1968:
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551:(American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1963), p. 5: "In it flourish tall trees: pears and pomegranates and apples full of fruit, also sweet figs and bounteous olives...Here too a fertile vineyard has been planted...Beyond the last row of trees, well laid garden plots have been arranged, blooming all the year with flowers. And there are two springs; one leads through the garden while the other dives beneath the threshold of the great court to gush out beside the stately palace; from it the citizens draw their water"
1980:
229:
2004:
1992:
53:, Maria Shaw believes, fissures and tool-trimmed holes may once have been planted. In the post-Minoan world, Mycenaean art concentrates on human interactions, where the natural world takes a lessened role, and following the collapse of Mycenaean palace-culture and the loss of the literacy connected with it, pleasure gardens are unlikely to have been a feature of the
213:'s article prompted a reviewer to observe, "For all practical purposes there appear to have been no gardens of any sort in Greek city homes, beyond perhaps a few pots with plants." Aside from vegetable plots and orchards, Ridgway found some literary and a small amount of archaeological evidence for public, or semi-public gardens linked to
368:
founded The Garden, a school named for the garden he owned about halfway between the Stoa and the
Academy that served as the school's meeting place; little is actually known of the ascetic philosopher's garden, though in cultural history it grew retrospectively in delight: of his garden at Geneva,
377:
could exclaim, with more enthusiasm than history, "It is the palace of a philosopher with the gardens of
Epicurus—it is a delicious retreat". Gardens of Adonis, under Syrian influence, were simple plantings of herbal seedlings grown in saucers and pots, which, when they collapsed in the
251:
at Athens were excavated to bare rock, in which rectangular planting pits were identified, which ran round three sides of the temple but not across its front and were lined up with the columns of the temple. In their bases were the shattered remains of flower pots in which
483:"Mycenaean art of the later Bronze Age (Late Helladic III) plays a lesser role in my considerations, largely because it copies from earlier art and because its themes are concerned more with people and their actions than with nature" (Shaw 1993:662).
398:, Alexander's successor at Babylon, grew some Greek plants in the royal palace and walks, mainland Greece, mother of democracy and Western cultural traditions, was not the mother of European gardens: the great Hellenistic garden was that of the
44:
represented gardens, in the form of subtly tamed wild-seeming landscapes, shown in frescoes, notably in a stylised floral sacred landscape with some
Egyptianising features represented in fragments of a Middle Minoan fresco at
498:(1954, 1965) examines the created cultural world of the epic tradition, which Finley sees as neither authentically Mycenaean nor an accurate reflection of Homer's eighth century BCE.
171:
No such gardens were known to Homer's contemporaries, as far as archaeologists can discern, any more than palaces like
Alcinous', whose very doors were of bronze. The gardens of
341:, or sacred ground, of the Academy was walled round, for ritual reasons, as pleasure gardens would be, for practical ones; within its precincts were buildings: small temples,
360:'s garden, along with his scholars and his library; of the garden we know only that it had a walk, and that Theophrastus lectured there: it may have been in some respects a
603:.2 (May 1983:200); Neuerburg's summary: "To this reviewer even the Greek antecedents scarcely explain the subsequent Roman development of the art of the decorative garden."
801:
Bonnechere, Pierre. (2007). "The Place of the Sacred Grove (Alsos) in the Mantic
Rituals of Greece: The Example of the Alsos of Trophonios at Lebadeia (Boeotia)." In
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had been rooted; however, associated coins show that the first of these plantings had been made not before the third century BC. By that time, in mainland Greece and
494:
272:
observed that as a boy he would inquire of
Persian visitors to his father's court in Macedon, about Persian roads and military organization, but never of the
936:
225:, "The fountains of water, whether of rivers or springs, shall be ornamented with plantings and buildings for beauty", though he does not offer details.
759:
35). His unsuccessful attempt to grow ivy in the withering heat of
Mesopotamia, was probably for its associations with Dionysos rather than as a garden
1616:
815:
Calame, Claude. (2007). "Gardens of Love and
Meadows of the Beyond: Ritual Encounters with the Gods and Poetical Performances in Ancient Greece." In
2008:
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The gardens of the palace were possessed of an unearthly lushness, in the fenced orchard outside the courtyard, fronting the high gates:
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were never actively planted, but simply existed from time immemorial and were "recognized" as sacred: they have no place in the
850:
Porter, Ray. (2000). "The Flora of the Theran Wall
Paintings: Living Plants and Motifs—Sea Lily, Crocus, Iris and Ivy." In
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922:
2050:
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470:.4 (October 1993:661-685); see also J. Schäfer, "The role of 'gardens' in Minoan civilisation", in V. Karageorghis,
875:
1996:
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612:
Trees that were landmarks mentioned in inscriptions are briefly noted by
Thompson and Griswold 1963, p. 9.
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form became dominant in grand private houses. This was a paved courtyard, which came to be outfitted with
276:; Herodotus, who probably visited Babylon in the mid-fifth century, does not mention the hanging gardens.
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with a scientific rather than recreational purpose. On his return to Athens in 306 BCE, the philosopher
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438:, a Persian and Egyptian idea, surrounded by a roofed colonnade. It was used for palaces and gymnasia.
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83:, which stood as much apart from the known world of Homer's hearers as it did from the heroic world of
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In Athens, the first private pleasure gardens appear in literary sources in the fourth century. The
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seeds, but it is not until the Hellenistic era that gardeners write treatises on their work, called
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1107:
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Edited by John Dixon Hunt, 373–391. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
91:, "surrounded by the stormy sea, the outermost of men, and no other mortals have dealing with us."
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Poetic descriptions of the Greek landscape and flora are well known from early times: the tale of
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Edited by Michel Conan, 43–54. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
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Edited by Michel Conan, 17–41. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
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discovered drunken by Midas can be dated to the Hellenistic period simply from its setting, a
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The Civilisations of the Aegean and their diffusion in Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean
430:, who, not incidentally, also devised machinery for the stage. In late classical times the
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Carroll-Spillecke, Maureen. (1992). "The Gardens of Greece from Homeric to Roman Times."
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644:, 342b, noted by Julian Reade, "Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon",
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217:. In fifth- and fourth-century Athens, some public places were planted with trees, as
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587:(series Colloquia on the History of Landscape Architecture 7), Dumbarton Oaks, 1981).
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Thompson and Griswold 1963, p. 10 and illustrations. The planting was restored with
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influence, planted a grove upon his return to Athens. The myth, set in Macedon, of
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Osborne, Robin. (1992). "Classical Greek Gardens: Between Farm and Paradise." In
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331:, were planted, grown, it was said, from slips taken of the sacred olive at the
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nor in Greek houses of the Classical period. When the editors of a symposium on
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Archaeologists have not identified planted courtyards within the palaces of
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The Epic City: Urbanism, Utopia, and the Garden in Ancient Greece and Rome.
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featured in Hellenistic gardens, playthings devised by technicians such as
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among his female adherents: these were not gardens in any general sense.
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was paramount in humanly-tended gardens, but in the previous century, of
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Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard Univ.
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first appeared after Roman encounters with gardening traditions of the
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p. 18, notes the Academy, the gardens of Theophrastus and of Epicurus.
526:" is Fagles' license: no such settlement was known to Homer's hearers.
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he was recreating, with much poetic license: "We live far off", said
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Bowe, Patrick. (2010). "The Evolution of the Ancient Greek Garden."
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The description is beloved of writers on gardens, nevertheless.
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included pseudo-sacred groves in his artificial landscaping of
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Voltaire, letter of 23 January 1755, quoted by Thacker, p. 18.
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It is quoted by Dorothy Burr Thompson and Ralph E. Griswold,
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gardens, maintained in orderly fashion simply because order,
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included a contribution on the expected Greek precursors,
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neither in winter nor in summer, a harvest all year round.
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There lies my father's estate, his blossoming orchard too,
49:, northeast of Knossos. In the east wing of the palace at
1539:
810:
Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
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Elizabeth B. Macdougall and h Wilhelmina Jashemski, eds.
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And the yield of all these trees will never flag or die,
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and tombs, in addition to that of the presiding hero.
185:, was in the nature of things, as in the garden of the
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in late classical times. Little is known about either.
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a bubbling spring's inside and meadows run around it.
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105:
as far from town as a man's strong shout can carry.
40:Before the coming of Proto-Greeks into the Aegean,
598:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
564:. American School of Classical Studies. p. 5.
123:succulent figs and olives swelling sleek and dark.
817:Sacred Gardens and Landscapes: Ritual and Agency.
803:Sacred Gardens and Landscapes: Ritual and Agency.
95:Now, you'll find a splendid grove along the road—
75:contain a reference to gardens, the Neverland of
2022:
323:, for intellectual discourse. By contrast, the
121:pomegranates and pears, and apples glowing red,
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117:Here luxuriant trees are always in their prime
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319:, save as a resort for contemplation and, at
1806:List of organic gardening and farming topics
861:Shaw, Maria C. (1993). "The Minoan Garden."
858:, 603–630. Athens, Greece: Thera Foundation.
845:Garden History: Issues, Approaches, Methods.
838:A Cultural History of Gardens in Antiquity.
798:PhD diss., Univ. of California at Berkeley.
755:τά βαςίλεια καὶ τους περιπάτους (Plutarch,
937:
923:
910:Gardens and landscapes in Classical Greece
796:Sacred Groves in the Ancient Greek World.
696:term for an enclosed royal hunting park,
227:
71:In the eighth century BC, the works of
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389:
918:
727:Much later, in the first century CE,
692:, Xenophon introduced into Greek the
327:in the Academy, watered by the river
28:gardens, made under the influence of
2041:Types of garden by country of origin
1991:
852:The Wall Paintings of Thera. Vol. 2.
474:2000-600 B.C. (Larnaca, 1992:85-87).
299:had its site in an ancient grove of
2003:
663:and Xenophon (in his romanticised
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463:Maria C. Shaw, "The Aegean Garden"
410:landscape that included the famous
382:, were the signal for mourning for
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13:
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247:In 1936, the surroundings of the
35:
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794:Birge, Darice Elizabeth (1982).
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669:) do give extensive accounts of
243:in the 3rd-century planting pits
863:American Journal of Archaeology
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16:A distinction is made between
1:
829:Giesecke, Annette L. (2007).
562:Garden Lore of Ancient Athens
549:Garden Lore of Ancient Athens
451:
60:
900:Resources in other libraries
836:Gleason, Kathryn L. (2013).
7:
1837:Index of pesticide articles
10:
2072:
2031:Ancient Greek architecture
981:Climate-friendly gardening
442:Roman decorative gardening
274:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
99:poplars, sacred to Pallas—
64:
2051:Culture of ancient Greece
1960:
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1857:Plant disease forecasting
1819:
1811:Vegan organic agriculture
1786:
1661:Genetically modified tree
1548:
1091:
956:
895:Resources in your library
824:Journal of Garden History
235:, Athens, replanted with
211:Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway
144:'s transformation into a
2036:Hellenistic architecture
574:Noted by Thacker, p. 9.
79:, in the purely mythic
1796:Biodynamic agriculture
1733:Postharvest physiology
1681:Landscape architecture
1378:Indonesian home garden
716:The History of Gardens
538:' translation, p. 183.
244:
131:
111:
1043:Historic conservation
651:(2000:195-217) p. 195
596:Norman Neuerburg, in
585:Ancient Roman Gardens
495:The World of Odysseus
412:Library of Alexandria
303:sacred to an obscure
231:
115:
93:
65:Further information:
1973:Gardening portal
1872:Aquamog weed remover
1847:List of insecticides
673:'s palatial city of
249:Temple of Hephaestus
233:Temple of Hephaestus
148:, oaks inhabited by
840:London: Bloomsbury.
712:Christopher Thacker
390:Hellenistic gardens
266:Alexander the Great
260:, the influence of
1842:List of fungicides
1607:Companion planting
428:Hero of Alexandria
406:, a grand, walled
317:history of gardens
282:Achaemenid Persian
245:
109:Take a seat there.
67:Garden of Alcinous
2046:Gardens in Greece
2018:
2017:
1890:Community orchard
1716:drought tolerance
876:Library resources
757:Life of Alexander
677:and its gardens.
400:Ptolemaic dynasty
262:Achaemenid Persia
152:and streams with
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2056:Mycenaean Greece
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787:Gardens portal
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42:Minoan culture
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22:ancient Greece
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1867:Weed control
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1686:Olericulture
1666:Hydroculture
1656:Fruticulture
1634:Floriculture
1563:Permaculture
1550:Horticulture
946:Horticulture
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1778:Monoculture
1773:Viticulture
1751:agriculture
1711:propagation
1651:Hügelkultur
1573:sustainable
1558:Agriculture
1500:Therapeutic
1480:Shakespeare
1291:Renaissance
1083:Xeriscaping
1078:Sustainable
1073:Square foot
1063:Proplifting
1028:Garden tool
996:Foodscaping
734:Domus Aurea
694:Old Persian
371:Les Délices
348:In 322 BC,
325:olive trees
301:plane trees
290:rose garden
215:sanctuaries
162:pomegranate
26:Hellenistic
2025:Categories
1671:Indigenous
1568:stock-free
1540:Zoological
1420:Pollinator
1313:Greenhouse
1256:Sharawadgi
1244:Vietnamese
1205:East Asian
1113:Australian
1068:Raised bed
1033:Green wall
854:Edited by
699:paradeisos
675:Pasargadae
666:Cyropaedia
638:Plutarch,
452:References
404:Alexandria
333:Erechtheum
187:Hesperides
173:Greek myth
158:Persephone
61:Literature
20:, made in
1942:Perennial
1905:Floristry
1852:Pesticide
1832:Herbicide
1827:Fungicide
1721:hardiness
1485:Shrubbery
1465:Sculpture
1286:landscape
1215:Cantonese
1190:Container
1185:Community
1153:Byzantine
1148:Butterfly
1138:Botanical
1038:Guerrilla
986:Community
976:Butterfly
971:Arboretum
966:Allotment
958:Gardening
950:gardening
661:Herodotus
432:peristyle
358:Aristotle
329:Cephissus
166:kepourika
138:Narcissus
1985:Category
1895:Features
1801:Grafting
1761:forestry
1743:Tropical
1728:Pomology
1701:cuttings
1696:breeding
1530:Wildlife
1510:Tropical
1460:Scottish
1410:Pleasure
1398:Paradise
1393:Charbagh
1363:Monastic
1358:Medieval
1268:Floating
1222:Japanese
1173:Communal
1163:Colonial
1128:Biblical
1093:Types of
1058:Parterre
689:Anabasis
510:VI. 205.
420:automata
408:paradise
396:Harpalus
375:Voltaire
366:Epicurus
309:Akademos
280:, under
278:Xenophon
270:Plutarch
177:untended
89:Nausicaa
85:Achaeans
81:Phaeacia
77:Alcinous
51:Phaistos
1997:Commons
1910:Ikebana
1862:Pruning
1788:Organic
1738:Roguing
1624:Cutting
1515:Victory
1490:Spanish
1470:Sensory
1415:Prairie
1383:Persian
1373:Orchard
1338:Kitchen
1333:Keyhole
1328:Italian
1323:Islamic
1318:Hanging
1277:French
1263:Fernery
1251:English
1210:Chinese
1195:Cottage
1123:Baroque
1095:gardens
1048:History
686:In his
641:Moralia
508:Odyssey
416:Musaeum
394:Though
343:shrines
338:temenos
297:Academy
286:Silenus
191:orchard
160:eating
47:Amnisos
1747:Urban
1644:Taiwan
1639:Canada
1602:Botany
1595:Saikei
1590:Bonsai
1535:Winter
1520:Walled
1455:School
1450:Sacred
1405:Physic
1368:Mughal
1348:Market
1303:German
1281:formal
1273:Flower
1239:Korean
1158:Cactus
1143:Bottle
1103:Alpine
1053:Native
1006:Garden
991:Forest
878:about
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384:Adonis
354:botany
335:. The
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182:themis
156:, and
154:nymphs
150:dryads
146:laurel
142:Daphne
24:, and
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1435:Roman
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1298:Front
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1168:Color
258:Ionia
219:Plato
175:were
73:Homer
1612:Crop
1445:Rose
1440:Roof
1430:Rock
1425:Rain
1388:Bāgh
1353:Mary
1343:Knot
1227:Roji
1118:Back
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729:Nero
646:Iraq
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