Greco-Persian Wars

1516:

aristocracy, this was inevitably divided into feuding factions. The Persians thus settled for sponsoring a tyrant in each Ionian city, even though this drew them into the Ionians' internal conflicts. Furthermore, certain tyrants might develop an independent streak and have to be replaced. The tyrants themselves faced a difficult task; they had to deflect the worst of their fellow citizens' hatred, while staying in the favour of the Persians. In the past, Greek states had often been ruled by tyrants, but that form of government was on the decline. Past tyrants had also tended and needed to be strong and able leaders, whereas the rulers appointed by the Persians were simply place-men. Backed by Persian military might, these tyrants did not need the support of the population, and could thus rule absolutely. On the eve of the Greco-Persian wars, it is probable that the Ionian population had become discontented and was ready for rebellion.

2422:. Plutarch suggests that Themistocles deliberately avoided mentioning Persia, believing that it was too distant a threat for the Athenians to act on, but that countering Persia was the fleet's aim. Fine suggests that many Athenians must have admitted that such a fleet would be needed to resist the Persians, whose preparations for the coming campaign were known. Themistocles's motion was passed easily, despite strong opposition from Aristides. Its passage was probably due to the desire of many of the poorer Athenians for paid employment as rowers in the fleet. It is unclear from the ancient sources whether 100 or 200 ships were initially authorised; both Fine and Holland suggest that at first 100 ships were authorised and that a second vote increased this number to the levels seen during the second invasion. Aristides continued to oppose Themistocles's policy, and tension between the two camps built over the winter, so the 2844:, stayed on high ground above Plataea to protect themselves against such tactics. After several days of maneuver and stalemate, Pausanias ordered a night-time retreat towards the Allies' original positions. This maneuver went awry, leaving the Athenians, and Spartans and Tegeans isolated on separate hills, with the other contingents scattered further away near Plataea. Seeing that the Persians might never have a better opportunity to attack, Mardonius ordered his whole army forward. However, the Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. After this the Persian force dissolved in rout; 40,000 troops managed to escape via the road to Thessaly, but the rest fled to the Persian camp where they were trapped and slaughtered by the Greeks, finalising the Greek victory. 2249: 3451: 2227:, the general with the greatest experience of fighting the Persians, the Athenian army marched to block the two exits from the plain of Marathon. Stalemate ensued for five days, before the Persians decided to continue onward to Athens, and began to load their troops back onto the ships. After the Persians had loaded their cavalry (their strongest soldiers) on the ships, the 10,000 Athenian soldiers descended from the hills around the plain. The Greeks crushed the weaker Persian foot soldiers by routing the wings before turning towards the centre of the Persian line. The remnants of the Persian army fled to their ships and left the battle. Herodotus records that 6,400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield; the Athenians lost only 192 men. 2780:

or as Themistocles hoped, by destroying the Persian fleet, the Allies could prevent conquest from being completed. The Allied fleet thus remained off the coast of Salamis into September, despite the imminent arrival of the Persians. Even after Athens fell, the Allied fleet remained off the coast of Salamis, trying to lure the Persian fleet to battle. Partly because of deception by Themistocles, the navies met in the cramped Straits of Salamis. There, the Persian numbers became a hindrance, as ships struggled to maneuver and became disorganised. Seizing the opportunity, the Allied fleet attacked, and scored a decisive victory, sinking or capturing at least 200 Persian ships, therefore ensuring the safety of the Peloponnessus.

2608: 1496: 3338:

treaty was made after the Eurymedon does not preclude a peace being made at another point. Further, he suggests that Theopompus was actually referring to a treaty that had allegedly been negotiated with Persia in 423 BC. If these views are correct, it would remove one major obstacle to the acceptance of the treaty's existence. A further argument for the existence of the treaty is the sudden withdrawal of the Athenians from Cyprus in 449 BC, which Fine suggests makes most sense in the light of some kind of peace agreement. On the other hand, if there was indeed some kind of accommodation, Thucydides's failure to mention it is odd. In his digression on the

3024:. Exactly what happened is unclear; Thucydides gives few details, although later writers added plenty of lurid insinuations. Through his arrogance and arbitrary actions (Thucydides says "violence"), Pausanias managed to alienate many of the Allied contingents, particularly those that had just been freed from Persian overlordship. The Ionians and others asked the Athenians to take leadership of the campaign, to which they agreed. The Spartans, hearing of his behaviour, recalled Pausanias and tried him on charges of collaborating with the enemy. Although he was acquitted, his reputation was tarnished and he was not restored to his command. 2485:

who had sworn alliance" (Godley translation) or "the Greeks who had banded themselves together" (Rawlinson translation). From here on, they will be referred to in this article as the 'Allies'. Sparta and Athens had a leading role in the congress but the interests of all the states influenced defensive strategy. Little is known about the internal workings of the congress or the discussions during its meetings. Only 70 of the nearly 700 Greek city-states sent representatives. Nevertheless, this was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world, especially since many of the city-states present were still technically at war with one another.

2384: 1911: 3424: 2715:

determine with absolute certainty the legitimacy of Ephialtes' involvement in the battle. The Anopoea path was defended by roughly 1000 Phocians, according to Herodotus, who reportedly fled when confronted by the Persians. Made aware by scouts that they were being outflanked, Leonidas dismissed most of the Allied army, remaining to guard the rear with perhaps 2,000 men. On the final day of the battle, the remaining Allies sallied forth from the wall to meet the Persians in the wider part of the pass to slaughter as many Persians as they could, but eventually they were all killed or captured.

6824: 2208: 1680: 11253: 1660: 2690: 2463:. Demaratus would from then on act as an advisor to Darius, and later Xerxes, on Greek affairs, and accompanied Xerxes during the second Persian invasion. At the end of Herodotus's book 7, there is an anecdote relating that prior to the second invasion, Demaratus sent an apparently blank wax tablet to Sparta. When the wax was removed, a message was found scratched on the wooden backing, warning the Spartans of Xerxes's plans. However, many historians believe that this chapter was inserted into the text by a later author, possibly to fill a 2436: 2407:, with a power base firmly established among the poor, filled the vacuum left by Miltiades's death, and in the following decade became the most influential politician in Athens. During this period, Themistocles continued to support the expansion of Athens' naval power. The Athenians were aware throughout this period that the Persian interest in Greece had not ended, and Themistocles's naval policies may be seen in the light of the potential threat from Persia. Aristides, Themistocles's great rival, and champion of the 3191: 2996:

most of the island". Exactly what Thucydides means by this is unclear. Sealey suggests that this was essentially a raid to gather as much treasure as possible from the Persian garrisons on Cyprus. There is no indication that the Allies attempted to take possession of the island, and, shortly after, they sailed to Byzantium. Certainly, the fact that the Delian League repeatedly campaigned in Cyprus suggests either that the island was not garrisoned by the Allies in 478 BC, or that the garrisons were quickly expelled.

2112: 1967: 1216: 1533: 1254:, which is generally considered by modern historians to be a reliable primary account. Thucydides only mentions this period in a digression on the growth of Athenian power in the run up to the Peloponnesian War, and the account is brief, probably selective and lacks any dates. Nevertheless, Thucydides's account can be, and is, used by historians to draw up a skeleton chronology for the period, on to which details from archaeological records and other writers can be superimposed. 1208:" (barbarian-lover) for not being pro-Greek enough, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained widely read. However, since the 19th century, his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds that have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus did a remarkable job in his 745: 492: 2342: 3415:). By these terms, the Ionians were still Persian subjects, as they had been. Furthermore, Athens had already demonstrated their superiority at sea at the Eurymedon and Salamis-in-Cyprus, so any legal limitations for the Persian fleet were nothing more than "de jure" recognition of military realities. In exchange for limiting the movement of Persian troops in one region of the realm, Artaxerxes secured a promise from the Athenians to stay out of his entire realm. 2182:, but was unsuccessful. The fleet sailed next to Naxos, to punish the Naxians for their resistance to the failed expedition the Persians had mounted there a decade earlier. Many of the inhabitants fled to the mountains; those that the Persians caught were enslaved. The Persians then burnt the city and temples of the Naxians. The fleet then proceeded to island-hop across the rest of the Aegean on its way to Eretria, taking hostages and troops from each island. 1273:. Plutarch was writing some 600 years after the events in question, and is therefore a secondary source, but he often names his sources, which allows some degree of verification of his statements. In his biographies, he draws directly from many ancient histories that have not survived, and thus often preserves details of the period that are omitted in Herodotus and Thucydides's accounts. The final major existing source for the period is the universal history ( 10458: 2803: 3342:, his aim is to explain the growth of Athenian power, and such a treaty, and the fact that the Delian allies were not released from their obligations after it, would have marked a major step in the Athenian ascendancy. Conversely, it has been suggested that certain passages elsewhere in Thucydides's history are best interpreted as referring to a peace agreement. There is thus no clear consensus among modern historians as to the treaty's existence. 755: 502: 6863: 10468: 3238: 1156: 51: 3223:. According to Thucydides, the official aim of the League was to "avenge the wrongs they suffered by ravaging the territory of the king". In reality, this goal was divided into three main efforts—to prepare for future invasion, to seek revenge against Persia, and to organize a means of dividing spoils of war. The members were given a choice of either supplying armed forces or paying a tax to the joint treasury; most states chose the tax. 10478: 11229: 2772: 11241: 1364:, significant numbers of Greeks fled and had emigrated to Asia Minor and settled there. Modern historians generally accept this migration as historic (but separate from the later colonization of the Mediterranean by the Greeks). There are, however, those who believe the Ionian migration cannot be explained as simply as the classical Greeks claimed. These settlers were from three tribal groups: the 3210:, the Athenian commander at Mycale, had furiously rejected this; the Ionian cities were originally Athenian colonies, and the Athenians, if no one else, would protect the Ionians. This marks the point at which the leadership of the Greek Alliance effectively passed to the Athenians. With the Spartan withdrawal after Byzantium, the leadership of the Athenians became explicit. 3525:

that the Spartans could maintain their hegemony over Greece. It is in the aftermath of this treaty that Greek orators began to refer to the Peace of Callias (whether fictional or not), as a counterpoint to the shame of the King's Peace, and a glorious example of the "good old days" when the Greeks of the Aegean had been freed from Persian rule by the Delian League.

2193:. For six days, the Persians attacked the walls, with losses on both sides; however, on the seventh day two reputable Eretrians opened the gates and betrayed the city to the Persians. The city was razed, and temples and shrines were looted and burned. Furthermore, according to Darius's commands, the Persians enslaved all the remaining townspeople. 2784:

destroy the pontoon bridges. His general Mardonius volunteered to remain in Greece and complete the conquest with a hand-picked group of troops, while Xerxes retreated to Asia with the bulk of the army. Mardonius over-wintered in Boeotia and Thessaly; the Athenians were thus able to return to their burnt-out city for the winter.

2682:) of 300 men. The customary elite young men in the Hippeis were replaced by veterans who already had children. Leonidas was supported by contingents from the Allied Peloponnesian cities, and other forces that the Allies picked up on the way to Thermopylae. The Allies proceeded to occupy the pass, rebuilt the wall the 1983:. This campaign was the only offensive action taken by the Ionians, who subsequently went on the defensive. The Persians responded in 497 BC with a three-pronged attack aimed at recapturing the outlying areas of the rebellious territory, but the spread of the revolt to Caria meant the largest army, under 3337:

Opinion among modern historians is also split; for instance, Fine accepts the concept of the Peace of Callias, whereas Sealey effectively rejects it. Holland accepts that some kind of accommodation was made between Athens and Persia, but no actual treaty. Fine argues that Callisthenes's denial that a

3333:

representatives and can probably be therefore dated to c. 461 BC (after an alliance was agreed between Athens and Argos). This embassy may have been an attempt to reach some kind of peace agreement, and it has even been suggested that the failure of these hypothetical negotiations led to the Athenian

2975:

had not prepared for a siege, not believing that the Allies would attack. The Athenians therefore were able to lay a siege around Sestos. The siege dragged on for several months, causing some discontent among the Athenian troops, but eventually, when the food ran out in the city, the Persians fled at

2945:

Mycale was, in many ways, the beginning of a new phase in the conflict, in which the Greeks would go on the offensive against the Persians. The immediate result of the victory at Mycale was a second revolt among the Greek cities of Asia Minor. The Samians and Milesians had actively fought against the

2779:

The Persians had now captured most of Greece, but Xerxes had perhaps not expected such defiance; his priority was now to complete the war as quickly as possible. If Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy, he would be in a strong position to force an Allied surrender; conversely by avoiding destruction,

2361:

The size of the Persian fleet is also disputed, although perhaps less so. Other ancient authors agree with Herodotus' number of 1,207. These numbers are by ancient standards consistent, and this could be interpreted that a number around 1,200 is correct. Among modern scholars, some have accepted this

1548:

wicker shield. They wore a leather jerkin, although individuals of high status wore high-quality metal armor. The Persians most likely used their bows to wear down the enemy, then closed in to deliver the final blow with spears and swords. The first rank of Persian infantry formations, the so-called '

1547:

The Persian military consisted of a diverse group of men drawn across the various nations of the empire. However, according to Herodotus, there was at least a general conformity in armor and style of fighting. The troops were usually armed with a bow, a 'short spear' and a sword or axe, and carried a

1511:

to conquer them. He first attacked Phocaea; the Phocaeans decided to abandon their city entirely and sail into exile in Sicily, rather than become Persian subjects (although many later returned). Some Teians also chose to emigrate when Harpagus attacked Teos, but the rest of the Ionians remained, and

3524:

demanded and received the return of the cities of Asia Minor from the Spartans, in return for which the Persians threatened to make war on any Greek state that did not make peace. This humiliating treaty, which undid all the Greek gains of the previous century, sacrificed the Greeks of Asia Minor so

3201:

After Byzantium, the Spartans were allegedly eager to end their involvement in the war. The Spartans were supposedly of the view that, with the liberation of mainland Greece and the Greek cities of Asia Minor, the war's purpose had already been reached. There was also perhaps a feeling that securing

2722:

against the Persians, thus protecting the flank of the forces at Thermopylae. Here the Allied fleet held off the Persians for three days; however, on the third evening the Allies received news of the fate of Leonidas and the Allied troops at Thermopylae. Since the Allied fleet was badly damaged, and

2484:

was formed. This confederation had powers both to send envoys to ask for assistance and to dispatch troops from the member states to defensive points after joint consultation. Herodotus does not formulate an abstract name for the union but simply calls them "οἱ Ἕλληνες" (the Greeks) and "the Greeks

2995:

In 478 BC, still operating under the terms of the Hellenic alliance, the Allies sent out a fleet composed of 20 Peloponnesian and 30 Athenian ships supported by an unspecified number of allies, under the overall command of Pausanias. According to Thucydides, this fleet sailed to Cyprus and "subdued

2859:

that same day, destroying the remnants of the Persian fleet, crippling Xerxes's sea power, and marking the ascendancy of the Greek fleet. While many modern historians doubt that Mycale took place on the same day as Plataea, the battle may well only have occurred once the Allies received news of the

2426:

of 482 BC became a direct contest between Themistocles and Aristides. In what Holland characterises as, in essence, the world's first referendum, Aristides was ostracised, and Themistocles's policies were endorsed. Indeed, becoming aware of the Persian preparations for the coming invasion, the

2357:

The numbers of troops that Xerxes mustered for the second invasion of Greece have been the subject of endless dispute. Most modern scholars reject as unrealistic the figures of 2.5 million given by Herodotus and other ancient sources because the victors likely miscalculated or exaggerated. The

1978:

to rule each of them. This would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and Persians alike. In 498 BC, supported by troops from Athens and Eretria, the Ionians marched on, captured, and burnt Sardis. However, on their return journey to Ionia, they were followed by Persian troops, and

3511:

from all over the Greek world, of which Sparta sent 700–800, believing they were following the terms of the defence pact and unaware of the army's true purpose. After the failure of Cyrus, Persia tried to regain control of the Ionian city-states, which had rebelled during the conflict. The Ionians

2783:

According to Herodotus, after the loss of the battle Xerxes attempted to build a causeway across the channel to attack the Athenian evacuees on Salamis, but this project was soon abandoned. With the Persians' naval superiority removed, Xerxes feared that the Allies might sail to the Hellespont and

2310:

In 481 BC, after roughly four years of preparation, Xerxes began to muster the troops to invade Europe. Herodotus gives the names of 46 nations from which troops were drafted. The Persian army was gathered in Asia Minor in the summer and autumn of 481 BC. The armies from the Eastern satrapies were

1515:

In the years following their conquest, the Persians found the Ionians difficult to rule. Elsewhere in the empire, Cyrus identified elite native groups such as the priesthood of Judea – to help him rule his new subjects. No such group existed in Greek cities at this time; while there was usually an

1506:

While fighting the Lydians, Cyrus had sent messages to the Ionians asking them to revolt against Lydian rule, which the Ionians had refused to do. After Cyrus finished the conquest of Lydia, the Ionian cities now offered to be his subjects under the same terms as they had been subjects of Croesus.

3296:

After the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus, Thucydides makes no further mention of conflict with the Persians, saying that the Greeks simply returned home. Diodorus, on the other hand, claims that in the aftermath of Salamis, a proper peace treaty (the "Peace of Callias") was agreed with the Persians.

2475:

In 481 BC, Xerxes sent ambassadors to city states throughout Greece, asking for food, land, and water as tokens of their submission to Persia. However, Xerxes' ambassadors deliberately avoided Athens and Sparta, hoping thereby that those states would not learn of the Persians' plans. States that

2003:

had defected. Miletus was then besieged, captured, and its population was enslaved. This double defeat effectively ended the revolt, and the Carians surrendered to the Persians as a result. The Persians spent 493 BC reducing the cities along the west coast that still held out against them, before

1741:

reports that Artaphernes had no previous knowledge of the Athenians, and his initial reaction was "Who are these people?". Artaphernes asked the Athenians for "Water and Earth", a symbol of submission, if they wanted help from the Achaemenid king. The Athenians ambassadors apparently accepted to

2824:

as an intermediate. The Athenians made sure that a Spartan delegation was on hand to hear the Athenians reject the Persians' offer. Athens was thus evacuated again, and the Persians marched south and re-took possession of it. Mardonius now repeated his offer of peace to the Athenian refugees on

2623:

that the vale could be bypassed and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelmingly large, thus the Greeks retreated. Shortly afterwards, they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont. At this point, a second strategy was suggested by Themistocles to the allies. The route to southern

3502:

If the wars of the Delian League shifted the balance of power between Greece and Persia in favour of the Greeks, then the subsequent half-century of internecine conflict in Greece did much to restore the balance of power to Persia. The Persians entered the Peloponnesian War in 411 BC forming a

1790:

There is a possibility that the Achaemenid ruler now saw the Athenians as subjects who had solemnly promised submission through the gift of "Earth and Water", and that subsequent actions by the Athenians, such as their intervention in the Ionian revolt, were perceived as a break of oath, and a

2714:

who revealed to Xerxes a mountain path that led behind the Allied lines, according to Herodotus. Herodotus has often been dismissed as a 'story teller', by Aristotle himself among others, and this may be a piece of folklore to create a more engaging narrative. In any case, it is impossible to

2007:

The Ionian Revolt constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Achaemenid Empire and represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. Asia Minor had been brought back into the Persian fold, but Darius had vowed to punish Athens and Eretria for their support for the revolt.

3494:

and his successors instead adopted a policy of divide-and-rule. Avoiding fighting the Greeks themselves, the Persians instead attempted to set Athens against Sparta, regularly bribing politicians to achieve their aims. In this way, they ensured that the Greeks remained distracted by internal

2814:

Over the winter, there was some tension among the Allies. In particular, the Athenians, who were not protected by the Isthmus, but whose fleet was the key to the security of the Peloponnesus, felt that they had been treated unfairly, and so they refused to join the Allied navy in the spring.

3261:, the Athenians and allied fleet achieved a stunning double victory, destroying a Persian fleet and then landing the ships' marines to attack and rout the Persian army. After this battle, the Persians took an essentially passive role in the conflict, anxious not to risk battle if possible. 1780:, then he would make alliance with them; but if not, his command was that they should begone. The envoys consulted together and consented to give what was asked, in their desire to make the alliance. So they returned to their own country, and were then greatly blamed for what they had done. 1491:

whether he should attack them. The Oracle supposedly replied the famously ambiguous answer that "if Croesus was to cross the Halys he would destroy a great empire". Blind to the ambiguity of this prophecy, Croesus attacked the Persians, but was eventually defeated and Lydia fell to Cyrus.

2280:(a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC while rounding this coastline). These were both feats of exceptional ambition that would have been beyond the capabilities of any other contemporary state. However, the campaign was delayed by one year because of another revolt in Egypt and 2697:

When the Persians arrived at Thermopylae in mid-August, they initially waited for three days for the Allies to disperse. When Xerxes was eventually persuaded that the Allies intended to contest the pass, he sent his troops to attack. However, the Allied position was ideally suited to

1188:

has it, "For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally."

3591: Although historically inaccurate, the legend of a Greek messenger running to Athens with news of the victory and then promptly expiring, became the inspiration for this athletics event, introduced at the 1896 Athens Olympics, and originally run between Marathon and Athens. 3478:

between the power-blocs of Athens and Sparta, which had continued on/off since 460 BC, finally ended in 445 BC, with the agreement of a thirty-year truce. However, the growing enmity between Sparta and Athens would lead, just 14 years later, into the outbreak of the Second

3320:

had agreed to a peace treaty with the Greeks, even naming Callias as the Athenian ambassador involved. However, as Plutarch admits, Callisthenes denied that such a peace was made at this point (c. 466 BC). Herodotus also mentions, in passing, an Athenian embassy headed by

2230:

As soon as the Persian survivors had put to sea, the Athenians marched as quickly as possible to Athens. They arrived in time to prevent Artaphernes from securing a landing in Athens. Seeing his opportunity lost, Artaphernes ended the year's campaign and returned to Asia.

1942:

against Persian rule, lasting from 499 to 493 BC. At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by Persia to rule them, along with opposition to the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants,

1611:

also comprised a part of Greek armies growing in importance during the conflict; at the Battle of Plataea, for instance, they may have formed over half the Greek army. Use of cavalry in Greek armies is not reported in the battles of the Greco-Persian Wars.

3039:, until he was again accused of collaborating with the Persians and was recalled by the Spartans for a trial after which he starved himself to death. The timescale is unclear, but Pausanias may have remained in possession of Byzantium until 470 BC. 2234:

The Battle of Marathon was a watershed in the Greco-Persian wars, showing the Greeks that the Persians could be beaten. It also highlighted the superiority of the more heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and showed their potential when used wisely.

1749:. The Persians threatened to attack Athens if they did not accept Hippias. Nevertheless, the Athenians preferred to remain democratic despite the danger from Persia, and the ambassadors were disavowed and censured upon their return to Athens. 1451:

attacked Miletus, a conflict that ended with a treaty of alliance between Miletus and Lydia, that meant that Miletus would have internal autonomy but follow Lydia in foreign affairs. At this time, the Lydians were also in conflict with the

1023:

vowed to have revenge on Athens and Eretria for this act. The revolt continued, with the two sides effectively stalemated throughout 497–495 BC. In 494 BC, the Persians regrouped and attacked the epicenter of the revolt in Miletus. At the

3406:

From the Persian perspective, such terms would not be so humiliating as they might at first seem. The Persians already agreed that the Greek cities of Asia would remain governed under their own laws (under the reorganization conducted by

2387:

Cylinder seal, chalcedony; depicts a 'Median' (Persian) warrior, on the left, facing a Greek warrior, with hoplite equipment, stabbing him with a lance; above, a winged solar disk. Achaemenid period, 6th–4th century BC. British Museum BM

1184:) around 440–430 BC, trying to trace the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would still have been recent history. Herodotus's approach was novel and, at least in Western society, he invented 'history' as a discipline. As historian 2272:. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt, and very quickly resumed the preparations for the invasion of Greece. Since this was to be a full-scale invasion, it needed longterm planning, stockpiling and conscription. Xerxes decided that the 3012:

and eventually captured. Control of both Sestos and Byzantium gave the allies command of the straits between Europe and Asia (over which the Persians had crossed), and allowed them access to the merchant trade of the Black Sea.

2833:, sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance, and threatening to accept the Persian terms if they were not aided. In response, the Spartans summoned a large army from the Peloponnese cities and marched to meet the Persians. 2640:. This could easily be blocked by the Greek hoplites, despite the overwhelming numbers of Persians. Furthermore, to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea, the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of 1773:, viceroy of Sardis, asked them, "What men are you, and where dwell you, who desire alliance with the Persians?" Being informed by the envoys, he gave them an answer whereof the substance was, that if the Athenians gave king 2819:

remained in Thessaly, knowing an attack on the Isthmus was pointless, while the Allies refused to send an army outside the Peloponessus. Mardonius moved to break the stalemate, by offering peace to the Athenians, using

1287:, who also wrote a universal history. Diodorus is also a secondary source and often derided by modern historians for his style and inaccuracies, but he preserves many details of the ancient period found nowhere else. 3213:

The loose alliance of city-states that had fought against Xerxes's invasion had been dominated by Sparta and the Peloponnesian league. With the withdrawal of these states, a congress was called on the holy island of

2751:

fell to Xerxes; Attica was then open to invasion. The remaining population of Athens was evacuated, with the aid of the Allied fleet, to Salamis. The Peloponnesian Allies began to prepare a defensive line across the

2954:

Shortly after Mycale, the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges, but found that this had already been done. The Peloponnesians sailed home, but the Athenians remained to attack the

1142:

in 451 BC, but achieved little, and, when it withdrew, the Greco-Persian Wars drew to a quiet end. Some historical sources suggest the end of hostilities was marked by a peace treaty between Athens and Persia, the

1552:', had no bows, carried larger wicker shields and were sometimes armed with longer spears. Their role was to protect the back ranks of the formation. The cavalry probably fought as lightly armed missile cavalry. 2987:, a town which Artayctes had plundered while governor of the Chersonesos. The Athenians, having pacified the region, then sailed back to Athens, taking the cables from the pontoon bridges with them as trophies. 3218:

to institute a new alliance to continue the fight against the Persians. This alliance, now including many of the Aegean islands, was formally constituted as the 'First Athenian Alliance', commonly known as the

1031:

Seeking to secure his empire from further revolts and from the interference of the mainland Greeks, Darius embarked on a scheme to conquer Greece and to punish Athens and Eretria for the burning of Sardis. The

1212:, but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story. 1994:

By 494 BC the Persian army and navy had regrouped, and they made straight for the epicentre of the rebellion at Miletus. The Ionian fleet sought to defend Miletus by sea, but was defeated decisively at the

4504: 3512:

refused to capitulate and called upon Sparta for assistance, which she provided, in 396–395 BC. Athens, however, sided with the Persians, which led in turn to another large-scale conflict in Greece, the

3279:

in Greece, dissuaded the Athenians from resuming conflict with Persia. In 451 BC however, a truce was agreed in Greece, and Cimon was then able to lead an expedition to Cyprus. However, while besieging

2400:

family arranged for him to be prosecuted for the failure of the campaign. A huge fine was imposed on Miltiades for the crime of 'deceiving the Athenian people', but he died weeks later from his wound.

1524:

In the Greco-Persian wars both sides made use of spear-armed infantry and light missile troops. Greek armies placed the emphasis on heavier infantry, while Persian armies favoured lighter troop types.

3474:

became the Athenian Empire reached its conclusion. The allies of Athens were not released from their obligations to provide either money or ships, despite the cessation of hostilities. In Greece, the

2142:

The following year, having given clear warning of his plans, Darius sent ambassadors to all the cities of Greece, demanding their submission. He received it from almost all of them, except Athens and

3046:

to Byzantium with a small force, to take command of the Allied force. However, he found that the rest of the Allies were no longer prepared to accept Spartan leadership, and therefore returned home.

3483:. This disastrous conflict, which dragged on for 27 years, would eventually result in the utter destruction of Athenian power, the dismemberment of the Athenian empire, and the establishment of a 2427:

Athenians voted to build more ships than those for which Themistocles had asked. Thus, during the preparations for the Persian invasion, Themistocles had become the leading politician in Athens.

1166:

All the surviving primary sources for the Greco-Persian Wars are Greek; no contemporary accounts survive in other languages. By far the most important source is the fifth-century Greek historian

2983:. The Athenians eventually caught Artayctes, killing some of the Persians with him but taking most of them, including Artayctes, captive. Artayctes was crucified at the request of the people of 2520: 3245:

Throughout the 470s BC, the Delian League campaigned in Thrace and the Aegean to remove the remaining Persian garrisons from the region, primarily under the command of the Athenian politician

2146:, both of whom instead executed the ambassadors. With Athens still defiant, and Sparta now also effectively at war with him, Darius ordered a further military campaign for the following year. 2043: 871: 1325:), which are not in their original textual form. These works are not considered reliable (especially Ctesias), and are not particularly useful for reconstructing the history of this period. 2674:. For the Spartans, warfare during these periods was considered sacrilegious. Despite the uncomfortable timing, the Spartans considered the threat so grave that they dispatched their king 1628:(Greek triremes were equipped with a cast-bronze ram at the bows), or boarding by ship-borne marines. More experienced naval powers had by this time also begun to use a manoeuver known as 3305:—from whom there is the earliest reference to the supposed peace, in 380 BC. Even during the 4th century BC, the idea of the treaty was controversial, and two authors from that period, 2268:

subjects revolted, and the revolt forced an indefinite postponement of any Greek expedition. Darius died while preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son

1087:

allowed the Persians to torch an evacuated Athens and overrun most of Greece. However, while seeking to destroy the combined Greek fleet, the Persians suffered a severe defeat at the

2099:

After having reconquered Ionia, the Persians began to plan their next moves of extinguishing the threat to their empire from Greece; and punishing Athens and Eretria. The resultant

1110:(478 BC). Following the Persian withdrawal from Europe and the Greek victory at Mycale, Macedon and the city-states of Ionia regained their independence. The actions of the general 3275:, despite a three-year long siege. The Persians then counterattacked, and the Athenian force was itself besieged for 18 months, before being wiped out. This disaster, coupled with 6515: 1479:

in 553 BC. Cyrus was a grandson of Astyages and was supported by part of the Median aristocracy. By 550 BC, the rebellion was over, and Cyrus had emerged victorious, founding the

3075: 1114:

at the siege of Byzantium alienated many of the Greek states from the Spartans, and the anti-Persian alliance was therefore reconstituted around Athenian leadership, called the

1607:). The heavy armour and longer spears made them superior in hand-to-hand combat and gave them significant protection against ranged attacks. Lightly armed skirmishers, the 11079: 2979:

Most of the Athenian troops were sent straight away to pursue the Persians. The party of Oeobazus was captured by a Thracian tribe, and Oeobazus was sacrificed to the god

1456:

Empire, and the Milesians sent an army to aid the Lydians in this conflict. Eventually a peaceable settlement was established between the Medes and the Lydians, with the

3334:

decision to support the Egyptian revolt. The ancient sources therefore disagree as to whether there was an official peace or not, and, if there was, when it was agreed.

2513: 1248:) by ancient writers, was a period of relative peace and prosperity within Greece. The richest source for the period, and also the most contemporaneous, is Thucydides' 2036: 864: 11124: 2889: 2008:

Moreover, seeing that the political situation in Greece posed a continued threat to the stability of his Empire, he decided to embark on the conquest of all Greece.

968:

that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC. The collision between the fractious political world of the Greeks and the enormous empire of the Persians began when

603: 4968: 3316:

It is possible that the Athenians had attempted to negotiate with the Persians previously. Plutarch suggests that in the aftermath of the victory at the Eurymedon,

2135:, but retained a broad degree of autonomy. However, further progress in this campaign was prevented when Mardonius's fleet was wrecked in a storm off the coast of 794: 3499:

briefly invaded Asia Minor; as Plutarch points out, the Greeks were far too busy overseeing the destruction of their own power to fight against the "barbarians".

4501: 2506: 318: 1483:

in place of the Median kingdom in the process. Croesus saw the disruption in the Median Empire and Persia as an opportunity to extend his realm and asked the

1436:. Although the Ionian cities were independent of one another, they recognized their shared heritage and supposedly had a common temple and meeting place, the 2264:

After the failure of the first invasion, Darius began raising a huge new army with which he intended to subjugate Greece completely. However, in 486 BC, his

2029: 857: 6790: 3495:

conflicts, and were unable to turn their attentions to Persia. There was no open conflict between the Greeks and Persia until 396 BC, when the Spartan king

3288:

to extricate themselves. This campaign marked the end of hostilities between the Delian League and Persia, and therefore the end of the Greco-Persian Wars.

2323:

where it was joined with the armies of the western satrapies. Then the army that Xerxes had mustered marched towards Europe, crossing the Hellespont on two

1507:

Cyrus refused, citing the Ionians' unwillingness to help him previously. The Ionians thus prepared to defend themselves, and Cyrus sent the Median general

4964:

The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas

11323: 5697: 3068: 3027:

Pausanias returned to Byzantium as a private citizen in 477 BC, and took command of the city until he was expelled by the Athenians. He then crossed the

2189:, and to the first major target, Eretria. The Eretrians made no attempt to stop the Persians from landing or advancing and thus allowed themselves to be 1826: 2139:. Mardonius himself was then injured in a raid on his camp by a Thracian tribe, and after this he returned with the rest of the expedition to Asia. 3581: Archaeological evidence for the Panionion before the 6th century BC is very weak, and possibly this temple was a relatively late development. 3544: 3392: 2596:

Having crossed into Europe in April 480 BC, the Persian army began its march to Greece, taking 3 months to travel unopposed from the Hellespont to

4948: 2604:

where it was joined by the fleet. Xerxes reorganized the troops into tactical units replacing the national formations used earlier for the march.

1959:

was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king

10904: 7605: 3503:

mutual-defence pact with Sparta and combining their naval resources against Athens in exchange for sole Persian control of Ionia. In 404 BC when

2336: 10881: 3490:

Repeatedly defeated in battle by the Greeks, and plagued by internal rebellions that hindered their ability to fight the Greeks, after 449 BC,

3061: 1007:, which would last until 493 BC, progressively drawing more regions of Asia Minor into the conflict. Aristagoras secured military support from 314: 11313: 2882: 5181: 10514: 7562: 5202: 787: 611: 310: 3206:

had proposed transplanting all the Greeks from Asia Minor to Europe as the only method of permanently freeing them from Persian dominion.

2760:, abandoning Athens to the Persians. Athens thus fell to the Persians; the small number of Athenians who had barricaded themselves on the 1126:

in 466 BC, the League won a double victory that finally secured freedom for the cities of Ionia. However, the League's involvement in the

1048:

before several mishaps forced an early end to the rest of the campaign. In 490 BC a second force was sent to Greece, this time across the

6812: 2980: 2418:. Themistocles proposed that the silver should be used to build a new fleet of triremes, ostensibly to assist in a long running war with 643: 599: 330: 4302: 9205: 2964: 2569: 2564: 631: 6647: 3271:

of the Persian empire. Although the Greek task force achieved initial successes, they were unable to capture the Persian garrison in

2366:. Other recent works on the Persian Wars reject this number, viewing 1,207 as more of a reference to the combined Greek fleet in the 2312: 615: 607: 1753:

The Athenians dispatched envoys to Sardis, desiring to make an alliance with the Persians; for they knew that they had provoked the

3563: The exact period covered by the term "Greco-Persian Wars" is open to interpretation, and usage varies between academics; the 3043: 2875: 1632:. It is not clear what this was, but it probably involved sailing into gaps between enemy ships and then ramming them in the side. 1028:, the Ionians suffered a decisive defeat, and the rebellion collapsed, with the final embers being stamped out the following year. 3167: 10989: 10724: 7123: 1819: 1305:

dictionary of the 10th century AD preserves some anecdotes found nowhere else. Minor sources for the period include the works of

999:, with Persian support; however, the expedition was a debacle and, preempting his dismissal, Aristagoras incited all of Hellenic 780: 2899: 1075:

Darius then began to plan to completely conquer Greece but died in 486 BC and responsibility for the conquest passed to his son

11338: 11318: 11308: 10704: 10668: 6852: 2840:, trying to draw the Allies into open terrain where he could use his cavalry. The Allied army, under the command of the regent 1122:

against Persia for the next three decades, beginning with the expulsion of the remaining Persian garrisons from Europe. At the

64: 2248: 11328: 6820: 6682: 6657: 6381: 4208: 3516:. Towards the end of that conflict, in 387 BC, Sparta sought the aid of Persia to shore up her position. Under the so-called 3402:

If the terms were observed by the king and his generals, then the Athenians were not to send troops to lands ruled by Persia.

1196:, criticized Herodotus and his methods. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the 2077: 8593: 3656: 6292:

Boardman J; Bury JB; Cook SA; Adcock FA; Hammond NGL; Charlesworth MP; Lewis DM; Baynes NH; Ostwald M; Seltman CT (1988).

2067: 1138:(from 460–454 BC) resulted in a disastrous Greek defeat, and further campaigning was suspended. A Greek fleet was sent to 7598: 7279: 4965: 3157: 3152: 3142: 2976:

night from the least guarded area of the city. The Athenians were thus able to take possession of the city the next day.

2459:. Sometime after 490 BC, the humiliated Demaratus had chosen to go into exile, and had made his way to Darius's court in 2072: 1742:

comply, and to give "Earth and Water". Artaphernes also advised the Athenians that they should receive back the Athenian

2307:, though not explicitly 'Medising', was suspected of being willing to aid the Persians once the invasion force arrived. 11031: 10874: 9215: 8905: 8598: 8532: 7436: 7431: 7128: 6781: 3450: 2644:. This dual strategy was adopted by the congress. However, the Peloponnesian cities made fall-back plans to defend the 1812: 17: 3147: 2370:. These works generally claim that the Persians could have launched no more than around 600 warships into the Aegean. 11188: 11156: 11009: 8603: 8578: 6847: 6762: 6741: 6722: 6703: 6636: 6617: 6598: 6566: 6543: 6524: 6503: 6484: 6465: 6446: 6427: 6404: 6365: 6347: 6324: 6305: 5156: 4385: 4355: 3162: 2530: 2494: 1987:, moved there instead. While at first campaigning successfully in Caria, this army was wiped out in an ambush at the 1227: 1080: 903: 828: 2723:

since it no longer needed to defend the flank of Thermopylae, the Allies retreated from Artemisium to the island of

1955:

to conquer Naxos, in an attempt to bolster his position in Miletus (both financially and in terms of prestige). The

11004: 10507: 10412: 9161: 8588: 8583: 7193: 7045: 6230: 3508: 3099: 2765: 2554: 2159: 2100: 2053: 2017: 1464:

succeeded his father Alyattes in around 560 BC and set about conquering the other Greek city states of Asia Minor.

1250: 1057: 1033: 899: 823: 547: 1091:. The following year, the confederated Greeks went on the offensive, decisively defeating the Persian army at the 11353: 9055: 8915: 8910: 8187: 6805: 3345:

The ancient sources that give details of the treaty are reasonably consistent in their description of the terms:

3137: 1440:. They thus formed a 'cultural league', to which they would admit no other cities, or even other tribal Ionians. 11046: 11041: 6317:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2: The Median and Achaemenid Periods The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 5

11333: 10439: 9080: 8494: 7591: 6877: 1770: 1127: 1068:. However, while en route to attack Athens, the Persian force was decisively defeated by the Athenians at the 11161: 11134: 10984: 10867: 10434: 9991: 9484: 9000: 8920: 8618: 8328: 7133: 3285: 3202:

long-term security for the Asian Greeks would prove impossible. In the aftermath of Mycale, the Spartan king

1560:

The style of warfare between the Greek city-states, which dates back until at least 650 BC (as dated by the '

1537: 33: 3487:

over Greece. However, not just Athens suffered—the conflict would significantly weaken the whole of Greece.

3105: 2670:

Xerxes's estimated time of arrival at Thermopylae coincided with both the Olympic Games and the festival of

2276:

would be bridged to allow his army to cross to Europe, and that a canal should be dug across the isthmus of

11149: 11129: 10931: 10407: 8936: 8390: 7084: 3636: 3017: 3009: 2946:

Persians at Mycale, thus openly declaring their rebellion, and the other cities followed in their example.

2718:

Simultaneous with the battle at Thermopylae, an Allied naval force of 271 triremes defended the Straits of

1746: 1234:(479–431 BC) is not well supported by surviving ancient sources. This period, sometimes referred to as the 980:

to rule each of them. This would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and Persians alike.

4945: 1083:

with one of the largest ancient armies ever assembled. Victory over the allied Greek states at the famous

11273: 11117: 10779: 10749: 10673: 10650: 10500: 9462: 9070: 8946: 8608: 8562: 8517: 8293: 7982: 7284: 7222: 2928: 2648:

should it come to it, while the women and children of Athens were evacuated to the Peloponnesian city of

2607: 1951:. In 499 BC the then tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with the Persian satrap 1348:

on the field of Thermopylae, which is now generally identified as the site of the defender's last stand.

1322: 234: 130: 10001: 4317: 2476:

were opposed to Persia thus began to coalesce around these two city states. A congress of states met at

1651:. Other coastal regions of the Persian Empire would contribute ships throughout the course of the wars. 11348: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11219: 11069: 10909: 10734: 10123: 9996: 9129: 9124: 9100: 9010: 8527: 7625: 7339: 6981: 6798: 6297: 2467:

between the end of book 7 and the start of book 8. The veracity of this anecdote is therefore unclear.

1980: 10979: 2923: 11193: 11144: 11084: 11074: 11064: 10592: 10481: 10424: 9380: 9183: 9168: 9090: 9025: 8345: 8240: 7714: 7648: 7227: 3568: 3264:

Towards the end of the 460s BC, the Athenians took the ambitious decision to support a revolt in the

3232: 3085: 2383: 2127:, which had nominally been part of the Persian empire since 513 BC. Mardonius was also able to force 1648: 1495: 1119: 907: 838: 100: 8992: 8972: 8170: 7828: 1620:

At the beginning of the conflict, all naval forces in the eastern Mediterranean had switched to the

11036: 10964: 10709: 9178: 9141: 9075: 8741: 8628: 7274: 7110: 6956: 2851:, a rumour of their victory at that battle reached the Allies' navy, at that time off the coast of 1868: 1328:

A few physical remnants of the conflict have been found by archaeologists. The most famous is the

591: 496: 2971:, who had with him the cables and other equipment from the pontoon bridges. The Persian governor, 11343: 11171: 11089: 10602: 10554: 10461: 9585: 9385: 9370: 9173: 9156: 9136: 9105: 9005: 8941: 8557: 8542: 8512: 8473: 8350: 8202: 7704: 7325: 7233: 7151: 6920: 5057: 3475: 3276: 3254: 3125: 2683: 1956: 1910: 1873: 1848: 1624:, a warship powered by three banks of oars. The most common naval tactics during the period were 1123: 992: 918: 378: 6673:

Rung, Eduard (2008). "Diplomacy in Graeco–Persian relations". In de Souza, P; France, J (eds.).

6439:

Diodorus Siculus – Greek history 480–431 BC: the alternative version (translated by Peter Green)

3423: 3284:, Cimon died, and the Athenian force decided to withdraw, winning another double victory at the 2619:

on the borders of Thessaly and block Xerxes's advance. However, once there, they were warned by

1575:' were foot soldiers usually drawn from the members of the middle-classes (in Athens called the 976:

in 547 BC. Struggling to control the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians appointed

11176: 11166: 11112: 10827: 10809: 10784: 10643: 10419: 9422: 9193: 9151: 9085: 9050: 8502: 8486: 8182: 8123: 7972: 7967: 7546: 7318: 7304: 7290: 6842: 3648: 3317: 2821: 2620: 1988: 1878: 1858: 1306: 1291: 1098:

The allied Greeks followed up their success by destroying the rest of the Persian fleet at the

535: 520: 426: 290: 5146: 4375: 2392:

A year after Marathon, Miltiades, the hero of Marathon, was injured in a military campaign to

2207: 1898: 1283:. Much of Diodorus's writing about this period is drawn from the much earlier Greek historian 10921: 10916: 10831: 10823: 10773: 10765: 10523: 10471: 9700: 9690: 9680: 9665: 9355: 9095: 9065: 9020: 9015: 8646: 8613: 8415: 8320: 8306: 7962: 7833: 7797: 7510: 7179: 7030: 6268: 6218: 4345: 2738: 2706:

head on. The Allies withstood two full days of Persian attacks, including those by the elite

2661: 2544: 2224: 1888: 1683: 1275: 1180: 1084: 278: 247: 5982: 5958: 5946: 3839: 3640: 2855:

in Ionia. Their morale boosted, the Allied marines fought and won a decisive victory at the

2319:

and were led by Xerxes to Sardis where they passed the winter. Early in spring, it moved to

1204:

criticised Herodotus in his essay "On The Malignity of Herodotus", describing Herodotus as "

11094: 10769: 10761: 10696: 10549: 9943: 9937: 9923: 9407: 9365: 9337: 9222: 9035: 8265: 8061: 7572: 7186: 7040: 6976: 6715:

The dark age of Greece: an archaeological survey of the eleventh to the eighth centuries BC

6033: 6009: 5904: 5863: 5818: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5765: 5750: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5685: 5646: 5502: 5352: 5331: 5280: 5259: 5238: 5226: 5214: 4856: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4134: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3930: 3918: 3715: 3021: 2711: 2710:. However, towards the end of the second day, they were betrayed by a local resident named 2665: 2549: 2464: 2004:

finally imposing a peace settlement on Ionia that was considered to be both just and fair.

1579:), who could afford the equipment necessary to fight in this manner. The heavy armour (the 1185: 526: 5625: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5577: 5547: 5490: 5469: 5448: 5388: 5376: 5301: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4706: 4661: 4649: 4625: 4601: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4425: 4413: 4290: 4053: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3643:

From Solon to Socrates: Greek History and Civilization During the 6th and 5th Centuries BC

1679: 8: 10597: 10539: 10074: 10044: 9432: 9327: 9322: 8759: 8074: 7987: 7957: 7911: 7674: 7490: 7368: 7332: 6941: 6241: 5535: 5364: 4868: 4844: 4532: 4520: 3517: 2956: 2841: 2816: 2120: 1659: 1200:) and felt Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. 1111: 1037: 703: 667: 539: 302: 6754:

From polis to empire, the ancient world, c. 800 B.C.–A.D. 500: a biographical dictionary

2615:

The Allied 'congress' met again in the spring of 480 BC and agreed to defend the narrow

1974:

Struggling to rule the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians appointed local

1635:

The Persian naval forces were primarily provided by the seafaring people of the empire:

1015:, and in 498 BC these forces helped to capture and burn the Persian regional capital of 10974: 10683: 10291: 10188: 10094: 9738: 9655: 9543: 9045: 8869: 8385: 8365: 8222: 7977: 7772: 7699: 7538: 7504: 7480: 7423: 7172: 6887: 2836:

When Mardonius heard the Allied army was on the march, he retreated into Boeotia, near

2753: 2645: 2358:

topic has been hotly debated, but the consensus revolves around the figure of 200,000.

2320: 2257: 2202: 2087: 1927: 1914:

The burning of Sardis by the Greeks and the Ionians during the Ionian Revolt in 498 BC.

1341: 1310: 1069: 282: 4984: 3618: 3112: 2689: 11183: 11139: 11016: 10956: 10794: 10617: 10607: 10467: 10366: 9953: 9502: 9350: 9302: 9146: 9115: 9060: 8977: 8854: 8726: 8547: 8380: 8333: 8273: 8147: 8129: 8105: 8087: 8042: 7997: 7992: 7643: 7496: 7485: 7247: 7241: 7207: 7200: 7103: 6828: 6823: 6777: 6758: 6752: 6737: 6718: 6699: 6693: 6678: 6653: 6632: 6613: 6594: 6562: 6539: 6520: 6499: 6480: 6461: 6442: 6423: 6416: 6400: 6377: 6361: 6343: 6320: 6301: 5152: 4381: 4351: 4204: 3652: 3641: 3534: 3504: 3480: 3131: 2848: 2807: 2793: 2742: 2707: 2703: 2574: 2559: 2481: 2363: 1568: 1480: 1448: 1337: 1231: 1092: 1088: 961: 933: 922: 200: 142: 2498: 1863: 1853: 11205: 11021: 10849: 10819: 10804: 10729: 10658: 10574: 10559: 10296: 9828: 9793: 9610: 9467: 9345: 9232: 9227: 8552: 8507: 8338: 8245: 7861: 7694: 7679: 7669: 7567: 7518: 7363: 7297: 7266: 7255: 7214: 7165: 7096: 7025: 6986: 6337: 6263: 3484: 3369: 3119: 2913: 2856: 2797: 2579: 2435: 2220: 2190: 2082: 2021: 1984: 1960: 1893: 1654: 1500: 1361: 1299: 1280: 1144: 1099: 1065: 1020: 1008: 913: 849: 731: 719: 707: 695: 683: 671: 659: 647: 635: 623: 567: 508: 486: 478: 466: 454: 442: 430: 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 358: 346: 334: 322: 264: 219: 166: 7402: 6393: 754: 501: 11104: 11056: 10969: 10926: 10757: 10638: 10311: 10069: 9857: 9670: 9412: 9278: 9210: 8537: 8135: 8117: 8111: 8025: 8002: 7876: 7787: 7747: 7684: 7532: 7358: 7311: 7077: 6999: 6555: 6274: 4972: 4952: 4508: 4198: 3539: 2968: 2131:

to become a fully subordinate client kingdom of Persia; it had previously been a

1777: 1672: 1472: 1405: 1357: 1314: 969: 10336: 10049: 3190: 1174:, Asia Minor (then part of the Persian empire). He wrote his 'Enquiries' (Greek 1170:. Herodotus, who has been called the "Father of History", was born in 484 BC in 977: 11026: 10739: 10627: 10622: 10531: 10193: 10133: 10128: 10084: 9865: 9813: 9803: 9783: 9773: 9517: 9512: 9507: 8360: 8159: 8153: 8141: 7941: 7916: 7689: 7614: 7260: 7158: 7118: 7071: 7055: 7006: 6971: 6966: 6256: 3513: 3272: 2724: 2686:

had built at the narrowest point of the pass, and waited for Xerxes's arrival.

2350: 2324: 2304: 1996: 1883: 1754: 1484: 1329: 1258: 1236: 1025: 938: 229: 194: 189: 159: 96: 88: 3619:"Greco-Persian Wars | Definition, Summary, Facts, Effects, & History" 11267: 11257: 11233: 10994: 10837: 10587: 10564: 10544: 10429: 10346: 10321: 10011: 9933: 9615: 9558: 9457: 9447: 9417: 9399: 9273: 8425: 8207: 8099: 8055: 8017: 7856: 7777: 7447: 7144: 6961: 6893: 6882: 3564: 3521: 3471: 3412: 3356:

Persian satraps (and presumably their armies) were not to travel west of the

3330: 3265: 3237: 3220: 3195: 3194:

Athens and her empire in 431 BC. The empire was the direct descendant of the

3185: 2616: 2414:

In 483 BC, a vast new seam of silver was found in the Athenian mines at

2288: 2265: 2253: 1966: 1919: 1836: 1800: 1640: 1215: 1171: 1115: 1004: 895: 818: 744: 491: 214: 174: 108: 3241:

Map showing the locations of battles fought by the Delian League, 477–449 BC

3053: 2111: 1532: 10946: 10936: 10896: 10799: 10789: 10632: 10246: 10198: 10064: 9918: 9788: 9427: 9263: 8769: 8731: 8430: 3571:

are sometimes excluded. This article covers the maximum extent of the wars.

3491: 3373: 3306: 2633: 2404: 2291:, which had pledged to defect when the Persians reached their borders. The 1597: 1345: 1262: 1135: 996: 691: 390: 366: 342: 273: 2455:

had been stripped of his kingship in 491 BC, and replaced with his cousin

1443:

The cities of Ionia remained independent until they were conquered by the

11245: 10814: 10744: 10719: 10714: 10663: 10266: 10158: 10138: 9966: 9474: 9452: 9442: 9437: 9360: 9317: 8864: 8774: 8764: 8651: 8641: 8405: 7782: 7757: 7035: 3408: 3357: 3203: 2637: 2456: 2341: 2277: 2163: 2136: 1952: 1948: 1766: 1758: 1730: 1710: 1687: 1601:), which were significantly longer than Persian spears, and a sword (the 1457: 988: 727: 595: 571: 543: 354: 298: 9971: 6418:

Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by Rex Warner)

2636:) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the narrow pass of 2223:, roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Athens. Under the guidance of 2166:) were given command of an amphibious invasion force, and set sail from 10941: 10859: 10691: 10612: 10203: 10173: 10168: 10153: 10039: 10006: 9675: 9645: 9312: 9040: 8874: 8716: 8711: 8701: 8686: 8671: 8661: 8636: 8012: 7767: 7722: 7441: 7388: 6992: 6928: 6315:

Burn, A.R. (1985). "Persia and the Greeks". In Ilya Gershevitch (ed.).

6225: 4377:

Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE

4347:

Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE

3310: 3250: 3207: 2719: 2675: 2655: 2641: 2444: 2397: 2316: 2273: 1939: 1718: 1586: 1561: 1541: 1417: 1219: 1193: 1049: 1000: 928: 679: 531: 414: 306: 294: 286: 259: 3470:

Towards the end of the conflict with Persia, the process by which the

2867: 2802: 2287:

The Persians had the sympathy of several Greek city-states, including

1733:, which was looking for Persian assistance to resist the threats from 10492: 10178: 10104: 10089: 10059: 10054: 9986: 9910: 9895: 9880: 9823: 9723: 9375: 9307: 8879: 8859: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8784: 8779: 8749: 8696: 8656: 8435: 8301: 8255: 8235: 7866: 7737: 7050: 6576:

Köster, A.J. (1934). "Studien zur Geschichte des Antikes Seewesens".

6213: 3496: 3463: 3455: 3361: 3302: 3258: 3005: 2972: 2959:, still held by the Persians. The Persians and their allies made for 2761: 2452: 2423: 2281: 1944: 1738: 1664: 1636: 1549: 1266: 1167: 1159: 1155: 1131: 1107: 772: 739: 715: 587: 583: 579: 551: 450: 438: 134: 50: 6862: 3665: 3439:

on the obverse, and himself wearing the Persian cap on the reverse.

3301:

at this point, who in turn was presumably influenced by his teacher

2771: 10228: 10218: 10208: 10183: 9961: 9928: 9890: 9833: 9748: 9733: 9590: 9580: 9497: 9492: 8889: 8884: 8844: 8839: 8814: 8794: 8721: 8676: 8666: 8522: 8420: 8355: 8283: 7891: 7454: 7395: 6734:

Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200–700 B.C.E

6251: 6236: 5148:

Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean

3396: 3388: 3249:. In the early part of the next decade, Cimon began campaigning in 3028: 2601: 2362:

number, although suggesting the number must have been lower by the

2346: 2337:

Second Persian invasion of Greece § Size of the Persian forces

2300: 2292: 2269: 1774: 1714: 1508: 1476: 1425: 1365: 1201: 1076: 1061: 1003:

into rebellion against the Persians. This was the beginning of the

749: 655: 619: 575: 563: 514: 474: 462: 253: 184: 104: 9981: 4200:

Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power

3838:

e.g. Themistocles chapter 25 has a direct reference to Thucydides

2775:

Schematic diagram illustrating events during the Battle of Salamis

2702:

warfare, the Persian contingents being forced to attack the Greek

1460:

set up as the border between the kingdoms. The famous Lydian king

10371: 10361: 10306: 10301: 10286: 10276: 10261: 10256: 10143: 10031: 10021: 9900: 9875: 9870: 9843: 9838: 9818: 9808: 9798: 9763: 9753: 9743: 9695: 9685: 9660: 9625: 9620: 9595: 9248: 9030: 8691: 8681: 8440: 8410: 8400: 8395: 8375: 8370: 8250: 8197: 7906: 7896: 7886: 7881: 7871: 7583: 7461: 6948: 6934: 6291: 4630: 3381: 3322: 3298: 3268: 3032: 2837: 2830: 2748: 2699: 2671: 2649: 2625: 2477: 2440: 2415: 2296: 2167: 2128: 1644: 1625: 1621: 1572: 1565: 1461: 1444: 1421: 1409: 1401: 1389: 1373: 1369: 1318: 1284: 1257:

More detail for the whole period is provided by Plutarch, in his

1045: 1012: 984: 224: 138: 56: 10316: 9630: 6516:

Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West

2591: 2115:

Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars

1804: 1655:

Preliminary contacts between Persia and mainland Greece (507 BC)

10341: 10271: 10251: 10213: 10079: 9885: 9778: 9715: 9705: 9650: 9268: 9253: 8849: 8834: 8809: 8804: 8789: 8450: 8445: 8212: 8192: 7936: 7926: 7921: 7792: 7752: 7742: 7727: 7417: 6900: 3436: 3432: 3281: 2984: 2960: 2852: 2826: 2757: 2629: 2597: 2419: 2216: 2186: 2179: 2171: 2143: 2132: 2124: 1991:. This resulted in a stalemate for the rest of 496 and 495 BC. 1975: 1931: 1923: 1762: 1743: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1695: 1691: 1668: 1608: 1603: 1581: 1488: 1468: 1397: 1333: 1139: 1103: 1041: 1016: 208: 205: 179: 92: 2411:(the 'upper hoplite-class') vigorously opposed such a policy. 2119:

The first campaign, in 492 BC, was led by Darius's son-in-law

1095:, and ending the invasion of Greece by the Achaemenid Empire. 10351: 10326: 10223: 10163: 10148: 10016: 9976: 9728: 9640: 9635: 9605: 9600: 9575: 9258: 8799: 8754: 8706: 8278: 8230: 7931: 7901: 7848: 7823: 7762: 7732: 7524: 6907: 3459: 3428: 3246: 3215: 3036: 2787: 2393: 2367: 2175: 2155: 2000: 1935: 1591: 1453: 1433: 1429: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1270: 1053: 973: 965: 559: 555: 402: 60: 6336:

A political history of the Achaemenid empire (translated by

2303:, saw the invasion as an opportunity to extend their power. 1791:

rebellion to the central authority of the Achaemenid ruler.

1589:, greaves, a helmet, and a large round, concave shield (the 10356: 10331: 10281: 9768: 9758: 7409: 3601: Not limited to those mentioned in the following list. 3380:

closer than three days' journey on foot to the Aegean Sea (

3326: 2460: 1413: 1393: 1302: 6496:

The Lindian Chronicle and the Greek Creation of their Past

3349:

All Greek cities of Asia were to 'live by their own laws'

2149: 3329:

to negotiate with Artaxerxes. This embassy included some

3253:, seeking to strengthen the Greek position there. At the 3049: 2488: 1356:

The Greeks of the classical period believed that, in the

4312: 4310: 2480:

in late autumn of 481 BC, and a confederate alliance of

2011: 1344:

found the remains of numerous Persian arrowheads at the

3391:(on the southern coast of Asia Minor), nor west of the 2963:, the strongest town in the region. Among them was one 2396:. Taking advantage of his incapacitation, the powerful 1519: 2764:

were eventually defeated, and Xerxes then ordered the

2732: 2215:

The Persian fleet next headed south down the coast of

1226:

The military history of Greece between the end of the

11217: 4307: 3647:(3 ed.). Abingdon, England: Routledge. pp. 2528: 833: 6695:

A history of the Greek city states, ca. 700–338 B.C.

3507:

attempted to seize the Persian throne, he recruited

2656:

August 480 BC: Battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium

2051: 879: 55:

Combat between a Persian soldier (left) and a Greek

4318:"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book V: Chapters 55‑96" 3714:Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, e.g. 2863: 2170:. The Persian force sailed first to the island of 1499:The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent under 32:"Persian Wars" redirects here. For other uses, see 6645: 6554: 6415: 6392: 4636: 3671: 2349:, of all ethnicities, on the tomb of Xerxes I, at 2847:Herodotus recounts that, on the afternoon of the 2756:, building a wall, and demolishing the road from 11265: 6533: 3545:List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity 3418: 2806:Spartans fighting against Persian forces at the 2174:, where a Lindian Temple Chronicle records that 10905:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire 7819: 3297:Diodorus was probably following the history of 1938:were military rebellions by several regions of 1667:, the Athenians, hoping for protection against 4350:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85. 2106: 1595:) . Hoplites were armed with long spears (the 1376:. The Ionians had settled about the coasts of 1162:, the main historical source for this conflict 10875: 10508: 7599: 6806: 6675:War and peace in ancient and medieval history 3083: 3069: 2883: 2611:Major events in the second invasion of Greece 2592:Early 480 BC: Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly 2514: 2330: 2037: 1970:Map showing main events of the Ionian Revolt. 1820: 1794: 1475:led a rebellion against the last Median king 1192:Some later ancient historians, starting with 1072:, ending Persian efforts for the time being. 865: 788: 7563:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire 6731: 6374:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War 5873: 5871: 1725:, received an embassy from newly democratic 1332:in Istanbul, which was originally placed at 6129: 6127: 6125: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5192:How & Wells, note to Herodotus VII, 239 5122: 5120: 3353:'be autonomous' (depending on translation). 3226: 2238: 11324:Wars involving Macedonia (ancient kingdom) 10882: 10868: 10515: 10501: 8485: 7606: 7592: 6813: 6799: 6646:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). 6477:Hellenicity: between ethnicity and culture 6260:; Themistocles, Aristides, Pericles, Cimon 6079: 6077: 6019: 6017: 6004: 6002: 5828: 5826: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3816: 3814: 3076: 3062: 2890: 2876: 2788:June 479 BC: Battles of Plataea and Mycale 2521: 2507: 2044: 2030: 1827: 1813: 1384:, founding the twelve cities that made up 1351: 1290:Further scattered details can be found in 1102:, before expelling Persian garrisons from 1036:began in 492 BC, with the Persian general 872: 858: 795: 781: 6712: 6333: 5977: 5975: 5868: 5760: 5758: 5709: 5707: 5705: 3635: 960:) were a series of conflicts between the 27:Series of conflicts in the 5th century BC 10889: 6732:Thomas, Carol G.; Conant, Craig (2003). 6122: 6065: 5992: 5990: 5963: 5932: 5930: 5899: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5835: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5512: 5510: 5416: 5414: 5151:. Oxford University Press. p. 154. 5117: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5075: 5073: 5071: 4369: 4367: 4285: 4283: 3449: 3422: 3236: 3189: 2801: 2770: 2688: 2606: 2434: 2382: 2340: 2247: 2206: 2110: 1965: 1909: 1678: 1658: 1531: 1494: 1214: 1154: 972:conquered the Greek-inhabited region of 65:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 6626: 6607: 6588: 6512: 6371: 6074: 6047: 6014: 5999: 5909: 5823: 5462: 5345: 5273: 5231: 5207: 5144: 5096: 5094: 5025: 5023: 4821: 4819: 4800: 4798: 4752: 4750: 4692: 4690: 4671: 4669: 4620: 4618: 4578: 4576: 4399: 4397: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4144: 4142: 4120: 4118: 3913: 3911: 3844: 3823: 3811: 3793: 3725: 3723: 3387:No Persian warship was to sail west of 3042:In the meantime, the Spartans had sent 2897: 2150:490 BC: Datis and Artaphernes' campaign 1447:of western Asia Minor. The Lydian king 1079:. In 480 BC, Xerxes personally led the 1066:besieging, capturing and razing Eretria 14: 11266: 10922:Medo-Persian conflict (Persian Revolt) 10522: 9539: 6771: 6750: 6691: 6575: 6493: 6414:Finley, Moses (1972). "Introduction". 6413: 6395:The ancient Greeks: a critical history 6038: 5972: 5951: 5939: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5755: 5743: 5731: 5719: 5702: 5678: 5357: 4993: 4373: 4343: 4196: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 3784: 3750: 3748: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3050:Wars of the Delian League (477–449 BC) 2747:Victory at Thermopylae meant that all 2489:Second invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) 1585:) usually included a breastplate or a 802: 10863: 10496: 10396: 9538: 8967: 8471: 7818: 7638: 7587: 6794: 6557:The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War 6552: 6455: 6436: 6294:The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 5 6190: 5987: 5927: 5918: 5894: 5880: 5849: 5806: 5690: 5651: 5630: 5561: 5552: 5519: 5507: 5474: 5453: 5423: 5411: 5315: 5306: 5285: 5264: 5243: 5103: 5082: 5068: 4986:NAQŠ-E ROSTAM – Encyclopaedia Iranica 4882: 4759: 4723: 4711: 4490: 4430: 4364: 4280: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4039: 4037: 3802: 3775: 3766: 3057: 2871: 2502: 2196: 2025: 2012:First invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) 1808: 853: 776: 11314:Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire 10725:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 10007:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 7639: 6672: 6474: 6390: 6314: 5129: 5091: 5020: 4828: 4816: 4795: 4747: 4699: 4687: 4684:Lind. Chron. D 1–59 in Higbie (2003) 4666: 4654: 4642: 4615: 4594: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4394: 4328: 4203:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 4169: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4022: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3908: 3720: 3395:(probably at the eastern end of the 3291: 2470: 2373: 2243: 2211:The Greek wings envelop the Persians 1520:Warfare in the ancient Mediterranean 1336:to commemorate the Greek victory at 5058:"cylinder seal; pin British Museum" 4525: 4513: 4418: 4406: 4295: 4271: 4244: 4197:Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18). 4151: 3745: 3686: 2940: 2733:September 480 BC: Battle of Salamis 2252:Achaemenid king fighting hoplites, 1765:and spoke as they had been bidden, 1540:in ceremonial dress, bas-relief in 24: 10705:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 8968: 7613: 7437:Persepolis Administrative Archives 6677:. University of California Press. 6460:. University of California Press. 6360:, 499–386 BC. Osprey Publishing, ( 6207: 4185: 4034: 3313:, appear to reject its existence. 1571:supported by missile troops. The ' 1360:that followed the collapse of the 1279:) of the 1st century BC Sicilian, 25: 11365: 6610:Greece in the making, 1200–479 BC 6285: 2678:with his personal bodyguard (the 2495:Second Persian invasion of Greece 2103:consisted of two main campaigns. 1834: 1694:, with owl and ΑΘΕ, initials of " 1228:second Persian invasion of Greece 1081:second Persian invasion of Greece 1060:. This expedition subjugated the 904:Second Persian invasion of Greece 11251: 11239: 11227: 10476: 10466: 10457: 10456: 6861: 6822: 6698:University of California Press. 6649:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 6631:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. 6591:The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC 6231:History of the Peloponnesian War 6181: 6172: 6163: 6154: 6145: 6136: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6056: 6026: 5669: 5660: 5639: 5618: 5606: 5594: 5582: 5570: 5540: 5528: 5495: 5483: 5441: 5432: 5402: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5336: 5324: 5294: 5252: 5219: 5195: 5186: 5174: 5165: 5138: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5011: 5002: 4977: 4958: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4873: 3520:that brought the war to an end, 3372:on horseback to the Aegean Sea ( 3179: 2864:Greek counterattack (479–478 BC) 2101:first Persian invasion of Greece 2018:First Persian invasion of Greece 1761:to war. When the envoys came to 1615: 1251:History of the Peloponnesian War 1034:first Persian invasion of Greece 900:First Persian invasion of Greece 881:Greek wars of the 5th century BC 753: 743: 548:Artaphernes (son of Artaphernes) 500: 490: 49: 10477: 6479:. University of Chicago Press. 6391:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983). 6279:Lives of the Eminent Commanders 6202: 4861: 4849: 4837: 4807: 4783: 4771: 4735: 4678: 4606: 4262: 4253: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4058: 4046: 4010: 3998: 3953: 3950:Thomas & Contant, pp. 72–73 3944: 3935: 3923: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3868: 3832: 3757: 3004:The Greek fleet then sailed to 1340:. In 1939, Greek archaeologist 1222:continued Herodotus's narrative 141:regain their independence from 6878:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton 6757:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 6319:. Cambridge University Press. 4637:Roisman & Worthington 2011 4380:. Cambridge University Press. 3732: 3708: 3677: 3672:Roisman & Worthington 2011 3629: 3611: 3583: 13: 1: 11339:Wars involving ancient Athens 11319:Wars involving ancient Cyprus 11309:Wars involving ancient Greece 8078: 8065: 8046: 8029: 7134:Scythian campaign of Darius I 7046:Xerxes I's inscription at Van 6629:Cornelius Nepos – Three Lives 6441:. University of Texas Press. 3605: 3593: 3573: 3440: 3419:Aftermath and later conflicts 3020:was to prove troublesome for 1699: 1512:were each in turn conquered. 1428:in Lydia; and the islands of 34:Persian Wars (disambiguation) 11329:Wars involving ancient Egypt 10932:Battle of the Persian Border 9206:Funeral and burial practices 8391:Military of Mycenaean Greece 7124:Conquest of the Indus Valley 7085:Battle of the Persian Border 6736:. Indiana University Press. 6561:. Cornell University Press. 6399:. Harvard University Press. 6160:Xenophon, Hellenica III, 2–4 3555: 2999: 2860:events unfolding in Greece. 2810:. 19th century illustration. 2185:The task force sailed on to 1675:" to the Persians in 507 BC. 1040:successfully re-subjugating 7: 11022:Revolt of Cyrus the Younger 10674:Wars of Alexander the Great 7285:Wars of Alexander the Great 6713:Snodgrass, Anthony (1971). 6593:. Aris & Phillips Ltd. 6538:. Oxford University Press. 6534:W.W. How; J. Wells (1990). 6498:. Oxford University Press. 3528: 3466:on the obverse. 388–380 BC. 3286:Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus 2918: 2107:492 BC: Mardonius' campaign 1197: 10: 11370: 9130:Greek Revival architecture 8472: 7340:Battle of the Persian Gate 6982:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 6358:The Greek and Persian Wars 6298:Cambridge University Press 6222:(Godley translation, 1920) 6151:Xenophon, Hellenica III, 1 3230: 3183: 2791: 2736: 2659: 2492: 2334: 2331:Size of the Persian forces 2200: 2015: 1922:and associated revolts in 1798: 1795:Ionian Revolt (499–493 BC) 1150: 31: 11202: 11103: 11065:Parni conquest of Parthia 11055: 10955: 10895: 10846: 10682: 10593:Wars of the Delian League 10573: 10530: 10452: 10403: 10397: 10392: 10237: 10114: 10103: 10030: 9952: 9909: 9856: 9714: 9566: 9557: 9553: 9534: 9483: 9398: 9336: 9298: 9291: 9241: 9201: 9192: 9114: 8991: 8987: 8963: 8929: 8898: 8740: 8627: 8571: 8538:Attalid kings of Pergamon 8493: 8484: 8480: 8467: 8346:Antigonid Macedonian army 8319: 8292: 8264: 8221: 8178: 8169: 8011: 7950: 7847: 7843: 7814: 7713: 7662: 7658: 7634: 7621: 7555: 7473: 7377: 7351: 7228:Wars of the Delian League 7064: 7018: 6919: 6870: 6859: 6835: 6536:A commentary on Herodotus 6356:de Souza, Philip (2003). 6334:Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). 6281:; Miltiades, Themistocles 6119:Xenophon, Hellenica II, 2 5145:Freeman, Charles (2014). 5135:Plutarch, Themistocles, 5 5100:Plutarch, Themistocles, 4 3683:Cicero, On the Laws, I, 5 3569:Wars of the Delian League 3233:Wars of the Delian League 3095: 2990: 2949: 2909: 2540: 2430: 2378: 2063: 1979:decisively beaten at the 1844: 1564:'), was based around the 1555: 1527: 995:to conquer the island of 983:In 499 BC, the tyrant of 908:Wars of the Delian League 887: 839:Wars of the Delian League 814: 766: 761: 240: 152: 107:), and Northeast Africa ( 70: 48: 43: 11118:Against Byzantine Empire 10990:Conquest of Indus Valley 10980:Revolts against Darius I 10937:Siege of Pasargadae Hill 10618:Second Peloponnesian War 7280:Second conquest of Egypt 7111:Siege of Sardis (547 BC) 6957:Palace of Darius in Susa 6692:Sealey, Raphael (1976). 6494:Higbie, Carolyn (2003). 6169:Xenophon, Hellenica V, I 3876:Greek History 480–431 BC 3550: 3509:13,000 Greek mercenaries 3227:Campaigns against Persia 2239:Interbellum (490–480 BC) 2219:, landing at the bay of 592:Otanes (son of Sisamnes) 10975:First conquest of Egypt 10603:First Peloponnesian War 7432:Districts of the Empire 7234:Battle of the Eurymedon 7152:Siege of Naxos (499 BC) 7129:First conquest of Egypt 6751:Traver, Andrew (2002). 6652:. John Wiley and Sons. 6608:Osborne, Robin (1996). 6475:Hall, Jonathon (2002). 6372:Farrokh, Keveh (2007). 3623:Encyclopedia Britannica 3476:First Peloponnesian War 3255:Battle of the Eurymedon 2693:The pass of Thermopylae 2054:First Persian invasion 1352:Origins of the conflict 1124:Battle of the Eurymedon 1052:, under the command of 956:(also often called the 919:First Peloponnesian War 829:Second Persian invasion 604:Azanes (son of Arteios) 59:(right), depicted on a 11354:History of the Balkans 10965:Conquest of Asia Minor 10810:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 10735:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 10669:Expansion of Macedonia 8572:Artists & scholars 8487:List of ancient Greeks 8124:Second Athenian League 7973:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 7798:Ancient Greek colonies 7547:Seven Achaemenid clans 7319:Siege of Tyre (332 BC) 7305:Siege of Halicarnassus 7291:Battle of the Granicus 6553:Kagan, Donald (1989). 6458:The Greco-Persian Wars 3941:Snodgrass, pp. 373–376 3467: 3447: 3399:, on the north coast). 3242: 3198: 2825:Salamis. Athens, with 2822:Alexander I of Macedon 2811: 2776: 2694: 2621:Alexander I of Macedon 2612: 2448: 2389: 2354: 2261: 2212: 2116: 1971: 1915: 1788: 1706: 1676: 1544: 1503: 1362:Mycenaean civilization 1223: 1163: 824:First Persian invasion 291:Dionysius the Phocaean 241:Commanders and leaders 11334:Wars involving Sparta 11037:Great Satraps' Revolt 10917:Battle of the Eclipse 9691:Sybaris on the Traeis 8416:Sacred Band of Thebes 8156:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 7670:Cycladic civilization 7275:Great Satraps' Revolt 7194:Destruction of Athens 7180:Battle of Thermopylae 7031:Old Persian cuneiform 6776:. Osprey Publishing. 6513:Holland, Tom (2006). 6456:Green, Peter (1996). 6437:Green, Peter (2006). 6376:. Osprey Publishing. 6269:Bibliotheca historica 6092:Holland, pp. 366–367. 5657:Holland, pp. 357–358. 5636:Holland, pp. 350–355. 5567:Holland, pp. 342–349. 5525:Holland, pp. 336–338. 5516:Holland, pp. 333–335. 5480:Holland, pp. 320–326. 5420:Holland, pp. 327–329. 5321:Holland, pp. 262–264. 5312:Holland, pp. 257–259. 5270:Holland, pp. 248–249. 5171:Holland, pp. 223–224. 5114:Holland, pp. 219–222. 5088:Holland, pp. 217–219. 5079:Holland, pp. 214–217. 4834:Holland, pp. 213–214. 4825:Holland, pp. 208–211. 4813:Holland, pp. 206–208. 4804:Holland, pp. 202–203. 4756:Holland, pp. 195–197. 4696:Holland, pp. 183–186. 4675:Holland, pp. 181–183. 4591:Holland, pp. 177–178. 4582:Holland, pp. 175–177. 4403:Holland, pp. 153–154. 4374:Waters, Matt (2014). 4344:Waters, Matt (2014). 4322:penelope.uchicago.edu 4148:Holland, pp. 155–157. 4124:Holland, pp. 147–151. 3453: 3426: 3240: 3193: 3016:The aftermath of the 2805: 2774: 2766:destruction of Athens 2739:Destruction of Athens 2692: 2662:Battle of Thermopylae 2610: 2438: 2386: 2344: 2335:Further information: 2251: 2210: 2178:besieged the city of 2114: 1969: 1913: 1751: 1682: 1662: 1535: 1498: 1296:Description of Greece 1276:Bibliotheca historica 1218: 1158: 1120:continued to campaign 1085:Battle of Thermopylae 762:Casualties and losses 11189:Civil war of 628–632 11157:Civil war of 589–591 11042:Abdashtart I' revolt 10942:Battle of Pasargadae 10890:Ancient Iranian wars 10710:Seleucid–Mauryan war 10550:Second Messenian War 9216:mythological figures 8937:Ancient Greek tribes 8062:Peloponnesian League 7573:Cappadocian calendar 7187:Battle of Artemisium 7092:Lydian-Persian Wars 7041:Behistun Inscription 6853:History of democracy 6772:Fields, Nic (2007). 6589:Lazenby, JF (1993). 5969:Sealey, pp. 271–273. 5459:Holland, pp. 310–315 5429:Holland, pp. 308–309 5408:Holland, pp. 305–306 5291:Holland pp. 255–257. 4268:Lazenby, pp. 227–228 3325:, which was sent to 3022:Pausanias the Regent 2666:Battle of Artemisium 2123:, who re-subjugated 1671:, made the gift of " 1388:. These cities were 1118:. The Delian League 11150:Annexation of Yemen 11130:Against Arab tribes 11000:Invasions of Greece 10598:Third Messenian War 10555:Lydian–Milesian War 10540:First Messenian War 9328:Tunnel of Eupalinos 9323:Theatre of Dionysus 8947:Ancient Macedonians 8563:Tyrants of Syracuse 8075:Amphictyonic League 7675:Minoan civilization 7369:Peace of Antalcidas 7333:Battle of Gaugamela 6942:Gate of All Nations 6627:Roebuck, R (1987). 5996:Plutarch, Cimon, 19 5936:Plutarch, Cimon, 13 5924:Plutarch, Cimon, 12 5029:Lazenby, pp. 93–94. 4946:Soldiers with names 4064:Holland, pp. 13–14. 3896:Traver, p. 115–116. 3763:Fehling, pp. 1–277. 3674:, pp. 135–138. 2901:Greek counterattack 2162:(son of the satrap 1729:, probably sent by 1536:Persian and Median 1019:. The Persian king 834:Greek counterattack 233: • 228: • 223: • 218: • 213: • 193: • 188: • 183: • 178: • 173: • 165: • 11274:Greco-Persian Wars 11194:Fall of the Empire 11095:Fall of the Empire 11047:Fall of the Empire 10785:Roman–Seleucid War 10644:Theban–Spartan War 10583:Greco-Persian Wars 10524:Ancient Greek wars 10002:Menestheus's Limin 9656:Pandosia (Lucania) 9544:Greek colonisation 8906:Athenian statesmen 8667:Diogenes of Sinope 8528:Kings of Macedonia 8518:Kings of Commagene 8386:Macedonian phalanx 8366:Hellenistic armies 8114:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 7978:Indo-Greek Kingdom 7700:Hellenistic Greece 7223:Babylonian revolts 7173:Battle of Marathon 7139:Greco-Persian Wars 6888:Achaemenid coinage 6133:Dandamaev, p. 256. 5877:Fine, pp. 338–339. 5062:The British Museum 4971:2020-05-23 at the 4951:2020-09-17 at the 4507:2022-12-26 at the 4277:Lazenby, pp. 34–37 4250:Holland, pp. 69–72 4166:Lazenby, pp. 23–29 4043:Holland, pp. 9–12. 3959:Osborne, pp. 35–37 3808:Finley, pp. 29–30. 3468: 3448: 3243: 3199: 2812: 2777: 2754:Isthmus of Corinth 2695: 2646:Isthmus of Corinth 2613: 2533:invasion of Greece 2449: 2390: 2355: 2295:family, who ruled 2262: 2258:Cimmerian Bosporus 2213: 2203:Battle of Marathon 2197:Battle of Marathon 2117: 1972: 1916: 1707: 1677: 1545: 1504: 1342:Spyridon Marinatos 1224: 1164: 1070:Battle of Marathon 954:Greco-Persian Wars 892:Greco-Persian Wars 806:Greco-Persian Wars 283:Ameinias of Athens 87:Southeast Europe ( 44:Greco-Persian Wars 18:Greco-Persian wars 11349:History of Europe 11304:440s BC conflicts 11299:450s BC conflicts 11294:460s BC conflicts 11289:470s BC conflicts 11284:480s BC conflicts 11279:490s BC conflicts 11213: 11212: 11184:Battle of Dhi Qar 11032:Cadusian campaign 11017:Peloponnesian War 10985:Scythian campaign 10957:Achaemenid Empire 10857: 10856: 10795:War against Nabis 10608:Second Sacred War 10490: 10489: 10448: 10447: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10379: 9954:Iberian Peninsula 9886:Lipara/Meligounis 9852: 9851: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9503:Cypriot syllabary 9394: 9393: 9303:Athenian Treasury 9287: 9286: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8548:Ptolemaic dynasty 8508:Archons of Athens 8463: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8334:Athenian military 8315: 8314: 8148:League of Corinth 8130:Thessalian League 8106:Chalcidian League 8088:Acarnanian League 7998:Ptolemaic Kingdom 7810: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7581: 7580: 7248:Battle of Cyzicus 7242:Peloponnesian War 7208:Battle of Plataea 7201:Battle of Salamis 7104:Battle of Thymbra 6977:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht 6829:Achaemenid Empire 6774:Themopylae 480 BC 6684:978-0-521-81703-5 6659:978-1-44-435163-7 6383:978-1-84603-108-3 6178:Dandamaev, p. 294 5666:Dandamaev, p. 223 4210:978-0-307-42518-8 3637:Ehrenberg, Victor 3535:History of Greece 3505:Cyrus the Younger 3481:Peloponnesian War 3292:Peace with Persia 3176: 3175: 3168:Salamis in Cyprus 2937: 2936: 2849:Battle of Plataea 2808:Battle of Plataea 2794:Battle of Plataea 2743:Battle of Salamis 2708:Persian Immortals 2588: 2587: 2482:Greek city-states 2471:Hellenic alliance 2451:The Spartan king 2374:Greek city states 2364:Battle of Salamis 2256:and seal holder, 2244:Achaemenid Empire 2096: 2095: 1989:Battle of Pedasus 1981:Battle of Ephesus 1907: 1906: 1684:Coinage of Athens 1481:Achaemenid Empire 1319:Ctesias of Cnidus 1232:Peloponnesian War 1093:Battle of Plataea 1089:Battle of Salamis 991:, embarked on an 966:Greek city-states 962:Achaemenid Empire 947: 946: 934:Peloponnesian War 923:Second Sacred War 847: 846: 771: 770: 201:Achaemenid Empire 160:Greek city-states 148: 147: 16:(Redirected from 11361: 11256: 11255: 11254: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11223: 11206:Military history 11135:Hephthalite Wars 10947:Fall of Ecbatana 10884: 10877: 10870: 10861: 10860: 10850:Military history 10820:Mithridatic Wars 10805:Maccabean Revolt 10753: 10730:Chremonidean War 10659:Third Sacred War 10654: 10560:First Sacred War 10517: 10510: 10503: 10494: 10493: 10480: 10479: 10470: 10460: 10459: 10394: 10393: 10112: 10111: 9611:Heraclea Lucania 9564: 9563: 9555: 9554: 9536: 9535: 9296: 9295: 9228:Twelve Olympians 9199: 9198: 8989: 8988: 8965: 8964: 8553:Seleucid dynasty 8533:Kings of Paionia 8482: 8481: 8469: 8468: 8339:Scythian archers 8246:Graphe paranomon 8176: 8175: 8083: 8080: 8070: 8067: 8051: 8048: 8038: 8034: 8031: 7845: 7844: 7816: 7815: 7695:Classical Greece 7680:Mycenaean Greece 7660: 7659: 7636: 7635: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7585: 7584: 7568:Xanthian Obelisk 7541: 7527: 7513: 7499: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7426: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7364:Peace of Callias 7342: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7298:Siege of Miletus 7293: 7269: 7267:Battle of Cnidus 7256:Battle of Cunaxa 7250: 7236: 7217: 7215:Battle of Mycale 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7166:Siege of Eretria 7161: 7154: 7147: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7097:Battle of Pteria 7087: 7080: 7026:Achaemenid music 7009: 7002: 6995: 6987:Tombs at Xanthos 6951: 6944: 6937: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6865: 6827: 6826: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6768: 6747: 6728: 6709: 6688: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6642: 6623: 6604: 6585: 6572: 6560: 6549: 6530: 6509: 6490: 6471: 6452: 6433: 6421: 6410: 6398: 6387: 6353: 6338:Willem Vogelsang 6330: 6311: 6264:Diodorus Siculus 6197: 6196:Holland, p. 198. 6194: 6188: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6143: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6120: 6117: 6111: 6110:Holland, p. 371. 6108: 6102: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6072: 6069: 6063: 6062:Holland, p. 366. 6060: 6054: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6012: 6006: 5997: 5994: 5985: 5979: 5970: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5925: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5892: 5891:Holland, p. 362. 5889: 5878: 5875: 5866: 5860: 5847: 5844: 5833: 5830: 5821: 5815: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5675:Lazenby, p. 247. 5673: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5559: 5558:Holland, p. 339. 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5438:Holland, p. 303. 5436: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5399:Holland, p. 300. 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5342:Holland, p. 274. 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5249:Holland, p. 226. 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5115: 5112: 5101: 5098: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5066: 5065: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5018: 5017:Holland, p. 320. 5015: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4999:de Souza, p. 41. 4997: 4991: 4990: 4981: 4975: 4962: 4956: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4888:Holland, p. 263. 4886: 4880: 4879:Holland, p. 225. 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4814: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4613: 4612:Holland, p. 153. 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4341: 4326: 4325: 4314: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4194: 4183: 4182:Lazenby, pp. 256 4180: 4167: 4164: 4149: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3695: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3658:978-0-41558487-6 3646: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3615: 3596: 3586: 3576: 3558: 3485:Spartan hegemony 3445: 3442: 3411:, following the 3090: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3055: 3054: 2941:Mycale and Ionia 2904: 2902: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2857:Battle of Mycale 2798:Battle of Mycale 2535: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2345:The soldiers of 2058: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2023: 2022: 1961:Darius the Great 1839: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1786: 1713:, as brother of 1704: 1701: 1501:Darius the Great 1281:Diodorus Siculus 1145:Peace of Callias 1100:Battle of Mycale 1021:Darius the Great 914:Greco-Punic Wars 882: 874: 867: 860: 851: 850: 809: 807: 797: 790: 783: 774: 773: 757: 747: 736: 724: 712: 700: 688: 676: 664: 652: 640: 628: 509:Darius the Great 504: 494: 487:Coes of Mytilene 483: 471: 459: 447: 435: 423: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 351: 339: 327: 269: 172: 72: 71: 53: 41: 40: 21: 11369: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11252: 11250: 11240: 11238: 11228: 11226: 11218: 11214: 11209: 11198: 11140:Armenian revolt 11105:Sasanian Empire 11099: 11057:Parthian Empire 11051: 10970:Fall of Babylon 10951: 10927:Battle of Hyrba 10910:Fall of Nineveh 10891: 10888: 10858: 10853: 10842: 10758:Macedonian Wars 10751: 10678: 10652: 10639:Theban hegemony 10569: 10526: 10521: 10491: 10486: 10444: 10399: 10376: 10239: 10233: 10116: 10107: 10099: 10070:Melaina Korkyra 10026: 9948: 9905: 9858:Aeolian Islands 9848: 9710: 9568: 9549: 9548: 9522: 9479: 9390: 9332: 9283: 9237: 9188: 9110: 9101:Wedding customs 8983: 8982: 8951: 8942:Thracian Greeks 8925: 8916:Olympic victors 8894: 8736: 8623: 8567: 8558:Kings of Sparta 8543:Kings of Pontus 8513:Kings of Athens 8489: 8476: 8455: 8351:Army of Macedon 8311: 8288: 8260: 8217: 8165: 8138:(370–c. 230 BC) 8136:Arcadian League 8120:(c. 400–188 BC) 8118:Aetolian League 8112:Boeotian League 8094:Hellenic League 8081: 8068: 8058:(c. 650–404 BC) 8049: 8043:Italiote League 8036: 8032: 8026:Doric Hexapolis 8016: 8007: 8003:Seleucid Empire 7946: 7839: 7838: 7802: 7709: 7685:Greek Dark Ages 7654: 7653: 7630: 7617: 7612: 7582: 7577: 7551: 7537: 7523: 7509: 7495: 7469: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7422: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7373: 7359:Earth and water 7347: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7312:Battle of Issus 7310: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7265: 7246: 7232: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7083: 7078:Battle of Hyrba 7076: 7060: 7014: 7005: 7000:Nereid Monument 6998: 6991: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6915: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6866: 6857: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6784: 6765: 6744: 6725: 6706: 6685: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6639: 6620: 6601: 6569: 6546: 6527: 6506: 6487: 6468: 6449: 6430: 6407: 6384: 6350: 6327: 6308: 6288: 6275:Cornelius Nepos 6210: 6208:Ancient sources 6205: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083:Sealey, p. 282. 6082: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053:Sealey, p. 281. 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6023:Sealey, p. 280. 6022: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5915:Sealey, p. 250. 5914: 5910: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5850: 5845: 5836: 5832:Sealey, p. 242. 5831: 5824: 5816: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5104: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5069: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4973:Wayback Machine 4963: 4959: 4953:Wayback Machine 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4509:Wayback Machine 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4342: 4329: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259:Holland, p. 217 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241:Lazenby, p. 232 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223:Holland, p. 196 4222: 4218: 4211: 4195: 4186: 4181: 4170: 4165: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820:Sealey, p. 248. 3819: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790:Sealey, p. 264. 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754:Holland, p. 377 3753: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3696: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3634: 3630: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3592: 3582: 3572: 3553: 3540:History of Iran 3531: 3443: 3421: 3294: 3277:ongoing warfare 3235: 3229: 3188: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3052: 3031:and settled in 3002: 2993: 2952: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2866: 2800: 2792:Main articles: 2790: 2745: 2737:Main articles: 2735: 2668: 2660:Main articles: 2658: 2600:. It paused at 2594: 2589: 2584: 2536: 2532: 2531:Second Persian 2529: 2527: 2497: 2491: 2473: 2433: 2403:The politician 2381: 2376: 2339: 2333: 2325:pontoon bridges 2246: 2241: 2205: 2199: 2152: 2109: 2097: 2092: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2020: 2014: 1908: 1903: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1803: 1797: 1787: 1785:Herodotus 5.73. 1784: 1778:earth and water 1721:in his capital 1702: 1686:at the time of 1673:Earth and Water 1657: 1618: 1558: 1530: 1522: 1354: 1321:(epitomized by 1315:Cornelius Nepos 1309:(epitomized by 1307:Pompeius Trogus 1269:and especially 1246:the Fifty Years 1198:siege of Sestos 1181:(The) Histories 1153: 1128:Egyptian revolt 970:Cyrus the Great 950: 949: 948: 943: 883: 880: 878: 848: 843: 810: 805: 803: 801: 748: 738: 732: 726: 720: 714: 708: 702: 696: 690: 684: 678: 672: 666: 660: 654: 648: 642: 636: 630: 624: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 524: 518: 512: 495: 485: 479: 473: 467: 461: 455: 449: 443: 437: 431: 425: 419: 413: 407: 401: 395: 389: 383: 377: 371: 365: 359: 353: 347: 341: 335: 329: 323: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 271: 265: 257: 251: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 204: 192: 187: 182: 177: 170: 169: 164: 126: 112: 54: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11367: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11344:5th century BC 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11261: 11260: 11248: 11236: 11211: 11210: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11159: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11109: 11107: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11027:Corinthian War 11024: 11019: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11007: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10961: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10901: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10887: 10886: 10879: 10872: 10864: 10855: 10854: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10835: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10755: 10747: 10742: 10740:Cleomenean War 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10694: 10688: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10648: 10647: 10646: 10635: 10630: 10628:Corinthian War 10625: 10623:Phyle Campaign 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10579: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10520: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10497: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10474: 10464: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10390: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10243: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10120: 10118: 10109: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10036: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9958: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9915: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9862: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9804:Megara Hyblaea 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9784:Hybla Gereatis 9781: 9776: 9774:Heraclea Minoa 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9720: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9572: 9570: 9561: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9540: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9518:Attic numerals 9515: 9513:Greek numerals 9510: 9508:Greek alphabet 9505: 9500: 9495: 9489: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9404: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9162:Musical system 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9121: 9119: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8997: 8995: 8985: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8969: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8594:Mathematicians 8591: 8586: 8581: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8503:Kings of Argos 8499: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8478: 8477: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8361:Cretan archers 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8298: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8270: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8160:Achaean League 8157: 8154:Euboean League 8151: 8145: 8142:Epirote League 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8090:(c. 500–31 BC) 8085: 8072: 8059: 8053: 8040: 8022: 8020: 8018:Confederations 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7942:Lissus (Crete) 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7690:Archaic Greece 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7615:Ancient Greece 7611: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7588: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7488: 7483: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7381: 7379: 7378:Administration 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7261:Corinthian War 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7225: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7159:Battle of Lade 7155: 7148: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7119:Battle of Opis 7116: 7115: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7081: 7072:Persian Revolt 7068: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7056:Cyrus Cylinder 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007:Tomb of Payava 7003: 6996: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6972:Naqsh-e Rostam 6969: 6967:Persian column 6964: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6925: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6885: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6818: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6783:978-1841761800 6782: 6769: 6763: 6748: 6742: 6729: 6723: 6710: 6704: 6689: 6683: 6670: 6658: 6643: 6637: 6624: 6618: 6605: 6599: 6586: 6573: 6567: 6550: 6544: 6531: 6525: 6510: 6504: 6491: 6485: 6472: 6466: 6453: 6447: 6434: 6428: 6411: 6405: 6388: 6382: 6369: 6354: 6348: 6331: 6325: 6312: 6306: 6287: 6286:Modern sources 6284: 6283: 6282: 6272: 6261: 6257:Parallel Lives 6249: 6234: 6223: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6189: 6180: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6135: 6121: 6112: 6103: 6101:Kagan, p. 128. 6094: 6085: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6025: 6013: 5998: 5986: 5971: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5893: 5879: 5867: 5848: 5834: 5822: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5754: 5742: 5730: 5718: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5638: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5539: 5527: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5473: 5461: 5452: 5440: 5431: 5422: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5335: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5293: 5284: 5272: 5263: 5251: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5185: 5173: 5164: 5157: 5137: 5128: 5116: 5102: 5090: 5081: 5067: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4976: 4957: 4955:, after Walser 4938: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4827: 4815: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4639:, p. 343. 4629: 4614: 4605: 4593: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4386: 4363: 4356: 4327: 4306: 4294: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4232:Farrokh, p. 76 4225: 4216: 4209: 4184: 4168: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4057: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3922: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3867: 3843: 3831: 3822: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3772:Finley, p. 16. 3765: 3756: 3744: 3731: 3729:Finley, p. 15. 3719: 3707: 3685: 3676: 3664: 3657: 3628: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3518:"King's Peace" 3514:Corinthian War 3420: 3417: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3393:Cyanaean rocks 3385: 3384:and Diodorus). 3368:closer than a 3354: 3340:pentekontaetia 3293: 3290: 3231:Main article: 3228: 3225: 3184:Main article: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3051: 3048: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2789: 2786: 2734: 2731: 2657: 2654: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2503: 2493:Main article: 2490: 2487: 2472: 2469: 2432: 2429: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2351:Naqsh-e Rostam 2332: 2329: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2201:Main article: 2198: 2195: 2151: 2148: 2108: 2105: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2026: 2016:Main article: 2013: 2010: 1997:Battle of Lade 1905: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1799:Main article: 1796: 1793: 1782: 1755:Lacedaemonians 1717:and Satrap of 1656: 1653: 1617: 1614: 1557: 1554: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1353: 1350: 1330:Serpent Column 1242:πεντηκονταετία 1237:pentekontaetia 1152: 1149: 1026:Battle of Lade 945: 944: 942: 941: 939:Phyle Campaign 936: 931: 926: 916: 911: 888: 885: 884: 877: 876: 869: 862: 854: 845: 844: 842: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 815: 812: 811: 800: 799: 792: 785: 777: 769: 768: 767:300,000 killed 764: 763: 759: 758: 505: 243: 242: 238: 237: 197: 195:Ancient Cyprus 155: 154: 150: 149: 146: 145: 128: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 103:), West Asia ( 97:Aegean Islands 86: 84: 80: 79: 76: 68: 67: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11366: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11259: 11249: 11247: 11237: 11235: 11225: 11224: 11221: 11216: 11208: 11207: 11201: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11145:Aksumite Wars 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11080:Scythian Wars 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11070:Seleucid Wars 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10995:Ionian Revolt 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10894: 10885: 10880: 10878: 10873: 10871: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10852: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10838:War of Actium 10836: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10700: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10681: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10588:Aeginetan War 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10572: 10566: 10565:Sicilian Wars 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10545:Lelantine War 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10518: 10513: 10511: 10506: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10495: 10483: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10463: 10455: 10454: 10451: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10395: 10391: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9982:Hemeroscopion 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9945: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9559:Magna Graecia 9556: 9552: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9433:Arcadocypriot 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9387: 9386:Zeus, Olympia 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9371:Hera, Olympia 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9274:Mount Olympus 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242:Sacred places 9240: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9066:Olympic Games 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9056:Homosexuality 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8466: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8426:Seleucid army 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8291: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8100:Delian League 8098: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8076: 8073: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8056:Ionian League 8054: 8044: 8041: 8037: 560 BC 8027: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7778:Magna Graecia 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7609: 7604: 7602: 7597: 7595: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7448:Chapar Khaneh 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7326:Siege of Gaza 7323: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7145:Ionian Revolt 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6962:Tomb of Cyrus 6960: 6958: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6894:Apadana hoard 6891: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883:Oxus Treasure 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6825: 6816: 6811: 6809: 6804: 6802: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6764:0-313-30942-6 6760: 6756: 6755: 6749: 6745: 6743:0-253-21602-8 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6724:0-415-93635-7 6720: 6717:. Routledge. 6716: 6711: 6707: 6705:0-520-03177-6 6701: 6697: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6661: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6638:0-86516-207-7 6634: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6619:0-415-03583-X 6615: 6612:. Routledge. 6611: 6606: 6602: 6600:0-85668-591-7 6596: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6568:0-8014-9556-3 6564: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6547: 6545:0-19-872139-0 6541: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6526:0-385-51311-9 6522: 6518: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6505:0-19-924191-0 6501: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6486:0-226-31329-8 6482: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6467:0-520-20573-1 6463: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6448:0-292-71277-4 6444: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6429:0-14-044039-9 6425: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6408: 6406:0-674-03314-0 6402: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6367: 6366:1-84176-358-6 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6349:90-04-09172-6 6345: 6341: 6339: 6332: 6328: 6326:0-521-22804-2 6322: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6307:0-521-22804-2 6303: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6289: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219:The Histories 6215: 6212: 6211: 6193: 6184: 6175: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6116: 6107: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6078: 6071:Fine, p. 363. 6068: 6059: 6050: 6044:Kagan, p. 84. 6041: 6035: 6029: 6020: 6018: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5933: 5931: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5846:Fine, p. 331. 5843: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5564: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5415: 5405: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5168: 5160: 5158:9780199651917 5154: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5047:Burn, p. 331. 5044: 5038:Green, p. 61. 5035: 5026: 5024: 5014: 5008:Köster (1934) 5005: 4996: 4988: 4987: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4885: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4820: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4693: 4691: 4681: 4672: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4387:9781107009608 4383: 4379: 4378: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4357:9781107009608 4353: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4121: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4040: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3905:Fields, p. 93 3902: 3893: 3887:Roebuck, p. 2 3884: 3877: 3871: 3865:Fine, p. 360. 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3805: 3799:Fine, p. 336. 3796: 3787: 3781:Kagan, p. 77. 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3700: 3697:Holland, pp. 3694: 3692: 3690: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3565:Ionian Revolt 3562: 3557: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3522:Artaxerxes II 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3472:Delian League 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3416: 3414: 3413:Ionian Revolt 3410: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370:day's journey 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3239: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3221:Delian League 3217: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3196:Delian League 3192: 3187: 3186:Delian League 3180:Delian League 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3088:Delian League 3079: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3008:, which they 3007: 2997: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2947: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2617:Vale of Tempe 2609: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447:, c. 500 BC). 2446: 2442: 2437: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2254:cylinder seal 2250: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2102: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:Ionian Revolt 1912: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1837:Ionian Revolt 1830: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1802: 1801:Ionian Revolt 1792: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663:According to 1661: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1616:Naval warfare 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1206:Philobarbaros 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1172:Halicarnassus 1169: 1161: 1157: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116:Delian League 1113: 1109: 1106:(479 BC) and 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:Ionian Revolt 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 924: 920: 917: 915: 912: 909: 905: 901: 897: 896:Ionian Revolt 893: 890: 889: 886: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 855: 852: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 819:Ionian Revolt 817: 816: 813: 808: 798: 793: 791: 786: 784: 779: 778: 775: 765: 760: 756: 751: 746: 741: 737: 735: 729: 725: 723: 717: 713: 711: 705: 701: 699: 693: 689: 687: 681: 677: 675: 669: 665: 663: 657: 653: 651: 645: 641: 639: 633: 629: 627: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528: 523: 522: 517: 516: 511: 510: 506: 503: 498: 493: 488: 484: 482: 476: 472: 470: 464: 460: 458: 452: 448: 446: 440: 436: 434: 428: 424: 422: 416: 412: 410: 404: 400: 398: 392: 388: 386: 380: 376: 374: 368: 364: 362: 356: 352: 350: 344: 340: 338: 332: 328: 326: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275: 270: 268: 262: 261: 256: 255: 250: 249: 245: 244: 239: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 215:Halicarnassus 210: 207: 203: 202: 198: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 175:Delian League 168: 162: 161: 157: 156: 151: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 124: 123: 120:Greek victory 119: 116: 115: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 85: 82: 81: 77: 74: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 52: 47: 42: 35: 30: 19: 11215: 11204: 11162:Göktürk Wars 11085:Armenian War 11075:Bactrian War 10999: 10897:Median state 10848: 10800:Galatian War 10790:Aetolian War 10752:(220–217 BC) 10698: 10697:Wars of the 10653:(357–355 BC) 10637:Wars of the 10633:Boeotian War 10582: 10277:Dionysopolis 10247:Abonoteichos 10199:Pantikapaion 9789:Hybla Heraea 9125:Architecture 9081:Prostitution 8770:Aristophanes 8629:Philosophers 8599:Philosophers 8431:Spartan army 8162:(280–146 BC) 8150:(338–322 BC) 8144:(370–168 BC) 8132:(374–196 BC) 8126:(378–355 BC) 8108:(430–348 BC) 8102:(478–404 BC) 8096:(499–449 BC) 8093: 7783:Peloponnesus 7705:Roman Greece 7138: 6921:Architecture 6773: 6753: 6733: 6714: 6694: 6674: 6663:. Retrieved 6648: 6628: 6609: 6590: 6581: 6578:Klio Belheft 6577: 6556: 6535: 6514: 6495: 6476: 6457: 6438: 6417: 6394: 6373: 6357: 6335: 6316: 6293: 6278: 6267: 6255: 6246: 6240: 6229: 6217: 6203:Bibliography 6192: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6142:Rung, p. 36. 6138: 6115: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6040: 6028: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5920: 5911: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5745: 5733: 5721: 5692: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5641: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5563: 5554: 5542: 5530: 5521: 5497: 5485: 5476: 5464: 5455: 5443: 5434: 5425: 5404: 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5338: 5326: 5317: 5308: 5296: 5287: 5275: 5266: 5254: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5188: 5176: 5167: 5147: 5140: 5131: 5126:Fine, p. 292 5084: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4985: 4979: 4960: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4830: 4809: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4680: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4608: 4596: 4587: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4502:pp. 481–490. 4497: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4376: 4346: 4321: 4297: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4199: 4135:pp. 269–277. 4129: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4060: 4048: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3925: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3875: 3870: 3834: 3829:Fine, p. 343 3825: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3739: 3738:Holland, p. 3734: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3679: 3667: 3642: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3501: 3492:Artaxerxes I 3489: 3469: 3458:, Satrap of 3405: 3377: 3374:Callisthenes 3365: 3350: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3315: 3307:Callisthenes 3295: 3263: 3244: 3212: 3200: 3130: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3086:Wars of the 3041: 3026: 3015: 3003: 2994: 2978: 2953: 2944: 2853:Mount Mycale 2846: 2835: 2813: 2782: 2778: 2746: 2729: 2717: 2696: 2679: 2669: 2634:Peloponnesus 2614: 2595: 2474: 2450: 2413: 2408: 2405:Themistocles 2402: 2391: 2360: 2356: 2311:gathered in 2309: 2286: 2263: 2233: 2229: 2214: 2184: 2153: 2141: 2118: 2098: 2006: 1999:, after the 1993: 1973: 1917: 1789: 1752: 1708: 1705:–500/490 BC. 1690:. Effigy of 1634: 1629: 1619: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1580: 1576: 1559: 1546: 1523: 1514: 1505: 1466: 1442: 1437: 1355: 1346:Kolonos Hill 1327: 1298:, while the 1295: 1289: 1274: 1263:Themistocles 1256: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1225: 1209: 1205: 1191: 1179: 1175: 1165: 1136:Artaxerxes I 1097: 1074: 1030: 982: 958:Persian Wars 957: 953: 951: 891: 804: 733: 721: 709: 697: 692:Damasithymus 685: 673: 661: 649: 637: 625: 525: 521:Artaxerxes I 519: 513: 507: 480: 468: 456: 444: 432: 420: 408: 396: 391:Charitimides 384: 372: 367:Aristocyprus 360: 348: 343:Amompharetus 336: 324: 315:Hermophantus 274:Themistocles 272: 266: 258: 252: 246: 199: 158: 153:Belligerents 29: 10815:Achaean War 10750:Social War 10745:Lyttian War 10720:Syrian Wars 10715:Pyrrhic War 10684:Hellenistic 10664:Foreign War 10651:Social War 10425:Place names 10337:Salmydessus 10159:Kalos Limen 10139:Chersonesus 10129:Borysthenes 9834:Tauromenion 9646:Metapontion 9408:Proto-Greek 9361:Erechtheion 9356:Athena Nike 9318:Philippeion 9147:Mathematics 9118:and science 9001:Agriculture 8865:Stesichorus 8775:Bacchylides 8765:Archilochus 8652:Antisthenes 8642:Anaximander 8614:Seven Sages 8604:Playwrights 8584:Geographers 8579:Astronomers 8406:Pezhetairos 8033: 1100 8013:Federations 7912:Megalopolis 7849:City states 7824:City states 7491:Mithridatic 7036:Old Persian 6843:Family tree 6422:. Penguin. 6187:Hall, p. 68 5981:Thucydides 5957:Thucydides 5945:Thucydides 5903:Thucydides 5862:Thucydides 5817:Thucydides 5696:Thucydides 5363:Herodotus 5225:Herodotus, 3929:Thucydides 3878:, pp. 1–13. 3454:Coinage of 3446:/30–410 BC. 3409:Artaphernes 3358:Halys River 3204:Leotychides 3138:Chersonesos 2957:Chersonesos 2638:Thermopylae 2545:Thermopylae 2457:Leotychides 2278:Mount Athos 2164:Artaphernes 2160:Artaphernes 2154:In 490 BC, 2137:Mount Athos 1953:Artaphernes 1949:Aristagoras 1767:Artaphrenes 1731:Cleisthenes 1711:Artaphernes 1709:In 507 BC, 1688:Cleisthenes 1637:Phoenicians 1458:Halys River 1259:biographies 1186:Tom Holland 1058:Artaphernes 989:Aristagoras 728:Pherendatis 596:Tithraustes 572:Hydarnes II 544:Artaphernes 527:Artemisia I 379:Callimachus 355:Aristagoras 299:Leotychides 125:Territorial 11268:Categories 11125:Kushan War 11113:Roman Wars 11090:Roman Wars 10780:Cretan War 10692:Lamian War 10613:Samian War 10327:Polemonion 10204:Phanagoria 10174:Kimmerikon 10169:Kerkinitis 10154:Hermonassa 10144:Dioscurias 10040:Aspalathos 9987:Kalathousa 9962:Akra Leuke 9891:Phoenicusa 9676:Scylletium 9661:Poseidonia 9581:Brentesion 9468:Pamphylian 9463:Macedonian 9381:Samothrace 9366:Hephaestus 9313:Long Walls 9292:Structures 9233:Underworld 9179:Technology 9142:Literature 9076:Philosophy 9041:Euergetism 8930:By culture 8875:Thucydides 8717:Pythagoras 8712:Protagoras 8702:Parmenides 8687:Heraclitus 8672:Empedocles 8662:Democritus 8647:Anaximenes 8637:Anaxagoras 8589:Historians 8082: 595 8069: 550 8050: 800 8035: – c. 7963:Cappadocia 7768:Ionian Sea 7758:Hellespont 7723:Aegean Sea 7511:Cappadocia 7505:Ariarathid 7481:Achaemenid 7442:Royal Road 7389:Pasargadae 6993:Harpy Tomb 6929:Persepolis 6665:2016-03-14 6519:. Abacus. 6226:Thucydides 6032:Herodotus 5800:Herodotus 5788:Herodotus 5776:Herodotus 5764:Herodotus 5749:Herodotus 5737:Herodotus 5725:Herodotus 5713:Herodotus 5684:Herodotus 5645:Herodotus 5624:Herodotus 5612:Herodotus 5600:Herodotus 5588:Herodotus 5576:Herodotus 5546:Herodotus 5534:Herodotus 5501:Herodotus 5489:Herodotus 5468:Herodotus 5447:Herodotus 5387:Herodotus 5375:Herodotus 5351:Herodotus 5330:Herodotus 5300:Herodotus 5279:Herodotus 5258:Herodotus 5237:Herodotus 5213:Herodotus 5201:Herodotus 5180:Herodotus 4933:Herodotus 4921:Herodotus 4909:Herodotus 4899:VII, 62–80 4897:Herodotus 4867:Herodotus 4855:Herodotus 4843:Herodotus 4789:Herodotus 4777:Herodotus 4765:Herodotus 4741:Herodotus 4729:Herodotus 4717:Herodotus 4705:Herodotus 4660:Herodotus 4648:Herodotus 4624:Herodotus 4600:Herodotus 4567:Herodotus 4555:Herodotus 4543:Herodotus 4531:Herodotus 4519:Herodotus 4484:Herodotus 4472:Herodotus 4460:Herodotus 4448:Herodotus 4438:V, 100–101 4436:Herodotus 4424:Herodotus 4412:Herodotus 4301:Herodotus 4289:Herodotus 4109:Herodotus 4097:Herodotus 4085:Herodotus 4073:Herodotus 4052:Herodotus 4028:Herodotus 4016:Herodotus 4004:Herodotus 3992:Herodotus 3980:Herodotus 3968:Herodotus 3919:I, 142–151 3917:Herodotus 3606:References 3444: 440 3427:Dynast of 3318:Artaxerxes 3311:Theopompus 3251:Asia Minor 3208:Xanthippus 3153:Prosopitis 2720:Artemisium 2676:Leonidas I 2642:Artemisium 2550:Artemisium 2445:Vix crater 2398:Alcmaeonid 2317:Cappadocia 2274:Hellespont 1940:Asia Minor 1719:Asia Minor 1703: 510 1587:linothorax 1562:Chigi vase 1542:Persepolis 1418:Clazomenae 1400:in Caria; 1220:Thucydides 1194:Thucydides 1178:, English 1050:Aegean Sea 1001:Asia Minor 993:expedition 929:Samian War 680:Ariabignes 668:Achaemenes 612:Ithamitres 532:Ariomardus 497:Leontiades 427:Demophilus 415:Cynaegirus 319:Melanthius 311:Charopinos 307:Xanthippus 295:Eurybiades 287:Arimnestos 279:Adeimantus 260:Leonidas I 78:499–449 BC 10575:Classical 10413:in Epirus 10362:Trapezous 10307:Mesambria 10292:Eupatoria 10262:Apollonia 10257:Anchialos 10219:Theodosia 10189:Nymphaion 10179:Myrmekion 10149:Gorgippia 10105:Black Sea 10090:Tragurion 10075:Nymphaion 10060:Epidauros 10055:Epidamnos 10045:Apollonia 10022:Zacynthos 9944:Ptolemais 9938:Apollonia 9911:Cyrenaica 9901:Therassía 9896:Strongyle 9876:Ereikousa 9799:Leontinoi 9739:Apollonia 9616:Hipponion 9413:Mycenaean 9376:Parthenon 9308:Lion Gate 9211:Mythology 9174:Sculpture 9137:Astronomy 9071:Pederasty 9046:Festivals 9031:Education 8911:Lawgivers 8880:Timocreon 8860:Sophocles 8855:Simonides 8830:Philocles 8825:Panyassis 8820:Mimnermus 8785:Herodotus 8780:Euripides 8750:Aeschylus 8697:Leucippus 8657:Aristotle 8436:Strategos 8302:Synedrion 8256:Ostracism 8236:Areopagus 8188:Free city 7983:Macedonia 7867:Byzantion 7773:Macedonia 7738:Cyrenaica 7715:Geography 7649:Geography 7486:Pharnacid 7474:Dynasties 7418:Satrapies 7384:Capitals 7352:Diplomacy 7051:Ganjnameh 6342:. Brill. 6247:Hellenica 6214:Herodotus 6008:Diodorus 5503:VIII, 100 4569:VI, 31–33 4496:Boardman 3497:Agesilaus 3464:Faravahar 3456:Tiribazos 3362:Isocrates 3303:Isocrates 3259:Pamphylia 3158:Mendisium 3143:Pampremis 3126:Eurymedon 3120:3rd Naxos 3006:Byzantium 3000:Byzantium 2981:Plistorus 2973:Artayctes 2929:Byzantium 2842:Pausanias 2817:Mardonius 2762:Acropolis 2712:Ephialtes 2453:Demaratus 2443:hoplite ( 2439:Probable 2424:ostracism 2282:Babylonia 2225:Miltiades 2121:Mardonius 2056:of Greece 1945:Histiaeus 1874:Labraunda 1771:Hystaspes 1759:Cleomenes 1739:Herodotus 1665:Herodotus 1645:Cilicians 1641:Egyptians 1630:diekplous 1550:sparabara 1538:Immortals 1438:Panionion 1300:Byzantine 1292:Pausanias 1267:Aristides 1168:Herodotus 1160:Herodotus 1132:Inaros II 1112:Pausanias 1108:Byzantium 1064:, before 1038:Mardonius 740:Artayctes 716:Masistius 704:Mardonius 644:Mardontes 600:Artayntes 588:Megabyzus 584:Megabazus 580:Megabates 552:Artyphius 540:Artapanus 536:Artabazus 451:Histiaeus 439:Eualcides 331:Stesilaos 303:Pausanias 248:Miltiades 220:Thessalia 10699:Diadochi 10462:Category 10440:Theatres 10367:Tripolis 10302:Kerasous 10297:Heraclea 10229:Tyritake 10184:Nikonion 10095:Thronion 10017:Salauris 9972:Emporion 9929:Berenice 9919:Balagrae 9871:Euonymos 9844:Tyndaris 9829:Syracuse 9824:Selinous 9794:Kamarina 9749:Casmenae 9734:Akrillai 9651:Neápolis 9586:Caulonia 9567:Mainland 9498:Linear B 9493:Linear A 9423:Dialects 9400:Language 9194:Religion 9152:Medicine 9086:Religion 9051:Folklore 9036:Emporium 9011:Clothing 9006:Calendar 8890:Xenophon 8885:Tyrtaeus 8870:Theognis 8845:Polybius 8840:Plutarch 8815:Menander 8795:Hipponax 8722:Socrates 8677:Epicurus 8523:Diadochi 8421:Sciritae 8381:Hetairoi 8356:Ballista 8321:Military 8284:Gerousia 8274:Ekklesia 8241:Ecclesia 8223:Athenian 8171:Politics 8084:–279 BC) 8071:–366 BC) 8052:–389 BC) 7988:Pergamon 7958:Bithynia 7951:Kingdoms 7892:Pergamon 7834:Military 7829:Politics 7626:Timeline 7519:Lygdamid 7455:Angarium 7396:Ecbatana 6848:Timeline 6252:Plutarch 6242:Anabasis 6237:Xenophon 6034:VII, 151 5491:VIII, 97 5470:VIII, 89 5449:VIII, 63 5389:VIII, 41 5377:VIII, 21 5353:VII, 223 5332:VII, 210 5302:VIII, 40 5281:VII, 173 5260:VII, 100 5239:VII, 160 5227:VII, 148 5215:VII, 145 5182:VII, 239 4969:Archived 4949:Archived 4857:VII, 150 4533:VI, 8–16 4505:Archived 4018:I, 74–75 3639:(2011). 3529:See also 3397:Bosporus 3389:Phaselis 3266:Egyptian 3113:Karystos 3029:Bosporus 3010:besieged 2965:Oeobazus 2684:Phocians 2632:and the 2624:Greece ( 2602:Doriskos 2570:Olynthus 2565:Potidaea 2409:zeugites 2347:Xerxes I 2301:Thessaly 2293:Aleuadae 2270:Xerxes I 2266:Egyptian 2221:Marathon 2191:besieged 2088:Marathon 2078:Karystos 1783:— 1715:Darius I 1649:Cypriots 1577:zeugites 1573:hoplites 1509:Harpagus 1477:Astyages 1449:Alyattes 1426:Erythrae 1406:Colophon 1366:Aeolians 1358:dark age 1311:Justinus 1230:and the 1210:Historia 1202:Plutarch 1176:Historia 1134:against 1062:Cyclades 906:• 902:• 898:• 750:Aridolis 656:Tigranes 632:Daurises 620:Artybius 576:Masistes 564:Gongylos 515:Xerxes I 475:Perilaus 463:Onesilus 254:Pericles 185:Thespiae 105:Anatolia 83:Location 11220:Portals 10822: ( 10760: ( 10532:Archaic 10482:Outline 10435:Temples 10372:Zaliche 10352:Thèrmae 10342:Sesamus 10312:Odessos 10287:Cytorus 10282:Cotyora 10032:Illyria 9997:Mainake 9992:Kypsela 9881:Hycesia 9839:Thermae 9819:Segesta 9809:Messana 9764:Helorus 9744:Calacte 9724:Akragas 9686:Sybaris 9671:Rhegion 9626:Krimisa 9576:Alision 9485:Writing 9458:Locrian 9448:Epirote 9418:Homeric 9351:Artemis 9338:Temples 9279:Olympia 9249:Eleusis 9184:Theatre 9169:Pottery 9096:Warfare 9091:Slavery 9026:Economy 9021:Cuisine 9016:Coinage 8993:Society 8978:Culture 8973:Society 8921:Tyrants 8760:Alcaeus 8742:Authors 8692:Hypatia 8682:Gorgias 8619:Writers 8441:Toxotai 8411:Sarissa 8401:Peltast 8396:Phalanx 8376:Hoplite 8371:Hippeis 8294:Macedon 8266:Spartan 8251:Heliaia 8198:Proxeny 7907:Larissa 7902:Kerkyra 7897:Eretria 7887:Miletus 7882:Ephesus 7877:Corinth 7872:Chalcis 7793:Taurica 7663:Periods 7644:History 7556:Related 7539:Armenia 7533:Orontid 7462:Angarum 7424:Armenia 7403:Babylon 7065:Warfare 7019:Culture 6949:Tachara 6935:Apadana 6836:History 5802:IX, 121 5790:IX, 120 5778:IX, 119 5766:IX, 118 5751:IX, 117 5739:IX, 116 5727:IX, 115 5715:IX, 114 5686:IX, 104 5647:IX, 100 5365:VIII, 2 5203:VII, 32 4935:VII, 35 4923:VII, 37 4911:VII, 26 4791:VI, 116 4779:VI, 115 4767:VI, 117 4743:VI, 102 4731:VI, 101 4719:VI, 100 4291:VII, 89 3874:Green, 3462:, with 3435:, with 3382:Ephorus 3323:Callias 3299:Ephorus 3273:Memphis 3269:satrapy 3148:Memphis 3035:in the 3033:Kolonai 2838:Plataea 2831:Plataea 2749:Boeotia 2725:Salamis 2704:phalanx 2700:hoplite 2680:Hippeis 2672:Carneia 2650:Troezen 2626:Boeotia 2575:Plataea 2560:Salamis 2478:Corinth 2441:Spartan 2416:Laurium 2313:Kritala 2297:Larissa 2168:Cilicia 2129:Macedon 2083:Eretria 2001:Samians 1976:tyrants 1957:mission 1889:Miletus 1879:Pedasus 1869:Marsyas 1859:Ephesus 1854:Sardis 1769:son of 1747:Hippias 1626:ramming 1622:trireme 1569:phalanx 1566:hoplite 1471:prince 1469:Persian 1462:Croesus 1445:Lydians 1422:Phocaea 1410:Lebedos 1402:Ephesus 1390:Miletus 1374:Ionians 1370:Dorians 1338:Plataea 1323:Photius 1285:Ephorus 1151:Sources 1046:Macedon 1013:Eretria 985:Miletus 978:tyrants 734:† 722:† 710:† 698:† 686:† 674:† 662:† 650:† 638:† 626:† 616:Peraxes 608:Hyamees 568:Hippias 481:† 469:† 457:† 445:† 433:† 421:† 409:† 397:† 385:† 373:† 361:† 349:† 337:† 325:† 267:† 235:Macedon 225:Boeotia 209:vassals 131:Macedon 127:changes 63:at the 57:hoplite 11258:Europe 11234:Greece 10828:Second 10774:Fourth 10766:Second 10472:Portal 10420:People 10408:Cities 10347:Sinope 10332:Rhizos 10322:Phasis 10272:Bathus 10267:Athina 10252:Amisos 10214:Tanais 10209:Pityus 10134:Charax 10085:Pharos 10080:Orikon 9977:Helike 9967:Alonis 9934:Cyrene 9866:Didyme 9779:Himera 9754:Catana 9716:Sicily 9706:Thurii 9701:Terina 9666:Pixous 9621:Hydrus 9596:Croton 9428:Aeolic 9346:Aphaea 9269:Dodona 9254:Delphi 9223:Temple 8899:Others 8850:Sappho 8835:Pindar 8810:Lucian 8805:Ibycus 8790:Hesiod 8727:Thales 8495:Rulers 8474:People 8451:Xyston 8446:Xiphos 8307:Koinon 8213:Tyrant 8203:Stasis 8193:Koinon 7993:Pontus 7968:Epirus 7937:Sparta 7927:Rhodes 7922:Megara 7917:Thebes 7862:Athens 7788:Pontus 7753:Epirus 7743:Cyprus 7728:Aeolis 7497:Pontus 6901:Danake 6780: 6761: 6740: 6721: 6702: 6681: 6656: 6635: 6616: 6597: 6565: 6542: 6523: 6502: 6483: 6464: 6445: 6426: 6403: 6380: 6364: 6346: 6323: 6304: 6010:XII, 4 5983:I, 112 5959:I, 109 5947:I, 104 5626:IX, 65 5614:IX, 66 5602:IX, 63 5590:IX, 62 5578:IX, 59 5548:IX, 10 5155: 4845:VII, 7 4707:VI, 96 4650:VI, 45 4626:VI, 44 4602:VI, 43 4557:VI, 25 4545:VI, 19 4498:et al. 4486:V, 121 4474:V, 117 4462:V, 116 4450:V, 102 4384: 4354: 4207: 4133:Fine, 4111:I, 169 4099:I, 164 4087:I, 163 4075:I, 141 3994:I, 148 3982:I, 143 3970:I, 142 3840:I, 137 3655: 3651:–100. 3597: 3587: 3577: 3559: 3437:Athena 3433:Kherei 3331:Argive 3282:Kition 3163:Kition 3132:Thasos 3106:Skyros 3044:Dorkis 2991:Cyprus 2985:Elaeus 2969:Cardia 2961:Sestos 2950:Sestos 2924:Cyprus 2919:Sestos 2914:Mycale 2827:Megara 2758:Megara 2630:Attica 2598:Therme 2580:Mycale 2555:Athens 2431:Sparta 2420:Aegina 2388:89333. 2379:Athens 2321:Abydos 2305:Thebes 2217:Attica 2187:Euboea 2180:Lindos 2172:Rhodes 2144:Sparta 2133:vassal 2125:Thrace 2068:Lindos 1985:Darius 1934:, and 1932:Cyprus 1924:Aeolis 1899:Malene 1864:Cyprus 1775:Darius 1763:Sardis 1744:tyrant 1735:Sparta 1727:Athens 1723:Sardis 1696:Athens 1692:Athena 1669:Sparta 1609:psiloi 1604:xiphos 1582:hoplon 1556:Greece 1528:Persia 1489:Delphi 1485:oracle 1454:Median 1398:Priene 1334:Delphi 1140:Cyprus 1104:Sestos 1077:Xerxes 1042:Thrace 1017:Sardis 1009:Athens 752: 742: 730: 718: 706: 694: 682: 670: 658: 646: 634: 622: 499: 489: 477: 465: 453: 441: 429: 417: 405: 393: 381: 369: 357: 345: 333: 321: 263: 230:Thebes 190:Thebes 180:Sparta 171: 167:Athens 143:Persia 137:, and 135:Thrace 117:Result 101:Cyprus 99:, and 93:Thrace 89:Greece 10832:Third 10824:First 10770:Third 10762:First 10430:Stoae 10398:Lists 10317:Oinòe 10240:coast 10238:South 10224:Tyras 10194:Olbia 10164:Kepoi 10117:coast 10115:North 10108:basin 10050:Aulon 10012:Rhode 9924:Barca 9814:Naxos 9769:Henna 9729:Akrai 9696:Taras 9681:Siris 9641:Medma 9636:Locri 9601:Cumae 9591:Chone 9569:Italy 9475:Koine 9453:Ionic 9443:Doric 9438:Attic 9259:Delos 9157:Music 8800:Homer 8755:Aesop 8707:Plato 8609:Poets 8279:Ephor 8231:Agora 8208:Tagus 8183:Boule 7932:Samos 7857:Argos 7763:Ionia 7748:Doris 7733:Crete 7525:Caria 6908:Daric 5905:I, 96 5864:I, 95 5819:I, 94 5698:I, 89 5536:IX, 7 4966:p.713 4869:VII,6 4662:VI 48 4521:VI, 6 4426:V, 33 4414:V, 31 4303:VI, 9 4054:I, 53 4030:I, 26 4006:I, 22 3931:I, 12 3716:I, 22 3551:Notes 3460:Lydia 3429:Lycia 3247:Cimon 3216:Delos 3037:Troad 3018:siege 2394:Paros 2368:Iliad 2289:Argos 2176:Datis 2156:Datis 2073:Naxos 1936:Caria 1928:Doris 1894:Chios 1849:Naxos 1592:aspis 1473:Cyrus 1434:Chios 1430:Samos 1386:Ionia 1382:Caria 1378:Lydia 1271:Cimon 1054:Datis 997:Naxos 974:Ionia 560:Boges 556:Datis 403:Cimon 206:Greek 139:Ionia 109:Egypt 61:kylix 11246:Iran 10357:Tium 10124:Akra 10065:Issa 9759:Gela 9631:Laüs 9606:Elea 9264:Dion 9116:Arts 9106:Wine 8732:Zeno 8329:Wars 7410:Susa 6778:ISBN 6759:ISBN 6738:ISBN 6719:ISBN 6700:ISBN 6679:ISBN 6654:ISBN 6633:ISBN 6614:ISBN 6595:ISBN 6563:ISBN 6540:ISBN 6521:ISBN 6500:ISBN 6481:ISBN 6462:ISBN 6443:ISBN 6424:ISBN 6401:ISBN 6378:ISBN 6362:ISBN 6344:ISBN 6321:ISBN 6302:ISBN 5153:ISBN 4382:ISBN 4352:ISBN 4205:ISBN 3740:xxiv 3703:xvii 3653:ISBN 3589:iii: 3567:and 3327:Susa 3309:and 3100:Eion 2829:and 2796:and 2741:and 2664:and 2461:Susa 2158:and 1947:and 1918:The 1884:Lade 1757:and 1647:and 1598:dory 1467:The 1432:and 1424:and 1414:Teos 1396:and 1394:Myus 1380:and 1372:and 1317:and 1303:Suda 1056:and 1044:and 1011:and 964:and 952:The 75:Date 11177:3rd 11172:2nd 11167:1st 11010:2nd 11005:1st 9061:Law 6871:Art 3699:xvi 3599:iv: 3579:ii: 3257:in 2967:of 2465:gap 2299:in 1698:". 1487:of 1313:), 1294:'s 1261:of 1130:by 11270:: 10830:, 10826:, 10772:, 10768:, 10764:, 8079:c. 8066:c. 8047:c. 8030:c. 6582:32 6580:. 6300:. 6296:. 6277:, 6266:, 6254:, 6245:, 6239:, 6228:, 6216:, 6124:^ 6076:^ 6016:^ 6001:^ 5989:^ 5974:^ 5929:^ 5896:^ 5882:^ 5870:^ 5851:^ 5837:^ 5825:^ 5808:^ 5757:^ 5704:^ 5509:^ 5413:^ 5119:^ 5105:^ 5093:^ 5070:^ 5060:. 5022:^ 4818:^ 4797:^ 4749:^ 4689:^ 4668:^ 4617:^ 4575:^ 4500:, 4396:^ 4366:^ 4330:^ 4320:. 4309:^ 4282:^ 4187:^ 4171:^ 4153:^ 4141:^ 4117:^ 4036:^ 3910:^ 3846:^ 3813:^ 3747:^ 3722:^ 3688:^ 3649:99 3621:. 3561:i: 3441:c. 3431:, 3378:or 3376:) 3366:or 3364:) 3351:or 2768:. 2727:. 2652:. 2628:, 2327:. 2315:, 2284:. 1963:. 1930:, 1926:, 1737:. 1700:c. 1643:, 1639:, 1420:, 1416:, 1412:, 1408:, 1404:, 1392:, 1368:, 1265:, 1244:, 1147:. 987:, 133:, 95:, 91:, 11222:: 10883:e 10876:t 10869:v 10834:) 10776:) 10516:e 10509:t 10502:v 9940:) 9936:( 8077:( 8064:( 8045:( 8039:) 8028:( 8015:/ 7607:e 7600:t 7593:v 6814:e 6807:t 6800:v 6786:. 6767:. 6746:. 6727:. 6708:. 6687:. 6668:. 6641:. 6622:. 6603:. 6584:. 6571:. 6548:. 6529:. 6508:. 6489:. 6470:. 6451:. 6432:. 6409:. 6386:. 6368:) 6352:. 6340:) 6329:. 6310:. 5161:. 5064:. 4989:. 4390:. 4360:. 4324:. 4213:. 3742:. 3705:. 3701:– 3661:. 3625:. 3360:( 3077:e 3070:t 3063:v 2891:e 2884:t 2877:v 2522:e 2515:t 2508:v 2353:. 2260:. 2045:e 2038:t 2031:v 1828:e 1821:t 1814:v 1240:( 925:) 921:( 910:) 894:( 873:e 866:t 859:v 796:e 789:t 782:v 211:: 163:: 111:) 36:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Greco-Persian Wars

Index