208:
573:, the pressure-relief devices of a tank of liquid nitrogen were malfunctioning and later sealed. As a result of the subsequent pressure buildup, the tank failed catastrophically. The force of the explosion was sufficient to propel the tank through the ceiling immediately above it, shatter a reinforced concrete beam immediately below it, and blow the walls of the laboratory 0.1–0.2 m off their foundations. In January 2021, a line carrying liquid nitrogen ruptured at a poultry processing plant in the U.S. state of Georgia, killing six people and injuring 11 others.
59:
554:
43:
35:
199:, the temperature being held constant at 77 K by slow boiling of the liquid. Depending on the size and design, the holding time of vacuum flasks ranges from a few hours to a few weeks. The development of pressurised super-insulated vacuum vessels has enabled liquid nitrogen to be stored and transported over longer time periods with losses reduced to 2 percent per day or less.
512:, but has been employed in more recent times by restaurants in the preparation of frozen desserts, such as ice cream, which can be created within moments at the table because of the speed at which it cools food. The rapidity of chilling also leads to the formation of smaller ice crystals, which provides the dessert with a smoother texture. The technique is employed by chef
659:), and oxygen, nitrogen, and argon are separated by further stages of expansion and distillation. Small-scale production of liquid nitrogen is easily achieved using this principle. Liquid nitrogen may be produced for direct sale, or as a byproduct of manufacture of liquid oxygen used for industrial processes such as
624:
Ingestion of liquid nitrogen can cause severe internal damage, due to freezing of the tissues which come in contact with it and to the volume of gaseous nitrogen evolved as the liquid is warmed by body heat. In 1997, a physics student demonstrating the
Leidenfrost effect by holding liquid nitrogen in
45:
50:
48:
44:
49:
625:
his mouth accidentally swallowed the substance, resulting in near-fatal injuries. This was apparently the first case in medical literature of liquid nitrogen ingestion. In 2012, a young woman in
England had her stomach removed after ingesting a cocktail made with liquid nitrogen.
524:
because it can be used to quickly chill glasses or freeze ingredients. It is also added to drinks to create a smoky effect, which occurs as tiny droplets of the liquid nitrogen come into contact with the surrounding air, condensing the vapour that is naturally present.
47:
663:. Liquid-air plants producing on the order of tons per day of product started to be built in the 1930s but became very common after the Second World War; a large modern plant may produce 3000 tons/day of liquid air products.
167:. Liquid nitrogen's efficiency as a coolant is limited by the fact that it boils immediately on contact with a warmer object, enveloping the object in an insulating layer of nitrogen gas bubbles. This effect, known as the
620:
from air. The liquid in such a vessel becomes increasingly enriched in oxygen (boiling point 90 K; −183 °C; −298 °F) as the nitrogen evaporates, and can cause violent oxidation of organic material.
46:
171:, occurs when any liquid comes in contact with a surface which is significantly hotter than its boiling point. Faster cooling may be obtained by plunging an object into a slush of liquid and
655:
is used to compress filtered air to high pressure; the high-pressure gas is cooled back to ambient temperature, and allowed to expand to a low pressure. The expanding air cools greatly (the
584:, the evaporating gas thermally insulates to some extent, like touching a hot element very briefly with a wet finger. If the liquid nitrogen manages to pool anywhere, it will burn severely.
569:
of nitrogen is 1:694 at 20 °C (68 °F), a tremendous amount of force can be generated if liquid nitrogen is vaporized in an enclosed space. In an incident on
January 12, 2006 at
324:
to freeze water and oil pipes in order to work on them in situations where a valve is not available to block fluid flow to the work area; this method is known as a cryogenic isolation
963:
219:
Liquid nitrogen is a compact and readily transported source of dry nitrogen gas, as it does not require pressurization. Further, its ability to maintain temperatures far below the
1055:
163:
The temperature of liquid nitrogen can readily be reduced to its freezing point −210 °C (−346 °F; 63 K) by placing it in a vacuum chamber pumped by a
1191:
580:. In that case, special gloves should be used while handling. However, a small splash or even pouring down skin will not burn immediately because of the
891:
955:
317:
1208:
54:
A demonstration of liquid nitrogen at the
Freeside maker space in Atlanta, Georgia, during the Online News Association conference in 2013
1136:
932:
481:
to stabilize unstable and loose terrains, liquid nitrogen injected into soil to freeze the water present in the soil. With increased
1246:
1227:
613:
are sometimes used as a safety precaution when working with liquid nitrogen to alert workers of gas spills into a confined space.
373:
1299:
786:
872:
1158:
1130:
1063:
910:
458:
in container inerting and pressurisation by injecting a controlled amount of liquid nitrogen just prior to sealing or capping
711:
Henshaw, D. G.; Hurst, D. G.; Pope, N. K. (1953). "Structure of Liquid
Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Argon by Neutron Diffraction".
576:
Because of its extremely low temperature, careless handling of liquid nitrogen and any objects cooled by it may result in
1424:
1183:
1032:
520:, to create frozen dishes such as egg and bacon ice cream. Liquid nitrogen has also become popular in the preparation of
275:
1320:
845:
820:
1273:
1097:
1352:
1324:
355:
1381:
345:
486:
1409:
377:
1003:
1414:
648:
149:
656:
521:
462:
239:
of 200 kJ⋅kg makes it extremely useful in a wide range of applications, primarily as an open-cycle
207:
888:
156:
molecules results in little interatomic attraction. This is the cause of nitrogen's unusually low
570:
534:
196:
101:
67:
986:
1205:
812:
805:
692:
369:
28:
1120:
672:
538:
720:
452:
236:
928:
8:
1243:
687:
478:
724:
1224:
766:
762:
581:
411:
to temporarily shrink mechanical components during machine assembly and allow improved
349:
192:
168:
1404:
1399:
1377:
1295:
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841:
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513:
359:
260:
783:
770:
1419:
869:
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728:
682:
482:
412:
291:
125:
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907:
1356:
1250:
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1212:
914:
895:
876:
790:
566:
542:
402:
499:
461:
as a cosmetic novelty giving a smoky, bubbling "cauldron effect" to drinks. See
100:
of about −196 °C (−321 °F; 77 K). It is produced industrially by
1024:
677:
652:
634:
600:
596:
509:
504:
The culinary use of liquid nitrogen is mentioned in an 1890 recipe book titled
489:, the improved ground will not collapse during excavation and subsequent works.
335:
220:
172:
20:
860:
ACI Committee 207 – Report on
Cooling and Insulating Systems for Mass Concrete
1393:
749:
Umrath, W. (1974). "Cooling bath for rapid freezing in electron microscopy".
617:
610:
435:
365:
224:
157:
97:
732:
1328:
640:
517:
472:
422:
395:
212:
145:
1089:
58:
1349:
1267:
660:
558:
384:
252:
248:
240:
164:
1204:
British
Compressed Gases Association (2000) BCGA Code of Practice CP30.
1122:
A Short
History of the Progress of Scientific Chemistry in Our Own Times
644:
553:
428:
269:
105:
93:
710:
577:
448:
418:
313:
to preserve tissue samples from surgical excisions for future studies
184:
113:
63:
19:"LN2" redirects here. For the high-speed railway line in France, see
604:
439:
406:
328:
281:
188:
85:
647:
or from the liquefaction of pure nitrogen derived from air using
603:. Nitrogen is odorless, colorless, and tasteless and may produce
388:
307:
129:
117:
34:
287:
for the immersion, freezing, and transportation of food products
588:
232:
109:
89:
1225:
Confined Space Entry - Worker and Would-be
Rescuer Asphyxiated
956:"Frozen Air Batteries Could Store Wind Energy for Peak Demand"
299:
295:
228:
121:
807:
The Book of
Overclocking: Tweak Your PC to Unleash Its Power
639:
Liquid nitrogen is produced commercially from the cryogenic
427:
for simulation of space background in vacuum chamber during
1184:"6 Die After Liquid Nitrogen Leak at Georgia Poultry Plant"
1159:"Investigative Report on Chemistry 301A Cylinder Explosion"
303:
256:
592:
1272:. United Kingdom: Birkbeck, University of London. 2007.
1182:
Fausset, William; Levenson, Michael (January 28, 2021).
1118:
1206:
The Safe Use of Liquid nitrogen Dewars up to 50 litres.
802:
215:
computer, when an extreme measure of cooling is needed.
1083:
1081:
447:
in food preparation, such as for making ultra-smooth
265:
to store cells at low temperature for laboratory work
1090:"Teenager's stomach removed after drinking cocktail"
1047:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
398:
used for very low temperature reactions in chemistry
1234:, Valero Refinery Asphyxiation Incident Case Study.
1078:
804:
1293:
1025:"Who What Why: How dangerous is liquid nitrogen?"
1010:
364:to maintain a low temperature around the primary
1391:
1350:Liquid nitrogen cocktail leaves teen in hospital
1175:
835:
191:living tissue, its handling and storage require
1269:Liquid Nitrogen – Code of practice for handling
1181:
926:
953:
838:Satellite Thermal Control for System Engineers
1298:. Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth.
587:As liquid nitrogen evaporates it reduces the
1156:
1056:"The dark side of liquid nitrogen cocktails"
318:cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
1198:
784:DATA BOOK for Cryogenic Gases and Equipment
211:Liquid nitrogen may be used for cooling an
1164:. Texas A&M University. Archived from
748:
929:"Liquid air 'offers energy storage hope'"
889:Liquid nitrogen – how to dose effectively
803:Wainner, Scott; Richmond, Robert (2003).
1087:
744:
742:
607:without any sensation or prior warning.
552:
374:nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers
206:
57:
41:
33:
1321:"Student Gulps Into Medical Literature"
1244:Inquiry after man dies in chemical leak
616:Vessels containing liquid nitrogen can
358:to a temperature sufficient to achieve
195:. It can be stored and transported in
128:). Liquid nitrogen is widely used as a
1392:
1194:from the original on January 29, 2021.
1053:
537:on 15 April 1883 by Polish physicists
251:for removing unsightly or potentially
135:
966:from the original on November 5, 2012
935:from the original on 16 February 2019
739:
405:seeker heads of missiles such as the
984:
533:Nitrogen was first liquefied at the
120:(i.e. roughly one-thirtieth that of
1260:
1100:from the original on 9 October 2012
1035:from the original on 9 October 2012
516:who has used it at his restaurant,
276:hypoxic air fire prevention systems
175:rather than liquid nitrogen alone.
13:
1360:
1254:
1125:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 249.
954:Markham, Derek (October 3, 2012).
927:Harrabin, Roger (2 October 2012).
854:
763:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1974.tb03871.x
14:
1436:
1327:. 20 January 1999. Archived from
1119:Tilden, William Augustus (2009).
1088:Gladwell, Amy (9 October 2012).
1054:Wallop, Harry (9 October 2012).
870:Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream Recipe
389:controlled-evaporation processes
1366:
1343:
1325:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
1313:
1302:from the original on 2016-03-05
1287:
1276:from the original on 2018-06-12
1237:
1218:
1150:
1139:from the original on 2013-12-31
1112:
996:
978:
947:
920:
401:to increase the sensitivity of
356:high-temperature superconductor
274:as a backup nitrogen source in
140:The diatomic character of the N
985:Dyer, Ted G. (February 2010).
901:
882:
863:
829:
796:
777:
704:
434:to control the temperature of
331:in hopes of future reanimation
23:. For the number expressed by
1:
698:
628:
368:cooling system of high-field
962:. Discovery Communications.
908:Chart Dosers Dosing Products
811:. No Starch Press. pp.
108:. It is a colorless, mobile
62:Students preparing homemade
7:
1374:History of Industrial Gases
666:
500:Ice cream § Cryogenics
493:
468:as an energy storage medium
178:
144:molecule is retained after
116:is about one-tenth that of
10:
1441:
1425:Food and drink preparation
632:
565:Because the liquid-to-gas
557:Filling a liquid nitrogen
528:
497:
378:magnetic resonance imaging
18:
836:Karam, Robert D. (1998).
649:pressure swing adsorption
548:
150:van der Waals interaction
1296:"Liquid Nitrogen Safety"
987:"Freeze-branding cattle"
571:Texas A&M University
463:liquid nitrogen cocktail
338:machinery parts together
280:as a source of very dry
96:. Liquid nitrogen has a
16:Liquid state of nitrogen
733:10.1103/PhysRev.92.1229
535:Jagiellonian University
370:superconducting magnets
202:
102:fractional distillation
1372:Almqvist, Ebbe (2003)
1294:Levey, Christopher G.
693:Liquid nitrogen engine
562:
473:freeze branding cattle
442:mixes during delivery
438:, injected to precool
310:samples and materials
298:, reproductive cells (
216:
71:
55:
39:
29:Natural logarithm of 2
751:Journal of Microscopy
673:Liquefaction of gases
591:concentration in the
556:
255:skin lesions such as
210:
61:
53:
37:
840:. AIAA. p. 89.
657:Joule–Thomson effect
453:molecular gastronomy
329:cryonic preservation
237:heat of vaporization
1331:on 22 February 2014
1060:The Daily Telegraph
725:1953PhRv...92.1229H
688:Cryogenic gas plant
561:from a storage tank
479:tunnel construction
187:fluid that rapidly
136:Physical properties
1355:2017-04-12 at the
1249:2017-01-07 at the
1230:2017-08-29 at the
1211:2007-07-18 at the
1188:The New York Times
1066:on 10 October 2012
1031:. 9 October 2012.
913:2013-03-04 at the
894:2013-06-16 at the
875:2009-12-20 at the
789:2014-05-17 at the
595:and can act as an
582:Leidenfrost effect
563:
539:Zygmunt Wróblewski
394:as a component of
217:
193:thermal insulation
169:Leidenfrost effect
72:
70:of liquid nitrogen
56:
40:
1410:Medical equipment
1157:Mattox, Brent S.
1132:978-1-103-35842-7
514:Heston Blumenthal
413:interference fits
360:superconductivity
261:actinic keratosis
51:
1432:
1415:Industrial gases
1385:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1291:
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1284:
1282:
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1264:
1258:
1256:
1255:October 25, 1999
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1144:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1062:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1021:
1008:
1007:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
982:
976:
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905:
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867:
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833:
827:
826:
810:
800:
794:
781:
775:
774:
746:
737:
736:
719:(5): 1229–1234.
708:
683:Computer cooling
599:, especially in
483:bearing capacity
292:cryopreservation
126:room temperature
52:
26:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1371:
1367:
1361:October 8, 2012
1357:Wayback Machine
1348:
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1279:
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1266:
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1251:Wayback Machine
1242:
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1232:Wayback Machine
1223:
1219:
1215:ISSN 0260-4809.
1213:Wayback Machine
1203:
1199:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1155:
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1140:
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1103:
1101:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1004:"Soil Freezing"
1002:
1001:
997:
989:
983:
979:
969:
967:
952:
948:
938:
936:
925:
921:
917:, June 19, 2012
915:Wayback Machine
906:
902:
898:, June 19, 2012
896:Wayback Machine
887:
883:
879:, March 7, 2006
877:Wayback Machine
868:
864:
859:
855:
848:
834:
830:
823:
801:
797:
793:. aspenycap.org
791:Wayback Machine
782:
778:
747:
740:
713:Physical Review
709:
705:
701:
669:
637:
631:
618:condense oxygen
601:confined spaces
567:expansion ratio
551:
543:Karol Olszewski
531:
502:
496:
431:thermal testing
403:infrared homing
205:
181:
155:
143:
138:
94:low temperature
82:
75:Liquid nitrogen
42:
38:Liquid nitrogen
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1387:
1386:
1365:
1342:
1312:
1286:
1259:
1236:
1217:
1197:
1174:
1171:on 2008-10-31.
1149:
1131:
1111:
1077:
1046:
1009:
995:
977:
946:
919:
900:
881:
862:
853:
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828:
821:
795:
776:
738:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
678:Industrial gas
675:
668:
665:
653:air compressor
635:Air separation
633:Main article:
630:
627:
611:Oxygen sensors
550:
547:
530:
527:
510:Agnes Marshall
495:
492:
491:
490:
487:impermeability
475:
469:
466:
459:
456:
445:
444:
443:
432:
425:
415:
409:
399:
392:
381:
362:
352:
339:
336:shrink-fitting
332:
325:
322:
321:
320:
316:to facilitate
314:
288:
285:
278:
272:
266:
263:
221:freezing point
204:
201:
180:
177:
173:solid nitrogen
153:
141:
137:
134:
80:
21:LGV Atlantique
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1016:
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849:
847:1-56347-276-7
843:
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822:1-886411-76-X
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686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
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664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:liquified air
642:
636:
626:
622:
619:
614:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
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446:
441:
437:
436:mass concrete
433:
430:
426:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
397:
396:cooling baths
393:
390:
387:traps and in
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:used in e.g.
371:
367:
366:liquid helium
363:
361:
357:
353:
351:
347:
346:charge-couped
343:
342:
341:as a coolant
340:
337:
333:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
312:
311:
309:
306:), and other
305:
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250:
246:
245:
244:
243:, including:
242:
238:
234:
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226:
225:specific heat
222:
214:
209:
200:
198:
197:vacuum flasks
194:
190:
186:
176:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
158:boiling point
152:between the N
151:
147:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:boiling point
95:
91:
87:
83:
76:
69:
65:
60:
36:
30:
22:
1376:, Springer,
1373:
1368:
1359:, BBC News,
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1268:
1262:
1253:, BBC News,
1239:
1220:
1200:
1187:
1177:
1166:the original
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1121:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1093:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:the original
1059:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1028:
998:
980:
968:. Retrieved
959:
949:
937:. Retrieved
922:
903:
884:
865:
856:
837:
831:
806:
798:
779:
754:
750:
716:
712:
706:
641:distillation
638:
623:
615:
609:
586:
575:
564:
532:
518:The Fat Duck
508:authored by
505:
503:
423:overclocking
421:and extreme
391:in chemistry
218:
182:
162:
146:liquefaction
139:
78:
74:
73:
970:October 22,
757:: 103–105.
661:steelmaking
451:. See also
385:vacuum pump
348:cameras in
249:cryotherapy
241:refrigerant
213:overclocked
165:vacuum pump
148:. The weak
1394:Categories
1382:0306472775
1335:11 October
1306:2012-06-23
1280:2012-02-08
1143:2016-02-28
1070:12 October
960:Treehugger
699:References
629:Production
597:asphyxiant
578:cold burns
506:Fancy Ices
498:See also:
429:spacecraft
308:biological
270:cryogenics
223:of water,
106:liquid air
1169:(reprint)
1104:9 October
1039:9 October
522:cocktails
449:ice cream
419:computers
350:astronomy
253:malignant
185:cryogenic
114:viscosity
92:state at
64:ice cream
1405:Coolants
1400:Nitrogen
1353:Archived
1300:Archived
1274:Archived
1247:Archived
1228:Archived
1209:Archived
1192:Archived
1137:Archived
1098:Archived
1094:Newsbeat
1033:Archived
1029:BBC News
964:Archived
933:Archived
911:Archived
892:Archived
873:Archived
787:Archived
771:96286845
667:See also
605:asphyxia
494:Culinary
440:concrete
407:Strela 3
290:for the
282:nitrogen
227:of 1040
179:Handling
86:nitrogen
1420:Liquids
1096:. BBC.
939:22 June
931:. BBC.
721:Bibcode
529:History
380:systems
189:freezes
130:coolant
118:acetone
66:with a
1384:p. 163
1380:
1129:
844:
819:
769:
589:oxygen
549:Safety
354:for a
112:whose
110:liquid
90:liquid
27:, see
1162:(PDF)
990:(PDF)
767:S2CID
651:. An
559:Dewar
300:sperm
296:blood
257:warts
183:As a
122:water
88:in a
84:) is
68:dewar
1378:ISBN
1337:2014
1127:ISBN
1106:2012
1072:2012
1041:2012
972:2012
941:2018
842:ISBN
817:ISBN
541:and
485:and
417:for
383:for
376:and
344:for
334:for
327:for
302:and
259:and
235:and
203:Uses
25:ln 2
759:doi
755:101
729:doi
643:of
593:air
477:In
471:in
304:egg
294:of
284:gas
268:in
247:in
231:⋅kg
124:at
104:of
1396::
1323:.
1190:.
1186:.
1135:.
1092:.
1080:^
1058:.
1027:.
1012:^
958:.
815:.
813:44
765:.
753:.
741:^
727:.
717:92
715:.
545:.
233:⋅K
160:.
132:.
79:LN
1363:.
1339:.
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1006:.
992:.
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761::
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731::
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229:J
154:2
142:2
81:2
77:(
31:.
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