Greek Dark Ages - Knowledge

126: 771: 735: 935: 1733: 1385: 1742:, p. 254: "Fragments of mudbrick were found both inside and outside the building, suggesting that the upper walls were of brick or half-timber construction. A few pieces of plaster may indicate that the walls were plastered on the inside. The roof may have been constructed of light materials such as bamboo and thatch and supported by props resting on tie beams which spanned the space from wall to wall. Because of the extraordinary size of the building, it is questionable whether it was roofed in its entirety. The central room with the circular paved floor may have been left open to the air". 1057: 1394:, p. 118: "Palace destructions at Orchomenos, Gla, and Thebes may be the direct or partial result of conflicts between two polities represented by these three centers. The proximity of Thebes and Orchomenos would have been a source of tension between these two polities Not all palatial and palace-connected sites were destroyed at the end of LH IIIB, and several were reoccupied after a hiatus. Both Thebes and Eleon, for example, have significant occupation until LH IIIC Middle, when other centers in their vicinity start to thrive". 1721: 5127: 5137: 1019:, on the top of the ridge has led to speculation that this was the chieftain's house. This was a larger structure than those surrounding it but it was still made from the same materials (mud brick and thatched roof). It was perhaps also a place of religious significance and communal storage of food. High-status individuals did in fact exist in the Dark Age, but their standard of living was not significantly higher than others of their village. 5147: 1044:

ivory-handled dagger at her head. The horses appeared to have been sacrificed, some appearing to have iron bits in their mouths. No evidence survives to show whether the building was erected to house the burial, or whether the "hero" or local chieftain in the grave was cremated and then buried in his grand house; whichever is true, the house was soon demolished and the debris used to form a roughly circular mound over the wall stumps.

478: 1373: 1463: 864:(1050 BC – 900 BC), such as the superior pottery technology that included a faster potter's wheel for superior vase shapes and the use of a compass to draw perfect circles and semicircles for decoration. Better glazes were achieved by higher temperature firing of the clay. However, the overall trend was toward simpler, less intricate pieces and fewer resources being devoted to the creation of beautiful art. 1709: 1470:, in: Change, Continuity, and Connectivity, pp. 109-110: "he Sea Peoples pirate bands that developed out of the circumstances of collapse. These groups, Hitchcock and Maeir note, could be ethnically diverse coming from the Lukka, for example others relatively new c. 1200 BC . Ekwesh do refer to Achaeans there is still no necessary reason to assume they were all, or even predominantly Greek." 954:, joined during this period by the first Greek settlements. Potters in Cyprus initiated the most elegant new pottery style of the 10th and 9th centuries, the "Cypro-Phoenician" "black on red" style of small flasks and jugs that held precious contents, probably scented oil. Together with distinctively Greek Euboean ceramic wares, it was widely exported and is found in Levantine sites, including 1730:, p. 92: "nd the large amount of coarse ware found within the building point to its use as a residential dwelling, perhaps a chieftain's house. In such an undoubtedly religious as well as political context, the addition of an altar in its interior might not be unexpected. Unit IV-1 may thus carry on an important Mycenaean tradition of combining sacred and domestic features in the 'palace'". 860:, Euboea, and central Crete, recovered economically from these events faster than others, but life for common Greeks would have remained relatively unchanged as it had for centuries. There was still farming, weaving, metalworking and pottery but at a lower level of output and for local use in local styles. Some technical innovations were introduced around 1050 BC with the start of the 1460: 1450:: "Sometime between about 950 and 750 B.C. the Greeks adopted a Phoenician alphabet to represent the sounds of their own language, introducing important changes to the script by representing the vowels of their own language as letters. The Greek version of the alphabet eventually formed the basis of the alphabet used for English today." Retrieved April 21, 2024. 1361: 677:, considers that between 950 BC and 750 BC, the Greeks relearned how to write, but using the alphabet of the Phoenicians instead of the Linear B script used by the Mycenaeans, innovating in a fundamental way by introducing vowels as letters. "The Greek version of the alphabet eventually formed the base of the alphabet used for English today." 1718:, pp. 253-254: "The most important architectural discovery in this area was the foundations of a large apsidal building of the Early Iron Age In any case, it must have been the most important building of the town in that period. Other possibilities are that it was the home of the local 'chief' or some sort of communal center". 1382:, p. 117: " relatively rapid series of events tension between Mycenaean polities armed conflict; and a rejection of palatial authority by those living under it, as evidenced through the total disappearance of Linear B, palatial architecture, and other accoutrements of centralized administrative hierarchy". 761:

Around this time, c. 1200–1150 BC, large-scale revolts took place in several parts of the eastern Mediterranean. Writing in 2013, Jonathan Hall considered that: "he collapse of the political and economic system centered on the Mycenaean palaces provoked a climate of instability and insecurity and ome

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in the 1980s "revealed that some parts of Greece were much wealthier and more widely connected than traditionally thought, as a monumental building and its adjacent cemetery showed connections to Cyprus, Egypt, and the Levant as markers of elite status and authority, much as they had been in previous

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Mycenaean palaces began to come to an end around 1200 BC, and the process concluded decades later, due to internal tensions within the cities which rejected palatial authority and administration, patent in the disappearance of Linear B writing and palatial architecture. There were also conflicts, in

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Some scholars have argued against the concept of a Greek Dark Age, on grounds that the former lack of archaeological evidence in a period that was mute in its lack of inscriptions (thus "dark") is an accident of discovery rather than a fact of history. As James Whitley has put it, "The Dark Age of

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Though life was harsh for the Greeks of the Dark Ages, and one major result of the period was the deconstruction of the old Mycenaean economic and social structures, along with the strict class hierarchies and hereditary rule forgotten, a gradual replacement with new socio-political institutions

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after about 1050 BC lacks the figurative decoration of Mycenaean ware and is restricted to simpler, generally geometric styles: Early Protogeometric (1050–1000 BC), Middle Protogeometric (1000–950 BC), Late Protogeometric (950 BC - 900 BC), Early Geometric (900 BC - 850 BC), and Middle Geometric

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Between this period and approximately 820 BC, rich members of the community were cremated and buried close to the eastern end of the building, in much the same way Christians might seek to be buried close to a saint's grave; the presence of imported objects, notable throughout more than eighty

1370:, p. 117: "The Mycenaean palaces came to an end somewhat suddenly and conclusively around the beginning of the twelfh century BCE. While this is ofen termed an abrupt collapse across a wide geographical area, it should rather be seen as a process that played out over at least several decades". 778:

With the collapse of the palatial centers, no more monumental stone buildings were built, and the practice of wall painting may have ceased. Writing in the Linear B script also ceased, and vital trade links were lost as towns and villages were abandoned. Writing in the Linear B script ended

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The man's bones were placed in a bronze jar from Cyprus, with hunting scenes on the cast rim. The woman was clad with gold coils in her hair, rings, gold breastplates, an heirloom necklace, an elaborate Cypriot or Near Eastern necklace made some 200 to 300 years before her burial, and an

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It was previously thought that all contact was lost between mainland Hellenes and foreign powers during this period, yielding little cultural progress or growth. But archaeologist Alex Knodell considers that artifacts, in the Early Iron Age, from excavations at Lefkandi on the

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were now within reach of less elite warriors. Though the universal use of iron was one shared feature among Dark Age settlements, it is still uncertain when the forged iron weapons and armour achieved strength superior to those that had previously been cast and hammered from

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Greece is our conception. It is a conception strongly coloured by our knowledge of the two literate civilisations that preceded and succeeded it: the bureaucratic, palace-centred world of Mycenaean Greece and the chaotic and creative Archaic age of Hellenic civilisation."

1040:", this long narrow building, 50 metres by 10 metres, or about 164 feet by 33 feet, contained two burial shafts. In one were placed four horses and the other contained a cremated male buried with his iron weapons and an inhumed woman, heavily adorned with gold jewellery. 783:

crashing; there was no longer a need to keep records about commerce. The population of Greece declined. The world of organized state armies, kings, officials, and redistributive systems disappeared. Most of the information about the period comes from burial sites and the

1332: 1123:. Other coastal regions of Greece besides Euboea were once again full participants in the commercial and cultural exchanges of the eastern and central Mediterranean and communities developed governance by an elite group of aristocrats, rather than by the single 1329:: "... The Near East recovered its strength much sooner than did Greece, ending its Dark Age by around 900 B.C. ... The end of the Greek Dark Age is traditionally placed some 150 years after that, at about 750 B.C. ..." Retrieved October 24, 2020 1309:: "The period from 1100 to 800 B.C. is known as the Dark Age of Greece. As described in the Ancient Greek Thesaursus: Throughout the area there are signs of a sharp cultural decline. Some sites, formerly inhabited, were now abandoned." 985:

did not live in isolated farmsteads but in small settlements. It is likely that at the dawn of the historical period two or three hundred years later, the main economic resource for each family was the ancestral plot of land of the

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grew up in an accelerated way in this Postpalatial period (1200–1050 BC) to become a preeminent place as it has a double bay with sea traffic. Additionally, evidence had emerged of the new presence of Hellenes in sub-Mycenaean

125: 648:. However, Greek-speaking people arrived in Cyprus, in the late 13th to 11th centuries BC, but did not colonize the island, they integrated into society as "economic and cultural migrants from the periphery to the core." 627:

had an important reoccupation pattern even in Late Helladic IIIC Middle, c. 1170–1100 BC, when other minor sites around also began to rise, palaces had ceased to exist along with art and burial customs.

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town was abandoned in 1150 BC but then reemerged as a small village cluster by 1075 BC. At this time there were only around forty families living there with plenty of good farming land and grazing for

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Geometric-style box in the shape of a barn. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus. From early geometric cremation burial of a wealthy pregnant woman, 850 BC.

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invasion, but Sea Peoples could have been pirate bands which coalesced due to the collapse, and diverse in origin, like sailors, workers, or mercenaries, coming from ethnicities like those of the

1034:. It recovered quickly from the collapse of Mycenaean culture, and in 1981 excavators of a burial ground found the largest 10th century BC building yet known from Greece. Sometimes called "the 1161:

sounds and thereby creating the first truly alphabetic writing system. The new alphabet quickly spread throughout the Mediterranean and was used to write not only the Greek language but also

1341:, p. 11: "he pejorative notions and interpretive bias that the term 'Dark Age' introduces have led to the adoption of the more neutral 'Early Iron Age' as the predominant referent". 551:

I and lasted until the beginning of the Protohistoric Iron Age around 800 BC. Currently, the term Greek Dark Ages is being abandoned, and both periods are not considered "obscure".

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The archaeological record of many sites demonstrates that the economic recovery of Greece was well underway by the beginning of the 8th century BC. Cemeteries, such as the

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on the Syrian coast, and the revival of an Aegean Greek network of exchange can be detected from 10th-century BC Attic Proto-geometric pottery found in Crete and at

837:, continued to be occupied; the fact that other sites experienced an expansive "boom time" of a generation or two before they were abandoned has been associated by 803:

Society" are considered simplifications, because the range of cultures throughout Greece at the time cannot be grouped into a single "Dark Age Society" category.

1111:. Iron tools and weapons improved. Renewed Mediterranean trade brought new supplies of copper and tin to make a wide range of elaborate bronze objects, such as 770: 734: 2042: 2274: 562:

world in c. 1200–1150 BC took place, as the great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned. At around the same time, the

1523:"The most striking feature of the Dark Ages is its regionalism, its material diversity" (James Whitley, "Social Diversity in Dark Age Greece", 449: 799:

of pottery was stylistically simpler than earlier designs, characterized by lines and curves. On the other hand, generalizations about the "

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The emerging fragmented, localized, and autonomous cultures lacked cultural and aesthetic cohesion and are noted for their diversity of

3874: 1443: 1322: 934: 390: 5181: 1611:, p. 48; Fox provides the cultural background to his study of Euboean cultural contacts in the Mediterranean in the 8th century. 942:(Athens); exhibit 14–16: broad gold finger rings; exhibit 17–19: gold finger rings; 20: pair of gold earrings with trapezoid endings 762:

people – whether for reasons of safety or economic necessity – decided to abandon their former homes and seek a living elsewhere."

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There were four centres in the following Prehistoric or Early Iron Age (1050–800 BC), with more than 1000 individuals: Lefkandi,

668:, which also featured sociopolitical complexity, hierarchies manifested locally though not in a wider area. The decoration on 2112: 2052: 2031: 1184:", discovered in a grave at Pithekoussae (Ischia), dates from c. 730 BC. It seems to be the oldest written reference to the 3262: 1492: 1289: 2231:

Style and Society in Dark Age Greece: The Changing Face of a Pre-literate Society 1100–700 BC (New Studies in Archaeology)

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Chew, Sing C. (2001). "3, The second-millennium Bronze Age: Crete and Mycenaean Greece 1700 BC – 1200 BC".

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Finds from an early geometric Cremation Burial of a pregnant wealthy woman, from the N.W. of the Areopagus, about 850 BC,

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in pottery styles (e.g. conservative in Athens, eclectic in Knossos), burial practices, and settlement structures. The

579: 5216: 5211: 3272: 3247: 2243: 2218: 2001: 1960: 1936: 1917: 911:, some archaeological sites begin to show identifiably Greek ceramics; a colony of Euboean Greeks was established at 5081: 3830: 3257: 3252: 1658: 444: 424: 3724: 3584: 3579: 2856: 499: 5108: 3749: 3163: 2260: 2196: 2104: 1181: 1030:

on the island of Euboea was a prosperous settlement in the Late Bronze Age, possibly to be identified with old

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and was exploited and improved upon by using local deposits of iron ore previously ignored by the Mycenaeans:

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R.W.V. Catling, "Exports of Attic protogeometric pottery and their identification by non-analytical means",

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further burials, contrast with other nearby cemeteries at Lefkandi and attest to a lasting elite tradition.

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The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and Change Between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC

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Lefkandi II: the Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part 2. The Excavation, Architecture and Finds,

1570:, pp. 213–295, and I.M. Morris, "Circulation, deposition and the formation of the Greek Iron Age," 4792: 4665: 3798: 3793: 3769: 3679: 3196: 2294: 2235: 1252: 800: 492: 464: 105: 1929:

World Ecological Degradation: Accumulation, Urbanization and Deforestation 3000 BC ‒ AD 2000

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The ceramic Euboean artifact inscribed with a few lines written in the Greek alphabet referring to "

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during this period was likely divided into independent regions organized by kinship groups and the

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periods," and this shows that significant cultural and trade links with the east, particularly the

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boots. Early geometric period cremation burial of a woman, 900 BC. Ancient Agora Museum in Athens.

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Greek Religion, specifically the ideas of Hero worship, and how the gods' powers were attributed.

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The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century AD, First Edition

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and far inland in the late 11th and 10th centuries. Cypriot metalwork was exchanged in Crete.

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The dark age of Greece: an archaeological survey of the eleventh to the eighth centuries BC

939: 861: 796: 612: 575: 544: 439: 377: 347: 8: 4743: 4713: 4101: 3996: 3991: 3428: 2743: 2656: 2626: 2580: 2343: 1195: 1150: 1142: 923: 703: 454: 308: 184: 162: 155: 82: 5221: 4960: 4857: 4763: 4407: 4324: 4212: 3714: 3538: 3054: 3034: 2891: 2762: 2646: 2441: 2368: 2186: 2159: 1970: 1650: 1638: 1231: 1112: 661: 582:. Following the collapse, there were fewer, smaller settlements, suggesting widespread 257: 1764: 1092:. Exports of Greek pottery demonstrate contact with the Levant coast at sites such as 5136: 5035: 4622: 4171: 4019: 3971: 3815: 3784: 3729: 3646: 3523: 3395: 3216: 3049: 3002: 2942: 2816: 2798: 2774: 2756: 2711: 2666: 2661: 2312: 2239: 2214: 2192: 2108: 2073: 2048: 2027: 1997: 1956: 1932: 1913: 1897: 1642: 1211: 1162: 528: 362: 315: 114: 4965: 4497: 4462: 4279: 4136: 4014: 3901: 3896: 3221: 3176: 3007: 2914: 2530: 2363: 2348: 2338: 2085: 1905: 1634: 1081: 792: 674: 459: 289: 248: 200: 168: 135: 78: 1975: 4980: 4738: 4526: 4339: 4081: 3947: 3879: 3206: 2804: 2786: 2780: 2694: 2671: 2545: 2456: 2416: 2229: 2074:"Bronze Age Cyprus and the Aegean: 'exotic currency' and objects of connectivity" 2021: 1499: 1467: 1447: 1326: 904: 845:", which is based on personal charisma and is inherently unstable: he interprets 682: 396: 367: 282: 5005: 4718: 1297: 750:

The fall of Mycenaeans in the Bronze Age collapse was attributed to a Dorian or

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did not develop until the beginning of the Protohistoric Iron Age, c. 800 BC.

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variants spread throughout Italy from the 8th century. Other variants of the

1104: 955: 830: 548: 482: 4915: 4867: 4733: 4587: 4457: 4096: 3932: 3438: 3400: 3099: 2134:(1994). "Between Troy and Homer : The so-called Dark Ages in Greece". 1170: 876: 295: 2089: 1909: 907:, perhaps as early as 1000 BC, but contemporaneous evidence is scant. In 4935: 4827: 4807: 4635: 4143: 4121: 4111: 4106: 4029: 3986: 3533: 3443: 3433: 3320: 3310: 3074: 2451: 2426: 1227: 1154: 1004: 951: 888: 806: 785: 755: 751: 401: 4640: 2211:

The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean 1250–1150 BC

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Storia, Poesia e Pensiero nel Mondo antico. Studi in Onore di M. Gigante

1654: 1622: 702:. Notable events after the Dark Ages period that mark the transition to 4872: 4842: 4837: 4822: 4708: 4675: 4344: 4314: 3981: 3709: 3543: 3385: 3380: 3370: 3355: 3340: 3330: 3305: 2681: 2436: 2391: 1502:, in: An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander. 1097: 1069: 1061: 1008: 947: 826: 142: 2163: 4847: 4773: 4758: 4728: 4723: 4655: 4579: 4564: 4549: 4492: 4392: 4044: 3976: 3548: 3528: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3453: 3448: 3418: 3365: 3325: 3104: 2970: 2924: 2904: 2535: 2406: 1993: 1191: 1120: 814: 571: 434: 2098: 1145:

by a Greek with first-hand experience of it. The Greeks adapted the

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or Lefkandi, and sanctuaries, such as Olympia, recently founded in

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Destruction of settlements and collapse of the socioeconomic system

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Societies in Transition in Early Greece: An Archaeological History

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Travelling Heroes: Greeks and their myths in the epic age of Homer

1825: 5040: 5030: 4975: 4970: 4955: 4945: 4930: 4925: 4812: 4700: 4690: 4569: 4544: 4539: 4512: 4507: 4487: 4477: 4467: 4432: 4422: 4412: 4364: 4354: 4329: 4294: 4289: 4264: 3917: 3699: 3360: 3350: 3109: 3079: 3069: 3064: 3044: 3039: 2919: 2866: 2575: 2565: 2555: 2550: 2540: 2252: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1210:. The previous Linear scripts were not completely abandoned: the 1203: 1093: 1031: 1016: 912: 900: 896: 891:

dialect in historic times indicates early movement from mainland

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like those offered as prizes in the funeral games celebrated by

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Religion in the Greek Dark Ages is seen to be a continuation of

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civilization also suffered serious disruption, with cities from

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1200–800 BC) were earlier regarded as two continuous periods of

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eventually allowed for the rise of democracy in 5th century BC

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At the beginning of the Postpalatial Bronze Age, the so-called

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The decoration of pottery became more elaborate and included

1089: 1085: 988: 977: 971: 916: 716: 711: 624: 1566:, p. 343 notes regional differences in iron-working in 1533: 1505: 5025: 5000: 4950: 4437: 4427: 1409: 567: 1898:"The Greek Early Iron Age and the Concept of a 'Dark Age'" 1351: 1349: 1347: 1177:), the influence of their new alphabet extended further. 1805:

M. R. Popham, P. G. Calligas, and L. H. Sackett, (eds.),

1015:. The remains of a 10th century BC building, including a 616: 1861: 1421: 1397: 758:, but not necessarily or exclusively Achaeans (Ekwesh). 729: 1697: 1493:"The Early Greek Dark Age and Revival in the Near East" 1461:"‘I would walk 500 miles and I would walk 500 more’..." 1344: 1849: 1837: 2124:

Art and Identity in Dark Age Greece, 1100–700 BC

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and other languages in the eastern Mediterranean. As

1873: 1818:Edward Bispham, Thomas Harrison, Brian A. Sparkes, 1685: 1545: 996:or allotment. Without this, a man could not marry. 1974: 829:. Some former sites of Mycenaean palaces, such as 590:script used by Mycenaean bureaucrats to write the 1169:sent out colonies west towards Sicily and Italy ( 5163: 1792:The candidates and their opponents are noted in 2488: 2064:The Art and Culture of Early Greece 1100–480 BC 813:and in Crete but not in general elsewhere, and 2174:Excavations at Nichoria in Messenia: 1972-1973 2145:"Excavations at Nichoria in Messenia: 1969-71" 1627:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 2268: 644:(c. 1100–1050 BC) and on the Syrian coast at 500: 1822:, page 89, The Edinburgh Companion, Ed 2006. 1680:The Cypro-Phoenician Pottery of the Iron Age 999:Excavations of Dark Age communities such as 1949:Geometric Greece: 900-700 BC Second Edition 3154: 2275: 2261: 2205: 1969: 1945: 1843: 1831: 1525:The Annual of the British School at Athens 1137:By the beginning of 8th century BC, a new 694:coast, developed from c. 900 BC onwards. 601: 507: 493: 2191:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2184: 2010: 1985: 1855: 1751: 1567: 1539: 1511: 2170: 2142: 1895: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1620: 1055: 975:or households, the origins of the later 933: 929: 895:to the Anatolian coast to such sites as 769: 733: 710:, in 776 BC, and the composition of the 2227: 2121: 2096: 2072:Knapp, A. Bernard (November 23, 2022). 2061: 1879: 1867: 1765:"Excavations at Lefkandi: Publications" 1691: 1563: 1551: 1427: 1403: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1355: 1338: 1276: 779:particularly due to the redistributive 27:Era in Greece from c. 1200 to c. 800 BC 14: 5164: 4208: 2130: 2013:Les Peuples de la Mer et leur histoire 1602:Annual of the British School at Athens 1439:Martin, Thomas R., (October 3, 2019). 1318:Martin, Thomas R., (October 3, 2019). 867:The smelting of iron was learned from 5065: 4207: 3636: 3140: 2487: 2307: 2256: 2071: 1415: 1157:, notably introducing characters for 1132: 746:1200 BC) in the Eastern Mediterranean 730:Mediterranean warfare and Sea Peoples 4676:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 2308: 2044:A History ot the Archaic Greek World 2040: 2020:Fox, Robin Lane (4 September 2008). 1926: 1479: 1237: 631:On the other hand, in the island of 2019: 1793: 1608: 578:fell into disarray, leading to the 24: 3637: 2282: 1639:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1970.tb00079.x 1282: 1022: 946:Cyprus was inhabited by a mix of " 611:, between Mycenaean polities like 580:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt 25: 5233: 1946:Coldstream, John Nicolas (2003). 1441:"The Dark Ages of Ancient Greece" 1320:"The Dark Ages of Ancient Greece" 1153:, a Semitic language used by the 1129:or chieftain of earlier periods. 651: 586:and depopulation. In Greece, the 5182:8th-century BC disestablishments 5145: 5135: 5126: 5125: 2015:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. 1809:BSA Suppl. vol. 23, Oxford 1993. 476: 124: 5146: 1889: 1812: 1799: 1786: 1775:from the original on 2016-05-12 1757: 1672: 1661:from the original on 2023-11-15 1614: 1594: 1581: 1557: 1517: 1485: 1453: 1433: 1194:benefited from the innovation: 919:, off the coast of Asia Minor. 574:being destroyed. In Egypt, the 5177:12th-century BC establishments 2185:Snodgrass, Anthony M. (1971). 2105:University of California Press 1312: 1100:culture to the north of Rome. 13: 1: 2747: 2734: 2715: 2698: 2213:. London: Thames and Hudson. 2171:McDonald, William A. (1975). 2143:McDonald, William A. (1972). 2126:. Cambridge University Press. 1258: 1107:that parallel the stories of 743: 524: 205: 189: 173: 57: 39:Greek mainland and Aegean Sea 3875:Funeral and burial practices 3060:Military of Mycenaean Greece 2078:Journal of Greek Archaeology 2062:Hurwitt, Jeffrey M. (1985). 1141:system was adopted from the 809:are found in Early Iron Age 7: 2066:. Cornell University Press. 1491:Martin, Thomas R., (1996). 1459:Middleton, Guy D., (2018). 1246: 1096:and with the region of the 843:big-man social organization 594:ceased to be used, and the 10: 5238: 3799:Greek Revival architecture 3141: 2236:Cambridge University Press 2047:(second ed.). Wiley. 1986:Dickinson, Oliver (2006). 1769:Lefkandi.classics.ox.ac.UK 961: 765: 535:(c. 1200–1050 BC) and the 5207:10th century BC in Greece 5202:11th century BC in Greece 5121: 5072: 5066: 5061: 4906: 4783: 4772: 4699: 4621: 4578: 4525: 4383: 4235: 4226: 4222: 4203: 4152: 4067: 4005: 3967: 3960: 3910: 3870: 3861: 3783: 3660: 3656: 3632: 3598: 3567: 3409: 3296: 3240: 3207:Attalid kings of Pergamon 3162: 3153: 3149: 3136: 3015:Antigonid Macedonian army 2988: 2961: 2933: 2890: 2847: 2838: 2680: 2619: 2516: 2512: 2483: 2382: 2331: 2327: 2303: 2290: 2097:Knodell, Alex R. (2021). 1060:An Ancient Greek pair of 817:was the dominant rite in 296:Frankish and Latin states 88: 74: 66: 53: 43: 35: 5217:Late Bronze Age collapse 5212:9th century BC in Greece 2011:Faucounau, Jean (2003). 1621:Dietrich, B. C. (1970). 1607:(1998:365–78), noted in 887:The distribution of the 740:Late Bronze Age collapse 556:Late Bronze Age collapse 373:Second Hellenic Republic 2228:Whitley, James (1991). 2122:Langdon, Susan (2010). 2041:Hall, Jonathan (2013). 1896:Bintliff, John (2012). 1820:Ancient Greece and Rome 1290:"The History of Greece" 1230:inscriptions until the 1208:alphabets of Asia Minor 788:contained within them. 602:Postpalatial Bronze Age 558:of civilization in the 533:Postpalatial Bronze Age 407:Third Hellenic Republic 387:Collaborationist regime 358:First Hellenic Republic 322:Venetian Ionian Islands 3241:Artists & scholars 3156:List of ancient Greeks 2793:Second Athenian League 2642:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2467:Ancient Greek colonies 1530:) pp. 342, 344ff. 1294:Hellenicfoundation.com 1065: 1051: 943: 775: 747: 623:. Although Thebes and 4360:Sybaris on the Traeis 3085:Sacred Band of Thebes 2825:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 2339:Cycladic civilization 2090:10.32028/jga.v7i.1711 1981:. St. Martin's Press. 1955:. London: Routledge. 1910:10.1002/9781118255179 1796:, p. 51 note 23. 1218:, remained in use on 1059: 937: 930:Post-Mycenaean Cyprus 773: 737: 560:Eastern Mediterranean 3885:mythological figures 3606:Ancient Greek tribes 2731:Peloponnesian League 2138:. Rome: Bibliopolis. 1971:Desborough, V.R.d'A. 1904:. pp. 207–233. 1253:Dark Ages in history 940:Ancient Agora Museum 862:Protogeometric style 797:Protogeometric style 537:Prehistoric Iron Age 378:4th of August Regime 348:Septinsular Republic 3997:Tunnel of Eupalinos 3992:Theatre of Dionysus 3616:Ancient Macedonians 3232:Tyrants of Syracuse 2744:Amphictyonic League 2344:Minoan civilization 1977:The Greek Dark Ages 1542:, pp. 140–212. 1514:, pp. 360–368. 1224:Arcadocypriot Greek 1143:Phoenician alphabet 704:Classical Antiquity 353:War of Independence 309:Early modern Greece 163:Helladic chronology 83:Minoan civilization 32: 4671:Menestheus's Limin 4325:Pandosia (Lucania) 4213:Greek colonisation 3575:Athenian statesmen 3336:Diogenes of Sinope 3197:Kings of Macedonia 3187:Kings of Commagene 3055:Macedonian phalanx 3035:Hellenistic armies 2783:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 2647:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2369:Hellenistic Greece 1498:2016-12-20 at the 1466:2024-04-25 at the 1446:2020-10-26 at the 1325:2020-10-26 at the 1133:New writing system 1066: 944: 821:but nearby in the 776: 748: 706:include the first 258:Hellenistic Greece 61: 1200–800 BC 36:Geographical range 30: 5159: 5158: 5117: 5116: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5048: 4623:Iberian Peninsula 4555:Lipara/Meligounis 4521: 4520: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4172:Cypriot syllabary 4063: 4062: 3972:Athenian Treasury 3956: 3955: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3217:Ptolemaic dynasty 3177:Archons of Athens 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3003:Athenian military 2984: 2983: 2817:League of Corinth 2799:Thessalian League 2775:Chalcidian League 2757:Acarnanian League 2667:Ptolemaic Kingdom 2479: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2114:978-0-5203-8053-0 2054:978-1-118-30127-2 2033:978-0-14-188986-3 1870:, pp. 10–11. 1587:V. Karageorghis, 1238:Continuity thesis 1214:, descended from 1212:Cypriot syllabary 1007:have shown how a 793:material cultures 685:in the island of 517: 516: 483:Greece portal 363:Kingdom of Greece 271: 262: 253: 244: 235: 212: 196: 180: 98: 97: 16:(Redirected from 5229: 5197:Mycenaean Greece 5149: 5148: 5139: 5129: 5128: 5063: 5062: 4781: 4780: 4280:Heraclea Lucania 4233: 4232: 4224: 4223: 4205: 4204: 3965: 3964: 3897:Twelve Olympians 3868: 3867: 3658: 3657: 3634: 3633: 3222:Seleucid dynasty 3202:Kings of Paionia 3151: 3150: 3138: 3137: 3008:Scythian archers 2915:Graphe paranomon 2845: 2844: 2752: 2749: 2739: 2736: 2720: 2717: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2514: 2513: 2485: 2484: 2364:Classical Greece 2349:Mycenaean Greece 2329: 2328: 2305: 2304: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2224: 2202: 2181: 2179: 2167: 2149: 2139: 2127: 2118: 2093: 2067: 2058: 2037: 2016: 2007: 1982: 1980: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1923: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1816: 1810: 1803: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1618: 1612: 1598: 1592: 1585: 1579: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1457: 1451: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1296:. Archived from 1286: 1280: 1274: 1082:Heraion of Samos 852:Some regions in 745: 675:Thomas R. Martin 526: 509: 502: 495: 481: 480: 479: 419:History by topic 290:Byzantine Greece 269: 260: 251: 249:Classical Greece 242: 234:(1100 BC–750 BC) 233: 210: 209: 1750–1050 207: 203: 194: 193: 3100–1100 191: 187: 178: 177: 3100–1000 175: 171: 156:Greek Bronze Age 136:Neolithic Greece 128: 118: 100: 99: 79:Mycenaean Greece 62: 59: 33: 29: 21: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5192:Historical eras 5187:Iron Age Greece 5172:Greek Dark Ages 5162: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5113: 5068: 5045: 4908: 4902: 4785: 4776: 4768: 4739:Melaina Korkyra 4695: 4617: 4574: 4527:Aeolian Islands 4517: 4379: 4237: 4218: 4217: 4191: 4148: 4059: 4001: 3952: 3906: 3857: 3779: 3770:Wedding customs 3652: 3651: 3620: 3611:Thracian Greeks 3594: 3585:Olympic victors 3563: 3405: 3292: 3236: 3227:Kings of Sparta 3212:Kings of Pontus 3182:Kings of Athens 3158: 3145: 3124: 3020:Army of Macedon 2980: 2957: 2929: 2886: 2834: 2807:(370–c. 230 BC) 2805:Arcadian League 2789:(c. 400–188 BC) 2787:Aetolian League 2781:Boeotian League 2763:Hellenic League 2750: 2737: 2727:(c. 650–404 BC) 2718: 2712:Italiote League 2705: 2701: 2695:Doric Hexapolis 2685: 2676: 2672:Seleucid Empire 2615: 2508: 2507: 2471: 2378: 2354:Greek Dark Ages 2323: 2322: 2299: 2286: 2281: 2246: 2221: 2199: 2177: 2147: 2115: 2055: 2034: 2004: 1963: 1952: 1939: 1920: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1844:Coldstream 2003 1842: 1838: 1834:, pp. 205, 207. 1832:Coldstream 2003 1830: 1826: 1817: 1813: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1776: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1619: 1615: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1582: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1500:Wayback Machine 1490: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1468:Wayback Machine 1458: 1454: 1448:Wayback Machine 1438: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1327:Wayback Machine 1317: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1279:, p. 7 Table 1. 1275: 1266: 1261: 1249: 1240: 1232:Hellenistic era 1135: 1054: 1025: 1023:Lefkandi burial 964: 932: 849:in this light. 768: 732: 683:Lelantine Plain 654: 604: 521:Greek Dark Ages 513: 477: 475: 470: 469: 420: 412: 411: 383:Axis occupation 368:National Schism 343: 333: 332: 324: 318: 311: 301: 300: 292: 285: 283:Medieval Greece 275: 274: 270:(146 BC–330 AD) 263: 254: 252:(500 BC–323 BC) 245: 243:(800 BC–480 BC) 236: 231:Greek Dark Ages 226: 216: 215: 208: 197: 192: 181: 176: 165: 158: 148: 147: 138: 116: 109: 67:Characteristics 60: 31:Greek Dark Ages 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5235: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5133: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4473:Megara Hyblaea 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4453:Hybla Gereatis 4450: 4445: 4443:Heraclea Minoa 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4209: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4187:Attic numerals 4184: 4182:Greek numerals 4179: 4177:Greek alphabet 4174: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3831:Musical system 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3790: 3788: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3263:Mathematicians 3260: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3172:Kings of Argos 3168: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3147: 3146: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3030:Cretan archers 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2829:Achaean League 2826: 2823:Euboean League 2820: 2814: 2811:Epirote League 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2759:(c. 500–31 BC) 2754: 2741: 2728: 2722: 2709: 2691: 2689: 2687:Confederations 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2611:Lissus (Crete) 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2359:Archaic Greece 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2284:Ancient Greece 2280: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2225: 2219: 2203: 2197: 2182: 2168: 2158:(2): 218–273. 2140: 2128: 2119: 2113: 2094: 2069: 2059: 2053: 2038: 2032: 2026:. Penguin UK. 2017: 2008: 2002: 1983: 1967: 1961: 1943: 1937: 1924: 1918: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1872: 1860: 1856:Dickinson 2006 1848: 1836: 1824: 1811: 1798: 1785: 1756: 1752:Snodgrass 1971 1744: 1732: 1720: 1708: 1706:, p. 221. 1696: 1684: 1678:N. Schreiber, 1671: 1613: 1593: 1580: 1568:Snodgrass 1971 1556: 1544: 1540:Snodgrass 1971 1532: 1516: 1512:Snodgrass 1971 1504: 1484: 1472: 1452: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1396: 1384: 1372: 1360: 1343: 1331: 1311: 1281: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1202:appear on the 1149:used to write 1139:Greek alphabet 1134: 1131: 1105:figured scenes 1053: 1050: 1024: 1021: 963: 960: 931: 928: 781:palace economy 767: 764: 731: 728: 673:(850–800 BC). 653: 652:Early Iron Age 650: 635:, the site of 607:the region of 603: 600: 596:Greek alphabet 592:Greek language 547:to the Middle 545:Protogeometric 541:Early Iron Age 515: 514: 512: 511: 504: 497: 489: 486: 485: 472: 471: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 404: 402:Military Junta 399: 394: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 344: 339: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 328:Ottoman Greece 325: 319: 316:Venetian Crete 312: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 293: 286: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 264: 261:(323 BC–31 BC) 255: 246: 240:Archaic Greece 237: 227: 224:Ancient Greece 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 198: 182: 166: 159: 154: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 139: 134: 133: 130: 129: 121: 120: 111: 110: 103: 96: 95: 93:Archaic Greece 90: 86: 85: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 55: 51: 50: 48:Ancient Greece 45: 41: 40: 37: 26: 18:Greek Dark Age 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5234: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5152: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5064: 5060: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Hemeroscopion 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 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4040:Hera, Olympia 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3943:Mount Olympus 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911:Sacred places 3909: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3735:Olympic Games 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3725:Homosexuality 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3635: 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2723: 2713: 2710: 2706: 560 BC 2696: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2447:Magna Graecia 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2247: 2245:0-5213-7383-2 2241: 2237: 2234:. Cambridge: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2220:0-500-02085-X 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Sandars, N.K. 2204: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068:Chapters 1–3. 2065: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2003:0-4151-3589-3 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1962:0-415-29899-7 1958: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1938:0-7591-0031-4 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1919:9781405154185 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1815: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1789: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1741: 1740:McDonald 1972 1736: 1729: 1728:McDonald 1975 1724: 1717: 1716:McDonald 1972 1712: 1705: 1704:Bintliff 2012 1700: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1675: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633:(17): 16–31. 1632: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1578:(1989:502–19) 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1481: 1476: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1429: 1424: 1418:, pp. 77, 80. 1417: 1412: 1405: 1400: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1300:on 2016-12-07 1299: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:tripod stands 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 990: 984: 980: 979: 974: 973: 968: 959: 957: 953: 949: 941: 936: 927: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 878: 877:edged weapons 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 839:James Whitley 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 782: 772: 763: 759: 757: 753: 741: 736: 727: 725: 724: 719: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 695: 693: 688: 684: 678: 676: 671: 670:Greek pottery 667: 663: 659: 649: 647: 643: 638: 634: 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:Greek history 522: 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 490: 488: 487: 484: 474: 473: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 422: 416: 415: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 392: 388: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341:Modern Greece 337: 336: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 313: 310: 305: 304: 297: 294: 291: 288: 287: 284: 279: 278: 268: 265: 259: 256: 250: 247: 241: 238: 232: 229: 228: 225: 220: 219: 202: 199: 186: 183: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 152: 151: 144: 141: 140: 137: 132: 131: 127: 123: 122: 119: 113: 112: 107: 102: 101: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 56: 52: 49: 46: 42: 38: 34: 19: 4946:Dionysopolis 4916:Abonoteichos 4868:Pantikapaion 4458:Hybla Heraea 3794:Architecture 3750:Prostitution 3439:Aristophanes 3298:Philosophers 3268:Philosophers 3100:Spartan army 2831:(280–146 BC) 2819:(338–322 BC) 2813:(370–168 BC) 2801:(374–196 BC) 2795:(378–355 BC) 2777:(430–348 BC) 2771:(478–404 BC) 2765:(499–449 BC) 2452:Peloponnesus 2374:Roman Greece 2353: 2230: 2210: 2187: 2173: 2155: 2151: 2135: 2123: 2099: 2084:(7): 69–93. 2081: 2077: 2063: 2043: 2022: 2012: 1992:. New York: 1988: 1976: 1948: 1928: 1901: 1890:Bibliography 1882:, p. 5. 1880:Whitley 1991 1875: 1868:Knodell 2021 1863: 1858:, p. 1. 1851: 1839: 1827: 1819: 1814: 1806: 1801: 1788: 1777:. Retrieved 1768: 1759: 1747: 1735: 1723: 1711: 1699: 1692:Hurwitt 1985 1687: 1679: 1674: 1663:. Retrieved 1630: 1626: 1616: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1589:Early Cyprus 1588: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1564:Whitley 1991 1559: 1552:Whitley 1991 1547: 1535: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1507: 1487: 1475: 1455: 1435: 1428:Knodell 2021 1423: 1411: 1404:Knodell 2021 1399: 1392:Knodell 2021 1387: 1380:Knodell 2021 1375: 1368:Knodell 2021 1363: 1356:Knodell 2021 1339:Knodell 2021 1334: 1314: 1302:. Retrieved 1298:the original 1293: 1284: 1277:Knodell 2021 1241: 1204:Lemnos Stele 1185: 1182:Nestor's Cup 1179: 1171:Pithekoussae 1136: 1124: 1109:Homeric Epic 1102: 1067: 1046: 1042: 1035: 1026: 998: 993: 987: 976: 970: 965: 945: 921: 886: 866: 851: 807:Tholos tombs 805: 790: 777: 760: 749: 721: 715: 696: 679: 655: 630: 605: 553: 540: 536: 532: 520: 518: 445:Constitution 267:Roman Greece 230: 5094:Place names 5006:Salmydessus 4828:Kalos Limen 4808:Chersonesus 4798:Borysthenes 4503:Tauromenion 4315:Metapontion 4077:Proto-Greek 4030:Erechtheion 4025:Athena Nike 3987:Philippeion 3816:Mathematics 3787:and science 3670:Agriculture 3534:Stesichorus 3444:Bacchylides 3434:Archilochus 3321:Antisthenes 3311:Anaximander 3283:Seven Sages 3273:Playwrights 3253:Geographers 3248:Astronomers 3075:Pezhetairos 2702: 1100 2682:Federations 2581:Megalopolis 2518:City states 2493:City states 2209:(c. 1978). 2103:. Oakland: 1228:Eteocypriot 1206:and in the 1155:Phoenicians 1005:Peloponnese 952:Phoenicians 889:Ionic Greek 786:grave goods 756:Lukka lands 752:Sea Peoples 738:Map of the 576:New Kingdom 425:Agriculture 391:Free Greece 115:History of 89:Followed by 75:Preceded by 5166:Categories 4996:Polemonion 4873:Phanagoria 4843:Kimmerikon 4838:Kerkinitis 4823:Hermonassa 4813:Dioscurias 4709:Aspalathos 4656:Kalathousa 4631:Akra Leuke 4560:Phoenicusa 4345:Scylletium 4330:Poseidonia 4250:Brentesion 4137:Pamphylian 4132:Macedonian 4050:Samothrace 4035:Hephaestus 3982:Long Walls 3961:Structures 3902:Underworld 3848:Technology 3811:Literature 3745:Philosophy 3710:Euergetism 3599:By culture 3544:Thucydides 3386:Pythagoras 3381:Protagoras 3371:Parmenides 3356:Heraclitus 3341:Empedocles 3331:Democritus 3316:Anaximenes 3306:Anaxagoras 3258:Historians 2751: 595 2738: 550 2719: 800 2704: – c. 2632:Cappadocia 2437:Ionian Sea 2427:Hellespont 2392:Aegean Sea 2198:0852240899 2132:Latacz, J. 1779:2016-01-04 1665:2023-11-15 1416:Knapp 2022 1304:2024-04-21 1259:References 1196:Old Italic 1151:Phoenician 1098:Villanovan 1070:Kerameikos 1062:terracotta 1009:Bronze Age 948:Pelasgians 924:Bronze Age 856:, such as 841:with the " 827:inhumation 714:epics the 613:Orchomenos 143:Pelasgians 5222:Dark ages 5082:in Epirus 5031:Trapezous 4976:Mesambria 4961:Eupatoria 4931:Apollonia 4926:Anchialos 4888:Theodosia 4858:Nymphaion 4848:Myrmekion 4818:Gorgippia 4774:Black Sea 4759:Tragurion 4744:Nymphaion 4729:Epidauros 4724:Epidamnos 4714:Apollonia 4691:Zacynthos 4613:Ptolemais 4607:Apollonia 4580:Cyrenaica 4570:Therassía 4565:Strongyle 4545:Ereikousa 4468:Leontinoi 4408:Apollonia 4285:Hipponion 4082:Mycenaean 4045:Parthenon 3977:Lion Gate 3880:Mythology 3843:Sculpture 3806:Astronomy 3740:Pederasty 3715:Festivals 3700:Education 3580:Lawgivers 3549:Timocreon 3529:Sophocles 3524:Simonides 3499:Philocles 3494:Panyassis 3489:Mimnermus 3454:Herodotus 3449:Euripides 3419:Aeschylus 3366:Leucippus 3326:Aristotle 3105:Strategos 2971:Synedrion 2925:Ostracism 2905:Areopagus 2857:Free city 2652:Macedonia 2536:Byzantion 2442:Macedonia 2407:Cyrenaica 2384:Geography 2318:Geography 1994:Routledge 1647:0076-0730 1480:Hall 2013 1406:, p. 125. 1192:Etruscans 1121:Patroclus 825:, it was 815:cremation 549:Geometric 455:Ethnonyms 397:Civil War 5131:Category 5109:Theatres 5036:Tripolis 4971:Kerasous 4966:Heraclea 4898:Tyritake 4853:Nikonion 4764:Thronion 4686:Salauris 4641:Emporion 4598:Berenice 4588:Balagrae 4540:Euonymos 4513:Tyndaris 4498:Syracuse 4493:Selinous 4463:Kamarina 4418:Casmenae 4403:Akrillai 4320:Neápolis 4255:Caulonia 4236:Mainland 4167:Linear B 4162:Linear A 4092:Dialects 4069:Language 3863:Religion 3821:Medicine 3755:Religion 3720:Folklore 3705:Emporium 3680:Clothing 3675:Calendar 3559:Xenophon 3554:Tyrtaeus 3539:Theognis 3514:Polybius 3509:Plutarch 3484:Menander 3464:Hipponax 3391:Socrates 3346:Epicurus 3192:Diadochi 3090:Sciritae 3050:Hetairoi 3025:Ballista 2990:Military 2953:Gerousia 2943:Ekklesia 2910:Ecclesia 2892:Athenian 2840:Politics 2753:–279 BC) 2740:–366 BC) 2721:–389 BC) 2657:Pergamon 2627:Bithynia 2620:Kingdoms 2561:Pergamon 2503:Military 2498:Politics 2295:Timeline 2152:Hesperia 1973:(1972). 1794:Fox 2008 1773:Archived 1659:Archived 1655:43646246 1609:Fox 2008 1496:Archived 1482:, p. 51. 1464:Archived 1444:Archived 1430:, p. 28. 1358:, p. 11. 1323:Archived 1247:See also 1216:Linear A 1200:alphabet 1163:Phrygian 1126:basileus 1117:Achilles 1028:Lefkandi 1001:Nichoria 905:Colophon 871:and the 847:Lefkandi 811:Thessaly 801:Dark Age 720:and the 708:Olympics 637:Lefkandi 588:Linear B 465:Military 460:Language 430:Alphabet 201:Mycenean 169:Cycladic 106:a series 104:Part of 5151:Outline 5104:Temples 5041:Zaliche 5021:Thèrmae 5011:Sesamus 4981:Odessos 4956:Cytorus 4951:Cotyora 4701:Illyria 4666:Mainake 4661:Kypsela 4550:Hycesia 4508:Thermae 4488:Segesta 4478:Messana 4433:Helorus 4413:Calacte 4393:Akragas 4355:Sybaris 4340:Rhegion 4295:Krimisa 4245:Alision 4154:Writing 4127:Locrian 4117:Epirote 4087:Homeric 4020:Artemis 4007:Temples 3948:Olympia 3918:Eleusis 3853:Theatre 3838:Pottery 3765:Warfare 3760:Slavery 3695:Economy 3690:Cuisine 3685:Coinage 3662:Society 3647:Culture 3642:Society 3590:Tyrants 3429:Alcaeus 3411:Authors 3361:Hypatia 3351:Gorgias 3288:Writers 3110:Toxotai 3080:Sarissa 3070:Peltast 3065:Phalanx 3045:Hoplite 3040:Hippeis 2963:Macedon 2935:Spartan 2920:Heliaia 2867:Proxeny 2576:Larissa 2571:Kerkyra 2566:Eretria 2556:Miletus 2551:Ephesus 2546:Corinth 2541:Chalcis 2462:Taurica 2332:Periods 2313:History 1591:, 2002. 1574:, n.s. 1094:Al-Mina 1080:or the 1032:Eretria 1017:megaron 1003:in the 981:. Most 962:Society 913:Al Mina 901:Ephesus 897:Miletus 835:Knossos 823:Argolid 766:Culture 723:Odyssey 712:Homeric 666:Knossos 646:Al-Mina 609:Boeotia 564:Hittite 450:Economy 5141:Portal 5089:People 5077:Cities 5016:Sinope 5001:Rhizos 4991:Phasis 4941:Bathus 4936:Athina 4921:Amisos 4883:Tanais 4878:Pityus 4803:Charax 4754:Pharos 4749:Orikon 4646:Helike 4636:Alonis 4603:Cyrene 4535:Didyme 4448:Himera 4423:Catana 4385:Sicily 4375:Thurii 4370:Terina 4335:Pixous 4290:Hydrus 4265:Croton 4097:Aeolic 4015:Aphaea 3938:Dodona 3923:Delphi 3892:Temple 3568:Others 3519:Sappho 3504:Pindar 3479:Lucian 3474:Ibycus 3459:Hesiod 3396:Thales 3164:Rulers 3143:People 3120:Xyston 3115:Xiphos 2976:Koinon 2882:Tyrant 2872:Stasis 2862:Koinon 2662:Pontus 2637:Epirus 2606:Sparta 2596:Rhodes 2591:Megara 2586:Thebes 2531:Athens 2457:Pontus 2422:Epirus 2412:Cyprus 2397:Aeolis 2242: 2217: 2195: 2164:147682 2162: 2111: 2051: 2030: 2000: 1959: 1935: 1916: 1682:, 2003 1653: 1645: 1220:Cyprus 1190:. The 1167:Greece 1078:Delphi 1074:Athens 1037:heroon 1013:cattle 994:kleros 992:, the 983:Greeks 978:poleis 967:Greece 950:" and 909:Cyprus 903:, and 893:Greece 882:bronze 873:Levant 869:Cyprus 858:Attica 854:Greece 819:Attica 700:Athens 692:Levant 687:Euboea 664:, and 658:Athens 642:Cyprus 633:Euboea 621:Thebes 619:, and 584:famine 531:: the 440:Church 185:Minoan 117:Greece 108:on the 44:Period 5099:Stoae 5067:Lists 4986:Oinòe 4909:coast 4907:South 4893:Tyras 4863:Olbia 4833:Kepoi 4786:coast 4784:North 4777:basin 4719:Aulon 4681:Rhode 4593:Barca 4483:Naxos 4438:Henna 4398:Akrai 4365:Taras 4350:Siris 4310:Medma 4305:Locri 4270:Cumae 4260:Chone 4238:Italy 4144:Koine 4122:Ionic 4112:Doric 4107:Attic 3928:Delos 3826:Music 3469:Homer 3424:Aesop 3376:Plato 3278:Poets 2948:Ephor 2900:Agora 2877:Tagus 2852:Boule 2601:Samos 2526:Argos 2432:Ionia 2417:Doris 2402:Crete 2178:(PDF) 2160:JSTOR 2148:(PDF) 1953:(PDF) 1651:JSTOR 1187:Iliad 1175:Cumae 1159:vowel 1147:abjad 1090:ivory 1086:amber 989:Oikos 972:oikoi 917:Samos 831:Argos 717:Iliad 662:Argos 625:Eleon 54:Dates 5026:Tium 4793:Akra 4734:Issa 4428:Gela 4300:Laüs 4275:Elea 3933:Dion 3785:Arts 3775:Wine 3401:Zeno 2998:Wars 2240:ISBN 2215:ISBN 2193:ISBN 2109:ISBN 2049:ISBN 2028:ISBN 1998:ISBN 1957:ISBN 1933:ISBN 1914:ISBN 1643:ISSN 1226:and 1119:for 1088:and 956:Tyre 572:Gaza 568:Troy 519:The 3730:Law 2086:doi 1906:doi 1635:doi 1572:Man 1222:in 1072:in 1052:End 833:or 617:Gla 570:to 539:or 435:Art 211:BC) 195:BC) 179:BC) 5168:: 2748:c. 2735:c. 2716:c. 2699:c. 2238:. 2156:41 2154:. 2150:. 2107:. 2080:. 2076:. 1996:. 1931:. 1912:. 1900:. 1771:. 1767:. 1657:. 1649:. 1641:. 1631:17 1629:. 1625:. 1605:93 1576:23 1528:86 1346:^ 1292:. 1267:^ 1234:. 1173:, 899:, 744:c. 726:. 660:, 615:, 525:c. 389:, 206:c. 190:c. 174:c. 81:, 58:c. 4609:) 4605:( 2746:( 2733:( 2714:( 2708:) 2697:( 2684:/ 2276:e 2269:t 2262:v 2248:. 2223:. 2201:. 2180:. 2166:. 2117:. 2092:. 2088:: 2082:7 2057:. 2036:. 2006:. 1965:. 1941:. 1922:. 1908:: 1846:. 1782:. 1754:. 1694:. 1668:. 1637:: 1554:. 1307:. 742:( 523:( 508:e 501:t 494:v 393:) 385:( 204:( 188:( 172:( 20:)

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