Greco-Italian War - Knowledge

2246: 1748:, through he did not criticize Prasca's plans. Badoglio also stated he believed it was very unlikely that Britain would send forces to Greece and wanted an Italian offensive into Egypt to be timed with the invasion of Greece. Roatta suggested that the schedule of moving troops to Albania would have to be accelerated and called for two divisions to be sent against Thessaloniki as a diversion. Prasca pointed out the inadequacy of Albanian harbours for the rapid transfer of Italian divisions, the mountainous terrain, and the poor state of the Greek transport network, but remained confident that Athens could be captured after the fall of Epirus, with "five or six divisions". The meeting ended with an outline plan, summed up by Mussolini as "offensive in Epirus; observation and pressure on Salonika, and, in a second phase, march on Athens". The British historian Ian Kershaw called the meeting at the Palazzo Venezia on 15 October 1940 "one of the most superficial and dilettantish discussions of high-risk military strategy ever recorded". The Greek historian Aristotle Kallis writes that Mussolini in October 1940 "was overpowered by hubris", a supremely overconfident man whose vainglorious pursuit of power led him to believe that under his leadership Italy was about to win as he put it "the glory she has sought in vain for three centuries". 4091:. Sullivan also demonstrates that the deficiencies in doctrine, training, leadership, organization and logistics that were apparent during the Spanish Civil War were simply ignored. A typical example is the testing in Spain of the new binary divisions; although they proved "too weak against opponents better armed than the Ethiopians and too inflexible in maneuver", so that the Italian divisions in Spain reverted to the traditional triangular pattern in November 1937, in the very same month, Army chief of staff Pariani insisted on pressing on with the reorganization as the greater number of divisions resulting from it "would give Fascist Italy the appearance of greater military power". The diversion of large quantities of material and funds to the Spanish intervention also impacted the Italian Army negatively: according to the official Italian history of the conflict, the material left in or donated to Spain would have sufficed to provide for 55 fully equipped divisions in June 1940, rather than the 19 fully and 34 partially equipped ones in reality. 2696:. The swamps of the Kalamas river, especially before Kalpaki, formed a major obstacle not only to armoured formations, but even to the movement of infantry. A further battalion and some artillery were detached to the Preveza area in the event of an Italian landing, but as this did not materialize, they were swiftly moved to reinforce the coastal sector. By the night of 29/30 October, the Greek covering units had withdrawn to the Kalpaki line, and by 1 November, Italian units made contact with the Greek line. During these three days, the Italians prepared their assault, bombarding the Greek positions with aircraft and artillery. In the meantime, the developing Italian threat in the Pindus sector forced Papagos to cable Katsimitros that his main mission was to cover the Pindus passes and the flanks of the Greek forces in western Macedonia, and to avoid offering resistance if it left his forces depleted. Katsimitros had already decided to defend his line, however, and disregarded these instructions, but detached some forces to cover its right along the 1272: 4663:

Italian propaganda; the capable NCOs and officers, from the rank of platoon leader to that of regiment or division commander who reacted adroitly and very quickly carried out successful decisions, whether they concerned artillery firing or mortar shots or the capture of strategic points; the biological superiority of mountain or rural population (especially people from Epirus, Roumeli, Macedonia, Thessaly), which made up the biggest mass of the infantry forces; the complete devotion of the non-combatant people (women, old people and children) living on the border line (of Epirus and Western Macedonia); the extremely unfavorable weather conditions, which hindered both sides equally, but which were more adverse for the attacker. These are, I believe, the most important factors which made a joint contribution to a profound psychological transformation, which changed the defender into a ruthless attacker, regardless of any sacrifice, at any cost.

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potential Greek alliance only a drain on their own resources. With British encouragement, Metaxas made diplomatic overtures to Italy in August, and on 12 September, Mussolini wrote to Metaxas, assuring him that if he entered the war, Italy would respect Greek neutrality, and that Italian troops based in Albania would be pulled back about 30 kilometres (20 miles) from the Greek border. The Italian dictator even instructed Grazzi, to express his trust towards Metaxas and offer to sell Greece aircraft. On 20 September, the Italians offered to formalize relations by renewing the 1928 treaty. Metaxas rejected this, as the British Foreign Office was opposed to a formal commitment by Greece to Italy, and made only a public declaration of friendship and good-will. Greek–Italian relations entered a friendly phase that lasted until spring 1940.

2779:, over the Pindus Mountains towards Metsovo, which threatened to separate the Greek forces in Epirus from those in Macedonia. The opposing Greek force, the Pindus Detachment, numbered 2,000 men, was formed of reservists of the 51st Regiment, mobilized on 29 August, while one of its three battalions (III/51) was formed as late as 15 October and was still on its way to the front. Colonel Davakis and his men had to cover a front some 37 km in width, and moreover over extremely broken terrain. The Italian attack began under torrential rainfall and made rapid progress, forcing the Greeks to abandon their forward posts, especially in the Detachment's central sector. Davakis was forced to deploy the companies of the III/51 Battalion piecemeal as soon as they arrived, leaving himself with no reserves. 4037:

that caused problems for the operation from the start. He adds that the German invasion into Greece in spring 1941 did not cause significant damage to tanks and other vehicles needed for Barbarossa, the equipment diverted to Greece being used on the southern flank of the attack on the Soviet Union. Von Rintelen emphasizes that although the diversion of German resources into Greece just prior to the attack on the Soviet Union did little for the latter operation, Italy's invasion of Greece did not undermine Barbarossa before the operation started. Instead, Italy's invasion of Greece was to have serious consequences for its ongoing campaign in North Africa. Moreover, Italy would have been in a better position to execute its North African campaign had it initially occupied Tunis and Malta.

7126:, p. 309: "The territory over which the Epiros and Albania campaign was fought was far more familiar to the Greeks than to the Italians, only a small proportion of whomhad any familiarity at all with mountains and how to fight in them. Many of the Greeks, especially those from Epiros, were fighting for their homes in a quite literal sense. Local people guided them over every inch of the crags. Some of the Greeks' weaponry was also superior to the Italian; the Czechoslovak-made Hotchkiss machine gun, for example, outperformed its Italian equivalents from the Breda and Fiat plants, was less liable to overheating and jammed less often. Also from Czechoslovakia came the Skoda 75mm and 105mm mountain cannon which were employed to such admirable effect by the Greeks. This equipment... 1341:, Greece, Bulgaria, and Hungary". Venizelos countered the policy with diplomatic agreements among Greek neighbours and established an "annual Balkan conference ... to study questions of common interest, particularly of an economic nature, with the ultimate aim of establishing some kind of regional union". This increased diplomatic relations and by 1934 was resistant to "all forms of territorial revisionism". Venizelos adroitly maintained a principle of "open diplomacy" and was careful not to alienate traditional Greek patrons in Britain and France. The Greco-Italian friendship agreement ended Greek diplomatic isolation and led to a series of bilateral agreements, most notably the Greco-Turkish Friendship Convention in 1930. This process culminated in the signature of the 4185:

the desperate efforts for control, the strict measures for unjustified retreats and abandonment of positions, the tragic appeal even for German help (on 24 November and 17 December). In his reports, Soddu analysed Greek offensive tactics and the bravery and the moral strength of the enemy, during this period from November–December, the Greeks used no new method of military tactics or quickly took advantage of the land left back by the Italian retreat. Mussolini, after the capture of Himara by the Greeks, wrote of the high morale that contributed to the victory of the enemy (24 December). The Greek successes against Italy helped raise morale in Allied Europe and showed that the Axis were not invincible. Inspired by these military developments, British Prime Minister,

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sector was also repulsed. The Greek units east of the Kalamas were withdrawn during the night. On 5–7 November, repeated assaults were launched against the Grabala and other heights; on the night of the 7th, Grabala briefly fell once more, but was swiftly recaptured. On 8 November, the Italians began withdrawing and assuming defensive positions until the arrival of reinforcements. On the coastal sector, the Italians made better progress. The Greek covering units were forced south of the Kalamas already on the first day, but the bad state of the roads delayed the Italian advance. On the night of 4/5 November, the Italians crossed the river and broke through the defences of the local Greek battalion, forcing Lioumbas to order his forces to withdraw south of the

1617:. Mussolini, who had not been informed in advance, regarded it as an encroachment on Italy's sphere of influence in the Balkans, and advanced plans for an invasion of Greece. The fact that Hitler never told Mussolini of any foreign policy moves in advance had long been considered humiliating by the latter and he was to determined to strike Greece without informing Hitler as a way of asserting Italian equality with Germany. On 13 October, Mussolini told Marshal Badoglio that Italy was going to war with Greece, with Badoglio making no objections. The next day, Badoglio first learned that Mussolini planned to occupy all of Greece instead of just Epirus as he had been led to understand, which led Badoglio to say that the 1995:

more defensible line, and it was only through Katsimitros' insistence that the Italian attack was confronted close to the border. Metaxas himself, during a briefing of the press on 30 October 1940, reiterated his unshakeable confidence on the ultimate victory of Britain, and hence of Greece, but was less confident on the short-term prospects, noting that "Greece is not fighting for victory. It is fighting for glory. And for its honour. ... A nation must be able to fight, if it wants to remain great, even with no hope of victory. Just because it has to." On the other hand, this pessimism was not shared by the population at large, whose enthusiasm, optimism, and the almost religious indignation at the torpedoing of

2881:—which consumed all of the Italian Air Force's transport capacity to the detriment of Africa—could transport troops, but not heavy equipment. The Greek order of battle on 14 November consisted of Lieutenant-General Demestichas' I Corps on the coastal sector (2nd, 8th, and the Cavalry Divisions, and the Lioumbas Detachment), Lieutenant-General Papadopoulos' II Corps in the Pindus sector (1st Infantry Division, 5th Brigade and the Cavalry Brigade), and Lieutenant-General Tsolakoglou's III Corps in western Macedonia (9th, 10th, 15th Infantry Divisions, with 11th Division assembling in its rear). The latter two corps were under the command of TSDM, led by Lieutenant-General Pitsikas. The 3098: 4026:"pointless campaign in Greece", Germany was not notified in advance of the impending attack, which "compelled us, contrary to all our plans, to intervene in the Balkans, and that in its turn led to a catastrophic delay in the launching of our attack on Russia. We were compelled to expend some of our best divisions there. And as a net result we were then forced to occupy vast territories in which, but for this stupid show, the presence of our troops would have been quite unnecessary". "We have no luck with the Latin races", he complained afterwards. Mussolini took advantage of Hitler's preoccupation with Spain and France "to set in motion his disastrous campaign against Greece". 3315: 454: 437: 426: 414: 394: 378: 365: 14692: 14569: 14435: 14315: 2768: 213: 2608:, in his memoirs regarded the second phase as ending on 28 December 1940; as the historian Ioannis Koliopoulos comments, this seems more appropriate, as December marked a watershed in the course of the war, with the Greek counter-offensive gradually grinding to a halt, the German threat becoming clear, and the beginning of British attempts to guide and shape Greek strategy. According to Koliopoulos, the final three months of the war were militarily of little significance as they did not alter the situation of the two combatants, but were mostly dominated by the diplomatic and political developments leading up to the German invasion. 1518:

under his rule. On 10 August 1940, Ciano met Mussolini to tell him the story of the Albanian bandit Daut Hoxha, whom Ciano presented to Mussolini as a pro-Italian Albanian patriot murdered by the Greeks. In reality, Hoxha was a cattle-thief with a "long history of extreme violence and criminality" who had been beheaded by a rival gang of Albanian bandits. As intended, Ciano's story worked Mussolini into a state of rage against the Greeks, with Ciano writing in his diary: "The Duce is considering an 'act of force because since 1923 he has some accounts to settle and the Greeks deceive themselves if they think he has forgotten'".

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the attack take place on 26 October and asked for the opinion of the assembled. Jacomoni agreed that the Albanians were enthusiastic but that the Greeks would fight, likely with British help, while Ciano suggested that the Greek people were apathetic and would not support the "plutocratic" ruling class. Prasca offered assurances that the operation was as perfectly planned as "humanly possible", and promised to finish off the Greek forces in Epirus (which he estimated at 30,000 men) and capture the port of Preveza in ten to fifteen days. Prasca regarded the campaign as an opportunity to win fame and achieve the coveted rank of

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great hardship in the Albanian mountains, "due to the incompetence and unforgivably bad planning of their leaders". In 2008, Paoletti wrote that the Italian army fought in difficult terrain, was short of clothing and equipment and units were split up as they arrived and used piecemeal. Mussolini was guilty of "criminal improvidence", in causing the great number casualties of the Italian army. The German invasion "went smoothly, because the Greek army was concentrated against the Italians". In 2009, Mazower wrote that the Italian invasion of Greece was a disaster and the "first Axis setback" of the war. Mussolini had sent

342: 331: 2493: 4672:"Still, inexorable questions are put forth to the historian: what is the content, finally, of the "miracle" or of those glorious days of war in Albania if the Greek victors defeated an easy enemy, whose superiority in numbers and arms seemed to play a completely unimportant role. Strong proof of that optimistic over-simplification of probably the most serious factor, which has to do with the justification or non-justification of a military conflict, has survived up to date among the Greek public opinion: that is, that the Italian "macaronis" took to their heels and the Greeks nearly threw them into the sea." 2749:, State Undersecretary of War, assumed his place. Soddu's report from Albania underlined Greek resistance in Epirus and the mounting threat of the Greek concentration in western Macedonia, and recommended taking up defensive positions "while awaiting the reinforcements that would permit us to resume action as soon as possible". Mussolini consented. With the Italians on the defensive, 8th Division began launching local counterattacks to regain the lost ground. By 13 November, the Greek forces once again stood at the Kalamas river along its entire length. On 12 November, I Army Corps under Lieutenant-General 2844: 4142:"), as the Italians were pejoratively called. Various factors have contributed to the high morale of the Greek side and the subsequent repulsion of the Italian attacks: the strong belief in a just cause, the specialized and well trained military personnel of the Greek army and its leadership, as well as the devotion of the civilian population who lived next to the battlefields, including women, children and the elderly, to the Greek cause. Public opinion in Greece still accepts that the failure of the numerically superior Italian army came as a result of its unjustified action against Greece. 14858: 14762: 14644: 353: 14954: 14470: 14374: 1591:

believer in Italian–Greek friendship, and unaware of Ciano's shift towards war, he tried his best to smooth over problems and avoid a conflict. As a result, Metaxas, who believed Grazzi to be a "faithful executor of Rome's orders", was left unsure of Italy's true intentions, wavering between optimism and "crises of prudent rationalism", in the words of Tsirpanlis. Neither Metaxas nor Grazzi realized that the latter was being kept in his post "deliberately in order to allay the suspicions of the Greek government and so that the aggressive plans against Greece might remain concealed".

320: 309: 298: 287: 276: 265: 252: 182: 3296:, was formed, comprising I and II Corps. Despite Greek success in Albania, dissension within the Greek leadership emerged over strategy towards the expected German attack and the need for a withdrawal in Albania. The front commanders in Albania represented their views to GHQ in Athens and in early March, Papagos moved to replace virtually the entire leadership in the Albanian front: Drakos, Kosmas and Papadopoulos, the commanders of TSI, I and II Corps respectively, were replaced by the TSDM commander Lieutenant-General Pitsikas, Lieutenant-General Demestichas and Major-General 167: 2953:, forbade any further retreat, restoring the front. On 19–21 November, the Greeks captured the summit of Morava. Fearing that they would be surrounded and cut off, the Italians retreated towards the Devoll valley during the night, and on 22 November the city of Korçë was captured by 9th Division. By 27 November, TSDM had captured the entire Korçë plateau, suffering 624 dead and 2,348 wounded. Further south and west, I and II Corps had moved to evict the Italians from Greek territory, which they achieved by 23 November. II Corps further moved across the border line, capturing 2617: 152: 1417:, arrived in Athens later in April. During his tenure, Grazzi worked earnestly for the improvement of Italian–Greek relations, something that Metaxas too desired—despite his anglophile stance, Grazzi considered him "the only real friend Italy could claim in Greece"—but he was in the awkward position of being ignorant of his country's actual policy towards Greece: he had arrived with no instructions whatsoever, and was constantly left out of the loop thereafter, frequently receiving no replies to his dispatches. Tensions mounted as a result of a continued 1476:. The allegations were overblown but not entirely unjustified: in January 1940, bowing to British pressure, Greece concluded a trade agreement with Britain, limiting its exports to Germany and allowing Britain to use the large Greek merchant fleet for its war effort, marking Greece a tacit member of the anti-Axis camp, despite its official neutrality. British warships did sail deep into the Aegean, leading the British ambassador in Athens to recommend, on 17 August, that the government put a stop to them. Mussolini saw his war as a 7150:, p. 309: "Meanwhile, Greek, British and Yugoslav officers met and agreed that Greece and Yugoslavia join forces for a final push against the Italians in Albania to drive them into the sea and remove the threat from that quarter once and for all. Papagos was in the middle of drafting the necessary orders – the Epiros Army Department to advance on Vlore and Berat, while the West Macedonia Army Depart- ment cut around in a scything movement to Elbasan and Durres – when Hitler set his own much bigger plans in motion." 14142: 3069:, without waiting for I and II Corps to level with TSDM. Papagos refused and ordered the plan to continue, with III Corps relegated to a passive role (this decision was later criticized, coupled with the onset of winter, it immobilised the Greek right wing). Despite the atrocious weather and the heavy snowfall, the Greek offensive continued on the left throughout December. I Corps, now comprising 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions (8th Division and the Lioumbas Detachment were moved back into reserve) captured 14727: 14609: 1595: 472: 228: 4146: 3397:

200,000–300,000 partly-trained men on paper, could not be mobilized for lack of arms and equipment, which were being consumed by the Albanian front. By the end of March 1941, the Greek Army possessed one month's supply in various types of artillery ammunition. The British had already supplied, among other goods, 40 million 7.92 rounds and 150 mortars (50 51mm and 100 76mm) the previous month, but had not yet fulfilled the Greeks' mid-January request of 300,000 uniforms and sets of shoes.

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Greek-Yugoslavian operation would force the Italians back to the Adriatic. Orders given by General Papagos dictated the advance of the Epirus Army towards Vlore and Berat, while the West Macedonia Army would cut the remaining Italian units located in Elbasan and Durrës. Additionally, Papagos advised the Yugoslav side to advance in the direction of Durrës, Kukes and Elbasan. A swift Italian defeat would free up forces that could be used for the defence of Macedonia against a German threat.

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the Greek High Command to commit most of its army in eastern Macedonia and Thrace. It was not until 24 October that Badoglio realized that not only were the Greeks already mobilizing, but that they were prepared to divert most of their forces to Epirus, leaving only six divisions against Bulgaria. Prasca would still have numerical superiority at the start of the campaign (some 150,000 men against 120,000) but concerns grew over the vulnerability of the left flank. The

1513:, off Athens. Ciano's diary confirms that over the summer of 1940, Mussolini turned his attention to the Balkans: on 6 August, Mussolini was planning an attack on Yugoslavia, while on 10–12 August he railed against the Greeks, promising to rectify the "unfinished business" of 1923. Count Ciano was the Italian official who had pushed most strongly for the conquest of Albania in 1939 and afterwards Albania was ruled very much as his own "personal fiefdom" as the viceroy 1035: 4266:

German involvement was not decisive in the Greco-Italian conflict: "The Duce... was convinced that a quick decision would be arrived at one way or another in the forthcoming season. I was of the same opinion." He stated that he had no quarrel with Greece (which he had acknowledged as part of the Italian sphere anyway) and that his intervention was aimed solely at the British as he suspected that they planned to set up a threat to his rear in the vein of the

7090:, p. 15. "The Greek supply lines worked better than the Italian, but the Greek too had problems. ... The Italian situation was worse, and even after more than a month of war the supply report on 4 December read: 'Reserve rations, nil. Equipment, minimal Woollen clothing, zero. Infantry ammunition, non. Artillery ammunition, insignificant. Arms and artillery, all supplies, exhausted. Engineering equipment practically nil. Medial equipment, inadequate." 1388: 15027: 991:. At this point, losses were mutually costly, but the Greeks had far less ability than the Italians to replenish their losses in both men and materiel, and they were dangerously low on ammunition and other supplies. They also lacked the ability to rotate out their men and equipment, unlike the Italians. On the other side the Italian equipment proved to be of poor quality and of little use, while Italian morale remained low throughout the campaign. 447: 2714: 1489:, including in the Balkans, before Germany won the expected victory over Britain. The consistent German opposition to any Italian move into the Balkans was a major irritant to Mussolini as he saw it as a German attempt to block Italy from getting its fair share of the spoils before the war was won. In July 1940, Mussolini was forced under German pressure to cancel a planned invasion of Yugoslavia (an important source of raw materials for the 1330:. This policy culminated with the signing of a treaty of friendship on 23 September 1928. Mussolini exploited this treaty, as it aided in his efforts to diplomatically isolate Yugoslavia from potential Balkan allies. An offer of alliance between the two countries was rebuffed by Venizelos but during the talks Mussolini personally offered "to guarantee Greek sovereignty" on Macedonia and assured Venizelos that in case of an external attack on 3405:(TSAM), which manned the Metaxas Line, was left with only 70,000 men to defend against any potential German advance, though plans called for the fortifications to be held by 200,000 men. British planners disagreed with the Greek plan to hold on to the Metaxas Line, as well as the insistence of not ceding a single bit of ground to the Italians, noting that the Greek forces were insufficient to prevent or resist a German breakthrough. The 3285:

ensured that they themselves got first priority for US production. Furthermore, there were shortages of materials and even food across the country. Continuing degradation of their logistical capability would soon mean the end of effective Greek resistance. British material and air support had been provided, but at this point it was "relatively small." Further British aid in March and April would only partially alleviate this problem.

3409:(TSKM), which manned the Yugoslav border, was even weaker: its three divisions were recently raised from reserves and possessed no anti-air weaponry, anti-tank weaponry, armored vehicles, or almost any motor vehicles. They had few automatic weapons and faced even shortages of basic supplies such as tents and helmets. 14 out of the 20 available divisions of the Greek army were facing the Italians on the Albanian front as part of the 1763:, in Egypt, be brought forward to prevent the British from aiding Greece. Over the next couple of days Badoglio failed to elicit objections to the attack from the other service chiefs or to achieve its cancellation on technical grounds. Mussolini, enraged by the Marshal's obstructionism, threatened to accept his resignation if offered. Badoglio backed down, managing only to secure a postponement of the attack until 28 October. 4271:

inevitable", and credited the Italians with having "engaged the greater part of the Greek Army." In his private correspondence in April 1942, Hitler said: "It is equally impossible to imagine what might have happened if the Italian front had not been stabilized in Albania, thanks to Mussolini; the whole of the Balkans would have been set alight at a moment when our advance towards the southeast was still in its early stages."

3955:". The regime's popularity slumped further with the introduction of strict rationing in food, oil and fats in early December. Despite imposing a price freeze in July, prices rose and the state distribution network of staple foods and heating oil broke down. Coupled with the dismissal of Badoglio and the British advance in North Africa in Operation Compass, it produced "the regime's most serious crisis since the murder of 4643:"Undoubtedly a solid anti-Italian sentimental substratum had developed among public opinion, despite the conventional propriety that the dictatorship of Metaxas was trying to maintain. Following the torpedoing of "Еlli", on 15 August 1940 at Tinos, on the nameday of the Virgin Mary, the sentimental charging, in combination with the injustice and the insult to the Orthodox religious tradition, reached its peak." 2245: 1538: 4130:, a major Orthodox religious holiday. Greek optimism that the Italian attack would fail was evident from the first moments of the war. Besides, official propaganda, as well as the spontaneous reaction of the people created the optimism which was necessary for the first difficult moments. From the first hours of the war a strong national feeling was quite evident "to teach a lesson to the macaroni-boys" ( 2869:(former XXV Corps) on the Epirus sector, with three infantry, an armoured, and a cavalry division, as well as a number of independent units. The Italian situation was very difficult, as the troops on the front had been fighting non-stop for three weeks and were exhausted. The supply situation was abysmal, with the army lacking lorries, horses, and mules; the limited capacity of Albania's two main ports, 1525:, the Italian and Albanian press began a campaign against Greece, on the pretext of the murder of the bandit Daut Hoxha in June. Hoxha was presented as a patriot fighting for the liberty of Chameria and his murder the work of Greek agents. Ciano wrote approvingly in his diary that Mussolini wanted more information on Ciamuria (the Italian term for Epirus) and had ordered both Jacomoni and General Count 3510:) to pursuit the retreating Greek units in Albania. The Italian advance was slowed due to the Greek rearguard actions left by the retreating Greek forces. Koritsa was reached on 14 April, Bilishti on 15 April, but Erseke fell on 17 April due to the stiff Greek resistance, Klisura also fell on the same day. The Italian offensive pushed towards Leskovik to Ponte Perati. Where the vanguards of the 4458: 3725: 1767: 1878:, Emanuele Grazzi, handed an ultimatum from Mussolini to Metaxas. It demanded free passage for his troops to occupy unspecified strategic points inside Greek territory. Greece had been friendly towards Nazi Germany, profiting from mutual trade relations, but now Germany's ally, Italy, intended to invade Greece. Metaxas rejected the ultimatum with the words " 3990:

distinctly lacking. The few Albanian units raised to fight alongside the Italian Army mostly "either deserted or fled in droves". Albanian agents recruited before the war, are reported to have operated behind Greek lines and engaged in acts of sabotage but these were few in number. Support for the Greeks, although of limited nature, came primarily from the

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after two days. By 16 January, the division had disintegrated and "ceased to exist as an organized force", with only 160 officers and men immediately available and over 4,000 casualties. On 26 January, the Italians counter-attacked to recover the pass but II Corps, reinforced with 5th Division, managed to repel them and then counter-attacked. In the

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military sector. The consequences of this error were so serious as to bring about Italy's complete subjection to Germany as far as the political and military direction of the war was concerned." This has been echoed by other writers since: Gann and Duignan regarded that the fighting in France, Yugoslavia and Greece reduced Italy to the status of a

3485:, rapidly collapsed and the operation was cancelled. On 12 April, GHQ in Athens ordered the Greek forces on the Albanian front to retreat but the decision was too late. The Greek commanders knew that Italian pressure, the lack of motor transport and pack animals, the physical exhaustion of the Greek army, and the poor transport network of 1999:, created an élan that helped transform the conflict in Greece's favour. As late as March 1941, when the German intervention was looming, an Italian officer summed up the Greeks' attitude for Mussolini with the words of a captured Greek officer: "we are sure that we will lose the war, but we will give you the spanking you need". 1586:", giving the impression that war was imminent. On the same day, another Greek steamship was bombarded by Italian planes in Crete. Despite evidence of Italian responsibility, the Greek government announced that the attack had been carried out by a submarine of unknown nationality. No-one was fooled and the sinking of 1715:, with someone of greater seniority and experience. Mussolini seemingly agreed but also insisted on the attack going ahead at the determined date, provisionally under Prasca's command. Badoglio and Roatta seemed unconvinced that the operation would take place, as with similar projects against Greece and Yugoslavia. 7102:, p. 114: "Generally, supplies and logistics failed to keep up with the confusing movements, with the result that the Italian troops were perennially lacking something, from canned food to boots to support artillery. The 5 Alpine Regiment's horses were inadvertently left behind on the docks at Brindisi." 1315:

political stability in 1926, efforts were undertaken to normalize relations with Turkey, Yugoslavia, Albania and Romania, without much success at first. The same period saw Greece draw closer to Britain and away from France, exacerbated by a dispute over the two sides' financial claims from World War I.

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some of the political leadership, there was a sense that Greece would lose the war but needed to fight nonetheless, Metaxas stated in a letter to Winston Churchill that "The war we confront today is thus solely a war of honour" and that "The outcome of the world war will not be decided in the Balkans."

1625:, chose to bless it instead. The king told Mussolini at a meeting that he had his support as he expected the Greeks to "crumble". Victor Emmanuel was looking forward to having a fourth crown to wear (Mussolini had already given Victor Emmanuel the titles Emperor of Ethiopia and King of the Albanians). 4583:

Greece originally surrendered to the Germans under the condition that they would not have to surrender to the Italian troops; this condition was agreed to but later revoked as Mussolini issued protests. The armistice was signed by General Tsolakoglou for Greece, General Ferrero for Italy, and General

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After the Italian troops were driven from Greek soil, Greek morale was further strengthened. The unpublished and unknown up to now documents (memoranda, letters, plans) of Ubaldo Soddu (who did not write memoirs), Commander of the Italian forces in Albania from 10 November to 30 December 1940, reveal

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Several military historians have blamed the poor performance of the Italian Army in Greece, as well as in France and North Africa, on "innate defects" that had been evident already during World War I but were consistently ignored due to institutional indifference. The Italian military historian Lucio

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On 16 April, Pitsikas reported to Papagos that signs of disintegration had also begun to appear among the divisions of I Corps and begged him to "save the army from the Italians" by allowing it to capitulate to the Germans, before the military situation collapsed completely. On the following day TSDM

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Though the Greek forces faced logistical difficulties their supply lines worked much better. On the other side, Italian supplies and ammunition faced critical levels even after one month of military operations. In general Italian logistics failed to keep up with the confusing movements of the Italian

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were asked to attend while Roatta arrived late as he was invited by Mussolini's secretary to the meeting just before it started. Mussolini reiterated his objectives; stated he believed that neither of Greece's allies in the Balkan Pact, Yugoslavia or Turkey would act; expressed his determination that

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on foreign policy. The speech outlined Mussolini's belief that Italy was being imprisoned by France and the United Kingdom and what territory would be needed to break free. During this speech, Mussolini declared Greece to be a "vital of Italy and its expansion." On 18 March, as signs for an imminent

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According to James Sadkovich, the effect of the Italo-Greek war has been exaggerated by other authors, because Axis victories in the spring of 1941 cancelled the Italian defeats of the previous winter. However, even he admits the adverse effect that the start of the Greek campaign had on Italy's war

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wrote that the five-week delay in launching Operation Barbarossa, caused by the unusually wet weather in May 1941, was not decisive. For Kershaw, the reasons for the ultimate failure of Barbarossa lay in the arrogance of the German war goals, in particular the planning flaws and resource limitations

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shot down one bomber and being out of ammunition, aimed the nose of his PZL P.24 at the tail of a bomber, smashed the rudder and sent the bomber out of control. The news of Mitralexis' feat quickly spread throughout Greece and boosted morale. On 2 December, the 21st Pursuit Squadron re-equipped with

3632:

but Italian cruisers and destroyers continued to escort convoys between Italy and Albania. On 28 November, an Italian squadron bombarded Corfu and on 18 December and 4 March, Italian task forces shelled Greek coastal positions in Albania. From January 1941, the main task of the RHN was to escort the

3021:

was captured unopposed by the 13th Division on 30 November. The continued Greek advance caused another crisis in the Italian hierarchy. The news of the fall of Pogradec and the pessimistic reports of the Italian commanders in Albania reportedly caused Mussolini to consider asking for a truce through

2826:

Division was virtually wiped out, while the villages previously taken by the Italians were recaptured on 3 and 4 November. Within less than a week, the remaining Italian troops in this sector were in roughly the same positions they occupied before the declaration of the war. By 13 November the Greek

1517:

was a lackey of Ciano's. As a way of improving his prestige within the regime, Ciano was the Italian official who pressed the hardest for the invasion of Greece as he saw conquering Greece (an invasion that would have to be launched from Albania) as a way of showing off just how well run Albania was

4388:

In January 2018, following an agreement between the Greek and Albanian foreign ministers, a systematic effort to recover the bodies of fallen Greek soldiers from the war was undertaken between Greece and Albania. It is estimated that between 6,800 and 8,000 fallen Greek soldiers were hastily buried

4205:

As the only active ally of Britain fighting in Europe, Greece, overcoming its comparative disadvantage, provided the first victory against the Axis forces ... Greek advances stalled in early January 1941, falling victim to the harsh winter and to Italian reinforcements. Nonetheless, the strong

3972:

On the other hand, the Greek historian Zacharias Tsirpanlis observes that while post-war Italian accounts confirm the view that "due to the Greek success Italian public opinion slowly turned against the Fascist regime, marking the beginning of the end for Mussolini", this did not yet materialize in

3921:

Men in Greece rushed to volunteer for the war effort, cramming into the back of trams to get to the recruiting offices. Morale amongst the troops was as high as it could get with a universal feeling that Greece must fight, with few entertaining the idea of failure. This enthusiasm was not shared by

2969:

Following the capture of Korçë and the eviction of the Italian forces from Greek soil, the Greek GHQ faced two options: continue the offensive in the Korçë sector in the direction of Elbasan or shift focus on the left flank and drive towards the port of Valona. The latter was chosen, as the capture

2940:

Division. Leaving five battalions to secure its rear, III Corps attacked with twenty battalions and 37 artillery batteries. Due to the lack of tanks or anti-tank weapons to counter Italian armour, the Greeks decided to limit their movement along the mountain ridges, never descending to the valleys.

1949:

was developed and great amounts of food and equipment were stockpiled in many parts of the country as a precaution in the event of war. After the Italian occupation of Albania in spring 1939, the Greek General Staff prepared the "IB" (Italy-Bulgaria) plan, anticipating a combined offensive by Italy

1866:

used in the invasion but only 107 arrived. The possibility that Greek officials situated in the front area could be corrupted or would not react to an invasion proved to be mostly wishful thinking, used by Italian generals and personalities in favor of a military intervention; the same was true for

4270:

of the First World War: "the German forces, therefore, represented no assistance to Italy against Greece, but a preventive measure against the British." He further noted that by the beginning of April the Albanian campaign against the Italians "had so weakened that its collapse had already become

3950:

The announcement of the Italian attack was greeted with favour but not much enthusiasm, by the Italian public. The situation changed as the Italian attack devolved into a stalemate in early November, especially after the British Taranto raid and the start of the Greek counter-offensive. In private

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Division during the subsequent night, but all attacks until 15 March failed. The Italian offensive halted on 16–18 March, allowing the Greeks to bring reserves forward and begin a gradual reshuffle their line, relieving the 1st Division with the 17th. The Italian offensive resumed on 19 March with

3334:) and supplies for Greece. The Italian leadership desired to achieve a success against the Greek army before the impending German intervention and reinforced the Albanian front to 28 divisions with an average of 26 serviceable bombers, 150 fighters, along with 134 bombers and 54 fighters of the 4° 3280:

support sorties by the end of February. Launched in mid-February, the attack saw I Corps gain ground towards Tepelenë; Italian resistance and a deterioration in the weather forced a suspension of operations before Tepelenë, let alone Valona or Berat, were reached. The Italian defensive success was

3230:

Division, and after a hard struggle managed to capture its positions in a costly success. The 11th Division followed up on 9 January next day captured the pass. The offensive forced Cavallero to deploy the reserves he had husbanded for the Korçë offensive, which never took place. The newly arrived

2944:

The Italian forces were indeed taken by surprise, allowing the Greeks to force several breaches in the Italian positions on 14–16 November. On 17 November, III Corps was reinforced with 13th Division, and on the next day, with 11th Division, which along with the 10th Division formed a new command,

2660:

of 1935, the Turks threatened to intervene on Greece's side if the Bulgarians attacked Greece—the Greek high command was free to throw the bulk of its army against Italian forces in Albania. Almost half the forces assigned to the Bulgarian front (13th and 17th Divisions, 16th Infantry Brigade) and

1994:

Nevertheless, given the enormous numerical and material superiority of the Italian military, the Greek leadership, from Metaxas down, was reserved and cautious, with few hopes of outright victory in a conflict with Italy. The General Staff's plan for the defence of Epirus envisaged withdrawal to a

1815:

inviting him to take part in the coming action against Greece, but Boris refused, citing his country's unreadiness and its encirclement by hostile neighbours. This was not regarded as a major setback, as the Italian leadership considered that the threat of Bulgarian intervention alone would compel

1710:

met with Mussolini, who announced that his objective was the capture of the entire country and that he would contact Bulgaria for a joint operation. Roatta advised that an extension of the invasion beyond Epirus would require an additional ten divisions, which would take three months to arrive and

1705:

On 13 October, Mussolini finalized the decision for war when he informed Marshal Badoglio to start preparing an attack for 26 October. Badoglio then issued the order for the Italian military to begin preparations for executing the existing war plan, "Contingency G", which envisioned the capture of

4069:

Other authors have been critical of the Italian leadership's handling of the operation. Jowett wrote in 2000 that Mussolini's "quick and relatively easy victory" turned to defeat and stalemate, which exposed the incompetence of the Fascist government and its war machine. Italian soldiers suffered

4049:

summed up the war as follows: "As we all know, the campaign against Greece ended in total failure. This was due, as the published material confirms, to Mussolini's conviction, based on indications he received from his colleagues, that the campaign would be decided in the political rather than the

4025:

Hitler blamed Mussolini's "Greek fiasco" for his failed campaign in Russia. "But for the difficulties created for us by the Italians and their idiotic campaign in Greece", he commented in mid-February 1945, "I should have attacked Russia a few weeks earlier," he later said. Hitler noted that, the

3605:

with submarines (losing one vessel), sinking at least 23,000 tonnes (23,000 long tons) of transport and merchant shipping, but lack of maintenance facilities made it impossible to continue the effort. However, the Greek submarine force was too small to be able to seriously hinder the supply lines

3528:

of Ioannina, Spyridon, pressured Pitsikas to unilaterally negotiate with the Germans. When he refused, the others decided to bypass him and selected Tsolakoglou, as the senior of the three generals, to carry out the task. Tsolakoglou delayed for a few days, sending his chief of staff to Athens to

3489:

meant that any retreat was likely to end in disintegration. Advice to retreat before the start of the German attack had been rejected and they petitioned Pitsikas to surrender. Pitsikas forbade such talk, but notified Papagos and urged a solution that would secure "the salvation and honour of our

3421:

realized that the Greek units were far more familiar in mountain warfare and could always employ local guides and provisions, thus freeing them from concern with supply line and enable them to attack in more flexible way. Indeed, the area that the conflicts took place was far more familiar to the

3413:, totaling 33 regiments. In an effort to keep Greece in the fight, British aid drastically stepped up in March and April, which included uniforms, weapons, and ammunition of various types. However, the Greeks still did not consider this sufficient for successfully prosecuting the rest of the war. 3370:

The Italian attack, watched by Mussolini, began on 9 March, with a heavy artillery barrage and air bombardment; on the main sector, held by the Greek 1st Division, over 100,000 shells were dropped on a 6 km (4 mi) front. Despite repeated assaults and heavy shelling, the positions of 1st

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The main operation envisaged by the Greek GHQ was the capture of the Klisura Pass by II Corps, coupled with minor offensives by I Corps and TSDM to improve their positions. II Corps attacked on 8 January, with 1st Division on the left and 15th Division, followed by the 11th Division, on the right

3210:

regiments, a grenadier regiment, two cavalry regiments, Blackshirt and Albanian battalions and other units. According to official Italian documents, on 1 January 1941, Italy had 10,616 officers, 261,850 men, 7,563 vehicles, and 32,871 animals in Albania. This strengthening of the Italian position

1945:'", a defensive fortification along the Greco-Bulgarian frontier. Large sums of money were spent to re-equip the army but due to the increasing threat of and the eventual outbreak of war, the most significant foreign purchases from 1938 to 1939, were only partly delivered or not at all. A massive 4662:

The optimism of the Greek rank and file reinforced by his ignorance which "did not cause any hesitation"; the familiar smile of the soldier; his satisfactory training; the adequately organized mobilization; the strong feeling of justice which had been deceitfully and crudely offended by a coarse

3494:

led to a breakdown of morale in the Greek troops, many of whom had been fighting without rest for five months and were forced to abandon hard-won ground. By 15 April, the divisions of II Army Corps, beginning with the 5th Division, began to disintegrate, with men and even entire units abandoning

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divisions as general reserves. The Greek units opposite them were II Corps (17th, 5th, 1st, 15th, and 11th Divisions), with three regiments as TSI's general reserve, and 4th Division providing reinforcement. II Corps continued limited offensive action as late as 8 March to improve its positions.

3284:

By early February 1941, the Greek Army was down to less than two months of artillery ammunition overall and had shortages in every area of material, while the Italians possessed ample reserves, endangering their position. The Greeks appealed to the United States for material aid, but the British

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Division. The commander and the chief of staff failed to coordinate its two regiments, which became entangled on the same mule track. Despite attacking downhill and facing a numerically inferior enemy, the division lost a battalion to encirclement and were driven back to their starting positions

2732:

The main Italian attack on the Kalpaki front began on 2 November. An Albanian battalion, under the cover of a snowstorm, managed to capture the Grabala heights, but were thrown back by a counterattack on the next day. On the same day, an attack spearheaded by 50–60 tanks against the main Kalpaki

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more infantry than the Italian binary divisions, with slightly more medium artillery and machine-guns but no tanks. Most Greek equipment was still of First World War issue, from countries like Belgium, Austria, Poland and France, all of which were under Axis occupation, cutting off the supply of

1846:

twelve mountain, three motorised and three armoured divisions. The effect of the change was to increase the administrative overhead of the army, with no corresponding increase in effectiveness, as the new technology of tanks, motor vehicles, and wireless communications was slow to arrive and was

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in 1936. Although imitating the Fascist regime in Italy in its ideology and outward appearance, the regime lacked a mass popular base, and its main pillar was the King, who commanded the allegiance of the army. Greek foreign policy thus remained aligned with that of Britain, despite the parallel

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Carr, 2013, p. 39: "At 6.00 am air raid sirens woke the Athenians who quickly filled the streets and squares in a paroxism of patriotic fervor. Newspapers rushed out special Monday morning editions with screaming headlines and ecstatic editorials whipping up public enthusiasm- if it really

4265:

Others among the German leadership were less critical, most notably Adolf Hitler. In his address to the Reichstag following the conclusion of the Balkan Campaign, Hitler was complimentary to the Greeks for their "extremely brave resistance", but stated that given the Greek logistical situation,

1986:

river line. Katsimitros had discretion to choose the defensive line and chose the Kalpaki line, which lay astride the main invasion axis from Albania and allowed him to use the Kalamas swamps to neutralize the Italian tank threat. The Greek General Staff remained focused on Bulgaria as its main

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outraged the Greek people. Ambassador Grazzi wrote in his memoirs that the attack united a people "deeply riven by unbridgeable political differences and old and deep-running political hatreds" and imbued them with a firm resolve to resist. Grazzi's position was particularly problematic: a firm

1533:

forces in Albania was a bodybuilder excessively proud of his "manly physique" who neglected his military duties in favor of physical exercises, and promptly told Mussolini that his forces were more than capable of conquering Greece. Although Greek "expansionism" was denounced and claims for the

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From the first days of November, III Corps had undertaken limited advances into Albanian territory, and already on 6 November, it submitted plans for a general offensive. Judging it too ambitious for the moment, Papagos postponed the offensive for 14 November. III Corps' main objective was the

1352:

marked a renewal of Italian expansionism, and began a period where Greece increasingly sought a firm British commitment for its security. Although Britain offered guarantees to Greece (as well as Turkey and Yugoslavia) for the duration of the Ethiopian crisis, it was unwilling to commit itself

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Division an example of the failings of the Italian Army in Albania: "recently reconstituted after partial demobilization, it arrived without mules or motor transport, organic artillery, a full complement of headquarters and service troops, and communications equipment. Many of the troops were

3989:

In an effort to win Albanian support for Italian rule, Ciano and the Fascist regime encouraged Albanian irredentism in the directions of Kosovo and Chameria. Despite Jacomoni's assurances of Albanian support in view of the promised "liberation" of Chameria, Albanian enthusiasm for the war was

3468:

forces based in Egypt in anticipation of the German attack, but no more help was sent after the invasion. The Greek army was outnumbered; the Bulgarian defensive line did not receive adequate troop reinforcements and was quickly overrun. The Germans outflanked the immobile Greek forces on the

2380:

cooperation aircraft. It consisted of the 21st, 22nd, 23rd and 24th pursuit squadrons, the 31st, 32nd, 33rd bomber squadrons, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th military cooperation squadrons, the 2828 Independent Military Cooperation Flight and the 11th, 12th and 13th naval cooperation squadrons. At the

2257:

divisions, one cavalry division and three infantry brigades, all at least partly mobilized since August; four infantry divisions and two brigades were on the border with Albania; five infantry divisions faced Bulgaria and five more with the cavalry division were in general reserve. Greek army

1460:

Although both Britain and France publicly guaranteed the independence of Greece and Romania on 13 April 1939, the British still refused to be drawn into concrete undertakings towards Greece, as they hoped to entice Mussolini to remain neutral in the coming conflict with Germany, and saw in a

1378:

in October 1938 suggested a British–Greek alliance to the British ambassador, arguing that Greece "should prepare for the eventuality of a war between Great Britain and Italy, which sooner or later Greece would find itself drawn into". Loath to be embroiled in a possible Greek–Bulgarian war,

1314:

in 1925–26 sought to revise the Treaty of Lausanne by a war with Turkey. To this end, Pangalos sought Italian diplomatic support, as Italy still had ambitions in Anatolia, but in the event, nothing came of his overtures to Mussolini. After the fall of Pangalos and the restoration of relative

4083:

Ceva remarks that the Italian military was largely unable to learn from its failures or from the enemies it faced; as military historian Brian R. Sullivan points out, it took several decades before the historical office of the Italian General Staff published studies on Italian reverses like

3437:

As such at 29 March, Italian General Mario Roatta, Chief of the Italian General Staff, asked for German intervention to relieve the pressure on his own formations. On the other hand, just before the German intervention at April 1941, Greek, British and Yugoslav officers agreed that a joined

1009:

with only a third of its authorized strength. Greek and British forces in northern Greece were overwhelmed and the Germans advanced rapidly west and south. In Albania, the Greek army made a belated withdrawal to avoid being cut off by the Germans but was followed up by the Italians. Greece

3396:

Although it failed, the Italian spring offensive revealed a "chronic shortage of arms and equipment" in the Greek Army. Even with British support, the Greeks were fast approaching the end of their logistical tether. British intelligence estimated that Greece's reserves, although numbering

3514:

encountered stiff Greek resistance, which was taken before the armistice. Cavallero desired of a combined action which would encircle the Greek forces in Epirus. But it was beyond capacity to the Italian forces to make this action. The XXV Army Corps entered Greek territory on 21 April.

4003:

on 28 November (his counterpart in Korçë allowed it to go ahead and was reprimanded). The Greek authorities even ignored offers of Albanian expatriates to enlist as volunteers against Italy. The Greek occupation regime followed the regulations of international law and the Albanian civil

3590:, the Royal Hellenic Navy (RHN) was unable to attempt a direct naval confrontation. Its role was rather limited to patrol and convoy escort duties, a particularly important task given the general inadequacy of the Greek transport network on land; apart from large quantities of matériel, 970:

and penetrated only a few kilometers into Greek territory and had to contend with the mountainous and muddy terrain on the Albanian–Greek border. With British air and material support, the Greeks stopped the Italian invasion just inside Greek territory by mid-November and subsequently

3422:

Greek soldiers than to the Italians. The Greek side was far more familiar in mountain warfare considering also the fact that many Greeks especially those natives of Epirus were fighting for their homes. Additionally some Greek weapons were superior to their Italian counterparts: the

3211:

prompted Cavallero, who after Soddu's recall on 29 December combined his post as Chief of the General Staff with the overall command in Albania, to pronounce that the "period of crisis almost overcome" and to begin planning for an attack aiming to recapture Korçë in early February.

1014:

by Bulgarian, German and Italian troops. The Italian army suffered 102,064 combat casualties (with 13,755 dead and 3,900 missing) and fifty thousand wounded; the Greeks suffered over 83,500 combat casualties (including 13,325 killed and 1,200 missing) and forty two thousand wounded.

3473:

The British Empire forces began a retreat. For several days Allied troops contained the German advance on the Thermopylae position, allowing ships to be prepared to evacuate the British force. The Germans reached Athens on 27 April and the southern shore on 30 April, capturing

1743:

During the discussion only Badoglio voiced objections, pointing out that stopping after seizing Epirus—which he conceded would present little difficulty—would be an error, and that a force of at least twenty divisions would be necessary to conquer the whole country, including

7114:, p. 179: "Nasci realized that the Greeks were far more familiar with mountainous territory than his own men and could always employ local guides and provisions, freeing them from concern with supply lines and thus enabling them to take the offensive more flexibly." 3897:

The war was greeted with great enthusiasm by the Greek population, in Athens crowds filled the streets with patriotic fervour, as newspapers hurried to publish their newest editions to stir up the people further. The popular story that Metaxas had defiantly told Grazzi

2687:

On the Epirus sector, Katsimitros had left five battalions along the border to delay the Italian advance, and installed his main resistance line in a convex front with the Kalpaki pass in the centre, manned by nine battalions. Further two battalions under Major-General

3022:

the Germans but in the end he recovered his nerve and ordered Soddu to hold fast. The Greeks would be worn out, since they had "... no war industry and can only count on supplies from Great Britain". Mussolini, encouraged by the hardline Fascist Party secretary

1256:

began with Greek troops advanced into Anatolia. Turkish forces eventually defeated the Greeks and with Italian aid, recovered the lost territory, including Smyrna. In 1923, Mussolini used the murder of an Italian general on the Greco-Albanian border as a pretext to

3267:

As the threat of a German invasion from Bulgaria increased, the need to transfer Greek divisions to the Bulgarian frontier forced Papagos to launch a final effort to capture Valona as quickly as possible. The RAF agreed to challenge the air superiority of the

2595:

The Greek counter-offensive, from 14 November to 6 January 1941, the initial Greek counter-offensive in 14–23 November, with the restoration of the pre-war border in Epirus and the capture of Korçë, followed by the Greek advance into Albania until 6 January

3973:

any form of active resistance, including in the front itself. While a cynicism towards the Fascist regime and its symbols and leaders had set in, incidents of insubordination remained isolated. Indeed, according to the eyewitness account of Air Force chief

1412:

in April, relations between Italy and Greece deteriorated rapidly. The Greeks began making defensive preparations for an Italian attack, while the Italians began improving infrastructure in Albania to facilitate troop movements. The new Italian ambassador,

16402: 3053:

Pass, forcing the Italians to withdraw on the night of 4/5 December. The division had suffered considerable losses but took over 1,500 prisoners, several artillery pieces and thirty tanks. In the TSDM sector, Lieutenant-General Kosmas (in command of the

4258:. He bitterly noted: "For this attack they used troops from Southern Italy - the opposite of what was needed for a winter campaign in mountainous country, without proper equipment, over an impracticable terrain, and without any organization in depth!". 2970:

of Valona would be of great strategic significance, leaving the Italians with only Durrës as an entry port. TSDM, comprising III Corps and OMK, would defend their positions on the Greek right and apply pressure, while I Corps would move north along the

4206:

positioning of Greek forces in southern Albania provided not only humiliation for Mussolini but also an unexpected gain for Greece, which now occupied an area inhabited by many Greeks that had been relegated to Albanian rule after the First World War.

3529:

secure permission from Papagos. The chief of staff reported the chaos in Athens and urged his commander to take the initiative in a message that implied permission by Papagos, although this was not in fact the case. On 20 April, Tsolakoglou contacted

1739:

by conquering Athens. He was relatively junior in his rank and knew that if he demanded more troops for the Albanian front, it was likely that a more senior officer would be sent to command the operation, earning the accolades and promotions instead.

2949:). The most critical moment for the Greeks came on 18 November, when elements of the 13th Division panicked during an ill-coordinated attack and the division almost retreated; its commander was sacked on the spot and the new commander, Major-General 15044: 3808:

per month. The bombing effort was concentrated on Durazzo and Valona but some close support operations were carried out and the fighters near Athens helped to reduce the number of Italian raids. By the end of 1940, the Gladiator pilots had claimed

1496:

Italian military forces harassed Greek forces with air attacks on Greek naval vessels at sea. On 12 July, while attacking a British petrol carrier off Crete, Italian aircraft based in the Dodecanese went on to bombard Greek warships in harbour at

1609:, led to the postponement of Italian ambitions in Greece and Yugoslavia: on 22 August, Mussolini postponed the attack on Greece for the end of September, and for 20 October on Yugoslavia. On 7 October, German troops entered Romania, to guard the 1441:" ("We go to the Aegean, and will take even Piraeus. And if all goes well, we will take Athens too."). Four of the five Italian divisions in Albania moved towards the Greek border, and on 16 August the Italian Chief of the General Staff, Marshal 2821:

Division to its aid, but it was unable to reach the cut-off Italian forces. In the meantime, the assistance of the local civilians, including men, women, and children, to the Greek forces proved invaluable. As a result of the Greek pressure the

1472:, Greek–Italian relations deteriorated further. From 18 June, De Vecchi sent a series of protests to Rome, reporting on the presence of British warships in Crete and other Greek islands and claimed that a British base had been established at 4074:

troops to attack Greece, over some of the worst mountain country in Europe, at the beginning of winter. The Greeks repulsed the invasion, to the surprise of enemies and Allies alike, an event made worse for the Fascist regime because of the

3058:, essentially the 10th Division) captured the Ostravicë Mountain on 12 December, while III Corps—since 1 December reinforced with 17th Division, which replaced 13th Division—completed its occupation of the Kamia massif and secured Pogradec. 2813:. However, it had become clear to the Italians that they lacked the manpower and the supplies to continue in the face of the arriving Greek reserves. On 3 November, the Italian spearhead was surrounded from all sides. The commander of the 3925:

The popularity of Metaxas' regime would also receive a boost, with Metaxas becoming a national hero overnight, with even many left-wing and liberal Greeks who opposed Metaxas showing admiration and support for him, flocking to the cause.

1484:

allied to Germany, but without the help of Germany since until early 1941 he remained vehemently opposed to the Wehrmacht operating in the Mediterranean. As such, he wanted Italy to occupy all the territory that he saw as part of Italy's

3384:(the 18th thus far). Attacks, preceded by heavy artillery bombardments, followed daily until 24 March, the last day of the Italian offensive, without achieving any result. Mussolini admitted that the result of the Italian offensive was 4423:

On 13 April, Hitler issued Directive 27, including his occupation policy for Greece and jurisdiction in the Balkans with Directive No. 31 (9 June). Italy occupied the bulk of the mainland, German forces occupied Athens, Thessaloniki,

4113:

deferred his advance, aware that Italian strength was insufficient to mount the major offensive through Egypt that Mussolini was urging and expecting. The Germans saw the importance of the sector and offered troops and equipment. The

2219:(Halcyon) represented the bulk of the Italian bomber force. Of wooden construction, these three-engined aircraft could endure a lot of punishment and were highly manoeuvrable. Other trimotors were also based on Albanian airfields: 72 3933:

skyrocketed when her performance of patriotic and satirical songs became a major inspiration for the fighting soldiers as well as the people at large for whom she quickly became a folk heroine. Another satirical popular song named

2729:, earmarked for the operation, be sent to Albania instead. Mussolini proposed a landing at Preveza on 3 November to break the emerging impasse, but the proposal met with immediate and categorical refusal by the service chiefs. 1965:

With the completion of partial mobilization of the frontier formations, the plan was revised with variants "IBa" (1 September 1939) and "IBb" (20 April 1940). These modified the role of the main Greek force in the region, the

16733: 3687:

so Autumn and Winter weather made operations more difficult. There was also the usual lack of co-operation with Italian Navy and Army. Two days after the start of the war, on 30 October, there was the first air battle. Some

986:

The front stabilized in February 1941, by which time the Italians had reinforced the Albanian front to 28 divisions against the Greeks' 14 divisions (though Greek divisions were larger). In March, the Italians conducted the

3998:

were well-known. Albanian suspicions were reinforced, when a new municipal council of eleven Greeks and four Albanians was appointed at Korçë, and when the military governor of Gjirokastër prohibited the celebration of the

1847:

inferior to that of potential enemies. The dilution of the officer class by the need for extra unit staffs was made worse by the politicisation of the army and the addition of Blackshirt Militia. The reforms also promoted

16038: 4192:

In 2007, Fisher wrote that although the advance of the Greek army stalled at January 1941, due to harsh winter conditions and Italian reinforcements, Greece had managed to secure a strong bridgehead in southern Albania

3840:

for the loss of one. When the Greek advance was slowed by more bad weather and Italian reinforcements, the RAF returned to attacks on airfields and ports. On the eve of the German invasion in April, the RAF had claimed

3400:

The Italians still had reserves of men and materiel, the Greek defences of Macedonia and Thrace, which would face the German attack, were left undermanned and underequipped due to the demands of the Albanian front. The

1160:

to expand the empire; a more aggressive Italian foreign policy which "exposed vulnerabilities" of the British and French and created an opportunity the Fascist regime needed to realize its imperial goals. In 1936, the

3786:

in Tirana, disclosed bombing targets for the next day and were sent to RAF HQ in Greece, to assist in fighter interception. From mid-November to the end of December, the Blenheim and Wellington bombers from Egypt flew

2941:

The offensive was launched on the morning of 14 November, with the corps' three divisions moving on converging lines of attack towards Korçë. To achieve surprise, the attack was not preceded by an artillery barrage.

15292: 2599:

The gradual stabilization of the front from 6 January 1941 until the onset of the German attack on 6 April; the final Greek advances, until 8 March, followed by the Italian spring offensive and the stalemate until

1900:

for "no"). Within hours, Italy attacked Greece from Albania. The outbreak of hostilities was first announced by Athens Radio early in the morning of 28 October, with the two-sentence dispatch of the general staff.

3272:, which had recovered with the loss of much of the RHAF in ground-attack operations, rather than continue ineffective attempts at interdiction. With reinforcements from Egypt and the drying of a landing-ground at 4216:

The Greco-Italian War is viewed as a triumph in Greece and often referred to as "the Epic of 40" ("Το Έπος του '40") and 28 October, the day Metaxas rejected the Italian ultimatum, is a national holiday known as

1950:

and Bulgaria. Given the overwhelming superiority of such an alliance in manpower and matériel, the plan prescribed a purely defensive strategy, including the gradual retreat of the Greek forces in Epirus to the

2744:

As evidence of the Italian offensive's failure mounted, on 8 November, Visconti Prasca was relieved of overall command in Albania and relegated to command the Italian forces in the Epirus front, while General

1310:, which claimed Greece's northern territories. The years after 1923 were marked by almost complete diplomatic isolation and unresolved disputes with practically every neighbouring country. The dictatorship of 15215: 3610:) and 584,392 tons of supplies while losing overall only seven merchant ships and one escort ship. Destroyers carried out bold but fruitless night raids on 14 November 1940, 15 December and 4 January 1941. 15056: 2652:, was appointed commander-in-chief of the newly established General Headquarters. The Army General Staff, which functioned as the main field staff throughout the war, was handed over to Lieutenant-General 3133:

casualties. This decision took effect on 6 January, whereby only local offensive operations would take place to improve Greek lines until the weather improved. The Italians had eleven infantry divisions,

3481:

On 6 April, Papagos ordered TSDM to launch an attack towards Elbasan, in conjunction with Yugoslav forces. The attack began on 7 April and the 13th Division made some progress, but the Yugoslav army,

2648:

Division launched five columns aiming to capture Metsovo and cut off the Greek forces in the Epirus sector from the east. With the onset of the Italian offensive, Papagos, until then the Chief of the

1001:

joined the Axis on 1 March 1941. British ground forces began arriving in Greece the next day. This caused Hitler to come to the aid of his Axis ally. On 6 April, the Germans invaded northern Greece ("

3125:

On 28 December 1940, the Greek GHQ took the decision to halt large-scale offensive operations in view of the stiffening Italian resistance, the worsening supply situation and the bad weather, which

15935: 3338:

in Italy. Cavallero planned an attack on 32 km (20 mi) of the centre of the front, to recapture Klisura and advance towards Leskovik and Ioannina. The attack would be carried out by the

2741:. This marked their deepest advance, as the Thesprotia Sector began receiving reinforcements from Katsimitros, and as on the other sectors the situation had already turned to the Greeks' favour. 4004:

administration was left intact and continued to operate, including law courts. No atrocities were committed and the safes of the state bank were discovered unopened after the Greeks withdrew.

2798:, while additional forces—the Cavalry Division, 5th Brigade, and he newly formed Cavalry Brigade—were deployed on the flanks of the Italian salient and in the rear to secure the vital passes. 1353:

further so as to avoid limiting its freedom of manoeuvre vis-à-vis Italy. Furthermore, with the (British-backed) restoration of the Greek monarchy in 1935 in the person of the anglophile King

1450:"The entire road-building programme has been directed towards the Greek border. And this is by order of the Duce, who is thinking more and more of attacking Greece at the first opportunity." 15891: 15722: 8843:(1978). "Εσωτερικές και εξωτερικές εξελίξεις από την 1η Μαρτίου 1935 ως την 28η Οκτωβρίου 1940; Ο Πόλεμος του 1940/1941". In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.). 4428:

and several Aegean islands, including most of Crete and Florina, subject of disputed claims by Italy and Bulgaria. Bulgaria, which had not participated in the invasion, occupied most of

3606:

between Italy and Albania; between 28 October 1940 and 30 April 1941 Italian ships made 3,305 voyages across the Otranto straits, carrying 487,089 military personnel (including 22 field

1835:, according to thinking that speed, mobility and new technology could revolutionise military operations. In 1937, three-regiment (triangular) divisions began to change to two-regiment ( 3832:

The British fighters were able to prevent most Italian air operations after mid-February, when the Greek army made a maximum effort to capture Valona. The RAF managed fifty sorties on

3049:—on 6 December. Further east, the 2nd Division captured the Suhë Pass after a fierce struggle from 1–4 December, while 8th Division launched repeated attacks on the heights around the 1921: 941:. This was followed by a hostile press campaign in Italy against Greece, accused of being a British ally. A number of provocations culminated in the sinking of the Greek light cruiser 15925: 2809:, on 2 November, but failed to reach its primary objective; Metsovo, 30 kilometres (20 mi) south. That same day, Davakis was gravely wounded during a reconnaissance mission near 15039: 3478:

troops. The conquest of Greece was completed with the capture of Crete a month later and Greece was occupied by the military forces of Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria until late 1944.

3464:

With most of the Greek army on the Albanian front, Operation Marita began through Bulgaria on 6 April, which created a second front. Greece had received a small reinforcement from

4109:

were deployed on the Greek operation as in North Africa. As a result, the initial numerical superiority that the Italians enjoyed over the British in the region, was not to last.

1991:

spent on fortification between April 1939 and October 1940, only 82 million went to the Albanian frontier and the rest on the Metaxas Line and other works in the north-east.

2279: 7965:

Keitel, Wilhelm (1979). "Prelude to the Attack on Russia, 1940–1941". In Görlitz, Walter. In the Service of the Reich. transl David Irving. New York: Stein & Day. Page 166.

2978:–Valona axis. II Corps would form the pivot of the movement, securing the connection between I Corps and TSDM, advancing in step with its western neighbour in the direction of 15988: 15983: 15903: 15768: 9443:

Svolopoulos, Konstantinos (1978). "Η εξωτερική πολιτική της Ελλάδος" [The Foreign Policy of Greece]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).

8132: 1776:

The front was roughly 150 kilometres (90 mi) wide in mountain terrain with very few roads. The Pindus mountains divided it into two theatres of operations, Epirus and

15187: 15651: 12713: 12458: 10670:

Ceva, Lucio (1979). "La campagna di Russia nel quadro strategico della guerra fascista" [The Campaign of Russia in the Strategic Framework of the Fascist War].

4262:, commenting about the end of the campaign, said that "this miserable spectacle, laid on by our gallant ally, must have produced some hollow laughter from the Greeks." 3641:, in co-operation with the RN. As the convoys transporting Lustre Force began in early March, the Italian Fleet sortied against them and the British were forewarned by 3553:

spoke to Mussolini that another surrender agreement will be drawn with the Italians. The surrender agreement was formally signed on 23 April by General Tsolakoglou for

3239:

Division, after a 24-hour forced march in horrendous weather, without having time to reconnoitre the front, without maps and without coordinating fire support with the

1621:

would require 20 divisions in Albania, which in turn would require 3 months, but he did not press this point. The one man in Italy who could have stopped the war, King

12066: 8155: 1271: 16566: 14064: 12082: 15973: 15687: 10483:

Sullivan, Brian R. (2002). "Where One Man, and Only One Man, Led. Italy's Path from Non-Alignment to Non-Belligerency to War, 1937–1940". In Wylie, Neville (ed.).

12402: 4401:

activists tried to disrupt the work but were removed by Albanian police. The remains of the Greek soldiers will be buried in the Greek military cemeteries in the

16758: 15242: 12005: 11977: 11121: 9927: 3994:

who warmly welcomed the arrival of the Greek forces. Despite official Greek proclamations that they were fighting for the liberation of Albania, Greek claims on

754: 15742: 14043: 12722: 12409: 11543: 1445:, received orders to begin planning for an attack on Greece. On 4 August, Metaxas had ordered Greek forces to a state of readiness and a partial mobilization. 997:

decided that the increased British intervention in the conflict represented a threat to Germany's rear, while German build-up in the Balkans accelerated after

675: 4549:

Greek armed forces signed an armistice with Italy and Germany on 23 April 1941, but the fighting between Axis and Greek forces continued until the end of the

3969:

at least, this move caused much resentment against Mussolini among the Party leadership that simmered underground and resulted in his dismissal in July 1943.

1534:

surrender of Chameria made, Ciano and well-informed German sources regarded the press campaign as a means to intimidate Greece, rather than a prelude to war.

15993: 13025: 12388: 11697: 11322: 9061:

The Mediterranean, south-east Europe and north Africa, 1939–1941: From Italy's Declaration of Non-belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War

1173:. "A full-scale external war" was fought for Spanish subservience to the Italian Empire, to place Italy on a war footing, and to create "a warrior culture". 15177: 14195: 12038: 11984: 11170: 9202:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 4717: 4241:

The difficulty Italy encountered in subduing a minor power such as Greece further lowered the opinion among the Germans of their Italian allies. German SS-

3539: 2950: 1005:"). The Greeks had deployed the vast majority of their men into a mutually costly stalemate with the Italians on the Albanian front, leaving the fortified 12495: 11991: 11607: 2817:

Division requested from the Italian headquarters relief attacks and Italian reserves were thrown into the battle. Thus, Visconti Prasca sent forward the

2689: 1974:). Plan "IB" foresaw it covering the left flank of the bulk of the Greek forces in western Macedonia, securing the Metsovon pass and blocking entry into 1405:

Italian invasion of Albania as well as a possible attack on Corfu mounted, Metaxas wrote in his diary of his determination to resist any Italian attack.

1326:, the Italian–Greek rapprochement had a positive impact on Greek relations with Romania and Turkey and after 1928 was continued by the new government of 16008: 15737: 11017: 15247: 16397: 15978: 15051: 12381: 11828: 11704: 3959:

in 1924" (MacGregor Knox). In a move designed to bolster the Fascist Party's flagging standing, in mid-January 1941 Mussolini ordered the all senior

2961:

on the next day. On 23 November, bowing to pressure from Badoglio and Roatta, Mussolini finally reversed his early October order for demobilization.

2580:, about 65 kilometres (40 mi) from the Albanian border. In the first week of December, 14 Gladiators were transferred from the RAF to the RHAF. 9594:

Klapsis, Antonis (2014). "Attempting to Revise the Treaty of Lausanne: Greek Foreign Policy and Italy during the Pangalos Dictatorship, 1925–1926".

8676:

Adolf Hitler, Norman Cameron, R.H. Stevens. "Hitler's Table Talk, 1941-1944: His Private Conversations" (3rd Edition). Enigma Books. 1 October 2010.

16728: 16078: 15682: 11681: 11061: 3542:(LSSAH) brigade, to offer surrender. The protocol of surrender was signed by Tsolakoglou and Dietrich at 18:00 on the same day. Presented with the 15702: 12118: 11430: 4046: 2794:. From 30 October, however, the Greeks managed to stabilize the situation. Command in the Pindus sector passed to 1st Division and Major-General 2753:

took over the Epirus sector. 8th Division was subordinated to it, while the coastal sector was placed under the independent Lioumbas Detachment.

963: 341: 330: 172: 14204: 11937: 11239: 3203: 2982:. I Corps was reinforced with 3rd Division (21 November) and II Corps with 11th Division (27 November) and the Cavalry Division (28 November). 2644:

Division moved in four columns against the main Greek resistance line at Kalpaki with the aim of capturing Ioannina. On the Pindus sector, the

1884:" (French for "then it is war."). In this, he echoed the will of the Greek people to resist, a will that was popularly expressed in one word: " 13936: 3910:

wrote: "Today there is no Greek who does not add his voice to the thunderous OCHI. OCHI, we will not hand over Greece to Italy. OCHI, Italian

2725:, postponed the landing to 2 November, but by that time Visconti Prasca was urgently demanding reinforcements, and Mussolini ordered that the 1711:

suggested limiting the extent of the Italian demobilization. Both generals urged Mussolini to replace the local commander, Lieutenant-General

14958: 12729: 12692: 12669: 12190: 11112: 11082: 3388:. Italian casualties amounted to over 11,800 dead and wounded, while the Greeks suffered 1,243 dead, 4,016 wounded and 42 missing in action. 12444: 4389:

on location following their death, and their remains not properly identified. Work by joint Greek-Albanian teams began on 22 January in the

4126:

Anti-Italian feeling among the Greek public, already strong, reached its peak after the sinking of "Elli" on 15 August 1940, the day of the

12822: 12678: 12662: 12634: 11882: 11089: 4496: 3358:, 47th Infantry Division "Bari", 51st Infantry Division "Siena", and 7th Infantry Division "Lupi di Toscana") as a second echelon, and the 15272: 13579: 12646: 12558: 12502: 12465: 11747: 4631: 1180:, which began on 7 April 1939, and in three days had occupied most of the country. Albania was a territory that Italy could acquire for " 947:

by the Italians on 15 August. On 28 October, Mussolini issued an ultimatum to Greece demanding the cession of Greek territory, which the

747: 9782: 3549:

The surrender agreement between Greece and Germany was sparked protest by Mussolini, which Greece must surrender to Italy also. General

15632: 15525: 15267: 12551: 11283: 4250:

labeled the Albania campaign as one of the three "great disasters deprived the Italian Army of its former confidence", along with the

4045:

In the preface to the collection of documents published in 1965 by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the historian and diplomat

668: 3914:

will not set foot on our land. OCHI, the barbarians will not desecrate our Parthenon". He also wrote his famous article "The dagger" (

2552:. The RAF aircraft participated in the Greek counter-offensive that began on 14 November, with No. 84 Squadron operating forward from 1836: 15963: 15661: 15461: 15401: 15287: 15237: 15000: 14057: 12685: 11075: 11033: 4574:

Hitler was originally content to simply let the Italians wear the Greeks down and (he predicted) finish the war in the summer of 1941

3929:

Soon, with the first victories at the front, Greek artists started to write and sing patriotic and festive songs. The reputation of

3849:

for a loss of four pilots and ten aircraft. RAF Greece had been increased to nine squadrons and two Wellington detachments of about

1905:

Since 05:30 this morning, the enemy is attacking our vanguard on the Greek-Albanian border. Our forces are defending the fatherland.

1718:

The following day Mussolini called another conference, with Badoglio, Roatta, Visconti Prasca, Ciano, and Jacomoni. Neither Admiral

16723: 16063: 15732: 15641: 14680: 14188: 13906: 11725: 11499: 11262: 11128: 10939: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3195: 3147: 3135: 2782:

The situation worried the TSDM, which began sending whatever reinforcements it could muster, and assigned the Pindus sector to the

2099: 2042: 1817: 1337:

During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Mussolini sought diplomatically to create "an Italian-dominated Balkan bloc that would link

971:

counter-attacked with the bulk of their mobilized army to push the Italians back into Albania – an advance which culminated in the

966:, badly armed and poorly commanded, resulted in a setback: the Italian forces encountered unexpectedly tenacious resistance by the 15656: 2624:

Italian forces invaded Greece in several columns. On the extreme Italian right, the coastal group moved south in the direction of

2326:), each of two infantry divisions and an infantry brigade. The total forces available to TSDM on the outbreak of war consisted of 2059:

In addition, it was reinforced by cavalry units in a brigade-level command operating on the extreme Italian right along the coast

1706:

Epirus as far as Arta but left the further pursuit of the campaign open. On the next day, Badoglio and acting Army Chief of Staff

12801: 12598: 11635: 11135: 11047: 10983: 3179: 3143: 3139: 2929: 2790:

Division continued pressing its attack on the Greek centre and left during 29–30 October, forcing the Greeks to withdraw towards

2121: 2017: 1821: 1468:

propaganda campaign, accusing the country of being a foreign puppet and tolerating British warships in its waters. Following the

1166: 9826: 1094:, an outlet for its surplus population and that it would be in the best interests of other countries to aid in the expansion of 16658: 15945: 13004: 12516: 11366: 10904: 4615: 3614: 3451: 3347: 3175: 3171: 3155: 2933: 2140: 959: 934: 740: 2721:

The scheduled Italian amphibious assault on Corfu did not materialize due to bad weather. The Italian navy commander, Admiral

16278: 14739: 13600: 13505: 13032: 12778: 12653: 11739: 11713: 11570: 11276: 11193: 10589: 10570: 10130: 10018: 9939: 9806: 9764: 9739: 9710: 9577: 9558: 9532: 9494: 9456: 9433: 9357: 9338: 9226: 9151: 9132: 9109: 9090: 9068: 9028: 9009: 8986: 8965: 8942: 8901: 8879: 8856: 8769: 8750: 8712: 8689: 8618: 8576: 8557: 8538: 8519: 8481: 8385: 8366: 8309: 8290: 8250: 4611: 4565:

While Greek divisions were larger in terms of men, both Italian and Greek divisions had 9 batteries of artillery per division

4197:

to the Greeks). Thus, it not only delivered a humiliation to Mussolini, but also occupied an area inhabited by a substantial

3191: 3187: 3167: 3163: 3151: 2263:

spare parts and ammunition. Many senior Greek officers were veterans of a decade of almost continuous warfare, including the

2110: 2031: 661: 4095:

already under way in North Africa. Between October 1940 and May 1941, five times as many men, one and a third times as much

3314: 3013:, which it captured in early December. TSDM continued to apply pressure against the Italians and the 10th Division captured 1357:, Britain had secured its dominant influence in the country. This did not change after the establishment of the dictatorial 16601: 15915: 14631: 13833: 13240: 13126: 12291: 11758: 11754: 11732: 11336: 10766:

Ledet, Michel (November 1996). "1940–1941: L'aviation grecque au combat (1ère partie)" [Greek Aircraft in Combat].

3288:

On 14 February, in view of GHQ's increasing concern with developments on the Bulgarian frontier, a new higher command, the

3199: 3159: 2726: 2467: 1871:, located in the Greek territory immediately behind the boundary, which would break out after the beginning of the attack. 4337:

killed, while claiming 218 kills against Greek and British and 55 probables. Greek military forces amounted to fewer than

3813:

shot down for the loss of six, which established a measure of air superiority over the Pindus mountains. In January 1941,

15910: 14181: 13748: 13212: 12544: 12530: 11743: 3490:

victorious Army". The order to retreat, the disheartening news of the Yugoslav collapse, and the rapid German advance in

3426:

outperformed the Italian Breda and Fiat equivalent and was less liable to overheating as well as jammed less often. The

3281:

costly, and signs of an imminent Italian offensive in the central sector of the front forced a return to the defensive.

2916:

river. The plateau lay behind the Morava and Ivan mountains on the Greco-Albanian frontier, which were held by the 29th

1605:

German intervention, urging Italy to avoid Balkan complications and concentrate on Britain, along with the start of the

15537: 13957: 13826: 13704: 13282: 12997: 12948: 12706: 12261: 11513: 11352: 11200: 11054: 8462: 8347: 3183: 2173: 1138: 929:

involvement. On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom. By September 1940, the Italians had

16556: 16319: 15625: 14794: 14073: 12955: 12927: 12744: 12326: 12045: 12012: 10608: 10551: 10527: 10492: 10452: 10408: 10305: 10286: 10267: 10248: 10229: 10210: 10191: 10153: 10095: 10077: 10037: 9917: 9875: 9513: 9475: 9414: 9395: 9376: 9319: 9296: 9270: 9245: 9207: 8923: 8830: 8809: 8788: 8731: 8667: 8637: 8599: 8500: 8411: 8328: 8269: 4519: 4189:, declared that "today we say that Greeks fight like heroes, from now on we will say that heroes fight like Greeks". 3981:

was himself surprised by the enthusiasm with which he was greeted, having expected open hostility from the soldiers.

3579: 3261: 1694:. The Italians intended to partly compensate Greece for its extensive territorial losses by allowing it to annex the 1095: 1029: 17: 11228: 16718: 15940: 15192: 14789: 14356: 14110: 13268: 13205: 12340: 12176: 11299: 8918:. Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century, Battle Books. Vol. 22. New York: Ballantine Books. 2513:

On 22 October 1940, six days before the Italian invasion of Greece, despite the Italian invasion of Egypt, the RAF

2315: 2272: 1563: 1118: 11853: 2991:' back. Now, with the same, absolute certainty, I repeat, absolute, I tell you that we will break Greece's back." 1322:

and in November 1926, a trade agreement was signed between the two states. Initiated and energetically pursued by

1306:

remained open but inactive in view of the country's weakness and isolation. The main threat Greece faced was from

16748: 15299: 14914: 14217: 13634: 13475: 13464: 13300: 13059: 13018: 12911: 12849: 12236: 11506: 11375: 11343: 10692: 9262: 9175: 8655: 2861:, formed out of the XXVI Corps in the Korçë sector, comprising five infantry and two alpine divisions with elite 1253: 902: 685: 43: 12023: 11591: 10426:]. Seconda guerra mondiale; colezione di memorie, diari e studi (in Italian). Vol. V. Milano: Rizzoli. 3252:

was captured. The capture of the strategic Klisura pass by the Greek army was considered a major success by the

16312: 16298: 15930: 15898: 15615: 15411: 15313: 14709: 14704: 14457: 14447: 14020: 13992: 13870: 13663: 12900: 12351: 12277: 12073: 11444: 11163: 11068: 10953: 7670:, ed. François Genoud, London, 1961, pp. 65, 72–3, 81. For textual problems with this source, see Ian Kershaw, 4432:

on the same day that Tsolakoglou surrendered taking the territory between the Strymon river and a line through

4127: 3406: 3402: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2783: 2666: 2446: 2299: 2278:

In Epirus, the 8th Infantry Division was already mobilized and reinforced with a regiment and the staff of the

1967: 1851:

to the exclusion of other theories, dropping the previous emphasis on fast mobile warfare backed by artillery.

1675: 975:

in January 1941, a few dozen kilometers inside the Albanian border. The defeat of the Italian invasion and the

3097: 2576:

with Blenheim Is, followed before the end of November, joining 84 Squadron at Menidi and 80 Squadron moved to

16693: 16595: 16126: 15717: 14902: 14080: 14013: 13964: 13895: 13720: 13226: 13177: 12941: 12934: 12537: 12298: 12089: 11142: 4156: 3902:" ("no!") on the night of 28 October 1940 made the previously unpopular prime minister into a national hero. 3655:

on 28 March and sank three cruisers and two destroyers, the greatest Italian naval defeat at sea of the war.

2533:

and one flight of Blenheim I light bombers, that were based at Athens-Eleusis airfield. Soon afterwards, six

2461: 2237:(Sparrowhawk) built with steel tubes, timber, aluminium, and fabric and carrying scarce defensive firepower. 1085: 1039: 894: 10010:

War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia

16763: 16753: 16643: 16305: 16042: 15646: 15427: 15335: 15225: 15031: 14774: 14544: 14154: 14050: 13425: 13386: 12305: 12140: 12125: 12052: 12031: 11849: 11527: 11313: 11306: 11290: 11001: 10960: 10932: 10321: 2865:

troops as well as a number of independent regiments, including Blackshirt and Albanian battalions; and the

2775:

A greater threat to the Greek positions was posed by the advance of the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia", under

1622: 1311: 1237: 3524:

was renamed III Army Corps and placed under Pitsikas' command. The three corps commanders, along with the

3318:

Mussolini (on left) with Italian General Ugo Cavallero (on his right) during the Italian Spring Offensive.

2484:. There were six old submarines, fifteen obsolete torpedo boats and about thirty other auxiliary vessels. 1165:

began and Italy made a military contribution so vast that it played a decisive role in the victory of the

16650: 16615: 16192: 16024: 15727: 15282: 14253: 14117: 13441: 13393: 13011: 12983: 12836: 12451: 12430: 11951: 11614: 11520: 11010: 9195: 9165: 3601:

were moved by sea during the war. The RHN carried out limited operations against Italian shipping in the

3511: 3371:

Division held during 9–10 March. A flanking manoeuvre on 11 March ended in Italian defeat. The exhausted

2912:

capture of the Korçë plateau, which controlled access to the interior of Albania along the valley of the

2682: 2649: 1409: 1177: 788: 14929: 4030:

has accused Hitler of trying to deflect blame for his country's defeat from himself to his ally, Italy.

3836:

Gladiators and Hurricanes intercepted a raid by fifty Italian aircraft on 28 February, the RAF claiming

3672:

air bases hindered communications and movements between the Italian flying units. Only two airfields –

16743: 16738: 16688: 16571: 16551: 16326: 16293: 16288: 15182: 14529: 14396: 13915: 13411: 13330: 13275: 13163: 13119: 12769: 12395: 12319: 12221: 12098: 11970: 11963: 11923: 11896: 11628: 11561: 11156: 10967: 10897: 9549:

Preston, Paul; MacKenzie, Ann, eds. (1996). "Mussolini's Spanish Adventure: From Limited Risk to War".

4251: 3470: 1712: 1552: 1526: 1437:, closed the remaining Greek communal schools in the province, and Italian troops were heard singing " 1421:

campaign in the Italian press, combined with provocative Italian actions. Thus during Foreign Minister

1349: 1319: 1185: 1157: 930: 709: 291: 3696:

took off to locate Italian Army columns. But they were intercepted and attacked by Fiat CR.42s of 393

3065:, visited the front. Pitsikas and Tsolakoglou urged him to order an immediate attack on the strategic 2877:, created a bottleneck for supplies and reinforcements, while the airlift initiated between Italy and 16768: 16187: 16170: 16158: 15636: 15610: 15605: 14825: 14505: 14268: 13817: 13734: 13519: 13379: 13351: 13184: 13089: 12879: 12312: 11386: 11040: 9631:

Sadkovich, James J. (1993). "The Italo–Greek War in Context. Italian Priorities and Axis Diplomacy".

4653:

needed whipping up- for a stern lesson to be delivered to the 'macaroni-boys' (makaronades) ..."

4418: 4000: 3562: 3050: 2906: 2670: 2553: 1755:) was agreed for 24 October. Mussolini suggested that the expected advance of the 10th Army (Marshal 1606: 1557: 1541: 1189: 1011: 942: 938: 800: 716: 123: 11584: 3965:

and officials under 45 years, to go to the Albanian front (much to their displeasure). According to

2767: 1831:

had been appointed Chief of Staff of the army, and had begun a reorganisation of divisions to fight

16708: 16698: 16637: 16392: 16253: 15406: 14749: 14744: 14539: 14288: 13556: 13533: 12785: 12586: 12579: 12243: 11903: 11875: 11868: 11255: 10800:

Ledet, Michel (January 1997). "1940–1941: L'aviation grecque au combat (3ème et dernière partie)".

9698: 9191: 9161: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4394: 4066:(9 December 1940 – 9 February 1941) served to end Italian aspirations to great power status. 3503: 3309: 2492: 2430: 2352: 1401: 1379:

dismissive of Greece's military ability, and disliking the regime, the British rebuffed the offer.

988: 948: 832: 324: 72: 11600: 11577: 10239:

Knox, MacGregor (1984). "Fascist Italy Assesses its Enemies, 1935–1940". In May, Ernest R. (ed.).

9727: 3804:

failed, due to a lack of all-weather airfields and the season, when flying was possible for about

1244:, the Italian delegation withdrew from the conference for several months. Italy occupied parts of 16713: 16703: 16263: 16258: 16212: 16207: 16088: 15778: 15259: 15012: 15007: 14731: 14613: 14591: 14347: 14337: 14278: 13978: 13922: 13792: 13652: 13337: 12990: 12886: 12792: 12360: 12228: 12198: 12162: 12147: 12019: 11911: 11889: 11835: 11821: 11803: 11467: 11248: 10976: 10925: 9870:]. Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime (in Albanian). Vol. IV. Tirana: Toena. 3431: 3339: 3293: 3220: 2776: 2514: 2471: 2319: 1971: 1941:. Plans were laid down for the reorganization of the Greek armed forces, including building the " 1793: 1323: 1134: 972: 922: 820: 386: 10729:

Creveld, Martin van (1974). "Prelude to Disaster: The British Decision to Aid Greece, 1940–41".

8455:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

8173: 4243: 4118:

wanted to take advantage of the offer. It could have made the difference but Mussolini refused.

3762: 1575:

allowing submarine attacks on neutral shipping. This was taken up by De Vecchi, who ordered the

15494: 15380: 15375: 15162: 15158: 14995: 13670: 13563: 13365: 13316: 13219: 13112: 13082: 12865: 12753: 12479: 12270: 11861: 11842: 11812: 11359: 11329: 10817:

Sadkovich, James J. (1989). "Understanding Defeat. Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II".

3652: 3482: 3427: 3253: 3031: 2750: 2311: 2231: 2220: 2184:

was placed between the corps to cover the advance of XXV Corps along the Pindus mountains. The

1781: 1655: 1434: 914: 704: 202: 10164: 2521:

decodes and other sources that an Italian invasion of Greece was imminent. The RAF first sent

1345:

between Greece, Yugoslavia, Turkey and Romania, which was a counter to Bulgarian revisionism.

16561: 16446: 16429: 16336: 16197: 15855: 15707: 15489: 15220: 15083: 14621: 14534: 14161: 13884: 13727: 13623: 13593: 13549: 13289: 13254: 13247: 13170: 13068: 12509: 12486: 12333: 11944: 11481: 11221: 11207: 10890: 9790: 4088: 3423: 3331: 3102: 3078: 2866: 2843: 2662: 2475: 1812: 1789: 1674:

regions were to be separated from the rest of the Greek territory and the Italian-controlled

1327: 1276: 1225: 1192:

in September. A plan to invade Yugoslavia was drawn up, but postponed due to opposition from

1126: 867: 11779: 10854:

Sadkovich, James J. (1 May 1994). "Italian Morale During the Italo-Greek War of 1940–1941".

9668:

Sullivan, Brian R. (1995). "Fascist Italy's Military Involvement in the Spanish Civil War".

9256: 9169: 6075: 6073: 16609: 16472: 16331: 16083: 16068: 15330: 15093: 14596: 14342: 14283: 13985: 13840: 13491: 13448: 13418: 13344: 13154: 13133: 12059: 11536: 11214: 9078: 4501: 4492: 3822: 3643: 3469:

Albanian border, forcing the surrender of the Eastern Macedonia Field Army section in only

3245: 3077:

rivers, reached the vicinity of Klisura, but failed to capture the pass. To its right, the

2573: 2518: 2501: 2341: 2323: 2291: 1934: 1695: 1614: 1465: 1418: 1358: 1233: 825: 441: 14870: 10106:

An Abridged History of the Greek-Italian and Greek-German War, 1940–1941 (Land Operations)

8699:

Kaisarou-Pantazopoulou, Triantaphyllia; Beldekos, Geōrgios I.; Karytinos, Alexios (2000).

3030:

as Chief of the General Staff. The resignation of the governor of the Italian Dodecanese,

1820:

was diverted from the attack in Epirus to bolster XXVI Corps in the Korçë area, while the

1010:

surrendered to German troops on 20 April 1941 and to the Italians on 23 April. Greece was

8: 16623: 16467: 16409: 16243: 16238: 16202: 15825: 15783: 15773: 15589: 15432: 15396: 15370: 15345: 15197: 15172: 15138: 15133: 15103: 14714: 14581: 14452: 14103: 13877: 13755: 13711: 13233: 12367: 12133: 11660: 11490: 11474: 11423: 8840: 8156:"Ιστορική στιγμή: Ξεκίνησε η εκταφή των Ελλήνων πεσόντων του '40 στο μέτωπο της Αλβανίας" 6070: 4174: 4084: 3952: 3818: 3814: 3648: 3607: 3525: 3410: 3289: 3257: 3110: 2656:, recalled from retirement. With Bulgarian neutrality assured—following the terms of the 2653: 2616: 2561: 2542: 2538: 2522: 2457: 2381:

outbreak of the war the operational combat fleet of the Royal Greek Air Force counted 24

2208:(Arrow) biplanes (the latter already outdated). More modern and effective were the fifty 2194:

available for operations against Greece. About half of the fighter force consisted of 64

1439:

Andremo nell'Egeo, prenderemo pure il Pireo. E, se tutto va bene, prenderemo anche Aténe.

1354: 1150: 1146: 1107: 1099: 998: 418: 370: 10783:

Ledet, Michel (December 1996). "1940–1941: L'aviation grecque au combat (2ème partie)".

10464:

Mussolini als Bundesgenosse. Erinnerungen des deutschen Militärattachés in Rom 1936–1943

9426:

Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II

8586:

Gedeon, Dimitrios (2001). "Ο Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος 1940–41: Οι χερσαίες επιχειρήσεις".

3249: 16414: 16268: 16248: 15870: 15845: 15830: 15442: 15365: 15360: 15123: 15113: 15108: 15088: 14985: 14586: 14332: 14293: 14096: 13929: 13854: 13808: 13778: 13686: 13526: 13191: 13075: 12969: 12920: 12858: 12614: 12565: 12374: 11998: 11653: 11451: 10842: 10754: 10717: 10687: 10658: 10650: 10315: 9685: 9656: 9619: 8998: 8954: 8801:

Common Destiny. Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany

8240: 4027: 3750: 3730: 3491: 3381: 3118: 3089:

and secure the connection between II and III Corps, which remained in their positions.

2858: 2795: 2722: 2605: 2534: 2212:, Italian first all-metal fighters, available at the opening of the hostilities. Sixty 1925: 1751:

The staging of incidents at the border to provide a suitable pretext (analogous to the

1719: 1572: 1522: 1514: 1464:

In May 1940, as Italian entry into the war became imminent, the Italian press began an

1285: 1142: 839: 430: 398: 9834: 9046:]. Ufficio Storico (in Italian). Vol. I. Roma: Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. 8658:. with E.E. Thomas, C.F.G. Ransom, R. C. Knight (abridged 2nd rev. ed.). London: 7321: 3101:

Meeting of the Anglo-Greek War Council ca. January 1941. Left to right: Major General

3092: 2893:, as well as the 16th Brigade, were kept in reserve. By 12 November, Papagos had over 2835:

mountain ranges. On the same day, Visconti Prasca was relieved and recalled to Italy.

335: 16588: 16546: 16487: 16439: 16419: 16222: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 15998: 15968: 15865: 15860: 15820: 15815: 15763: 15697: 15692: 15574: 15554: 15437: 15167: 15153: 15148: 14990: 14875: 14779: 14696: 14573: 14487: 14439: 14319: 14263: 14258: 14087: 13971: 13861: 13801: 13762: 13695: 13677: 13643: 13586: 13540: 13484: 13309: 13047: 12976: 12829: 12423: 11955: 11416: 11395: 11105: 10871: 10846: 10834: 10805: 10788: 10771: 10758: 10746: 10721: 10709: 10675: 10662: 10642: 10604: 10585: 10566: 10547: 10541: 10523: 10506: 10488: 10471: 10448: 10427: 10404: 10385: 10368: 10351: 10334: 10301: 10282: 10263: 10244: 10225: 10206: 10187: 10170: 10149: 10126: 10109: 10091: 10073: 10056: 10033: 10014: 9995: 9978: 9970: 9958: 9935: 9913: 9893: 9871: 9760: 9743: 9714: 9660: 9648: 9623: 9611: 9573: 9554: 9528: 9509: 9490: 9471: 9452: 9429: 9410: 9391: 9372: 9353: 9334: 9315: 9292: 9266: 9241: 9222: 9203: 9179: 9178:, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (3rd impression, 1959 ed.). HMSO. 9147: 9128: 9105: 9086: 9064: 9047: 9024: 9005: 8982: 8976: 8961: 8938: 8919: 8897: 8889: 8875: 8852: 8826: 8822:

Hitler's Italian Allies. Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943

8820: 8805: 8799: 8784: 8765: 8746: 8727: 8708: 8685: 8663: 8633: 8614: 8595: 8572: 8553: 8534: 8515: 8496: 8477: 8458: 8441: 8433: 8407: 8381: 8362: 8343: 8324: 8305: 8286: 8280: 8265: 8246: 4756: 4425: 4255: 4198: 4186: 4076: 4063: 4059: 3991: 3974: 3956: 3826: 3626: 3602: 3554: 3417:

units, as a result they were perennially lacking essential supplies. Italian General

3023: 2557: 2227: 2209: 2186: 1975: 1959: 1777: 1752: 1727: 1659: 1375: 1221: 1162: 1130: 898: 810: 804: 453: 436: 425: 413: 393: 377: 364: 218: 14885: 9445:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΕ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1913 έως το 1941 9367:

Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). "The Greek-Italian War Operations on the Epirote Front".

9200:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)

8894:

Wind of Freedom: The History of the Invasion of Greece by the Axis Powers, 1940–1941

8845:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΕ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1913 έως το 1941 4735: 3951:

conversations, Italians soon took to calling the war in Albania "a second and worse

3434:

mountain artillery of the Greek army was also superior compared to Italian mortars.

2737:. Igoumenitsa was captured on 6 November, and on the next day, the Italians reached 16131: 16003: 15584: 15579: 15569: 15559: 15521: 15128: 15118: 14971: 14953: 14921: 14524: 14482: 14474: 14469: 14386: 14378: 14373: 14351: 14273: 14248: 14006: 13999: 13943: 13607: 13372: 13358: 13261: 13198: 13149: 12962: 12815: 12762: 12572: 12523: 12437: 11667: 11644: 11177: 10863: 10826: 10738: 10701: 10634: 10537: 9677: 9640: 9603: 4267: 3903: 3634: 3447: 3323: 3114: 2762: 2588:

The Greek official history of the Greco-Italian War divides it into three periods:

2549: 2546: 2526: 2497: 2390: 2334:

batteries (seven heavy). The Pindus sector was covered by the "Pindus Detachment" (

2307: 1946: 1756: 1736: 1469: 1392: 1170: 1111: 1081: 1002: 976: 918: 815: 783: 476: 458: 257: 194: 11186: 10055:]. Mussolini l'alleato, 1940–1945 (in Italian). Vol. I. Torino: Einaudi. 9810: 9171:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

8611:

Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922–1940

2401:

bombers. Serviceable ground attack and naval support aircraft included about nine

446: 16477: 16424: 16377: 16364: 16073: 15850: 15840: 15835: 15810: 15712: 15355: 15143: 14880: 14549: 14361: 14327: 14029: 13741: 13656: 13614: 13512: 13455: 13323: 13105: 13096: 12625: 12207: 12183: 11437: 10398: 10008: 9885: 9607: 8911: 4550: 4194: 4051: 3995: 3689: 3677: 3106: 2997: 2946: 2706: 2406: 2268: 1951: 1938: 1848: 1828: 1667: 1598: 1502: 1442: 1414: 1362: 1299: 1229: 952: 721: 594: 462: 382: 269: 15747: 14925: 14141: 10166:

The Testament of Adolf Hitler: The Hitler–Bormann Documents, February–April 1945

9371:. Historikoi Hellēnikoi chōroi. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon S.A. pp. 389–401. 8781:

Mussolini Unleashed 1939–1941. Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War

1678:

was to annex territory between the Greek north-western frontier and a line from

1184:

to ease its overpopulation" as well as a foothold for expansion in the Balkans.

346: 15677: 15564: 15350: 15340: 14966: 14934: 14897: 14726: 14608: 14391: 14036: 13572: 13498: 11550: 11409: 10867: 10830: 10742: 10705: 9644: 7668:

The Testament of Adolf Hitler. The Hitler–Bormann Documents February–April 1945

4486: 4433: 4398: 4259: 4222: 4131: 4102: 3939: 3709: 3465: 3418: 3297: 3235:

division was routed. The division went into action on 9 January to support the

3062: 3046: 2988: 2964: 2913: 2801:

After covering 40 kilometres (25 mi) of mountain terrain in icy rain, the

2450: 1988: 1897: 1801: 1663: 1594: 1422: 1265: 1258: 1232:

agreement to cede them to Greece. When the Italians found that Greece had been

1217: 858: 471: 232: 227: 16734:

Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

10470:] (in German). Tübingen/Stuttgart: Rainer Wuderlich Verlag Hermann Leins. 8133:"MFA welcomes measures to disinter, identify fallen Greek soldiers in Albania" 4444:. Italian troops took over their zone of occupation from 28 April to 12 June. 4145: 3041:

on 5 December and Gjirokastër on 8 December; the Lioumbas Detachment captured

2971: 2838: 1493:), which was frustrating to him as he long had designs on Yugoslav territory. 16682: 16482: 16462: 15920: 15454: 14661: 14626: 14406: 14173: 13847: 11772: 11621: 11460: 10875: 10838: 10809: 10792: 10775: 10750: 10713: 10679: 10646: 10520:

Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts; Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa

10510: 10475: 10355: 10338: 10174: 10060: 9999: 9982: 9905: 9747: 9718: 9652: 9615: 9183: 9051: 8647: 8445: 4402: 4390: 4247: 4106: 3977:, when Mussolini made an unannounced visit to the front on 2 March 1941, the 3701: 3543: 3535: 3499: 3027: 2734: 2530: 2434: 2426: 2418: 2394: 1106:

region and Mussolini imagined the conquest "of an empire stretching from the

1090: 967: 319: 308: 297: 286: 280: 275: 264: 251: 157: 15911:

Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)

10625:

Carrier, Richard C. (October 2003). "Hitler's Table Talk: Troubling Finds".

10468:

Mussolini as Ally: Memoirs of the German Military Attaché in Rome, 1936–1943

10445:

Apathy Against Heroism: The Italo-Greek Adventure: October 1940 – April 1941

10431: 10113: 8550:

Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe

3942:

in the rhythm of "Reginella Campagnola", a popular Italian song of the era.

2897:

battalions on familiar terrain against fewer than fifty Italian battalions.

2697: 55: 16630: 16217: 15063: 14981: 14976: 14890: 14862: 14857: 14784: 14766: 14761: 14666: 14656: 14648: 14643: 14411: 14401: 14146: 13950: 12250: 12155: 11786: 11149: 10913: 10441:

Ignavia contro eroismo; l'avventura italo-greca, ottobre 1940 – aprile 1941

10389: 10372: 9962: 9951:

La condotta italiana della guerra: Cavallero e il Comando supremo 1941–1942

9897: 7975: 5199: 4165: 3586: 3550: 3507: 3086: 3066: 2746: 2386: 1942: 1760: 1707: 1687: 1658:. The islands were claimed on the basis that they had once belonged to the 1639: 1371: 1367: 1331: 1193: 1056: 1006: 994: 980: 926: 906: 357: 352: 313: 302: 187: 47: 9449:

History of the Greek Nation, Volume XV: Modern Hellenism from 1913 to 1941

8849:

History of the Greek Nation, Volume XV: Modern Hellenism from 1913 to 1941

8724:

Fascist Ideology Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany 1922-1945

6121: 3456: 2853:

By 14 November, the Italian forces in Albania had been reorganized in two

1642:, which would permit the Italian annexation of the Ionian Islands and the 983:, the Greeks "surprising everyone with the tenacity of their resistance". 16434: 16058: 15471: 14909: 13785: 13771: 13433: 12109: 11930: 11915: 11269: 9331:

Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War

8421: 8395: 8174:"Αρχίζει η εκταφή των Ελλήνων στρατιωτών πεσόντων στα βουνά της Αλβανίας" 7285: 7216: 4441: 4333:

had 79 aircraft destroyed (65 shot down) and more than 400 damaged, with

4055: 4033: 3966: 3930: 3745:

fighter escorts headed towards Thessaloniki and was intercepted by Greek

3738: 3558: 3207: 2657: 2629: 2592:

The Italian offensive and its failure from 28 October to 13 November 1940

2295: 2264: 2213: 2132: 1426: 1342: 1290: 1241: 1034: 910: 141: 68: 15466: 10241:

Knowing One's Enemies. Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars

7270:

Carrier 2021, Mussolini's Army against Greece (October 1940-April 1941).

6157: 4097: 2975: 2298:

to reinforce the division. The western Macedonia sector was held by the

1808:, would initially remain passive in the direction of western Macedonia. 1610: 1571:

harbour. The sinking was a result of orders by Mussolini and Navy chief

1521:

On 11 August, orchestrated by Ciano and the Italian viceroy in Albania,

63:

Italian bombers over Greek territory, Italian soldiers during winter in

15277: 14941: 13140: 12893: 12872: 11765: 11098: 11026: 10654: 9689: 9121:

1940: Ο άγνωστος πόλεμος. Η ελληνική πολεμική προσπάθεια στα μετόπισθεν

8868:

Le illusioni, la paura, la rabbia: il fronte interno italiano 1940–1943

8851:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 358–411, 411–453. 8698: 6133: 6079: 5945: 4437: 3742: 3638: 3622: 3391: 3273: 3005:

Between 24 and 30 November, I Corps moved north into Albania along the

2854: 2693: 2422: 2414: 2402: 2202: 2195: 2084: 1805: 1651: 1387: 1213: 1209: 7980: 3749:

fighters of the 22nd Squadron. The Greek flying ace second lieutenant

3085:

but still comprising only the 10th Division) managed to advance up to

3042: 3038: 3010: 2151: 1582:

s commander to "sink everything in sight in the vicinity of Tinos and

1294:. Henceforth Greek foreign policy was largely aimed at preserving the 13403: 12808: 12605: 12416: 12214: 12169: 9388:

In the skies of Europe – Air Forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945

7153: 6806: 4884: 4473: 3817:

and 112 Squadron were sent to Greece despite being at half strength.

3498:

With the advantage of German advance on Greece. On April 13, General

3130: 3014: 2738: 2481: 2425:

maritime reconnaissance aircraft. The main air bases were located in

2398: 2131:

moving south from its deployment along the Yugoslav frontier between

1920: 1671: 1506: 1133:. The fascist regime also sought to establish protectorates over the 1076:, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed. 11690: 10638: 10505:. West Point, NY: Department of Military Art and Engineering. 1948. 9728:"The Morale of the Greek and the Italian Soldier in the 1940–41 War" 9681: 9527:. Eastern European Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press. 8707:] (in Greek). Athens: Hypēresia Historias Polemikēs Aeroporias. 7045: 3070: 2954: 2874: 2611: 1839:), as part of a ten years plan to reorganise the standing army into 1529:

Guzzoni to Rome. Visconti Prasca, the aristocratic commander of the

1302:(southern Albania), the Italian-ruled Dodecanese, and British-ruled 732: 15232: 15026: 11674: 11402: 10148:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe D. L. 7409: 6818: 6109: 5228: 4110: 3961: 3746: 3713: 3441: 3093:

End of the Greek offensive and stalemate (6 January – 6 April 1941)

3018: 2958: 2832: 2791: 2637: 2625: 2577: 2505: 2438: 2410: 2382: 1979: 1868: 1647: 1643: 1498: 1430: 1307: 1245: 1122: 653: 10601:

European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War

10485:

European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War

7484: 7033: 7009: 4763: 2870: 1501:. On 31 July Italian bombers attacked two Greek destroyers in the 16530: 9407:

The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933

9312:

The Italian Wars 1935–1943: From the Empire of Ethiopia to Defeat

9308:

Le guerre italiane 1935–1943. Dall'impero d'Etiopia alla disfatta

8512:

Written on the Knee: A Diary from the Greek-Italian Front of WWII

8437: 5163: 4872: 4406: 4218: 4180:

The Italian zone was taken over by the Germans in September 1943.

3705: 3681: 3669: 2828: 2806: 2701: 2665:

with 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Infantry Divisions, as well as the Cretan

2565: 2442: 2361:, RHAF) had to face the numerically and technologically superior 2136: 1983: 1955: 1885: 1792:) in the west was charged with the conquest of Epirus, while the 1691: 1679: 1433:

were publicly displayed; the governor of the Italian Dodecanese,

1199: 1103: 1073: 402: 64: 10563:

Perilous Commitments: the Battle for Greece and Crete: 1940–1941

9164:; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (1954). 8743:

Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940–1941

8474:

Bearing Gifts to Greeks: Humanitarian Aid to Greece in the 1940s

8184: 7243: 7129: 7069: 6145: 6085: 5329: 3584:

Thoroughly outclassed by the far larger and more modern Italian

2839:

Greek counter-offensive (14 November 1940 – 6 January 1941)

1780:. The Italian forces in Albania were organised accordingly: the 1224:

of 1912. It had occupied them since, after reneging on the 1919

15652:

Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)

15449: 15098: 14691: 14568: 14434: 14314: 12284: 10882: 10163:

Hitler, Adolf; Bormann, Martin (1961). Genoud, François (ed.).

9955:

The Conduct of War: Cavallero and the Supreme Command 1941–1942

9864:

Shqiptarët gjatë luftës së dytë botërore dhe pas saj: 1939–1990

9699:"The Italian view of the 1940–41 War. Comparisons and problems" 8340:

Greece The Decade of War, Occupation, Resistance, and Civil War

7354: 7297: 7057: 7021: 6997: 6961: 6854: 6625: 6586: 5175: 4836: 4429: 3790: 3684: 3673: 3621:

had half of its capital ships put out of action by the British

3486: 3006: 2878: 2862: 2810: 2517:

in Cairo was ordered to prepare squadrons for Greece, based on

2303: 1875: 1824:

was ordered south from its position along the Yugoslav border.

1699: 1683: 1555:, a Greek national religious holiday), the Greek light cruiser 1537: 1510: 1338: 1303: 1249: 1205: 979:

have been called the "first Axis setback of the entire war" by

958:

Italy's invasion of Greece, launched with the divisions of the

901:

from 28 October 1940 to 23 April 1941. This conflict began the

97: 10580:

Wint, Guy; Pritchard, John (1999). Calvocoressi, Peter (ed.).

9451:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 342–358. 7911: 7598: 7376:, Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, Rome 1965, pp. 47–49. 7206: 7204: 6603: 6601: 6225: 6223: 6048: 6046: 6044: 5933: 5540: 5317: 5269: 5257: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5033: 5031: 5004: 4992: 4968: 4787: 3724: 3700:. A first Henschel was hit and crashed, killing its observer, 2848:

Greek counter-offensive (13 November 1940 – 7 April 1941)

2713: 12472: 9348:

Shores, Christopher F.; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1987).

9219:

War in the Balkans: The Battle for Greece and Crete 1940–1941

8978:

Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44

8571:. Stanford, CT: Stanford University, Hoover Institute Press. 7889: 7887: 7874: 7872: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7819: 7496: 6420: 4809:, Volume 24, 1989. Page 38. Citing:' SME/US, Grecia, I, 943'. 4467: 3861:

and Yugoslav aircraft. RAF losses in the Greek campaign were

2979: 1863: 1766: 1745: 1583: 1568: 1480:("parallel war") under which Italy would finally conquer its 1473: 1261: 9238:

Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship

8874:] (in Italian). Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane. 8426:

The Hollow Legions. Mussolini's Blunder in Greece, 1940–1941

8400:

The Hollow Legions. Mussolini's Blunder in Greece, 1940–1941

8000: 7783: 7711: 7639: 7637: 7457: 7165: 6553: 6437: 6435: 5528: 2965:

Greek offensive towards Valona (23 November – December 1940)

2632:

and thence driving onto Preveza. In the central sector, the

15886: 15620: 10222:

Opposing Plans, Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group North

8956:

Cry Havoc: The Arms Race and the Second World War 1931–1941

8659: 8432:]. trans. Eric Mosbacher. New York: Chatto and Windus. 8208: 7771: 7735: 7474: 7472: 7342: 7273: 7201: 7189: 6866: 6598: 6510: 6220: 6184: 6041: 5921: 5504: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5028: 4479: 3074: 1248:

which threatened the Greek occupation zone and the city of

9868:

Albanians During World War II and its Aftermath: 1939–1990

7899: 7884: 7869: 7840: 7723: 6447: 5957: 5738: 5726: 5615: 5588: 5067: 5043: 5016: 4980: 4824: 3073:

on 22 December. II Corps, moving between the Aöos and the

16567:

Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance

9553:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 21–52. 9291:(in Greek). trans. Kostas Sarropoulos. Athens: Govostis. 9265:, The War in the Air (paperback ed.). London: HMSO. 8430:

Storia della guerra di Grecia: ottobre 1940 – aprile 1941

8406:]. trans. Eric Mosbacher. London: Chatto and Windus. 8404:

Storia della guerra di Grecia: ottobre 1940 – aprile 1941

8065: 7940: 7938: 7649: 7634: 7610: 7379: 6673: 6432: 6097: 5605: 5603: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5434: 5432: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 4812: 3264:, sending a congratulatory message to Alexander Papagos. 3214: 2545:

arrived. All RAF assets were placed under the command of

2249:

A Greek woman sees her son depart for the Albanian front.

1862:

go home for the harvest. There were supposed to be 1,750

1240:, for aid in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire during the 624: 16362: 8872:

Illusions, Fear, Anger: The Italian Home Front 1940–1943

8569:

World War II in Europe: Causes, Course, and Consequences

7807: 7795: 7759: 7586: 7574: 7508: 7469: 7374:

La difesa del traffico con l'Albania, la Grecia e l'Egeo

7309: 7233: 7231: 6985: 6939: 6937: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6905: 6883: 6881: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6748: 6726: 6724: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6541: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6488: 6486: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6379: 6343: 6307: 6247: 6235: 6196: 6174: 6172: 6001: 5999: 5627: 5557: 5555: 5492: 5468: 5444: 5382: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5281: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5211: 5151: 4908: 1547:

that was sunk on 15 August 1940 while she sat at anchor.

16169: 8101: 7690: 7525: 7523: 6973: 6893: 6796: 6794: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5849: 5798: 5762: 5687: 5675: 5516: 5480: 5456: 5394: 4896: 2158:

battalions, about ten tanks and two cavalry companies,

1962:

line, to gain time for the completion of mobilization.

1318:

The Greek government put renewed emphasis on improving

1071: Territories to be transformed into client states. 11544:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

9125:

1940 The Unknown War. The Greek War Effort in the Rear

8627: 8457:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 8077: 7935: 7622: 7445: 6812: 5885: 5839: 5837: 5822: 5786: 5750: 5704: 5702: 5639: 5600: 5567: 5429: 5406: 5055: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4698: 3026:, sacked Badoglio on 4 December and replaced him with 2945:

the "K" Group of Divisions or OMK (Lieutenant-General

1176:

In September 1938, the Italian army had made plans to

10142:

Hitlers Strategie. Politik und Kriegführung 1940–1941

9890:

Italy in the Second World War; Memories and Documents

9602:(2). London: Taylor & Francis (online): 240–259. 9525:

Hitler's Balkan Campaign and the Invasion of the USSR

9470:(Wordsworth ed.). London: Hodder and Stoughton. 9369:

Epirus: 4,000 Years of Greek History and Civilization

8592:

The Greco-Italian War 1940–1941: The Ground Operation

8196: 8113: 8089: 8053: 8041: 8012: 7685:

Hitlers Strategie. Politik und Kriegführung 1940–1941

7562: 7433: 7228: 7177: 7081: 6934: 6917: 6878: 6830: 6760: 6736: 6721: 6565: 6522: 6483: 6459: 6403: 6391: 6367: 6355: 6331: 6295: 6169: 6080:

Kaisarou-Pantazopoulou, Beldekos & Karytinos 2000

6011: 5996: 5873: 5861: 5552: 5370: 5353: 5341: 5293: 5240: 4860: 4848: 3206:

moving to the front. There were also two independent

2928:

divisions. The Italians were later reinforced by the

2717:

Greek soldiers constructing fortifications at Kalamas

1874:

On the eve of 28 October 1940, Italy's ambassador in

1867:

an alleged revolt of the Albanian minority living in

1509:; two days later a coastguard vessel was attacked at 9892:. London/New York/Toronto: Oxford University Press. 9551:

The Republic Besieged: Civil War in Spain, 1936–1939

8510:

Electris, Theodore; Lindsay, Helen Electrie (2008).

7747: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7520: 7372:

Pier Filippo Lupinacci, Vittorio Emanuele Tognelli,

7117: 7105: 7093: 6949: 6842: 6791: 6661: 6637: 6613: 6498: 6471: 6319: 6283: 6271: 6208: 6058: 5969: 5909: 5897: 5187: 5139: 4691: 4689: 3392:

Greek and Italian logistical situation in early 1941

1366:

ever-growing economic penetration of the country by

1284:

The Greek defeat in Anatolia and the signing of the

1279:, Prime Minister of Greece (various terms 1910–1933) 1149:, which lay on the periphery of an Italian European 16375: 10281:. Stenton Lecture. Reading: University of Reading. 10108:. Athens: Army History Directorate Editions. 1997. 9141: 8588:Ο Ελληνικός Στρατός και το Έπος της Βορείου Ηπείρου 8031: 8029: 8027: 7923: 7857: 7415: 6259: 5834: 5810: 5774: 5714: 5699: 5663: 5651: 5305: 4775: 3784:

Comando Aeronautico Albania della Regia Aeronautica

3708:to die in the war. A second Hs 126 was downed over 3034:and Admiral Cavagnari, followed within a few days. 1049: Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories; 872: 15657:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) 10123:Diary of a Disaster: British Aid to Greece 1940–41 9508:(Brill Archive ed.). Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff. 9258:Royal Air Force 1939–45 VolumeI: The Fight at Odds 8997: 8953: 8762:Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship 7979: 4956: 4079:and the disasters in Libya, Eritrea and Ethiopia. 3248:, a series of engagements from 2–12 February, the 2290:batteries. At the time of the Italian attack, the 1374:in World War I, followed this line, and after the 15633:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) 10543:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 10146:Hitler's Strategy: Politics and Warfare 1940–1941 9350:Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece and Crete, 1940–41 9347: 8628:Hadjipateras, C.N.; Phaphaliou, Maria S. (1995). 7535: 7421: 7391: 6163: 6151: 6139: 6127: 6115: 6091: 4686: 4374:aircraft. (In Operation Marita, the Germans took 4279:The Italian invasion began with a force of about 3729:Greek PZL P.24F/G 1940, with the Δ120 marking of 3322:On 4 March, the British sent the first convoy of 2900: 2786:. Despite the onset of snowfall on the 29th, the 2700:. On 1 November, the Italians managed to capture 2612:Italian offensive (28 October – 13 November 1940) 1937:came to power in Greece, under the leadership of 1425:'s visit to Albania, posters supporting Albanian 16680: 15662:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD) 15402:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO) 14824: 10690:(1971). "25 October 1940: A Historical Puzzle". 10219: 9548: 9423: 9390:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press. 9000:The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered 8299: 8024: 7327: 7291: 7249: 7222: 7159: 7135: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7039: 7027: 7015: 7003: 6860: 5546: 5169: 4890: 4878: 4842: 4793: 4769: 3712:, killing Pilot Officer Lazaros Papamichail and 3538:, the commander of the nearest German unit, the 3442:German intervention and Italian second offensive 3009:river, while II Corps moved in the direction of 547:300 aircraft of which 160 operational (fighters) 15642:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON) 10862:(1). Langhorne, PA: Gordon and Breach: 97–123. 9957:]. I Fatti e le idee. Milano: Feltrinelli. 9160: 9142:Piekalkiewicz, Janusz; Van Heurck, Jan (1985). 8533:. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. 8509: 7400: 7360: 6967: 6824: 6649: 6631: 6023: 3617:on 12 November acting as a decoy force and the 2636:Division moved in two columns onto the area of 1117:There were designs for a protectorate over the 16759:Military history of Greece during World War II 15520: 14216: 14203: 9809:. Cronologia.leonardo.it. 2009. Archived from 8302:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 8150: 8148: 8146: 4409:(Vouliarates) near the Greek–Albanian border. 3546:an hour later, Pitsikas resigned his command. 2827:forces had completed the re-occupation of the 2710:gave the Albanian front priority over Africa. 1811:On 18 October Mussolini sent a letter to Tsar 1200:Greek–Italian relations in the interwar period 86:28 October 1940 – 23 April 1941 or 1 June 1941 16157: 14189: 10898: 10579: 10243:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 10162: 10088:Führer Conferences on Naval Affairs 1939–1945 9861: 8491:Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D., eds. (1995). 8282:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 3375:Division was withdrawn and replaced with the 2676: 2372:bombers, nine reconnaissance aircraft, about 2344:) with two battalions, a cavalry company and 2087:battalions and auxiliary troops, it numbered 1638:The Italian war aim was to establish a Greek 748: 669: 10802:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 10785:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 10768:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 10030:Hitler's Strategy 1940–1941: The Balkan Clue 9572:. Vol. I. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 9127:] (in Greek). Athens: Patakis Editions. 8759: 8652:British Intelligence in the Second World War 8495:. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. 8493:The Oxford Companion to the Second World War 5037: 4805:James J. Sadkovich. "Understanding Defeat." 3777: 3530: 2409:reconnaissance and observation aircraft, 17 1879: 1400:On 4 February 1939, Mussolini addressed the 15916:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN) 10582:The Penguin History of the Second World War 10220:Kirchubel, Robert; Gerrard, Robert (2005). 10125:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 9934:. Barnsley, SY: Pens & Sword Military. 9506:International Law in Historical Perspective 9442: 9424:Stockings, Craig; Hancock, Eleanor (2013). 8839: 8566: 8167: 8165: 8143: 7729: 7348: 7303: 7279: 7210: 7195: 6872: 6607: 6592: 6516: 6229: 6190: 6052: 6032: 5927: 5323: 5275: 5263: 5234: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5049: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4974: 3719: 3303: 2515:Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Middle East 2356: 2335: 1891: 14196: 14182: 10905: 10891: 10560: 10384:(Alpha ed.). Athens: J. M. Scazikis. 10362: 10345: 10328: 10295: 10276: 10224:. Campaign. Vol. II. Oxford: Osprey. 10139: 9862:Anamali, Skënder; Prifti, Kristaq (2002). 9725: 9696: 9366: 9077: 8932: 8682:The Italian Army 1940–45: Europe 1940–1943 8452: 8375: 7917: 7905: 7893: 7878: 7851: 7717: 7604: 7385: 6991: 6453: 5963: 5951: 5939: 5510: 5222: 5181: 4818: 4561: 4559: 3460:Italian soldiers at the front, April 1941. 1382: 1080:In the late 1920s, Italian Prime Minister 755: 741: 676: 662: 16110:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 15969:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 15892:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA) 10853: 10816: 10546:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10438: 10032:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9989: 9975:The Second World War: The Gathering Storm 9969: 9630: 9333:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9058: 9037: 9023:. Stanford University Press. p. 51. 8888: 8825:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8804:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8783:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8764:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 8613:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8378:Blitzkrieg in the Balkans and Greece 1941 8260:Bauer, Eddy (2000) . Young, Peter (ed.). 8071: 7825: 6441: 6426: 5534: 4704: 4614:and part of the 2nd Support Group of the 4520:Learn how and when to remove this message 3061:On 2 December, Papagos, and Crown Prince 2258:divisions were triangular and held up to 1987:potential enemy: of the 851 million 1125:and economic and military control of the 178: 163: 10603:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10536: 10487:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10482: 10461: 9884: 9757:World War II in Europe: An Encyclopaedia 9667: 9522: 9465: 9314:]. Einaudi storia. Torino: Einaudi. 9254: 9190: 9099: 9085:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 9059:Schreiber, Gerhard; et al. (1995). 8684:. Vol. I. Oxford/New York: Osprey. 8490: 8359:The Defence and Fall of Greece 1940–1941 8300:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 8171: 8162: 7813: 7801: 7789: 7765: 7514: 7502: 7490: 7478: 7463: 7171: 6979: 6899: 4634:(the Polish brigade was not dispatched). 4366:frostbite cases, a grand total of about 4144: 3761: 3737:On 2 November, a squadron of 15 Italian 3723: 3455: 3313: 3300:, TSDM being taken over by Tsolakoglou. 3096: 2842: 2766: 2712: 2615: 2491: 2244: 1919: 1765: 1593: 1536: 1386: 1334:by Yugoslavia, Italy would join Greece. 1270: 1065: Claimed territories to be annexed; 1033: 209: 16729:Battles of World War II involving Italy 15941:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI) 15887:National Republican Greek League (EDES) 10728: 10686: 10624: 10379: 10200: 10027: 9992:The Second World War: Their Finest Hour 9754: 9593: 9503: 9404: 9328: 9286: 9216: 9118: 8974: 8937:. London: Littlehampton Book Services. 8910: 8740: 8701:Hellēnikē Aeroporia: synoptikē historia 8646: 8567:Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter (1995). 8528: 8214: 8190: 8107: 8006: 7777: 7741: 7696: 7655: 7643: 7628: 7616: 7451: 6103: 5879: 5792: 5756: 5744: 5645: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5594: 5582: 5498: 5474: 5450: 5438: 5423: 5388: 5335: 5299: 5287: 5205: 5157: 5073: 5061: 4986: 4950: 4938: 4902: 4556: 4412: 4017: 3568: 3204:7th Infantry Division "Lupi di Toscana" 2673:) were directed to the Albanian front. 2417:amphibious reconnaissance aircraft, 12 463: 148: 14: 16681: 12752: 12730:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10517: 10417: 10181: 10120: 10067: 10046: 9904: 9807:"Cronologia del Mondo 2 November 1940" 9567: 9484: 9385: 9305: 9221:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 9018: 8995: 8951: 8721: 8679: 8594:] (in Greek). Athens: Periskopio. 8585: 8547: 8337: 8238: 8202: 8083: 8047: 7944: 7753: 7529: 7439: 7315: 7237: 7183: 7087: 6943: 6928: 6911: 6836: 6773: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6691: 6679: 6580: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6492: 6465: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6313: 6301: 6253: 6241: 6202: 6178: 6017: 6005: 5990: 5978: 5915: 5903: 5891: 5867: 5828: 5732: 5720: 5561: 5376: 5364: 5347: 4866: 4830: 4295:Italian forces suffered casualties of 4058:considers that the Greek failure, the 3704:Evanghelos Giannaris, the first Greek 3502:ordered the Italian 9th Army (General 3452:Italian second spring offensive (1941) 3215:Struggle for Klisura Pass and Tepelenë 2098:Corps in the Korçë area comprised the 1654:, to be administered as a part of the 1455:Entry in Ciano's diary for 12 May 1939 1370:. Metaxas himself, although an ardent 1196:and a lack of Italian army transport. 1023: 16659:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis? 16512: 16361: 16156: 15899:National and Social Liberation (EKKA) 15626:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN) 15621:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) 15519: 14823: 14215: 14177: 13601:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 13033:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 12679:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 12635:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 11740:Rape during the occupation of Germany 10886: 10799: 10782: 10765: 10598: 10396: 9409:. New York: Oxford University Press. 9235: 8914:(1972) . Pitt, B.; Mason, D. (eds.). 8865: 8818: 8632:. Anixi Attikis: Efstathiadis Group. 8608: 8471: 8420: 8394: 8318: 8259: 8172:Σύνταξης, Αίθουσα (21 January 2018). 8119: 8095: 8059: 8018: 7982:Speech to the Reichstag on 4 May 1941 7929: 7687:, 3rd edn., Bonn, 1993, p. 506 n. 26. 7568: 7330:, pp. 383–384, 396–398, 401–402. 6887: 6414: 6064: 5816: 5251: 5193: 5145: 4926: 4914: 4405:and in the Greek minority village of 3767:Gladiator at the Shuttleworth Airshow 2771:Greek soldiers manning a machine gun. 2661:the entirety of the general reserve ( 2120:In addition, the Corps comprised the 2071:battalions, three cavalry regiments, 1204:Italy had captured the predominantly 762: 736: 657: 15931:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ) 15703:Protests against labour mobilization 12723:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 11755:Rape during the liberation of France 10669: 10418:Prasca, Sebastiano Visconti (1946). 10257: 10238: 10006: 9948: 9926: 9910:Crete: The Battle and the Resistance 9780: 9570:World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia 9021:Bulgaria during the Second World War 8797: 8778: 8760:Kitromilides, Paschalis M. (2008) . 8514:. Minneapolis, MN: Scarletta Press. 8380:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. 8356: 8278: 7863: 7592: 7580: 7556: 7544: 7427: 7147: 7123: 7111: 7099: 6955: 6848: 6800: 6785: 6715: 6703: 6667: 6643: 6619: 6504: 6477: 6325: 6289: 6277: 6265: 6214: 5855: 5843: 5804: 5780: 5768: 5708: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5522: 5486: 5462: 5400: 5311: 5208:, pp. 21–22, 24, 293 (note 16). 4962: 4854: 4781: 4757:"Historical Aircrafts [sic]" 4718:"Ιστορία Πυροβολικού | Army gr" 4491:, as they are easily broken. Please 4451: 3884:or abandoned during the evacuation. 3663: 2568:, causing significant losses to the 2139:, and was later reinforced with the 1910:Greek General Staff, 28 October 1940 1854:Prior to the invasion Mussolini let 1098:. The regime wanted hegemony in the 683: 16120:Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing") 10007:Hall, Richard C. (9 October 2014). 9825: 9587: 8476:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 8321:World War II, Album & Chronicle 8264:(Revised ed.). London: Orbis. 8035: 7674:, London, 2000, n. 121, pp. 1024–5. 4121: 3573: 3226:flank. The 15th Division faced the 2230:, with fixed undercarriage, and 31 2002: 1252:. Greek troops were landed and the 24: 12949:German invasion of the Netherlands 11229:Weather events during World War II 10300:. London/New York, 1976: Longman. 9850: 9805: 7974: 6813:Hadjipateras & Phaphaliou 1995 6655: 4593:Knox called the experience of the 4040: 3256:forces, with the Commander of the 2537:medium bombers were detached from 2253:On 28 October, the Greek army had 1561:was sunk by the Italian submarine 25: 16780: 16513: 15616:Union of People's Democracy (ELD) 13580:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 10363:Muggeridge, Malcolm, ed. (1947). 10346:Muggeridge, Malcolm, ed. (1948). 10090:. London: Greenhill Books. 1990. 10072:. Blitzkrieg. London: Ian Allan. 10070:The Balkans and North Africa 1941 9994:. Vol. II. London: Cassell. 9726:Tsirpanlis, Zacharias N. (1992). 9697:Tsirpanlis, Zacharias N. (1982). 9542: 8981:. London: Yale University Press. 8285:(2nd ed.). London: Pearson. 7708:Rintelen, pp. 90, 92–3, 98–9 4236: 4105:and at least twice the amount of 3906:in an editorial in his newspaper 3857:serviceable, in support of about 3658: 3580:Adriatic Campaign of World War II 3356:2nd Infantry Division "Sforzesca" 3352:59th Infantry Division "Cagliari" 3344:24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo" 3258:British forces in the Middle East 3196:131st Armored Division "Centauro" 3148:29th Infantry Division "Piemonte" 3136:11th Infantry Division "Brennero" 2805:Division captured the village of 2541:and a flight of Blenheim Is from 2100:29th Infantry Division "Piemonte" 2043:131st Armored Division "Centauro" 1818:29th Infantry Division "Piemonte" 1662:and the Venetian client state of 1628: 1030:Italian imperialism under fascism 917:, and eventually turned into the 15025: 14952: 14856: 14760: 14725: 14690: 14642: 14607: 14567: 14468: 14433: 14372: 14313: 14218:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign 14140: 10912: 10674:. Saggi di Enzo Collotti et al. 9977:. Vol. I. London: Cassell. 9282:– via Hyperwar Foundation. 9186:– via Hyperwar Foundation. 8705:Greek Air Force: Concise History 8125: 7991: 7968: 7959: 7950: 7831: 7702: 7677: 7661: 7366: 7333: 7264: 7255: 7141: 4666: 4656: 4646: 4637: 4632:Independent Polish Brigade Group 4601: 4587: 4456: 4310:taken prisoner), for a total of 3938:(Mussolini fool) was written by 3829:and Hurricanes) moved in March. 3772:Ultra decrypts of orders to the 3651:intercepted the Italians at the 3292:(TSI), under Lieutenant-General 3180:2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" 3144:23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara" 3140:19th Infantry Division "Venezia" 2987:"I said that we would break the 2930:2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" 2756: 2692:took over the coastal sector in 2628:with the final aim of capturing 2122:19th Infantry Division "Venezia" 2018:23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara" 1978:, "IBa" ordered the covering of 1822:19th Infantry Division "Venezia" 606:64 aircraft (another 24 claimed) 470: 452: 445: 435: 424: 412: 392: 376: 363: 351: 340: 329: 318: 307: 296: 285: 274: 263: 250: 226: 211: 180: 165: 150: 126:by Italy, Germany, and Bulgaria. 54: 16724:Balkans campaign (World War II) 15611:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE) 15606:Communist Party of Greece (KKE) 15300:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos 10819:Journal of Contemporary History 10731:Journal of Contemporary History 10693:Journal of Contemporary History 10522:. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. 9755:Zabecki, David T., ed. (1999). 9670:The Journal of Military History 9633:Journal of Contemporary History 9263:History of the Second World War 9176:History of the Second World War 8896:. London: Chatto & Windus. 8656:History of the Second World War 7416:Piekalkiewicz & Heurck 1985 6164:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 6152:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 6140:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 6128:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 6116:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 6092:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 4807:Journal of Contemporary History 4799: 4577: 4568: 3692:of 3/2 Flight of 3 Observation 3615:Battle of the Strait of Otranto 3348:38th Infantry Division "Puglie" 3176:56th Infantry Division "Casale" 3172:53rd Infantry Division "Arezzo" 3156:37th Infantry Division "Modena" 2934:53rd Infantry Division "Arezzo" 2405:two-seater biplane bombers, 15 2141:53rd Infantry Division "Arezzo" 977:Greek counter-offensive of 1940 88:(7 months and 4 days) 15412:Greek National Socialist Party 15407:National Union of Greece (EEE) 14710:Central Macedonia Army Section 14705:Eastern Macedonia Army Section 14458:Western Macedonia Army Section 13827:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 11537:Territorial changes of Germany 11445:Indonesian National Revolution 10565:. Staplehurst UK: Spellmount. 10382:The Battle of Greece 1940–1941 10279:Mussolini as a Military Leader 9990:Churchill, Winston S. (1949). 8916:Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory 8529:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). 4749: 4728: 4710: 4543: 4534: 4128:Dormition of the Mother of God 4101:, three and a half times more 4062:(11–12 November 1940) and the 3825:(Blenheims) and 208 Squadron ( 3407:Central Macedonia Army Section 3403:Eastern Macedonia Army Section 3192:5th Alpine Division "Pusteria" 3188:4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" 3168:51st Infantry Division "Siena" 3164:49th Infantry Division "Parma" 3152:33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" 2901:Fall of Korçë (14–23 November) 2604:The Greek commander-in-chief, 2525:, consisting of one flight of 2300:Western Macedonia Army Section 2111:49th Infantry Division "Parma" 2032:51st Infantry Division "Siena" 2012:In the Epirus sector, the XXV 1288:(1923) ended the expansionist 1259:bombard and temporarily occupy 893:in Greece, took place between 110: 13: 1: 16127:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe 13227:Japanese invasion of Thailand 13178:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12942:German invasion of Luxembourg 11323:Mediterranean and Middle East 10503:The Balkan Campaign 1940–1941 9783:"Greeks bravely met the Axis" 8548:Fisher, Bernd Jürgen (2007). 8224: 4505:), or an abbreviated title. 4360: 4274: 3887: 3591: 3540:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler 3512:47th Infantry Division 'Bari' 3506:) and the 11th Army (General 3200:6th Infantry Division "Cuneo" 3178:) and four Alpine divisions ( 3160:48th Infantry Division "Taro" 2727:47th Infantry Division "Bari" 2413:A observation aircraft, nine 2166: 2088: 1928:, commander of the Greek Army 1018: 989:unsuccessful spring offensive 634: 15989:Execution of Josef Salminger 14826:Occupation and collaboration 13134:Invasion of the Soviet Union 12823:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 12141:Independent State of Croatia 10599:Wylie, Neville, ed. (2002). 10561:Willingham, Matthew (2005). 10400:A History of Fascism 1914–45 10380:Papagos, Alexandros (1949). 10140:Hillgruber, Andreas (1993). 10028:Creveld, Martin van (1973). 9740:Institute for Balkan Studies 9711:Institute for Balkan Studies 9639:(3). London: Sage: 439–464. 9608:10.1080/09592296.2014.907062 9523:Zapantis, Andrew L. (1987). 9386:Neulen, Hans Werner (2000). 8996:Martel, Gordon, ed. (1999). 8472:Clogg, Richard, ed. (2008). 8239:Argyle, Christopher (1980). 7328:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7292:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7250:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7223:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7160:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7136:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7076:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7064:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7052:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7040:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7028:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7016:Stockings & Hancock 2013 7004:Stockings & Hancock 2013 6861:Stockings & Hancock 2013 5954:, pp. 112–113, 121–122. 5547:Stockings & Hancock 2013 5170:Stockings & Hancock 2013 4891:Preston & MacKenzie 1996 4879:Preston & MacKenzie 1996 4843:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 4794:Stockings & Hancock 2013 4770:Stockings & Hancock 2013 4679: 4007: 3865:killed, missing or prisoner 3518: 2389:fighters, as well as eleven 2273:Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22 1264:, the most important of the 1238:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 610:30,000 long tons of shipping 577:13 divisions of 39 regiments 571:13 divisions of 39 regiments 530:29 divisions of 58 regiments 518:25 divisions of 50 regiments 512:17 divisions of 34 regiments 506:10 divisions of 20 regiments 71:, Greek soldiers during the 7: 16363:Liberation and road to the 16025:Expulsion of Cham Albanians 15283:Jewish cemetery of Salonica 15134:Cephalonia (Acqui Division) 14118:End of World War II in Asia 13958:Western invasion of Germany 13465:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 13442:Second Battle of El Alamein 13012:Hundred Regiments Offensive 12984:Battle of the Mediterranean 12837:Italian invasion of Albania 11011:Air warfare of World War II 10618: 10462:Rintelen, Enno von (1951). 10439:Francesco, Pricolo (1946). 9833:. 2005–2015. Archived from 9774: 9102:A Military History of Italy 9083:Struggle for the Middle Sea 9063:. Oxford University Press. 9019:Miller, Marshal L. (1975). 8630:Greece 1940–41 Eyewitnessed 8552:. Purdue University Press. 8361:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 8262:The History of World War II 7997:Cameron and Stevens, p. 315 7956:Cameron and Stevens, p. 135 6968:Electris & Lindsay 2008 4321:cases for a grand total of 4283:and was increased to about 4149:The three occupation zones. 4012: 3892: 3668:The poor infrastructure in 3184:3rd Alpine Division "Julia" 3045:— renamed Porto Edda after 2650:Hellenic Army General Staff 2583: 2358:Ellinikí Vasilikí Aeroporía 2357: 2240: 2174:3rd Alpine Division "Julia" 1613:oil fields and prepare for 1410:Italian invasion of Albania 1254:Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) 873: 629:Total combat losses: 58,578 599:Total combat losses: 89,696 565:7 divisions of 21 regiments 543:4 divisions of 12 regiments 492:6 divisions of 12 regiments 10: 16785: 16596:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 16552:Holocaust Museum of Greece 15188:Larissa concentration camp 15183:Haidari concentration camp 14397:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca 14205:Greece during World War II 14044:Naval bombardment of Japan 13412:First Battle of El Alamein 13331:Battle of Christmas Island 13276:Japanese invasion of Burma 13040:Italian invasion of Greece 12956:German invasion of Belgium 12928:German invasion of Denmark 12901:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 12770:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 11034:Comparative military ranks 10868:10.1179/072924794794954323 10831:10.1177/002200948902400102 10743:10.1177/002200947400900303 10706:10.1177/002200947100600306 10397:Payne, Stanley G. (1995). 10329:Mack Smith, Denis (1983). 10296:Mack Smith, Denis (1976). 10277:Mack Smith, Denis (1974). 10203:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis 10049:Italia in guerra 1940–1943 9855: 9831:Hellenic Air Force History 9645:10.1177/002200949302800303 9596:Diplomacy & Statecraft 9504:Verzijl, J. H. W. (1970). 9287:Richter, Heinz A. (1998). 9146:. Poole: Blandford Press. 8933:Mack Smith, Denis (1982). 8722:Kallis, Aristotle (2000). 8680:Jowett, Philip S. (2000). 8245:. New York: Exeter Books. 8242:Chronology of World War II 7672:Hitler, 1936–1945. Nemesis 4540:Italian invasion of Greece 4416: 4252:Italian invasion of France 3984: 3945: 3779:4° Zona Aerea Territoriale 3577: 3445: 3307: 3218: 2904: 2760: 2680: 2677:Epirus and coastal sectors 2620:Italian invasion of Greece 2487: 2007: 1713:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca 1553:Dormition of the Theotokos 1527:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca 1350:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1188:in June 1940, followed by 1158:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1121:and for the annexation of 1027: 964:Italian-controlled Albania 887:Italian invasion of Greece 883:Italian campaign in Greece 237:(air and material support) 16580: 16557:Kalavryta Massacre Museum 16539: 16523: 16519: 16508: 16455: 16385: 16371: 16357: 16277: 16231: 16180: 16165: 16159:Greek government-in-exile 16152: 16097: 16051: 16037: 16017: 15956: 15879: 15803: 15796: 15769:5/42 Regiment dissolution 15756: 15670: 15598: 15547: 15536: 15532: 15515: 15482: 15420: 15389: 15323: 15312: 15293:Expropriation of property 15268:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 15258: 15206: 15076: 15023: 14950: 14854: 14845: 14836: 14832: 14819: 14758: 14723: 14688: 14679: 14640: 14605: 14565: 14558: 14517: 14504: 14466: 14431: 14424: 14370: 14311: 14304: 14241: 14228: 14224: 14211: 14133: 13965:Bratislava–Brno offensive 13905: 13896:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 13633: 13520:Allied invasion of Sicily 13474: 13380:Aleutian Islands campaign 13352:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 13299: 13290:Greek famine of 1941–1944 13185:Second Battle of Changsha 13090:German invasion of Greece 13058: 12935:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 12910: 12848: 12743: 12624: 12350: 12260: 12108: 11811: 11802: 11560: 11385: 11277:North and Central Pacific 11238: 11000: 10993: 10920: 10804:(in French) (46): 36–41. 10787:(in French) (45): 34–38. 10770:(in French) (44): 22–27. 10420:Io Ho Aggredito La Grecia 10348:Ciano's Diplomatic Papers 10047:Felice, Renzo de (1990). 9912:. London: Penguin Books. 9405:Steiner, Zara S. (2005). 9255:Richards, Denis (1974) . 9217:Plowman, Jeffrey (2013). 9104:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 9038:Montanari, Mario (1980). 8531:Albania at War, 1939–1945 8376:Carruthers, Bobb (2013). 7493:, pp. 258, 274, 284. 4419:Axis occupation of Greece 4226: 4135: 4001:Albanian independence day 3776:and nightly reports from 3129:led to a large number of 2936:, and 30–50 tanks of the 2421:G torpedo bombers, and 9 2336: 1915: 1892: 1771:Pindus mountains outlined 1607:Italian invasion of Egypt 1395:, Prime Minister of Italy 1234:promised land in Anatolia 1156:In 1935, Italy began the 862: 774: 695: 581: 482: 243: 134: 78: 53: 41: 36: 16638:The 11th Day: Crete 1941 16393:National Bands Agreement 16254:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos 16039:British Military Mission 15647:National Solidarity (EA) 15216:Greek economy, 1941–1944 14930:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller 14745:2nd New Zealand Division 14289:Italian spring offensive 13557:Allied invasion of Italy 13534:Solomon Islands campaign 13283:Third Battle of Changsha 12880:First Battle of Changsha 12786:Second Sino-Japanese War 11726:German military brothels 11592:United States war crimes 10320:: CS1 maint: location ( 10298:Mussolini's Roman Empire 9568:Tucker, Spencer (2012). 9466:Terraine, John (1997) . 9329:Rodogno, Davide (2006). 9306:Rochat, Giorgio (2005). 9240:. London: Brassey's UK. 9119:Petraki, Marina (2014). 8819:Knox, MacGregor (2000). 8798:Knox, MacGregor (2000). 8779:Knox, MacGregor (1986). 8323:. New York: Tess Press. 8279:Bell, P. M. H. (1997) . 8232: 8193:, pp. 602, 615–616. 7294:, pp. 282–283, 382. 7225:, pp. 225–227, 282. 6130:, pp. 32–33, 30–31. 5338:, p. 299 (note 69). 5237:, pp. 402–403, 406. 4447: 4395:Battle of Kleisoura Pass 3720:Royal Hellenic Air Force 3716:Constantine Yemenetzis. 3561:for Germany and General 3504:Alessandro Pirzio Biroli 3330:(Lieutenant-General Sir 3310:Italian spring offensive 3304:Italian spring offensive 2556:. A few days later, the 2460:had the elderly cruiser 2353:Royal Hellenic Air Force 2067:The XXV Corps comprised 1633: 1601:Prime Minister of Greece 1298:. Territorial claims to 949:Prime Minister of Greece 833:Italian spring offensive 325:Alessandro Pirzio Biroli 73:Italian Spring Offensive 16719:Albania in World War II 16572:Thessaloniki War Museum 16264:Christodoulos Tsigantes 16259:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos 16089:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz 14750:6th Australian Division 14592:Konstantinos Bakopoulos 14338:Charalambos Katsimitros 13979:Second Guangxi campaign 13834:Philippines (1944–1945) 13338:Battle of the Coral Sea 13241:Fall of the Philippines 12887:Battle of South Guangxi 12793:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 12199:Italian Social Republic 10825:. London: Sage: 27–61. 10518:Walker, Ian W. (2003). 10365:Ciano's Diary 1939–1943 10262:. London: John Murray. 10121:Higham, Robin (2015) . 9485:Thomas, Andrew (2002). 9352:. London: Grub Street. 9194:; et al. (2004) . 9100:Paoletti, Ciro (1985). 8975:Mazower, Mark (2009) . 8960:. London: John Murray. 8866:Lepre, Aurelio (1989). 8453:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 8342:. London: I.B. Tauris. 7730:Duignan & Gann 1995 7397:Neulen 2000, pp. 37–38. 4624:7th Australian Division 4620:6th Australian Division 4598:practically untrained". 4495:by replacing them with 4487:Knowledge's style guide 4231:Anniversary of the 'No' 4199:ethnic Greek population 4072:140,000 poorly-equipped 3992:local Greek populations 3845:aircraft confirmed and 3613:The British fought the 3597:mobilized men and over 3483:attacked by the Germans 3221:Capture of Klisura Pass 2683:Battle of Elaia–Kalamas 2030:auxiliary troops), the 2016:Corps consisted of the 1982:and the defence of the 1972:Charalambos Katsimitros 1551:On 15 August 1940 (the 1383:Prelude to war, 1939–40 1324:Andreas Michalakopoulos 1190:their invasion of Egypt 1135:First Austrian Republic 973:Capture of Klisura Pass 795:Greek counter-offensive 16749:Greece in World War II 15748:Killing of Franz Krech 15495:Executions of Kokkinia 15381:Dionysios Papadongonas 15376:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos 14790:1st Parachute Division 14509:(April–May 1941) 14357:Dimitrios Papadopoulos 13564:Armistice of Cassibile 13366:Battle of Dutch Harbor 13317:Battle of the Java Sea 13220:Attack on Pearl Harbor 13120:Syria–Lebanon campaign 13113:Battle of South Shanxi 13083:Invasion of Yugoslavia 12866:Battle of the Atlantic 12480:Korean Liberation Army 12193:(until September 1943) 12150:(until September 1944) 12128:(until September 1944) 10447:]. Roma: Ruffolo. 10258:Lamb, Richard (1998). 10205:. London: Allen Lane. 10053:Italy at War 1940–1943 9487:Gloster Gladiator Aces 9289:Greece in World War II 9144:The Air War: 1939–1945 8912:Macksey, Major Kenneth 8745:. London: Allen Lane. 8357:Carr, John C. (2013). 8338:Brewer, David (2016). 7339:Cervi 2005, p. 253-257 6166:, pp. 41, 43, 48. 4370:The RHAF lost between 4325:Eighteen ships of the 4214: 4181: 3778: 3769: 3757: 3754:14 ex-RAF Gladiators. 3734: 3653:Battle of Cape Matapan 3531: 3461: 3319: 3122: 3032:Cesare Maria De Vecchi 2996:Mussolini's speech in 2993: 2891:5th Infantry Divisions 2850: 2772: 2751:Panagiotis Demestichas 2718: 2621: 2510: 2470:, four slightly older 2391:Bristol Blenheim Mk IV 2316:Dimitrios Papadopoulos 2294:was moving north from 2250: 2232:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 2221:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 2154:. XXVI Corps totalled 1930: 1913: 1881:Alors, c'est la guerre 1880: 1833:wars of rapid decision 1804:) in the east, around 1773: 1656:Italian Aegean Islands 1602: 1548: 1505:and two submarines in 1452: 1435:Cesare Maria De Vecchi 1397: 1281: 1077: 874:Ellinoïtalikós Pólemos 863:Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος 647:General total: 83,578+ 613:General total: 102,064 602:12,368 frostbite cases 244:Commanders and leaders 16473:Archbishop Damaskinos 16430:Percentages agreement 15856:Konstantinos Ventiris 15243:Occupation Reichsmark 14795:5th Mountain Division 14622:Henry Maitland Wilson 14448:8th Infantry Division 13728:Second Battle of Guam 13624:Bengal famine of 1943 13594:Second Battle of Kiev 13550:Battle of the Dnieper 13255:Battle of Wake Island 13127:East African campaign 13069:Battle of South Henan 12714:atrocities by Germans 12487:Korean Volunteer Army 11468:Occupation of Germany 11222:Music in World War II 10627:German Studies Review 10403:. London: UCL Press. 10367:. London: Heinemann. 10260:Mussolini as Diplomat 10201:Kershaw, Ian (2000). 10182:Keegan, John (2005). 10068:Fowler, Will (2003). 9971:Churchill, Winston S. 9468:The Right of the Line 9236:Raugh, H. E. (1993). 9040:La Campagna di Grecia 9004:. London: Routledge. 8741:Kershaw, Ian (2007). 8726:. London: Routledge. 8304:. London: Routledge. 7406:Carr 2012, pp. 30–31. 6562:, pp. 22–23, 24. 6142:, pp. 34–38, 33. 6029:Carr 2012, pp. 27–28. 5184:, pp. 30–33, 42. 4893:, pp. 22, 50–51. 4616:2nd Armoured Division 4203: 4148: 3765: 3727: 3578:Further information: 3459: 3424:Hotchkiss machine gun 3332:Henry Maitland Wilson 3317: 3103:Michael Gambier-Parry 3100: 2985: 2907:Battle of Morava–Ivan 2846: 2784:1st Infantry Division 2770: 2716: 2667:5th Infantry Division 2619: 2495: 2248: 2055:tanks, of which only 1968:8th Infantry Division 1923: 1903: 1813:Boris III of Bulgaria 1769: 1597: 1540: 1448: 1402:Fascist Grand Council 1390: 1328:Eleftherios Venizelos 1277:Eleftherios Venizelos 1274: 1127:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1037: 1012:subsequently occupied 582:Casualties and losses 559:600 military vehicles 16694:4th of August Regime 16645:The Guns of Navarone 16610:Ill Met by Moonlight 16289:3rd Mountain Brigade 16084:George Psychoundakis 16069:Patrick Leigh Fermor 15733:Pinerolo disarmament 15331:Georgios Tsolakoglou 14740:1st Armoured Brigade 14732:British Commonwealth 14614:British Commonwealth 14597:Georgios Tsolakoglou 14343:Konstantinos Davakis 14014:Surrender of Germany 13492:Battle of West Hubei 13449:Guadalcanal campaign 13419:Battle of Stalingrad 13345:Battle of Madagascar 12119:Albania protectorate 11906:(formerly Swaziland) 11615:Wehrmacht war crimes 11431:Expulsion of Germans 11215:Art and World War II 11113:British contribution 11062:Governments in exile 10538:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10184:The Second World War 9949:Ceva, Lucio (1975). 9827:"Hellenic Air Force" 8952:Maiolo, Joe (2010). 8841:Koliopoulos, Ioannis 8609:Gooch, John (2007). 8009:, pp. 119, 144. 7683:Andreas Hillgruber, 7505:, pp. 286, 294. 7361:Playfair et al. 1954 7172:Dear & Foot 1995 7162:, pp. 129, 138. 6825:Playfair et al. 1954 6632:Playfair et al. 1954 5735:, pp. 8, 10–11. 4833:, pp. 184, 198. 4628:New Zealand Division 4612:1st Armoured Brigade 4493:improve this article 4413:Occupation of Greece 4397:. A small number of 4244:Oberst-Gruppenführer 3569:Sea and air campaign 3246:Battle of Trebeshina 2502:No. 211 Squadron RAF 2342:Konstantinos Davakis 2324:Georgios Tsolakoglou 2322:(Lieutenant-General 2314:(Lieutenant-General 2306:(Lieutenant-General 2292:2/39 Evzone Regiment 2280:3rd Infantry Brigade 2226:(Bat), a veteran of 1935:4th of August Regime 1800:(Lieutenant-General 1788:(Lieutenant-General 1696:British Crown Colony 1615:Operation Barbarossa 1359:4th of August Regime 1320:relations with Italy 1186:Italy invaded France 557:315 mortar artillery 549:940 artillery pieces 500:686 artillery pieces 442:Georgios Tsolakoglou 124:Occupation of Greece 100:and Southern Albania 67:, Greek soldiers in 16764:Victor Emmanuel III 16754:Invasions of Greece 16624:Ipolochagos Natassa 16468:Georgios Papandreou 16244:Emmanouil Tsouderos 16115:Operation "Animals" 16105:Operation "Albumen" 15826:Komninos Pyromaglou 15784:Red Terror (Greece) 15728:1943 Athens protest 15693:Gorgopotamos Bridge 15590:Evripidis Bakirtzis 15538:National Liberation 15433:Alcibiades Diamandi 15397:Security Battalions 15371:George S. Mercouris 15346:Sotirios Gotzamanis 15288:Baron Hirsch ghetto 14915:XXII Mountain Corps 14715:Epirus Army Section 14453:Epirus Army Section 14104:Potsdam Declaration 13993:Italy (Spring 1945) 13756:Liberation of Paris 13213:Siege of Sevastopol 12231:(until August 1944) 12134:Wang Jingwei regime 11956:from September 1943 11916:from September 1944 11854:from September 1944 11714:Romanian war crimes 11705:Persecution of Jews 11691:Croatian war crimes 11661:Japanese war crimes 11475:Occupation of Japan 11424:First Indochina War 11136:Military production 11048:Declarations of war 10688:Creveld, Martin van 10333:. London: Grenada. 10169:. London: Cassell. 9837:on 12 December 2008 9781:Carr, John (2007). 8319:Buell, Hal (2002). 8217:, pp. 615–617. 7920:, pp. 122–123. 7828:, pp. 439–464. 7792:, pp. 707–708. 7780:, pp. 132–133. 7744:, pp. 180–183. 7607:, pp. 124–125. 7595:, pp. 269–270. 7583:, pp. 261–262. 7466:, pp. 255–258. 7306:, pp. 448–450. 7174:, pp. 102–106. 7054:, pp. 121–122. 6827:, pp. 336–337. 6788:, pp. 257–258. 6718:, pp. 243–249. 6706:, pp. 250–251. 6595:, pp. 420–421. 6429:, pp. 75, 391. 5942:, pp. 119–120. 5858:, pp. 218–219. 5807:, pp. 214–216. 5771:, pp. 213–214. 5747:, pp. 171–172. 5696:, pp. 211–212. 5684:, pp. 209–211. 5624:, pp. 103–104. 5597:, pp. 170–171. 5537:, pp. 439–445. 5525:, pp. 174–177. 5489:, pp. 173–174. 5465:, pp. 170–173. 5403:, pp. 167–168. 5326:, pp. 406–408. 5278:, pp. 404–405. 5266:, pp. 403–404. 5136:, pp. 397–402. 5124:, pp. 381–391. 5112:, pp. 380–381. 5100:, pp. 352–358. 5088:, pp. 349–350. 5076:, pp. 499–500. 5013:, pp. 345–347. 5001:, pp. 343–345. 4989:, pp. 240–259. 4977:, pp. 342–343. 4917:, pp. 181–182. 4772:, pp. 120–122. 4465:Constructs such as 4341:with casualties of 4323:154,172 casualties. 3834:13 and 14 February; 3649:Mediterranean Fleet 3526:metropolitan bishop 3411:Epirus Army Section 3354:), with XXV Corps ( 3290:Epirus Army Section 3113:, Air Vice Marshal 3111:George II of Greece 2957:on 21 November and 2654:Konstantinos Pallis 2458:Royal Hellenic Navy 1623:Victor Emmanuel III 1151:sphere of influence 1147:Kingdom of Bulgaria 1108:Strait of Gibraltar 1024:Italian imperialism 877:), also called the 555:17,032 machine guns 419:Emmanouil Tsouderos 16562:Kalpaki War Museum 16415:Lebanon Conference 16281:in the Middle East 16279:Greek Armed Forces 16269:Pafsanias Katsotas 16249:Sofoklis Venizelos 15936:Hellenic Army (ES) 15871:Kimonas Zografakis 15846:Vasileios Sachinis 15831:Antonis Fosteridis 15797:Non-EAM resistance 15462:Cham collaboration 15443:Vassilis Rapotikas 15366:Nikolaos Bourantas 15361:Friedrich Schubert 15336:K. Logothetopoulos 14986:Carlo Vecchiarelli 14587:Alexandros Papagos 14333:Alexandros Papagos 14097:Surrender of Japan 13930:Battle of Iwo Jima 13779:Belgrade offensive 13192:Siege of Leningrad 13076:Battle of Shanggao 13005:British Somaliland 12970:Dunkirk evacuation 12921:Norwegian campaign 12859:Invasion of Poland 12686:Japanese prisoners 11654:Italian war crimes 11585:British war crimes 11500:Soviet occupations 11284:South-West Pacific 11171:Allied cooperation 11129:Military equipment 10737:(3). Sage: 65–92. 10700:(3). Sage: 87–96. 10350:. London: Odhams. 9489:. Oxford: Osprey. 9192:Playfair, I. S. O. 9162:Playfair, I. S. O. 9079:O'Hara, Vincent P. 9044:The Greek Campaign 8890:Mackenzie, Compton 8158:. 22 January 2018. 6682:, pp. 24, 26. 4695:Clodfelter, p. 442 4368:83,578 casualties. 4182: 4028:Andreas Hillgruber 3770: 3751:Marinos Mitralexis 3735: 3731:Marinos Mitralexis 3462: 3380:another attack on 3320: 3276:, the RAF managed 3123: 3119:Alexandros Papagos 3117:(RAF) and General 3000:, 18 November 1940 2951:Sotirios Moutousis 2851: 2796:Vasileios Vrachnos 2773: 2723:Domenico Cavagnari 2719: 2622: 2606:Alexandros Papagos 2535:Vickers Wellington 2511: 2474:and four obsolete 2472:Italian destroyers 2251: 2092: 42,000 men. 1931: 1926:Alexandros Papagos 1860:600,000 reservists 1774: 1720:Domenico Cavagnari 1676:Kingdom of Albania 1603: 1573:Domenico Cavagnari 1549: 1523:Francesco Jacomoni 1515:Francesco Jacomoni 1398: 1312:Theodoros Pangalos 1286:Treaty of Lausanne 1282: 1143:Kingdom of Romania 1139:Kingdom of Hungary 1078: 1042:in Europe in 1936. 935:British Somaliland 551:270 anti-aircraft 431:Alexandros Papagos 399:Alexandros Koryzis 27:1940–1941 conflict 16744:Conflicts in 1941 16739:Conflicts in 1940 16689:Greco-Italian War 16676: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16668: 16667: 16589:Aera! Aera! Aera! 16547:Athens War Museum 16504: 16503: 16500: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16488:Nikos Zachariadis 16440:Treaty of Varkiza 16425:Operation "Manna" 16420:Caserta Agreement 16353: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16345: 16344: 16208:April 1944 mutiny 16148: 16147: 16144: 16143: 16140: 16139: 16074:Bill Stanley Moss 16033: 16032: 15984:Skala Paramythias 15861:Manolis Paterakis 15821:Dimitrios Psarros 15816:Georgios Kartalis 15792: 15791: 15764:Feneos executions 15575:Alexandros Svolos 15555:Aris Velouchiotis 15511: 15510: 15507: 15506: 15503: 15502: 15438:Nicolaos Matussis 15308: 15307: 15193:200 of Kaisariani 15072: 15071: 14903:LXVIII Army Corps 14876:Hermann Neubacher 14871:Günther Altenburg 14815: 14814: 14811: 14810: 14807: 14806: 14803: 14802: 14780:XXXX Panzer Corps 14675: 14674: 14500: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14420: 14419: 14233:(1940–1941) 14230:Greco-Italian War 14171: 14170: 14129: 14128: 13972:Battle of Okinawa 13871:Burma (1944–1945) 13705:Mariana and Palau 13485:Tunisian campaign 13310:Fall of Singapore 13234:Fall of Hong Kong 12977:Battle of Britain 12830:Operation Himmler 12739: 12738: 12403:Dutch East Indies 12046:Southern Rhodesia 11798: 11797: 11698:Genocide of Serbs 11601:German war crimes 11578:Soviet war crimes 11571:Allied war crimes 11417:Division of Korea 11396:Chinese Civil War 11194:Strategic bombing 11106:Manhattan Project 10591:978-0-14-195988-7 10584:. Penguin Books. 10572:978-1-86227-236-1 10424:I Attacked Greece 10132:978-0-8131-9291-8 10020:978-1-61069-031-7 9941:978-1-84884-798-9 9766:978-0-8240-7029-8 9579:978-1-59884-457-3 9560:978-0-7486-0861-4 9534:978-0-88033-125-8 9496:978-1-84176-289-0 9458:978-960-213-111-4 9435:978-90-04-25459-6 9428:. Leiden: BRILL. 9359:978-0-948817-07-6 9340:978-0-521-84515-1 9228:978-1-78159-248-9 9153:978-0-918678-05-8 9134:978-960-16-6026-4 9111:978-0-275-98505-9 9092:978-1-59114-648-3 9070:978-0-19-822884-4 9030:978-0-8047-0870-8 9011:978-0-415-16325-5 8988:978-0-300-08923-3 8967:978-0-7195-6519-9 8944:978-0-297-78005-2 8903:978-960-213-371-2 8881:978-88-7104-132-2 8858:978-960-213-111-4 8771:978-0-7486-3364-7 8752:978-0-7139-9712-5 8714:978-960-86135-5-3 8691:978-1-85532-864-8 8620:978-0-521-85602-7 8578:978-0-8179-3752-2 8559:978-1-55753-455-2 8540:978-1-55753-141-4 8521:978-0-9824584-4-0 8483:978-0-230-50035-8 8387:978-1-78159-207-6 8368:978-1-78159-181-9 8311:978-0-415-16111-4 8292:978-0-582-30470-3 8252:978-0-89673-071-7 7837:Rintelen, p. 101. 7720:, pp. 43–44. 7658:, pp. 79–81. 7646:, pp. 78–79. 7619:, pp. 70–73. 7318:, pp. 33–34. 7042:, pp. 82–88. 7018:, pp. 81–82. 6914:, pp. 29–30. 6757:, pp. 27–28. 6694:, pp. 24–25. 6550:, pp. 23–24. 6388:, pp. 20–21. 6352:, pp. 18–19. 6316:, pp. 17–18. 6256:, pp. 14–15. 6244:, pp. 13–14. 6205:, pp. 11–12. 6118:, pp. 30–31. 6106:, pp. 62–63. 6082:, pp. 82–90. 6038:Carr 2012, p. 28. 5636:, pp. 84–85. 5513:, pp. 33–35. 5501:, pp. 37–38. 5477:, pp. 35–37. 5453:, pp. 34–35. 5391:, pp. 33–34. 5290:, pp. 28–29. 5172:, pp. 21–22. 5160:, pp. 18–19. 5038:Kitromilides 2008 4929:, pp. 78–79. 4881:, pp. 21–22. 4857:, pp. 70–71. 4736:"Γενικά; Army gr" 4610:consisted of the 4584:Jodl for Germany. 4530: 4529: 4522: 4426:Central Macedonia 4376:244,000 Yugoslav, 4331:Regia Aeronautica 4256:Operation Compass 4187:Winston Churchill 4173: annexed by 4077:attack on Taranto 4064:loss of Cyrenaica 4060:Battle of Taranto 3975:Francesco Pricolo 3957:Giacomo Matteotti 3936:Koroido Mussolini 3774:Regia Aeronautica 3664:Regia Aeronautica 3627:Battle of Taranto 3603:Strait of Otranto 3532:Obergruppenführer 3495:their positions. 3270:Regia Aeronautica 3250:Trebeshinë massif 3037:I Corps captured 3024:Roberto Farinacci 2690:Nikolaos Lioumbas 2570:Regia Aeronautica 2564:moved forward to 2558:Gloster Gladiator 2468:modern destroyers 2395:Fairey Battle B.1 2363:Regia Aeronautica 2302:(TSDM), based at 2187:Regia Aeronautica 1976:Aetolia-Acarnania 1778:western Macedonia 1753:Gleiwitz incident 1732:Regia Aeronautica 1728:Francesco Pricolo 1660:Venetian Republic 1376:Munich Conference 1222:Italo-Turkish War 1163:Spanish Civil War 1131:Kingdom of Greece 871: 855:Greco-Italian War 848: 847: 766:Greco-Italian War 730: 729: 700:Greco-Italian War 652: 651: 292:Sebastiano Prasca 130: 129: 37:Greco-Italian War 18:Greco-Italian war 16:(Redirected from 16776: 16769:Benito Mussolini 16521: 16520: 16510: 16509: 16406: 16383: 16382: 16373: 16372: 16359: 16358: 16178: 16177: 16171:Greek government 16167: 16166: 16154: 16153: 16132:Damasta sabotage 16049: 16048: 15801: 15800: 15637:National Council 15585:Markos Vafeiadis 15580:Ilias Tsirimokos 15570:Georgios Siantos 15560:Stefanos Sarafis 15545: 15544: 15534: 15533: 15517: 15516: 15321: 15320: 15314:Collaborationist 15251: 15060: 15048: 15030: 15029: 15004: 14972:Pellegrino Ghigi 14957: 14956: 14922:Alexander Andrae 14861: 14860: 14852: 14851: 14843: 14842: 14834: 14833: 14821: 14820: 14775:XVIII Army Corps 14765: 14764: 14730: 14729: 14695: 14694: 14686: 14685: 14647: 14646: 14632:Bernard Freyberg 14612: 14611: 14572: 14571: 14563: 14562: 14525:Operation Lustre 14515: 14514: 14510: 14473: 14472: 14438: 14437: 14429: 14428: 14387:Benito Mussolini 14377: 14376: 14352:Ioannis Pitsikas 14318: 14317: 14309: 14308: 14239: 14238: 14234: 14226: 14225: 14213: 14212: 14198: 14191: 14184: 14175: 14174: 14164: 14157: 14150: 14147:World portal 14145: 14144: 14120: 14113: 14106: 14099: 14090: 14083: 14076: 14067: 14060: 14053: 14046: 14039: 14032: 14023: 14016: 14009: 14007:Prague offensive 14002: 14000:Battle of Berlin 13995: 13988: 13981: 13974: 13967: 13960: 13953: 13946: 13944:Vienna offensive 13939: 13932: 13925: 13923:Battle of Manila 13918: 13898: 13889: 13880: 13873: 13864: 13857: 13850: 13843: 13836: 13829: 13822: 13813: 13804: 13797: 13788: 13781: 13774: 13767: 13758: 13751: 13744: 13737: 13730: 13723: 13716: 13707: 13700: 13691: 13682: 13673: 13666: 13664:Korsun–Cherkassy 13659: 13648: 13626: 13617: 13610: 13603: 13596: 13589: 13582: 13575: 13566: 13559: 13552: 13545: 13536: 13529: 13522: 13515: 13508: 13506:Bombing of Gorky 13501: 13494: 13487: 13467: 13460: 13451: 13444: 13437: 13428: 13421: 13414: 13407: 13396: 13389: 13382: 13375: 13373:Battle of Midway 13368: 13361: 13359:Battle of Gazala 13354: 13347: 13340: 13333: 13326: 13319: 13312: 13292: 13285: 13278: 13271: 13269:Battle of Borneo 13264: 13262:Malayan campaign 13257: 13250: 13243: 13236: 13229: 13222: 13215: 13208: 13206:Bombing of Gorky 13201: 13199:Battle of Moscow 13194: 13187: 13180: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13143: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13115: 13108: 13099: 13092: 13085: 13078: 13071: 13051: 13042: 13035: 13028: 13021: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12963:Battle of France 12958: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12923: 12903: 12896: 12889: 12882: 12875: 12868: 12861: 12839: 12832: 12825: 12818: 12816:Munich Agreement 12811: 12804: 12795: 12788: 12781: 12772: 12765: 12750: 12749: 12732: 12725: 12716: 12709: 12702: 12701:Soviet prisoners 12695: 12688: 12681: 12672: 12665: 12656: 12649: 12642: 12641:German prisoners 12637: 12617: 12608: 12601: 12594: 12589: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12561: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12489: 12482: 12475: 12468: 12461: 12454: 12447: 12440: 12433: 12426: 12419: 12412: 12405: 12398: 12391: 12384: 12377: 12370: 12363: 12343: 12336: 12329: 12322: 12315: 12308: 12301: 12294: 12287: 12280: 12273: 12253: 12246: 12239: 12232: 12224: 12217: 12210: 12201: 12194: 12186: 12179: 12177:French Indochina 12172: 12165: 12158: 12151: 12143: 12136: 12129: 12121: 12101: 12092: 12085: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12048: 12041: 12034: 12027: 12024:from August 1944 12015: 12008: 12001: 11994: 11987: 11980: 11973: 11966: 11959: 11947: 11940: 11933: 11926: 11919: 11907: 11899: 11892: 11885: 11878: 11871: 11864: 11857: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11809: 11808: 11789: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11761: 11750: 11735: 11728: 11721: 11716: 11707: 11700: 11693: 11684: 11677: 11670: 11668:Nanjing Massacre 11663: 11656: 11647: 11645:Nuremberg trials 11638: 11631: 11624: 11617: 11610: 11603: 11594: 11587: 11580: 11573: 11553: 11546: 11539: 11530: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11502: 11495: 11486: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11456: 11447: 11440: 11433: 11426: 11419: 11412: 11405: 11398: 11378: 11369: 11362: 11355: 11346: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11316: 11309: 11302: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11249:Asia and Pacific 11231: 11224: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11189: 11180: 11178:Mulberry harbour 11173: 11166: 11159: 11152: 11145: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11115: 11108: 11101: 11092: 11085: 11078: 11071: 11064: 11057: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11029: 11020: 11013: 10998: 10997: 10986: 10979: 10970: 10963: 10956: 10949: 10942: 10935: 10928: 10907: 10900: 10893: 10884: 10883: 10879: 10850: 10813: 10796: 10779: 10762: 10725: 10683: 10666: 10614: 10595: 10576: 10557: 10533: 10514: 10498: 10479: 10458: 10435: 10414: 10393: 10376: 10359: 10342: 10325: 10319: 10311: 10292: 10273: 10254: 10235: 10216: 10197: 10178: 10159: 10136: 10117: 10101: 10083: 10064: 10043: 10024: 10003: 9986: 9966: 9945: 9932:On Spartan Wings 9923: 9901: 9886:Badoglio, Pietro 9881: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9813:on 5 August 2014 9802: 9800: 9798: 9789:. Archived from 9770: 9751: 9722: 9693: 9664: 9627: 9588:Journal articles 9583: 9564: 9538: 9519: 9500: 9481: 9462: 9439: 9420: 9401: 9382: 9363: 9344: 9325: 9302: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9251: 9232: 9213: 9196:Butler, J. R. M. 9187: 9166:Butler, J. R. M. 9157: 9138: 9115: 9096: 9074: 9055: 9034: 9015: 9003: 8992: 8971: 8959: 8948: 8929: 8907: 8885: 8862: 8836: 8815: 8794: 8775: 8756: 8737: 8718: 8695: 8673: 8643: 8624: 8605: 8582: 8563: 8544: 8525: 8506: 8487: 8468: 8449: 8417: 8391: 8372: 8353: 8334: 8315: 8296: 8275: 8256: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8169: 8160: 8159: 8152: 8141: 8140: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7972: 7966: 7963: 7957: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7882: 7876: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7838: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7681: 7675: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7533: 7527: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7349:Koliopoulos 1978 7346: 7340: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7304:Koliopoulos 1978 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7280:Koliopoulos 1978 7277: 7271: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7211:Koliopoulos 1978 7208: 7199: 7196:Koliopoulos 1978 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6932: 6926: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6876: 6873:Koliopoulos 1978 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6608:Koliopoulos 1978 6605: 6596: 6593:Koliopoulos 1978 6590: 6584: 6578: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6520: 6517:Koliopoulos 1978 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6230:Koliopoulos 1978 6227: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6191:Koliopoulos 1978 6188: 6182: 6176: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6053:Koliopoulos 1978 6050: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5994: 5993:, pp. 9–10. 5988: 5982: 5976: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5928:Koliopoulos 1978 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5832: 5831:, pp. 8–10. 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5565: 5559: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5427: 5421: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5324:Koliopoulos 1978 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5276:Koliopoulos 1978 5273: 5267: 5264:Koliopoulos 1978 5261: 5255: 5254:, pp. 7–10. 5249: 5238: 5235:Koliopoulos 1978 5232: 5226: 5220: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5134:Koliopoulos 1978 5131: 5125: 5122:Koliopoulos 1978 5119: 5113: 5110:Koliopoulos 1978 5107: 5101: 5098:Svolopoulos 1978 5095: 5089: 5086:Svolopoulos 1978 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5050:Svolopoulos 1978 5047: 5041: 5035: 5026: 5023:Svolopoulos 1978 5020: 5014: 5011:Svolopoulos 1978 5008: 5002: 4999:Svolopoulos 1978 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4975:Svolopoulos 1978 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4605: 4599: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4554: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4497:named references 4460: 4459: 4452: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353:1,531 prisoners, 4350: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4324: 4320: 4319:12,368 frostbite 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4293:163 light tanks. 4290: 4286: 4282: 4228: 4227:Επέτειος του Όχι 4212: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4137: 4122:Impact on Greece 4073: 3904:Georgios Vlachos 3883: 3879: 3878:55 on the ground 3875: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3781: 3635:Operation Excess 3631: 3630:(11–12 November) 3625:(RN) during the 3600: 3596: 3593: 3574:Naval operations 3534: 3477: 3448:Battle of Greece 3324:Operation Lustre 3279: 3262:Archibald Wavell 3017:on 24 November. 3001: 2896: 2763:Battle of Pindus 2671:Cavalry Division 2547:Air vice-marshal 2498:Bristol Blenheim 2379: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2360: 2347: 2339: 2338: 2337:Απόσπασμα Πίνδου 2333: 2329: 2308:Ioannis Pitsikas 2289: 2285: 2267:of 1912–13, the 2261: 2256: 2193: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2093: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057:90 operational). 2054: 2050: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2003:Orders of battle 1958:–Aliakmon River– 1947:contingency plan 1911: 1895: 1894: 1883: 1861: 1857: 1849:frontal assaults 1845: 1842: 1837:binary divisions 1827:In 1936 General 1757:Rodolfo Graziani 1737:Marshal of Italy 1581: 1478:guerra parallela 1470:defeat of France 1456: 1393:Benito Mussolini 1171:Francisco Franco 1119:Albanian Kingdom 1112:Strait of Hormuz 1082:Benito Mussolini 1070: 1064: 1054: 1048: 1003:Operation Marita 919:Battle of Greece 903:Balkans campaign 876: 866: 864: 778:Italian invasion 769: 767: 757: 750: 743: 734: 733: 690: 688: 687:Balkans campaign 678: 671: 664: 655: 654: 639: 636: 475: 474: 465: 459:Ioannis Pitsikas 457: 456: 449: 440: 439: 429: 428: 421: 417: 416: 407: 397: 396: 381: 380: 368: 367: 356: 355: 345: 344: 334: 333: 323: 322: 312: 311: 301: 300: 290: 289: 279: 278: 268: 267: 258:Benito Mussolini 255: 254: 238: 231: 230: 221: 217: 215: 214: 197: 190: 186: 184: 183: 175: 171: 169: 168: 160: 156: 154: 153: 80: 79: 58: 44:Balkans campaign 34: 33: 21: 16784: 16783: 16779: 16778: 16777: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16709:1941 in Albania 16699:1940 in Albania 16679: 16678: 16677: 16664: 16581:Popular culture 16576: 16535: 16515: 16492: 16478:Georgios Grivas 16451: 16400: 16398:Plaka agreement 16367: 16341: 16280: 16273: 16227: 16172: 16161: 16136: 16093: 16064:Monty Woodhouse 16029: 16013: 15952: 15875: 15851:Lela Karagianni 15841:Ilias Degiannis 15836:Kostas Perrikos 15811:Napoleon Zervas 15788: 15752: 15723:Kournovo Tunnel 15666: 15594: 15539: 15528: 15499: 15478: 15416: 15385: 15356:Georgios Poulos 15315: 15304: 15254: 15245: 15238:Compulsory loan 15208: 15202: 15068: 15054: 15052:Trifon Trifonov 15042: 15024: 15019: 15008:VIII Army Corps 14998: 14951: 14946: 14881:Walter Schimana 14855: 14847: 14838: 14828: 14799: 14759: 14754: 14724: 14719: 14689: 14671: 14641: 14636: 14606: 14601: 14566: 14554: 14508: 14507: 14506:German invasion 14492: 14467: 14462: 14432: 14416: 14371: 14366: 14362:Georgios Kosmas 14328:Ioannis Metaxas 14312: 14300: 14232: 14231: 14220: 14207: 14202: 14172: 14167: 14160: 14153: 14139: 14137: 14125: 14116: 14109: 14102: 14095: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14063: 14058:Atomic bombings 14056: 14049: 14042: 14035: 14028: 14019: 14012: 14005: 13998: 13991: 13984: 13977: 13970: 13963: 13956: 13949: 13942: 13935: 13928: 13921: 13914: 13901: 13894: 13883: 13876: 13869: 13860: 13853: 13846: 13839: 13832: 13825: 13816: 13807: 13800: 13791: 13784: 13777: 13770: 13761: 13754: 13749:Eastern Romania 13747: 13742:Warsaw Uprising 13740: 13735:Tannenberg Line 13733: 13726: 13721:Western Ukraine 13719: 13710: 13703: 13694: 13685: 13676: 13669: 13662: 13651: 13642: 13629: 13622: 13613: 13606: 13599: 13592: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13562: 13555: 13548: 13539: 13532: 13525: 13518: 13513:Battle of Kursk 13511: 13504: 13497: 13490: 13483: 13470: 13463: 13454: 13447: 13440: 13431: 13424: 13417: 13410: 13401: 13392: 13385: 13378: 13371: 13364: 13357: 13350: 13343: 13336: 13329: 13324:St Nazaire Raid 13322: 13315: 13308: 13295: 13288: 13281: 13274: 13267: 13260: 13253: 13246: 13239: 13232: 13225: 13218: 13211: 13204: 13197: 13190: 13183: 13176: 13169: 13162: 13148: 13139: 13132: 13125: 13118: 13111: 13106:Anglo-Iraqi War 13104: 13097:Battle of Crete 13095: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13067: 13054: 13045: 13038: 13031: 13026:Eastern Romania 13024: 13017: 13010: 13003: 12996: 12989: 12982: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12954: 12947: 12940: 12933: 12926: 12919: 12906: 12899: 12892: 12885: 12878: 12871: 12864: 12857: 12844: 12835: 12828: 12821: 12814: 12807: 12800: 12791: 12784: 12777: 12768: 12761: 12735: 12728: 12721: 12712: 12705: 12700: 12691: 12684: 12677: 12668: 12661: 12652: 12645: 12640: 12633: 12620: 12613: 12604: 12597: 12592: 12587:Western Ukraine 12585: 12578: 12571: 12564: 12557: 12550: 12543: 12536: 12531:Northeast China 12529: 12522: 12515: 12508: 12501: 12494: 12485: 12478: 12471: 12464: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12436: 12429: 12422: 12415: 12408: 12401: 12394: 12387: 12380: 12373: 12366: 12359: 12346: 12339: 12332: 12325: 12318: 12311: 12304: 12297: 12290: 12283: 12276: 12269: 12256: 12249: 12242: 12237:Slovak Republic 12235: 12227: 12220: 12213: 12208:Empire of Japan 12206: 12197: 12189: 12182: 12175: 12168: 12161: 12154: 12146: 12139: 12132: 12124: 12117: 12104: 12097: 12088: 12081: 12072: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12044: 12037: 12030: 12018: 12011: 12004: 11997: 11990: 11983: 11976: 11969: 11962: 11950: 11943: 11936: 11929: 11922: 11910: 11902: 11895: 11888: 11881: 11874: 11867: 11860: 11848: 11841: 11834: 11827: 11820: 11794: 11785: 11778: 11771: 11764: 11753: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11720:Sexual violence 11719: 11712: 11703: 11696: 11689: 11680: 11673: 11666: 11659: 11652: 11643: 11634: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11569: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11535: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11489: 11480: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11450: 11443: 11438:Greek Civil War 11436: 11429: 11422: 11415: 11408: 11401: 11394: 11381: 11374: 11365: 11358: 11351: 11342: 11335: 11328: 11321: 11312: 11305: 11298: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11263:South-East Asia 11261: 11254: 11247: 11234: 11227: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11176: 11169: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11134: 11127: 11122:Military awards 11120: 11111: 11104: 11097: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11016: 11009: 10989: 10982: 10975: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10947: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10916: 10911: 10856:War and Society 10639:10.2307/1432747 10621: 10611: 10592: 10573: 10554: 10530: 10501: 10495: 10455: 10411: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10289: 10270: 10251: 10232: 10213: 10194: 10156: 10133: 10104: 10098: 10086: 10080: 10040: 10021: 9942: 9920: 9878: 9858: 9853: 9851:Further reading 9840: 9838: 9816: 9814: 9796: 9794: 9793:on 10 June 2011 9777: 9767: 9682:10.2307/2944499 9590: 9580: 9561: 9545: 9535: 9516: 9497: 9478: 9459: 9436: 9417: 9398: 9379: 9360: 9341: 9322: 9299: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9248: 9229: 9210: 9154: 9135: 9112: 9093: 9071: 9031: 9012: 8989: 8968: 8945: 8926: 8904: 8882: 8859: 8833: 8812: 8791: 8772: 8753: 8734: 8715: 8692: 8670: 8640: 8621: 8602: 8579: 8560: 8541: 8522: 8503: 8484: 8465: 8414: 8388: 8369: 8350: 8331: 8312: 8293: 8272: 8253: 8235: 8229: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8170: 8163: 8154: 8153: 8144: 8131: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7936: 7928: 7924: 7918:Tsirpanlis 1992 7916: 7912: 7906:Tsirpanlis 1992 7904: 7900: 7894:Tsirpanlis 1992 7892: 7885: 7879:Tsirpanlis 1992 7877: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7852:Tsirpanlis 1992 7850: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7718:Tsirpanlis 1982 7716: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7682: 7678: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7605:Tsirpanlis 1992 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7265: 7261:Ibid, p.742-743 7260: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7209: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7138:, pp. 140. 7134: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6992:Carruthers 2013 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6454:Nikolaidou 1997 6452: 6448: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5977: 5970: 5964:Tsirpanlis 1992 5962: 5958: 5952:Tsirpanlis 1992 5950: 5946: 5940:Tsirpanlis 1992 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5894:, pp. 4–5. 5890: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5568: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5511:Tsirpanlis 1982 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5223:Tsirpanlis 1982 5221: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5196:, pp. 7–9. 5192: 5188: 5182:Tsirpanlis 1982 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4905:, p. 1353. 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4819:Mack Smith 1982 4817: 4813: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4606: 4602: 4595:Lupi di Toscana 4592: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4551:Battle of Crete 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4485:discouraged by 4461: 4457: 4450: 4421: 4415: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4355:for a total of 4352: 4348: 4346:42,485 wounded, 4345: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329:were sunk. The 4322: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4285:565,000 troops, 4284: 4280: 4277: 4239: 4213: 4210: 4195:Northern Epirus 4179: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4160: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4124: 4116:Comando Supremo 4071: 4043: 4041:Effect on Italy 4023: 4015: 4010: 3996:Northern Epirus 3987: 3948: 3895: 3890: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3768: 3760: 3733: 3722: 3690:Henschel Hs126s 3666: 3661: 3629: 3599:100,000 animals 3598: 3594: 3582: 3576: 3571: 3563:Alberto Ferrero 3521: 3475: 3454: 3446:Main articles: 3444: 3394: 3340:VIII Army Corps 3312: 3306: 3277: 3233:Lupi di Toscana 3223: 3217: 3107:Ioannis Metaxas 3095: 3003: 2998:Palazzo Venezia 2995: 2967: 2947:Georgios Kosmas 2924:, and the 49th 2909: 2903: 2894: 2849: 2841: 2765: 2759: 2707:Comando Supremo 2685: 2679: 2614: 2586: 2509: 2490: 2463:Georgios Averof 2407:Henschel Hs 126 2377: 2376:aeroplanes and 2373: 2369: 2366: 2365:. It comprised 2345: 2331: 2330:battalions and 2327: 2287: 2286:battalions and 2283: 2269:First World War 2259: 2254: 2243: 2191: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165:for a total of 2162: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2102: 2091: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2010: 2005: 1970:(Major-General 1952:Arachthos River 1939:Ioannis Metaxas 1929: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1859: 1855: 1843: 1840: 1829:Alberto Pariani 1772: 1702:after the war. 1650:islands in the 1636: 1631: 1599:Ioannis Metaxas 1579: 1503:Gulf of Corinth 1458: 1454: 1443:Pietro Badoglio 1415:Emanuele Grazzi 1396: 1385: 1363:Ioannis Metaxas 1300:Northern Epirus 1280: 1242:First World War 1212:Islands in the 1202: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1032: 1026: 1021: 953:Ioannis Metaxas 879:Italo-Greek War 851: 850: 849: 844: 770: 765: 763: 761: 731: 726: 691: 686: 684: 682: 645: 643: 641: 640:frostbite cases 637: 633: 631: 627: 622: 620: 618: 611: 609: 607: 605: 603: 601: 597: 592: 590: 588: 576: 572: 570: 566: 564: 560: 558: 556: 554: 552: 550: 548: 546: 544: 542: 535: 533: 531: 529: 525: 523: 521: 519: 517: 513: 511: 507: 505: 501: 499: 498:163 light tanks 497: 495: 493: 491: 469: 468: 451: 450: 434: 433: 423: 422: 411: 410: 409: 403: 391: 390: 383:Ioannis Metaxas 375: 374: 362: 350: 349: 339: 338: 336:Shefqet Vërlaci 328: 327: 317: 316: 306: 305: 295: 294: 284: 283: 273: 272: 270:Pietro Badoglio 262: 261: 249: 236: 235: 225: 224: 223: 212: 210: 207: 192: 181: 179: 177: 176: 166: 164: 162: 151: 149: 146: 119: 101: 87: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16782: 16772: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16714:1941 in Greece 16711: 16706: 16704:1940 in Greece 16701: 16696: 16691: 16674: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16662: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16641: 16634: 16627: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16606: 16605: 16604: 16592: 16584: 16582: 16578: 16577: 16575: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16543: 16541: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16533: 16527: 16525: 16517: 16516: 16506: 16505: 16502: 16501: 16498: 16497: 16494: 16493: 16491: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16459: 16457: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16449: 16444: 16443: 16442: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16395: 16389: 16387: 16380: 16369: 16368: 16355: 16354: 16351: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16339: 16337:336th Squadron 16334: 16332:335th Squadron 16329: 16324: 16317: 16310: 16303: 16300:Vasilissa Olga 16296: 16291: 16285: 16283: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16239:King George II 16235: 16233: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16184: 16182: 16181:Events/Battles 16175: 16163: 16162: 16150: 16149: 16146: 16145: 16142: 16141: 16138: 16137: 16135: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16123: 16122: 16112: 16107: 16101: 16099: 16095: 16094: 16092: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16079:Themis Marinos 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16055: 16053: 16046: 16035: 16034: 16031: 16030: 16028: 16027: 16021: 16019: 16015: 16014: 16012: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15960: 15958: 15954: 15953: 15951: 15950: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15907: 15906: 15896: 15895: 15894: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15868: 15866:Petrakogiorgis 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15807: 15805: 15798: 15794: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15760: 15758: 15754: 15753: 15751: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15678:Drama uprising 15674: 15672: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15630: 15629: 15628: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15602: 15600: 15596: 15595: 15593: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15565:Andreas Tzimas 15562: 15557: 15551: 15549: 15542: 15530: 15529: 15513: 15512: 15509: 15508: 15505: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15497: 15492: 15486: 15484: 15480: 15479: 15477: 15476: 15475: 15474: 15469: 15459: 15458: 15457: 15447: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15424: 15422: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15393: 15391: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15351:Georgios Bakos 15348: 15343: 15341:Ioannis Rallis 15338: 15333: 15327: 15325: 15318: 15310: 15309: 15306: 15305: 15303: 15302: 15297: 15296: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15270: 15264: 15262: 15256: 15255: 15253: 15252: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15229: 15228: 15218: 15212: 15210: 15204: 15203: 15201: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15080: 15078: 15074: 15073: 15070: 15069: 15067: 15066: 15061: 15049: 15036: 15034: 15021: 15020: 15018: 15017: 15016: 15015: 15010: 15005: 14996:III Army Corps 14993: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14967:Angelico Carta 14963: 14961: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14944: 14939: 14938: 14937: 14935:Fortress Crete 14919: 14918: 14917: 14907: 14906: 14905: 14898:Hellmuth Felmy 14895: 14894: 14893: 14886:Alexander Löhr 14883: 14878: 14873: 14867: 14865: 14849: 14840: 14830: 14829: 14817: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14809: 14808: 14805: 14804: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14771: 14769: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14736: 14734: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14701: 14699: 14683: 14677: 14676: 14673: 14672: 14670: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14653: 14651: 14638: 14637: 14635: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14618: 14616: 14603: 14602: 14600: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14582:King George II 14578: 14576: 14560: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14540:Kleisoura Pass 14537: 14532: 14527: 14521: 14519: 14512: 14502: 14501: 14498: 14497: 14494: 14493: 14491: 14490: 14485: 14479: 14477: 14464: 14463: 14461: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14444: 14442: 14426: 14422: 14421: 14418: 14417: 14415: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14392:Galeazzo Ciano 14389: 14383: 14381: 14368: 14367: 14365: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14324: 14322: 14306: 14302: 14301: 14299: 14298: 14297: 14296: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14245: 14243: 14236: 14222: 14221: 14209: 14208: 14201: 14200: 14193: 14186: 14178: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14165: 14158: 14151: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14123: 14122: 14121: 14114: 14107: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14077: 14074:South Sakhalin 14070: 14069: 14068: 14054: 14047: 14040: 14033: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14010: 14003: 13996: 13989: 13982: 13975: 13968: 13961: 13954: 13947: 13940: 13933: 13926: 13919: 13911: 13909: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13899: 13892: 13891: 13890: 13874: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13851: 13844: 13837: 13830: 13823: 13814: 13805: 13798: 13789: 13782: 13775: 13768: 13759: 13752: 13745: 13738: 13731: 13724: 13717: 13708: 13701: 13692: 13683: 13674: 13667: 13660: 13649: 13639: 13637: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13627: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13611: 13597: 13590: 13583: 13576: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13553: 13546: 13537: 13530: 13523: 13516: 13509: 13502: 13499:Battle of Attu 13495: 13488: 13480: 13478: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13468: 13461: 13452: 13445: 13438: 13429: 13422: 13415: 13408: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13390: 13376: 13369: 13362: 13355: 13348: 13341: 13334: 13327: 13320: 13313: 13305: 13303: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13293: 13286: 13279: 13272: 13265: 13258: 13251: 13248:Battle of Guam 13244: 13237: 13230: 13223: 13216: 13209: 13202: 13195: 13188: 13181: 13174: 13171:Battle of Kiev 13167: 13160: 13146: 13145: 13144: 13130: 13123: 13116: 13109: 13102: 13101: 13100: 13086: 13079: 13072: 13064: 13062: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13043: 13036: 13029: 13022: 13015: 13008: 13001: 12994: 12987: 12980: 12973: 12966: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12924: 12916: 12914: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12904: 12897: 12890: 12883: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12854: 12852: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12841: 12840: 12833: 12826: 12819: 12812: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12789: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12758: 12756: 12747: 12741: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12726: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12710: 12698: 12697: 12696: 12682: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12670:United Kingdom 12666: 12659: 12658: 12657: 12638: 12630: 12628: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12602: 12590: 12583: 12576: 12569: 12562: 12555: 12548: 12541: 12534: 12527: 12520: 12513: 12506: 12499: 12492: 12491: 12490: 12483: 12469: 12462: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12434: 12427: 12420: 12413: 12406: 12399: 12392: 12385: 12378: 12371: 12364: 12356: 12354: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12344: 12337: 12330: 12323: 12316: 12309: 12302: 12295: 12288: 12281: 12274: 12266: 12264: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12254: 12247: 12240: 12233: 12225: 12218: 12211: 12204: 12203: 12202: 12187: 12180: 12173: 12166: 12159: 12152: 12144: 12137: 12130: 12122: 12114: 12112: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12102: 12095: 12094: 12093: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12074:British Empire 12067:United Kingdom 12063: 12056: 12049: 12042: 12035: 12028: 12016: 12009: 12002: 11995: 11988: 11981: 11974: 11967: 11960: 11948: 11941: 11934: 11927: 11920: 11908: 11900: 11893: 11886: 11883:Czechoslovakia 11879: 11872: 11865: 11858: 11846: 11839: 11832: 11825: 11817: 11815: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11783: 11780:Rape of Manila 11776: 11769: 11762: 11751: 11736: 11729: 11717: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11701: 11687: 11686: 11685: 11678: 11671: 11657: 11650: 11649: 11648: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11632: 11618: 11611: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11588: 11581: 11566: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11551:United Nations 11547: 11540: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11524: 11517: 11510: 11496: 11487: 11478: 11471: 11464: 11457: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11420: 11413: 11410:Decolonization 11406: 11399: 11391: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11356: 11349: 11348: 11347: 11340: 11333: 11319: 11318: 11317: 11310: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11287: 11280: 11273: 11266: 11259: 11244: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11232: 11225: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11174: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11139: 11132: 11125: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11102: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11086: 11083:United Kingdom 11079: 11065: 11058: 11051: 11044: 11037: 11030: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11006: 11004: 10995: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10929: 10921: 10918: 10917: 10910: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10887: 10881: 10880: 10851: 10814: 10797: 10780: 10763: 10726: 10684: 10667: 10633:(3): 561–576. 10620: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10609: 10596: 10590: 10577: 10571: 10558: 10552: 10534: 10528: 10515: 10499: 10493: 10480: 10459: 10453: 10436: 10415: 10409: 10394: 10377: 10360: 10343: 10326: 10306: 10293: 10287: 10274: 10268: 10255: 10249: 10236: 10230: 10217: 10211: 10198: 10192: 10179: 10160: 10154: 10137: 10131: 10118: 10102: 10096: 10084: 10078: 10065: 10044: 10038: 10025: 10019: 10004: 9987: 9967: 9946: 9940: 9924: 9918: 9906:Beevor, Antony 9902: 9882: 9876: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9823: 9803: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9765: 9752: 9732:Balkan Studies 9723: 9703:Balkan Studies 9694: 9676:(4): 697–727. 9665: 9628: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9584: 9578: 9565: 9559: 9544: 9543:Encyclopaedias 9541: 9540: 9539: 9533: 9520: 9514: 9501: 9495: 9482: 9476: 9463: 9457: 9440: 9434: 9421: 9415: 9402: 9396: 9383: 9377: 9364: 9358: 9345: 9339: 9326: 9320: 9303: 9297: 9284: 9271: 9252: 9246: 9233: 9227: 9214: 9208: 9188: 9158: 9152: 9139: 9133: 9116: 9110: 9097: 9091: 9075: 9069: 9056: 9035: 9029: 9016: 9010: 8993: 8987: 8972: 8966: 8949: 8943: 8930: 8924: 8908: 8902: 8886: 8880: 8863: 8857: 8837: 8831: 8816: 8810: 8795: 8789: 8776: 8770: 8757: 8751: 8738: 8732: 8719: 8713: 8696: 8690: 8677: 8674: 8668: 8648:Hinsley, F. H. 8644: 8638: 8625: 8619: 8606: 8600: 8583: 8577: 8564: 8558: 8545: 8539: 8526: 8520: 8507: 8501: 8488: 8482: 8469: 8464:978-0786474707 8463: 8450: 8418: 8412: 8392: 8386: 8373: 8367: 8354: 8349:978-1780768540 8348: 8335: 8329: 8316: 8310: 8297: 8291: 8276: 8270: 8257: 8251: 8234: 8231: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8161: 8142: 8124: 8122:, p. 306. 8112: 8110:, p. 446. 8100: 8098:, p. 267. 8088: 8086:, p. 279. 8076: 8074:, p. 805. 8072:Montanari 1980 8064: 8062:, p. 308. 8052: 8040: 8023: 8021:, p. 129. 8011: 7999: 7990: 7967: 7958: 7949: 7947:, p. 194. 7934: 7922: 7910: 7908:, p. 122. 7898: 7896:, p. 113. 7883: 7881:, p. 121. 7868: 7856: 7854:, p. 112. 7839: 7830: 7826:Sadkovich 1993 7818: 7816:, p. 711. 7806: 7804:, p. 709. 7794: 7782: 7770: 7768:, p. 174. 7758: 7746: 7734: 7722: 7710: 7701: 7699:, p. 178. 7689: 7676: 7660: 7648: 7633: 7621: 7609: 7597: 7585: 7573: 7571:, p. 119. 7561: 7559:, p. 260. 7549: 7534: 7519: 7517:, p. 334. 7507: 7495: 7483: 7481:, p. 331. 7468: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7418:, p. 110. 7408: 7399: 7390: 7378: 7365: 7363:, p. 335. 7353: 7351:, p. 422. 7341: 7332: 7320: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7282:, p. 448. 7272: 7263: 7254: 7252:, p. 258. 7242: 7227: 7215: 7213:, p. 446. 7200: 7198:, p. 444. 7188: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7078:, p. 122. 7068: 7056: 7044: 7032: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6970:, p. 187. 6960: 6958:, p. 157. 6948: 6933: 6916: 6904: 6892: 6890:, p. 143. 6877: 6875:, p. 442. 6865: 6853: 6851:, p. 259. 6841: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6803:, p. 258. 6790: 6778: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6720: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6670:, p. 261. 6660: 6648: 6646:, p. 257. 6636: 6634:, p. 333. 6624: 6622:, p. 249. 6612: 6610:, p. 421. 6597: 6585: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6521: 6519:, p. 420. 6509: 6507:, p. 238. 6497: 6482: 6480:, p. 237. 6470: 6458: 6456:, p. 391. 6446: 6444:, p. 437. 6442:Schreiber 1995 6431: 6427:Mackenzie 1943 6419: 6417:, p. 105. 6402: 6390: 6378: 6366: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6328:, p. 235. 6318: 6306: 6294: 6292:, p. 234. 6282: 6280:, p. 232. 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6232:, p. 417. 6219: 6217:, p. 233. 6207: 6195: 6193:, p. 414. 6183: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6069: 6057: 6055:, p. 416. 6040: 6031: 6022: 6010: 5995: 5983: 5968: 5966:, p. 128. 5956: 5944: 5932: 5930:, p. 412. 5920: 5908: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5870:, p. 197. 5860: 5848: 5846:, p. 218. 5833: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5795:, p. 171. 5785: 5783:, p. 214. 5773: 5761: 5759:, p. 172. 5749: 5737: 5725: 5713: 5711:, p. 212. 5698: 5686: 5674: 5672:, p. 209. 5662: 5660:, p. 138. 5650: 5648:, p. 104. 5638: 5626: 5614: 5612:, p. 175. 5599: 5587: 5585:, p. 170. 5566: 5564:, p. 178. 5551: 5539: 5535:Sadkovich 1993 5527: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5441:, p. 165. 5428: 5426:, p. 164. 5405: 5393: 5381: 5379:, p. 323. 5369: 5367:, p. 176. 5352: 5350:, p. 175. 5340: 5328: 5316: 5314:, p. 139. 5304: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5256: 5239: 5227: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5148:, p. 451. 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5064:, p. 499. 5054: 5052:, p. 349. 5042: 5040:, p. 217. 5027: 5025:, p. 348. 5015: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4967: 4955: 4953:, p. 910. 4943: 4941:, p. 396. 4931: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4869:, p. 198. 4859: 4847: 4845:, p. 467. 4835: 4823: 4821:, p. 170. 4811: 4798: 4786: 4784:, p. 117. 4774: 4762: 4748: 4727: 4709: 4705:Sadkovich 1993 4697: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4665: 4655: 4645: 4636: 4600: 4586: 4576: 4567: 4555: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4510:September 2024 4464: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4434:Alexandroupoli 4417:Main article: 4414: 4411: 4393:, site of the 4343:13,325 killed, 4314:in action and 4304:25,067 missing 4300:50,874 wounded 4297:13,755 killed, 4276: 4273: 4268:Salonika front 4260:Wilhelm Keitel 4238: 4237:German opinion 4235: 4208: 4123: 4120: 4107:escort vessels 4103:merchant ships 4042: 4039: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 3986: 3983: 3947: 3944: 3940:Nikos Gounaris 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3853:of which only 3766: 3759: 3756: 3741:bombers, with 3728: 3721: 3718: 3710:Mount Smolikas 3665: 3662: 3660: 3659:Air operations 3657: 3647:decrypts. The 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3520: 3517: 3443: 3440: 3419:Gabriele Nasci 3393: 3390: 3305: 3302: 3298:Georgios Bakos 3219:Main article: 3216: 3213: 3094: 3091: 3047:Edda Mussolini 2984: 2966: 2963: 2902: 2899: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2758: 2755: 2678: 2675: 2613: 2610: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2582: 2531:night fighters 2496: 2489: 2486: 2320:III Army Corps 2242: 2239: 2201:(Hawk) and 23 2028:3,500 Albanian 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1907: 1856:300,000 troops 1844:24 triangular, 1802:Gabriele Nasci 1770: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629:Opposing plans 1627: 1619:Regio Esercito 1542:Greek cruiser 1531:Regio Esercito 1447: 1423:Galeazzo Ciano 1408:Following the 1391: 1384: 1381: 1275: 1266:Ionian Islands 1218:Ottoman Empire 1201: 1198: 1178:invade Albania 1096:Imperial Italy 1067: 1061: 1051: 1045: 1028:Main article: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 931:invaded France 846: 845: 843: 842: 836: 835: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 797: 796: 792: 791: 786: 780: 779: 775: 772: 771: 760: 759: 752: 745: 737: 728: 727: 725: 724: 719: 714: 713: 712: 702: 696: 693: 692: 681: 680: 673: 666: 658: 650: 649: 642:52–77 aircraft 619:42,485 wounded 615: 589:50,874 wounded 584: 583: 579: 578: 553:459,650 rifles 537: 536:50,000 animals 534:9,000 vehicles 532:400,000 troops 524:32,871 animals 522:7,563 vehicles 520:272,463 troops 485: 484: 480: 479: 360: 246: 245: 241: 240: 233:United Kingdom 199: 137: 136: 132: 131: 128: 127: 121: 115: 114: 107: 103: 102: 96: 94: 90: 89: 84: 76: 75: 51: 50: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16781: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16686: 16684: 16661: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16642: 16640: 16639: 16635: 16633: 16632: 16628: 16626: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16611: 16607: 16603: 16600: 16599: 16598: 16597: 16593: 16591: 16590: 16586: 16585: 16583: 16579: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16538: 16532: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16522: 16518: 16514:Commemoration 16511: 16507: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16483:Angelos Evert 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16463:Ronald Scobie 16461: 16460: 16458: 16454: 16448: 16445: 16441: 16438: 16437: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16404: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16374: 16370: 16366: 16360: 16356: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16327:13th Squadron 16325: 16323: 16322: 16318: 16316: 16315: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16304: 16302: 16301: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16276: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16168: 16164: 16160: 16155: 16151: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16121: 16118: 16117: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16102: 16100: 16096: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16056: 16054: 16050: 16047: 16044: 16040: 16036: 16026: 16023: 16022: 16020: 16016: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15961: 15959: 15955: 15949: 15948: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15921:Prometheus II 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15905: 15904:5/42 Regiment 15902: 15901: 15900: 15897: 15893: 15890: 15889: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15880:Organizations 15878: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15802: 15799: 15795: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15761: 15759: 15755: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15673: 15669: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15634: 15631: 15627: 15624: 15623: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15603: 15601: 15599:Organizations 15597: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15552: 15550: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15523: 15518: 15514: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15485: 15481: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15460: 15456: 15455:Andon Kalchev 15453: 15452: 15451: 15448: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15430: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15423: 15421:Secessionists 15419: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15390:Organizations 15388: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15328: 15326: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15311: 15301: 15298: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15260:The Holocaust 15257: 15249: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15227: 15224: 15223: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15211: 15205: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15075: 15065: 15062: 15058: 15053: 15050: 15046: 15041: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15033: 15028: 15022: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15002: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14988: 14987: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14955: 14949: 14943: 14940: 14936: 14933: 14932: 14931: 14927: 14923: 14920: 14916: 14913: 14912: 14911: 14908: 14904: 14901: 14900: 14899: 14896: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14864: 14859: 14853: 14850: 14844: 14841: 14835: 14831: 14827: 14822: 14818: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14772: 14770: 14768: 14763: 14757: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14737: 14735: 14733: 14728: 14722: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14693: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14678: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14662:Sepp Dietrich 14660: 14658: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14650: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14627:Thomas Blamey 14625: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14615: 14610: 14604: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14575: 14570: 14564: 14561: 14557: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14503: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14478: 14476: 14471: 14465: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14445: 14443: 14441: 14436: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14407:Ugo Cavallero 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14380: 14375: 14369: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14349: 14348:Markos Drakos 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14323: 14321: 14316: 14310: 14307: 14303: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14259:Korytsa/Korcë 14257: 14255: 14254:Elaia–Kalamas 14252: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14227: 14223: 14219: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14199: 14194: 14192: 14187: 14185: 14180: 14179: 14176: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14152: 14149: 14148: 14143: 14136: 14135: 14132: 14119: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14094: 14089: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081:Kuril Islands 14078: 14075: 14071: 14066: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14052: 14048: 14045: 14041: 14038: 14034: 14031: 14027: 14022: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14011: 14008: 14004: 14001: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13983: 13980: 13976: 13973: 13969: 13966: 13962: 13959: 13955: 13952: 13948: 13945: 13941: 13938: 13934: 13931: 13927: 13924: 13920: 13917: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13908: 13904: 13897: 13893: 13888: 13887: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13875: 13872: 13868: 13863: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13852: 13849: 13848:Syrmian Front 13845: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13831: 13828: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13803: 13799: 13796: 13795: 13794:Market Garden 13790: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13760: 13757: 13753: 13750: 13746: 13743: 13739: 13736: 13732: 13729: 13725: 13722: 13718: 13715: 13714: 13709: 13706: 13702: 13699: 13698: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13675: 13672: 13668: 13665: 13661: 13658: 13654: 13653:Monte Cassino 13650: 13647: 13646: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13636: 13632: 13625: 13621: 13616: 13612: 13609: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13598: 13595: 13591: 13588: 13584: 13581: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13565: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13554: 13551: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13538: 13535: 13531: 13528: 13524: 13521: 13517: 13514: 13510: 13507: 13503: 13500: 13496: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13477: 13473: 13466: 13462: 13459: 13458: 13453: 13450: 13446: 13443: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13430: 13427: 13423: 13420: 13416: 13413: 13409: 13406: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13391: 13388: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13370: 13367: 13363: 13360: 13356: 13353: 13349: 13346: 13342: 13339: 13335: 13332: 13328: 13325: 13321: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13298: 13291: 13287: 13284: 13280: 13277: 13273: 13270: 13266: 13263: 13259: 13256: 13252: 13249: 13245: 13242: 13238: 13235: 13231: 13228: 13224: 13221: 13217: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13189: 13186: 13182: 13179: 13175: 13172: 13168: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13156: 13151: 13147: 13142: 13138: 13137: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13124: 13121: 13117: 13114: 13110: 13107: 13103: 13098: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13087: 13084: 13080: 13077: 13073: 13070: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13061: 13057: 13050: 13049: 13044: 13041: 13037: 13034: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13019:Baltic states 13016: 13013: 13009: 13006: 13002: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12988: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12974: 12971: 12967: 12964: 12960: 12957: 12953: 12950: 12946: 12943: 12939: 12936: 12932: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12913: 12909: 12902: 12898: 12895: 12891: 12888: 12884: 12881: 12877: 12874: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12847: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12827: 12824: 12820: 12817: 12813: 12810: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12794: 12790: 12787: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12776: 12771: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12755: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12720: 12715: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12703: 12699: 12694: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12676: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12663:United States 12660: 12655: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12644: 12643: 12639: 12636: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12616: 12612: 12607: 12603: 12600: 12599:Quốc dân Đảng 12596: 12595: 12591: 12588: 12584: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12563: 12560: 12556: 12553: 12549: 12546: 12542: 12539: 12535: 12532: 12528: 12525: 12521: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12507: 12504: 12500: 12497: 12493: 12488: 12484: 12481: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12446: 12442: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12428: 12425: 12421: 12418: 12414: 12411: 12407: 12404: 12400: 12397: 12393: 12390: 12386: 12383: 12379: 12376: 12372: 12369: 12365: 12362: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12353: 12349: 12342: 12338: 12335: 12331: 12328: 12324: 12321: 12317: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12303: 12300: 12299:Liechtenstein 12296: 12293: 12289: 12286: 12282: 12279: 12275: 12272: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12252: 12248: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12205: 12200: 12196: 12195: 12192: 12188: 12185: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12142: 12138: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12120: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12100: 12096: 12091: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12083:United States 12080: 12075: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12064: 12061: 12057: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12043: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11989: 11986: 11982: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11946: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11844: 11840: 11837: 11833: 11830: 11826: 11823: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11774: 11773:Comfort women 11770: 11767: 11763: 11760: 11757: / 11756: 11752: 11749: 11746: / 11745: 11742: / 11741: 11737: 11734: 11733:Camp brothels 11730: 11727: 11723: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11711: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11683: 11679: 11676: 11672: 11669: 11665: 11664: 11662: 11658: 11655: 11651: 11646: 11642: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11622:The Holocaust 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11608:forced labour 11605: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11559: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11529: 11525: 11522: 11518: 11515: 11511: 11508: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11461:Marshall Plan 11458: 11455: 11454: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11377: 11373: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11350: 11345: 11341: 11338: 11334: 11331: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11315: 11314:Eastern Front 11311: 11308: 11307:Western Front 11304: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11260: 11257: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11219: 11216: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11201:Puppet states 11198: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11179: 11175: 11172: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11161: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11143:Naval history 11140: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11114: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11096: 11091: 11090:United States 11087: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11045: 11042: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11024: 11019: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10985: 10981: 10978: 10974: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10950: 10946: 10941: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10915: 10908: 10903: 10901: 10896: 10894: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10623: 10622: 10612: 10610:0-521-64358-9 10606: 10602: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10583: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10564: 10559: 10555: 10553:0-521-44317-2 10549: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10529:1-86126-646-4 10525: 10521: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10494:0-521-64358-9 10490: 10486: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10460: 10456: 10454:88-428-1604-3 10450: 10446: 10442: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10410:0-299-14874-2 10406: 10402: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10309: 10307:0-582-50266-7 10303: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10288:0-7049-0204-4 10284: 10280: 10275: 10271: 10269:0-88064-244-0 10265: 10261: 10256: 10252: 10250:0-691-04717-0 10246: 10242: 10237: 10233: 10231:1-84176-857-X 10227: 10223: 10218: 10214: 10212:0-7139-9229-8 10208: 10204: 10199: 10195: 10193:0-14-303573-8 10189: 10185: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10167: 10161: 10157: 10155:3-7637-5923-9 10151: 10147: 10143: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10124: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10097:1-85367-060-X 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10079:0-7110-2946-6 10075: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10045: 10041: 10039:0-521-20143-8 10035: 10031: 10026: 10022: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9919:0-14-016787-0 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9877:99927-1-622-3 9873: 9869: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9768: 9762: 9759:. Routledge. 9758: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9592: 9591: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9556: 9552: 9547: 9546: 9536: 9530: 9526: 9521: 9517: 9515:90-218-9050-X 9511: 9507: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9488: 9483: 9479: 9477:1-85326-683-3 9473: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9441: 9437: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9416:0-19-822114-2 9412: 9408: 9403: 9399: 9397:1-86126-799-1 9393: 9389: 9384: 9380: 9378:960-213-371-6 9374: 9370: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9351: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9332: 9327: 9323: 9321:88-06-16118-0 9317: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9300: 9298:960-270-789-5 9294: 9290: 9285: 9274: 9272:0-11-771592-1 9268: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9253: 9249: 9247:0-08-040983-0 9243: 9239: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9220: 9215: 9211: 9209:1-84574-066-1 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9103: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9002: 9001: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8958: 8957: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8925:0-345-02434-6 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8832:0-521-79047-6 8828: 8824: 8823: 8817: 8813: 8811:0-521-58208-3 8807: 8803: 8802: 8796: 8792: 8790:0-521-33835-2 8786: 8782: 8777: 8773: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8733:0-415-21612-5 8729: 8725: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8669:0-11-630961-X 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8639:960-226-533-7 8635: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8612: 8607: 8603: 8601:960-86822-5-8 8597: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8502:0-19-214168-6 8498: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8413:0-7011-1351-0 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8336: 8332: 8330:1-57912-271-X 8326: 8322: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8277: 8273: 8271:1-85605-552-3 8267: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8230: 8216: 8211: 8205:, p. 51. 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8168: 8166: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8050:, p. 38. 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8003: 7994: 7985: 7983: 7977: 7976:Hitler, Adolf 7971: 7962: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7939: 7931: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7907: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7866:, p. 39. 7865: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7834: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7814:Sullivan 1995 7810: 7803: 7802:Sullivan 1995 7798: 7791: 7790:Sullivan 1995 7786: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7766:Paoletti 2008 7762: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7732:, p. 14. 7731: 7726: 7719: 7714: 7705: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7680: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7657: 7652: 7645: 7640: 7638: 7631:, p. 75. 7630: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7558: 7553: 7546: 7541: 7539: 7531: 7526: 7524: 7516: 7515:Terraine 1997 7511: 7504: 7503:Richards 1974 7499: 7492: 7491:Richards 1974 7487: 7480: 7479:Terraine 1997 7475: 7473: 7465: 7464:Richards 1974 7460: 7454:, p. 64. 7453: 7448: 7442:, p. 62. 7441: 7436: 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7403: 7394: 7388:, p. 98. 7387: 7382: 7375: 7369: 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7336: 7329: 7324: 7317: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7267: 7258: 7251: 7246: 7240:, p. 33. 7239: 7234: 7232: 7224: 7219: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7197: 7192: 7186:, p. 32. 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7066:, p. 77. 7065: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7041: 7036: 7030:, p. 82. 7029: 7024: 7017: 7012: 7006:, p. 81. 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6982:, p. 54. 6981: 6980:Zapantis 1987 6976: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6946:, p. 31. 6945: 6940: 6938: 6931:, p. 30. 6930: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6913: 6908: 6902:, p. 75. 6901: 6900:Playfair 2004 6896: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6874: 6869: 6863:, p. 45. 6862: 6857: 6850: 6845: 6839:, p. 29. 6838: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6815:, p. 97. 6814: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6782: 6776:, p. 28. 6775: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6756: 6751: 6745:, p. 27. 6744: 6739: 6733:, p. 26. 6732: 6727: 6725: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6604: 6602: 6594: 6589: 6583:, p. 24. 6582: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6538:, p. 23. 6537: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6501: 6495:, p. 22. 6494: 6489: 6487: 6479: 6474: 6468:, p. 21. 6467: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6400:, p. 64. 6399: 6394: 6387: 6382: 6376:, p. 20. 6375: 6370: 6364:, p. 19. 6363: 6358: 6351: 6346: 6340:, p. 18. 6339: 6334: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6310: 6304:, p. 15. 6303: 6298: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6268:, p. 80. 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6181:, p. 11. 6180: 6175: 6173: 6165: 6160: 6154:, p. 39. 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6094:, p. 27. 6093: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6067:, p. 37. 6066: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6035: 6026: 6020:, p. 49. 6019: 6014: 6008:, p. 10. 6007: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5941: 5936: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5882:, p. 24. 5881: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5830: 5825: 5819:, p. 99. 5818: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5604: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5549:, p. 37. 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5476: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5425: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5325: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5302:, p. 30. 5301: 5296: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5236: 5231: 5225:, p. 42. 5224: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4965:, p. 68. 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4796:, p. 87. 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4707:, p. 37. 4706: 4701: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4669: 4659: 4649: 4640: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4580: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4521: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4489:for footnotes 4488: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4403:Kelcyre Gorge 4400: 4399:Cham Albanian 4396: 4392: 4391:Kelcyre Gorge 4386: 4383:9,000 British 4379:218,000 Greek 4364: 25,000 4357:58,578 losses 4349:1,237 missing 4332: 4328: 4312:89,696 losses 4287:supported by 4272: 4269: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248:Sepp Dietrich 4246: 4245: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4047:Mario Toscano 4038: 4035: 4031: 4029: 4021: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3885: 3871:209 aircraft, 3867:(150 aircrew) 3851:200 aircraft, 3847:26 probables, 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3764: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702:Pilot Officer 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3604: 3595: 80,000 3589: 3588: 3581: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3544:fait accompli 3541: 3537: 3536:Sepp Dietrich 3533: 3527: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500:Ugo Cavallero 3496: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476:7,000 British 3472: 3467: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3294:Markos Drakos 3291: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3115:John D'Albiac 3112: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3028:Ugo Cavallero 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867:Eleventh Army 2864: 2860: 2856: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2777:Mario Girotti 2769: 2764: 2757:Pindus sector 2754: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2735:Acheron River 2730: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550:John D'Albiac 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2447:Nea Anchialos 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419:Dornier Do 22 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2346:1.5 artillery 2343: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312:II Army Corps 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2247: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2175: 2170: 44,000 2153: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2123: 2112: 2101: 2097: 2086: 2044: 2033: 2019: 2015: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933:In 1936, the 1927: 1922: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1852: 1850: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1779: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1487:spazio vitale 1483: 1482:spazio vitale 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1389: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:Mediterranean 1097: 1093: 1092: 1091:Spazio vitale 1087: 1086:Fascist Italy 1083: 1075: 1058: 1057:Client states 1041: 1040:Fascist Italy 1038:Ambitions of 1036: 1031: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 990: 984: 982: 978: 974: 969: 968:Hellenic Army 965: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 945: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 869: 860: 856: 841: 838: 837: 834: 831: 830: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 806: 802: 799: 798: 794: 793: 790: 789:Elaia–Kalamas 787: 785: 782: 781: 777: 776: 773: 768: 758: 753: 751: 746: 744: 739: 738: 735: 723: 720: 718: 715: 711: 708: 707: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 694: 689: 679: 674: 672: 667: 665: 660: 659: 656: 648: 638: 25,000 630: 626: 621:1,237 missing 617:13,325 killed 616: 614: 600: 596: 591:3,914 missing 587:13,755 killed 586: 585: 580: 575: 569: 563: 545:50,000 troops 541: 538: 528: 516: 510: 504: 494:87,000 troops 490: 487: 486: 481: 478: 477:John D'Albiac 473: 466: 460: 455: 448: 443: 438: 432: 427: 420: 415: 408: 406: 400: 395: 389: 388: 384: 379: 373: 372: 366: 361: 359: 354: 348: 343: 337: 332: 326: 321: 315: 310: 304: 299: 293: 288: 282: 281:Ugo Cavallero 277: 271: 266: 260: 259: 253: 248: 247: 242: 234: 229: 222: 220: 206: 204: 200: 196: 189: 174: 161: 159: 145: 143: 139: 138: 133: 125: 122: 117: 116: 112: 108: 105: 104: 99: 95: 92: 91: 85: 82: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57: 52: 49: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 16657: 16644: 16636: 16631:Mediterraneo 16629: 16622: 16608: 16594: 16587: 16447:White Terror 16320: 16313: 16306: 16299: 15974:Agia Kyriaki 15964:ESPO bombing 15946: 15718:Sarantaporos 15688:Mikro Chorio 15428:Roman Legion 15273:Thessaloniki 15221:Great Famine 15209:exploitation 15064:Asen Sirakov 14982:Carlo Geloso 14977:Piero Parini 14926:Bruno Bräuer 14891:Army Group E 14785:Luftflotte 4 14667:Kurt Student 14657:Wilhelm List 14530:Metaxas Line 14412:Carlo Geloso 14402:Ubaldo Soddu 14279:Klisura Pass 14229: 14155:Bibliography 14138: 13951:Project Hula 13916:Vistula–Oder 13885: 13818: 13809: 13793: 13763: 13712: 13696: 13687: 13678: 13644: 13541: 13456: 13432: 13402: 13153: 13046: 13039: 12991:North Africa 12693:Soviet Union 12647:Soviet Union 12573:Soviet Union 12341:Vatican City 12251:Vichy France 12156:German Reich 12053:Soviet Union 12039:South Africa 12032:Sierra Leone 11985:Newfoundland 11804:Participants 11787:Marocchinate 11491: 11482: 11452: 11330:North Africa 11291:Indian Ocean 11150:Nazi plunder 11041:Cryptography 10914:World War II 10859: 10855: 10822: 10818: 10801: 10784: 10767: 10734: 10730: 10697: 10691: 10671: 10630: 10626: 10600: 10581: 10562: 10542: 10519: 10502: 10484: 10467: 10463: 10444: 10440: 10423: 10419: 10399: 10381: 10364: 10347: 10330: 10297: 10278: 10259: 10240: 10221: 10202: 10183: 10165: 10145: 10141: 10122: 10105: 10087: 10069: 10052: 10048: 10029: 10013:. ABC-CLIO. 10009: 9991: 9974: 9954: 9950: 9931: 9909: 9889: 9867: 9863: 9839:. Retrieved 9835:the original 9830: 9815:. Retrieved 9811:the original 9795:. Retrieved 9791:the original 9786: 9756: 9735: 9731: 9706: 9702: 9673: 9669: 9636: 9632: 9599: 9595: 9569: 9550: 9524: 9505: 9486: 9467: 9448: 9444: 9425: 9406: 9387: 9368: 9349: 9330: 9311: 9307: 9288: 9276:. Retrieved 9257: 9237: 9218: 9199: 9170: 9143: 9124: 9120: 9101: 9082: 9060: 9043: 9039: 9020: 8999: 8977: 8955: 8934: 8915: 8893: 8871: 8867: 8848: 8844: 8821: 8800: 8780: 8761: 8742: 8723: 8704: 8700: 8681: 8651: 8629: 8610: 8591: 8587: 8568: 8549: 8530: 8511: 8492: 8473: 8454: 8429: 8425: 8422:Cervi, Mario 8403: 8399: 8396:Cervi, Mario 8377: 8358: 8339: 8320: 8301: 8281: 8261: 8241: 8228: 8215:Richter 1998 8210: 8198: 8191:Richter 1998 8186: 8177: 8137:ekathimerini 8136: 8127: 8115: 8108:Rodogno 2006 8103: 8091: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8014: 8007:Richter 1998 8002: 7993: 7981: 7970: 7961: 7952: 7932:, p. 4. 7925: 7913: 7901: 7859: 7833: 7821: 7809: 7797: 7785: 7778:Mazower 2009 7773: 7761: 7756:, p. 7. 7749: 7742:Kershaw 2007 7737: 7725: 7713: 7704: 7697:Kershaw 2007 7692: 7684: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7656:Fischer 1999 7651: 7644:Fischer 1999 7629:Fischer 1999 7624: 7617:Fischer 1999 7612: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7552: 7532:, p. 9. 7510: 7498: 7486: 7459: 7452:Hinsley 1994 7447: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7402: 7393: 7381: 7373: 7368: 7356: 7344: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7287: 7275: 7266: 7257: 7245: 7218: 7191: 7179: 7167: 7155: 7143: 7131: 7119: 7107: 7095: 7083: 7071: 7059: 7047: 7035: 7023: 7011: 6999: 6994:, p. 9. 6987: 6975: 6963: 6951: 6907: 6895: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6781: 6750: 6738: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6588: 6555: 6543: 6512: 6500: 6473: 6461: 6449: 6422: 6393: 6381: 6369: 6357: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6159: 6147: 6135: 6123: 6111: 6104:Hinsley 1994 6099: 6087: 6060: 6034: 6025: 6013: 5986: 5981:, p. 9. 5959: 5947: 5935: 5923: 5918:, p. 7. 5911: 5906:, p. 6. 5899: 5887: 5880:Macksey 1971 5875: 5863: 5851: 5824: 5812: 5800: 5793:Kershaw 2007 5788: 5776: 5764: 5757:Kershaw 2007 5752: 5745:Kershaw 2007 5740: 5728: 5723:, p. 8. 5716: 5689: 5677: 5665: 5653: 5646:Rodogno 2006 5641: 5634:Rodogno 2006 5629: 5622:Rodogno 2006 5617: 5610:Kershaw 2007 5595:Kershaw 2007 5590: 5583:Kershaw 2007 5542: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5499:Petraki 2014 5494: 5482: 5475:Petraki 2014 5470: 5458: 5451:Petraki 2014 5446: 5439:Kershaw 2007 5424:Kershaw 2007 5396: 5389:Petraki 2014 5384: 5372: 5343: 5336:Petraki 2014 5331: 5319: 5307: 5300:Petraki 2014 5295: 5288:Petraki 2014 5283: 5271: 5259: 5230: 5206:Petraki 2014 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5158:Petraki 2014 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5074:Steiner 2005 5069: 5062:Steiner 2005 5057: 5045: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4987:Klapsis 2014 4982: 4970: 4958: 4951:Plowman 2013 4946: 4939:Verzijl 1970 4934: 4922: 4910: 4903:Zabecki 1999 4898: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4806: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4751: 4742: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4700: 4668: 4658: 4648: 4639: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4589: 4579: 4570: 4545: 4536: 4516: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4440:west of the 4422: 4387: 4385:prisoners.) 4330: 4327:Regia Marina 4326: 4316:52,108 sick, 4289:463 aircraft 4278: 4264: 4242: 4240: 4230: 4215: 4204: 4191: 4183: 4139: 4125: 4115: 4096: 4093: 4081: 4068: 4044: 4032: 4024: 4019: 3988: 3978: 3971: 3960: 3949: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3896: 3882:82 destroyed 3831: 3823:113 Squadron 3783: 3782:in Italy to 3773: 3771: 3736: 3697: 3693: 3667: 3642: 3637:to and from 3619:Regia Marina 3618: 3612: 3587:Regia Marina 3585: 3583: 3551:Wilhelm List 3548: 3522: 3508:Carlo Geloso 3497: 3480: 3463: 3436: 3415: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3287: 3283: 3269: 3266: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3126: 3124: 3087:Mount Tomorr 3082: 3081:(the former 3079:V Army Corps 3067:Klisura Pass 3060: 3055: 3036: 3004: 2994: 2986: 2968: 2943: 2937: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2895:100 infantry 2855:field armies 2852: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2802: 2800: 2787: 2781: 2774: 2747:Ubaldo Soddu 2743: 2731: 2720: 2705: 2686: 2663:I Army Corps 2645: 2641: 2640:, while the 2633: 2623: 2603: 2587: 2574:211 Squadron 2569: 2560:fighters of 2512: 2476: 2462: 2455: 2399:Potez 633 B2 2387:Bloch MB.151 2374:65 auxiliary 2367:45 fighters, 2362: 2350: 2332:22 artillery 2310:), with the 2288:16 artillery 2277: 2252: 2234: 2223: 2216: 2214:CANT Z.1007s 2210:Fiat G.50bis 2205: 2198: 2192:380 aircraft 2185: 2160:68 batteries 2095: 2073:61 artillery 2021:(12,785 men, 2013: 2011: 1996: 1993: 1964: 1943:Metaxas Line 1932: 1904: 1886: 1873: 1853: 1832: 1826: 1810: 1795: 1783: 1775: 1761:Mersa Matruh 1750: 1742: 1731: 1724:Regia Marina 1723: 1717: 1708:Mario Roatta 1704: 1640:puppet state 1637: 1618: 1604: 1587: 1576: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1543: 1530: 1520: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1438: 1407: 1399: 1372:Germanophile 1368:Nazi Germany 1347: 1336: 1332:Thessaloniki 1317: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1203: 1194:Nazi Germany 1182:living space 1181: 1175: 1167:rebel forces 1155: 1116: 1089: 1079: 1007:Metaxas Line 995:Adolf Hitler 993: 985: 981:Mark Mazower 957: 955:, rejected. 943: 909:between the 907:World War II 890: 886: 882: 878: 854: 852: 821:Klisura Pass 764: 699: 646: 628: 612: 598: 573: 567: 561: 539: 526: 514: 508: 502: 496:463 aircraft 488: 404: 385: 369: 358:Wilhelm List 347:Akif Përmeti 314:Carlo Geloso 303:Ubaldo Soddu 256: 208: 201: 195:6 April 1941 147: 140: 135:Belligerents 60: 48:World War II 42:Part of the 29: 16435:Dekemvriana 16401: [ 16376:Prelude to 16321:Papanikolis 16294:Sacred Band 16198:Wadi Akarit 16188:Mareth Line 16059:Eddie Myers 15708:Fardykambos 15540:Front (EAM) 15526:Free Greece 15472:Xhemil Dino 15246: [ 15159:Kallikratis 15055: [ 15043: [ 15040:Ivan Markov 14999: [ 14910:Hubert Lanz 14846:Leaders and 14545:Thermopylae 14269:Morava–Ivan 13886:Bodenplatte 13772:Gothic Line 12998:West Africa 12545:Philippines 12524:Netherlands 12389:Czech lands 12327:Switzerland 12271:Afghanistan 12222:Philippines 12090:Puerto Rico 12006:Philippines 11992:New Zealand 11978:Netherlands 11931:Free France 11682:Prosecution 11483:Osoaviakhim 11353:West Africa 11337:East Africa 10984:Conferences 10186:. Penguin. 9742:: 111–141. 8203:Miller 1975 8084:Rochat 2005 8048:Neulen 2000 7945:Fisher 2007 7754:Jowett 2000 7530:Brewer 2016 7440:Thomas 2002 7386:O'Hara 2009 7316:Gedeon 2001 7238:Gedeon 2001 7184:Gedeon 2001 7088:Brewer 2016 6944:Gedeon 2001 6929:Gedeon 2001 6912:Gedeon 2001 6837:Gedeon 2001 6774:Gedeon 2001 6755:Gedeon 2001 6743:Gedeon 2001 6731:Gedeon 2001 6692:Gedeon 2001 6680:Gedeon 2001 6581:Gedeon 2001 6560:Gedeon 2001 6548:Gedeon 2001 6536:Gedeon 2001 6493:Gedeon 2001 6466:Gedeon 2001 6398:Gedeon 2001 6386:Gedeon 2001 6374:Gedeon 2001 6362:Gedeon 2001 6350:Gedeon 2001 6338:Gedeon 2001 6314:Gedeon 2001 6302:Gedeon 2001 6254:Gedeon 2001 6242:Gedeon 2001 6203:Gedeon 2001 6179:Gedeon 2001 6018:Argyle 1980 6006:Gedeon 2001 5991:Gedeon 2001 5979:Gedeon 2001 5916:Gedeon 2001 5904:Gedeon 2001 5892:Jowett 2000 5868:Maiolo 2010 5829:Gedeon 2001 5733:Gedeon 2001 5721:Gedeon 2001 5562:Kallis 2000 5377:Tucker 2012 5365:Kallis 2000 5348:Kallis 2000 4867:Martel 1999 4831:Martel 1999 4743:www.army.gr 4722:www.army.gr 4502:quick guide 4442:Evros River 4339:260,000 men 4335:229 aircrew 4308:21,153 were 4140:Makaronades 4136:Μακαρονάδες 4089:Guadalajara 4056:Ian Kershaw 4034:Ian Kershaw 3967:Dino Grandi 3931:Sofia Vembo 3908:Kathimerini 3838:27 aircraft 3819:33 Squadron 3815:11 Squadron 3811:42 aircraft 3794:but almost 3739:CANT Z.1007 3698:Squadriglia 3633:convoys of 3565:for Italy. 3559:Alfred Jodl 3432:105 mm 3428:Skoda 75 mm 3208:Bersaglieri 3198:, with the 3105:, Dictator 2972:Gjirokastër 2920:, the 19th 2658:Balkan Pact 2630:Igoumenitsa 2562:80 Squadron 2543:84 Squadron 2539:70 Squadron 2523:30 Squadron 2348:batteries. 2340:) (Colonel 2328:22 infantry 2296:Missolonghi 2284:15 infantry 2282:, fielding 2265:Balkan Wars 2260:50 per cent 2255:14 infantry 2228:Spanish War 2224:Pipistrello 2178:(10,800 men 2156:32 infantry 2144:(12,000 men 2133:Lake Prespa 2125:(10,000 men 2114:(12,000 men 2083:Along with 2069:22 infantry 2046:(4,037 men, 1960:Mt. Vermion 1790:Carlo Rossi 1427:irredentism 1343:Balkan Pact 1291:Megali Idea 1208:-inhabited 911:Axis powers 801:Morava–Ivan 644:1 submarine 608:1 submarine 604:52,108 sick 118:Territorial 69:Gjirokaster 16683:Categories 16410:Red Terror 16203:Dodecanese 16193:El Alamein 16098:Operations 16018:Atrocities 15957:Operations 15757:Atrocities 15743:Agorelitsa 15671:Operations 15522:Resistance 15490:Paramythia 15483:Atrocities 15316:government 15278:Zvi Koretz 15198:Chortiatis 15163:Kali Sykia 15077:Atrocities 15013:XXVI Corps 14942:Max Merten 14284:Trebeshina 13986:West Hunan 13819:Pointblank 13155:Silver Fox 13141:Summer War 12894:Winter War 12873:Phoney War 12654:Azerbaijan 12615:Yugoslavia 12510:Luxembourg 12352:Resistance 12099:Yugoslavia 11964:Luxembourg 11766:Sook Ching 11562:War crimes 11164:Technology 11157:Opposition 11099:Lend-Lease 11076:Australian 11069:Home front 11027:Blitzkrieg 10977:Casualties 10968:Commanders 10940:Operations 9928:Carr, John 8225:References 8178:Tribune.gr 8120:Cervi 1971 8096:Cervi 1972 8060:Cervi 1971 8019:Cervi 1972 7930:Clogg 2008 7569:Lepre 1989 6888:Raugh 1993 6415:Bauer 2000 6065:Buell 2002 5817:Bauer 2000 5252:Cervi 1972 5194:Cervi 1972 5146:Gooch 2007 4927:Knox 2000a 4915:Knox 2000a 4438:Svilengrad 4281:87,000 men 4275:Casualties 4020:Barbarossa 4018:Impact on 3916:To stileto 3888:Home front 3843:93 Italian 3743:Fiat CR.42 3639:Alexandria 3623:Royal Navy 3557:, General 3471:four days. 3382:Height 731 3308:See also: 3274:Paramythia 3194:) and the 3127:inter alia 2905:See also: 2859:Ninth Army 2761:See also: 2698:Aoös River 2694:Thesprotia 2681:See also: 2500:bomber of 2482:destroyers 2423:Avro Anson 2415:Fairey III 2403:Breguet 19 2397:and eight 2271:, and the 2203:Fiat CR.32 2196:Fiat CR.42 2103:(9,300 men 2085:Blackshirt 2077:(18 heavy) 2075:batteries 2061:(4,823 men 2035:(9,200 men 1841:24 binary, 1652:Aegean Sea 1466:anti-Greek 1419:anti-Greek 1296:status quo 1214:Aegean Sea 1210:Dodecanese 1102:–Danubian– 1084:said that 1019:Background 960:Royal Army 891:War of '40 826:Trebeshina 705:Yugoslavia 61:Clockwise: 16378:Civil War 16365:civil war 16223:Santorini 15994:Xirovouni 15947:others... 15774:Meligalas 15178:Kleisoura 15139:Mesovouno 15124:Domenikon 15114:Lingiades 15109:Kalavryta 15094:Alikianos 15084:Kondomari 14991:11th Army 14837:Occupying 14488:11th Army 14051:Manchuria 13937:Indochina 13713:Bagration 13164:Lithuania 12809:Anschluss 12606:Viet Minh 12503:Lithuania 12445:Hong Kong 12215:Manchukuo 12170:Azad Hind 11829:Australia 11629:Aftermath 11492:Paperclip 11387:Aftermath 11187:Total war 11055:Diplomacy 11018:In Europe 10876:0729-2473 10847:161195027 10839:0022-0094 10810:1243-8650 10793:1243-8650 10776:1243-8650 10759:220875543 10751:0022-0094 10722:220879473 10714:0022-0094 10680:848260125 10663:165484812 10647:2164-8646 10511:680001502 10476:887128808 10356:753172847 10339:655460413 10331:Mussolini 10316:cite book 10175:185760846 10061:901699257 10000:264739165 9983:219846129 9787:Speronews 9748:2241-1674 9719:2241-1674 9713:: 27–79. 9661:159955930 9653:0022-0094 9624:153689615 9616:1557-301X 9184:888934805 9052:476593622 8935:Mussolini 8650:(1994) . 8446:476454079 8438:75-116193 7864:Carr 2013 7593:Knox 1986 7581:Knox 1986 7557:Knox 1986 7545:Carr 2013 7428:Carr 2007 7148:Carr 2013 7124:Carr 2013 7112:Carr 2013 7100:Carr 2013 6956:Carr 2013 6849:Knox 1986 6801:Knox 1986 6786:Knox 1986 6716:Knox 1986 6704:Knox 1986 6668:Knox 1986 6644:Knox 1986 6620:Knox 1986 6505:Knox 1986 6478:Knox 1986 6326:Knox 1986 6290:Knox 1986 6278:Knox 1986 6266:Knox 2000 6215:Knox 1986 5856:Knox 1986 5844:Knox 1986 5805:Knox 1986 5781:Knox 1986 5769:Knox 1986 5709:Knox 1986 5694:Knox 1986 5682:Knox 1986 5670:Knox 1986 5658:Knox 1986 5523:Knox 1986 5487:Knox 1986 5463:Knox 1986 5401:Knox 1986 5312:Knox 1986 4963:Bell 1997 4855:Bell 1997 4782:Hall 2014 4680:Footnotes 4474:loc. cit. 4372:52 and 77 4306:(of whom 4085:Caporetto 4052:satellite 4008:Aftermath 3953:Caporetto 3876:the air, 3859:100 Greek 3827:Lysanders 3608:divisions 3519:Armistice 3492:Macedonia 3278:200 close 3131:frostbite 3015:Moscopole 2739:Margariti 2385:and nine 2235:Sparviero 2182:29 guns), 2172:men. The 2163:(7 heavy) 2129:40 guns), 2118:60 guns). 2107:32 guns), 2081:90 tanks. 2065:32 guns). 2053:163 light 1672:Acarnania 1507:Nafpaktos 1355:George II 1226:Venizelos 1216:from the 962:based in 868:romanized 568:December: 562:November: 509:December: 503:November: 371:George II 111:Aftermath 16314:Katsonis 16173:in exile 15467:Këshilla 15233:DEGRIGES 15207:Economic 15089:Kandanos 15032:Bulgaria 14848:commands 14483:9th Army 14294:Hill 731 14162:Category 14111:document 14021:document 13878:Ardennes 13862:Budapest 13810:Crossbow 13688:Overlord 13527:Smolensk 12745:Timeline 12580:Slovakia 12566:Thailand 12417:Ethiopia 12382:Bulgaria 12306:Portugal 12244:Thailand 12126:Bulgaria 11904:Eswatini 11897:Ethiopia 11850:Bulgaria 11675:Unit 731 11636:Response 11453:Keelhaul 11403:Cold War 11376:Americas 11367:timeline 11360:Atlantic 11240:Theaters 10672:Politico 10619:Journals 10540:(1994). 10432:23489678 10114:45409635 9973:(1948). 9930:(2012). 9908:(1992). 9888:(1948). 9841:25 March 9817:6 August 9775:Websites 9081:(2009). 8892:(1943). 8424:(1971). 8398:(1972). 8036:HAF 2005 4630:and the 4209:— 4175:Bulgaria 4111:Graziani 4098:matériel 4054:, while 4013:Analysis 3962:gerarchi 3912:ruffiani 3747:PZL P.24 3714:Sergeant 3364:Piemonte 3360:Centauro 3202:and the 3019:Pogradec 2976:Tepelenë 2959:Leskovik 2938:Centauro 2918:Piemonte 2833:Smolikas 2792:Samarina 2704:and the 2669:and the 2638:Filiates 2626:Konispol 2584:Campaign 2527:Blenheim 2508:, Greece 2435:Dekeleia 2411:Potez 25 2383:PZL P.24 2378:28 naval 2370:24 light 2148:32 guns) 2109:and the 2041:and the 2039:50 guns) 2014:Ciamuria 1989:drachmas 1980:Ioannina 1908:— 1869:Chameria 1784:Ciamuria 1648:Cyclades 1646:and the 1644:Sporades 1611:Ploiești 1499:Kissamos 1431:Chameria 1308:Bulgaria 1246:Anatolia 1145:and the 1129:and the 1123:Dalmatia 999:Bulgaria 913:and the 840:Hill 731 574:January: 540:October: 515:January: 489:October: 483:Strength 93:Location 16540:Museums 16531:Ohi Day 16041: ( 15999:Trahili 15698:Meritsa 15168:Anogeia 15154:Viannos 15149:Vorizia 15129:Drakeia 15119:Distomo 15104:Kommeno 14863:Germany 14767:Germany 14649:Germany 14559:Leaders 14518:Battles 14305:Leaders 14264:Saranda 14242:Battles 14088:Shumshu 13855:Hungary 13802:Estonia 13786:Lapland 13764:Dragoon 13697:Neptune 13679:Ichi-Go 13645:Tempest 13587:Changde 13542:Cottage 13434:Jubilee 13150:Finland 13048:Compass 12754:Prelude 12707:Finland 12593:Vietnam 12559:Romania 12431:Germany 12410:Estonia 12396:Denmark 12375:Belgium 12368:Austria 12361:Albania 12292:Ireland 12278:Andorra 12262:Neutral 12229:Romania 12163:Hungary 12148:Finland 12020:Romania 11912:Finland 11890:Denmark 11836:Belgium 11822:Algeria 11528:Romania 11514:Hungary 11270:Pacific 10994:General 10948:Leaders 10933:Battles 10926:Outline 10655:1432747 10390:3718371 10373:6941231 9963:1955885 9898:1369527 9797:11 June 9690:2944499 9278:11 June 9198:(ed.). 9168:(ed.). 6656:CM 2009 4608:W Force 4407:Bularat 4219:Ohi Day 4157:Italian 3985:Albania 3863:163 men 3855:80 were 3806:15 days 3799:⁄ 3791:sorties 3706:aviator 3685:runways 3682:Macadam 3670:Albania 3466:British 3336:Squadra 3328:W Force 3109:, King 3083:K Group 3056:K Group 3051:Kakavia 3043:Sarandë 3039:Delvinë 3011:Frashër 2922:Venezia 2829:Grammos 2807:Vovousa 2702:Konitsa 2642:Ferrara 2578:Yannina 2566:Trikala 2488:Britain 2443:Eleusis 2439:Faleron 2431:Larissa 2217:Alcione 2206:Freccia 2152:Shkodër 2150:around 2137:Elbasan 2096:Corizza 2049:24 guns 2024:60 guns 1984:Kalamas 1956:Metsovo 1864:lorries 1796:Corizza 1730:of the 1722:of the 1692:Preveza 1680:Florina 1577:Delfino 1564:Delfino 1236:at the 1230:Tittoni 1220:in the 1110:to the 1088:needed 1074:Albania 1044:Legend: 923:British 870:: 811:Saranda 805:Korytsa 593:21,153 461: ( 405:† 188:Germany 173:Albania 120:changes 113:section 65:Albania 16524:Events 16456:People 16386:Events 16307:Adrias 16232:People 16213:Rimini 16052:People 16009:Dodona 16004:Menina 15926:Apollo 15804:People 15779:Kilkis 15738:Steiri 15548:People 15450:Ohrana 15324:People 15173:Kedros 15144:Pyrgoi 15099:Doxato 14839:powers 14697:Greece 14574:Greece 14440:Greece 14320:Greece 14274:Himara 14249:Pindus 14065:Debate 14037:Taipei 14030:Borneo 13608:Tarawa 12802:Europe 12763:Africa 12552:Poland 12538:Norway 12517:Malaya 12496:Latvia 12438:Greece 12424:France 12320:Sweden 12285:Bhutan 12013:Poland 11999:Norway 11971:Mexico 11938:Greece 11924:France 11862:Canada 11843:Brazil 11813:Allies 11759:Serbia 11748:Poland 11521:Poland 11507:Baltic 11300:Europe 11002:Topics 10954:Allied 10874: 10845: 10837: 10808: 10791: 10774: 10757: 10749: 10720: 10712: 10678: 10661: 10653: 10645: 10607: 10588: 10569: 10550: 10526: 10509: 10491: 10474: 10451: 10430: 10407: 10388: 10371: 10354: 10337: 10304: 10285: 10266: 10247: 10228: 10209: 10190: 10173: 10152: 10129: 10112: 10094: 10076: 10059: 10036: 10017: 9998: 9981: 9961: 9938: 9916: 9896: 9874: 9763: 9746: 9717: 9688: 9659: 9651: 9622: 9614: 9576: 9557: 9531: 9512: 9493: 9474: 9455: 9432: 9413: 9394: 9375: 9356: 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The 1511:Aegina 1339:Turkey 1304:Cyprus 1250:Smyrna 1141:, the 1137:, the 1104:Balkan 1069: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1047: 927:German 915:Allies 899:Greece 889:, and 816:Himara 784:Pindus 717:Greece 710:Kosovo 632:? sick 623:1,531 527:April: 444: 401: 219:Greece 216: 203:Allies 185: 170: 155: 106:Result 98:Greece 16405:] 15979:Milia 15713:Porta 15250:] 15059:] 15047:] 15003:] 14959:Italy 14681:Units 14550:Crete 14475:Italy 14425:Units 14379:Italy 13841:Leyte 13671:Narva 13657:Anzio 13615:Makin 13573:Burma 13457:Torch 13426:Rzhev 13387:Kiska 12473:Korea 12459:Japan 12452:Italy 12334:Tibet 12313:Spain 12191:Italy 11952:Italy 11945:India 11869:China 11744:Japan 11344:Italy 11256:China 11208:Women 10843:S2CID 10755:S2CID 10718:S2CID 10659:S2CID 10651:JSTOR 10466:[ 10443:[ 10422:[ 10144:[ 10051:[ 9953:[ 9866:[ 9856:Books 9738:(1). 9709:(1). 9686:JSTOR 9657:S2CID 9620:S2CID 9447:[ 9310:[ 9123:[ 9042:[ 8870:[ 8847:[ 8703:[ 8590:[ 8428:[ 8402:[ 8233:Books 4739:(PDF) 4468:ibid. 4448:Notes 4223:Greek 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