Laboratory
343:: 119-134.
1363:Mitigation
1345:Shear wave
1330:Earthquake
1325:Compaction
1310:Permafrost
1301:Phenomena/
1198:Geotextile
1123:Embankment
1113:Excavation
1050:Earthworks
1010:Vegetation
1005:Topography
927:Thixotropy
917:Void ratio
900:Properties
798:Hydrometer
543:Piezometer
463:Core drill
370:: 106243.
316:(9): 354.
291:2015-06-12
249:2015-06-12
214:2014-07-22
181:2014-07-22
149:2014-07-22
111:References
52:salt brine
1486:Hydrology
1466:Petrology
1354:analysis
1352:Landslide
1257:Mechanics
1168:Track bed
1153:Fill dirt
1138:Terracing
711:Trial pit
526:Statnamic
511:Load test
261:cite news
1533:Category
1516:Agrology
1405:software
1303:problems
1133:Causeway
1108:Landfill
1035:Subgrade
952:Porosity
947:Cohesion
285:Archived
283:. 2014.
240:Archived
208:Archived
206:. 2014.
175:Archived
143:Archived
98:See also
62:Examples
1456:Geology
1428:SVSlope
1238:Shallow
1158:Grading
1096:Tieback
1040:Subsoil
1030:Bedrock
1020:Topsoil
1015:Terrain
808:R-value
771:testing
521:Dynamic
448:in situ
446:Field (
104:Pykrete
83:Big Dig
1438:Plaxis
1433:UTEXAS
1423:SVFlux
1413:SEEP2D
1265:Forces
1118:Trench
1066:Gabion
876:Gravel
516:Static
79:Boston
46:Design
1418:STABL
891:Loess
854:Types
243:(PDF)
236:(PDF)
68:Japan
1243:Deep
886:Loam
881:Peat
871:Sand
866:Silt
861:Clay
846:Soil
548:Well
267:link
1128:Cut
437:and
372:doi
368:169
345:doi
318:doi
139:PBS
70:'s
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366:.
341:21
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314:82
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263:}}
259:{{
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409:e
402:t
395:v
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