389:
However, the overall greater horseshoe bat population is declining. They are largely uncommon in much of their range. Despite this, they appear to be abundant and widespread in at least parts of south-west Asia and the
Caucasus. Also in some northwest European countries, there appears to be some stabilisation and/or recovery. Less is known about bat trends in other parts of Europe. It is extinct in Malta. Fragmentation/isolation of habitats, change of management regime of deciduous forests and agricultural areas, loss of insects caused by pesticides, and disturbance and loss of underground habitats and attics are the major threats to the greater horseshoe bat. Deforestation, mostly caused by logging operations and the conversion of land for agricultural and other uses, threatens the species in South Asia.
233:. Its distribution covers Europe, Northern Africa, Central Asia and Eastern Asia. It is the largest of the horseshoe bats in Europe and is thus easily distinguished from other species. The species is sedentary, typically travelling up to 30 kilometres (19 mi) between the winter and summer roosts, with the longest recorded movement being 180 km (110 mi). The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 69–83 kHz, have most energy at 81 kHz and have an average duration of 37.4 ms.
398:
75:
197:
376:, which probably functions either to prevent subsequent matings by other males, or to increase the chances that the sperm are retained for successful fertilization. There is some evidence that females can eject these plugs, suggesting that they may be able to exert some control over fertilizations which take place. Females raise their young in communal maternity roosts, and show strong fidelity to the sites where they themselves were born (so-called natal
50:
31:
255:, with females being a bit larger than males. The fur of the species is soft and fluffy, with the base of hairs being light grey, the dorsal side hair grey brown and the ventral side grey-white, with juvenile bats having more of an ash-grey tint to their fur. Wing membranes and ears are light grey-brown. The greater horseshoe bat weighs up to 30 grams (1.1 oz) and can live up to 30 years.
247:
relatives, the greater horseshoe bat has relatively short third and fourth metacarpal bones in its wings. It also lacks a tragus. The
Greater Horseshoe Bat is, on average, between 57–71 millimetres (2.2–2.8 in) long, with a 35–43 mm tail (1.4–1.7 in) and a 350–400 mm wingspan (14–16 in);
351:
faces, and in gardens where it locates insects from a resting place and then intercepts them. The species has the ability to pick food up off the ground while still in flight, and indeed drinks during low-level flight or while hovering. The feeding range of colonies in
England is between 8 and 16 kilometres.
388:
In general the greater horseshoe bat is listed as Least
Concern by the IUCN because: "This species has a large range. Although there have been marked and well-documented declines in some areas, the species remains widespread, abundant, and apparently stable in other areas. Assessed as Least Concern".
1002:
Molur, S., Marimuthu, G., Srinivasulu, C., Mistry, S. Hutson, A. M., Bates, P. J. J., Walker, S., Padmapriya, K. and
Binupriya, A. R. 2002. Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organization/CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore,
496:
There are seventeen recorded species of bat in
Britain as of recent survey results. The greater horseshoe bat is one of the rarest. There are currently 35 recognised maternity and all-year roosts and 369 hibernation sites. Current estimates range between 4000 and 6600 individuals. Greater horseshoes
281:
Horseshoe bats hibernate in cold underground sites during the winter. The bats require a certain temperature and humidity limit, but this can vary with age, sex and condition. Horseshoe bats are active throughout the year in the southern parts of their range. Horseshoe bats commonly travel distances
368:
or mate fidelity. Curiously, related females have also been found to share sexual partners, which might serve to increase relatedness and social cohesiveness in the colony. Males vary in their reproductive success but do not tend to show reproductive skew within a year. However, over several years,
359:
Female bats become sexually mature at the age of three years while males are sexually mature at two years. Some females may not breed until their fifth year. Most matings take place in the fall, however some occur in the spring. The reproductive behaviour of this species has been studied in detail.
509:
Habitat loss is primarily due to the lack of established hedgerows and deciduous woodland-pasture ecotones. Modern farming methods have seen the reduction of cattle-grazing and this has impacted the
Horseshoes who previously found that dung attracted insects and sustained entomogenous populations,
350:
The greater horseshoe bat leaves its roost at dusk. Its flying is made up of slow, fluttering travel with short glides, normally between 0.3 and 6 metres above the ground. Little hunting is done during wet and windy weather. It hunts in terrain with poor tree cover such as hillsides and cliff
263:
The greater horseshoe bat ranges from North Africa and southern Europe through south-west Asia, the
Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Himalayas to south-eastern China, Korea, and Japan. The northernmost occurrence is in Wales. Reaches to the southern parts of the Netherlands, Germany,
277:
Pastures, deciduous temperate woodland, Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean shrubland and woodlands are common foraging habitats for this species. In northern parts of its range, the horseshoe uses warm underground sites, both natural and artificial, as summer roosts as well as attics. Where the
246:
it uses to 'see'. The greater horseshoe bat also has tooth and bone structures that are distinct from that of other rhinolophids. Its first premolar on the upper jaw protrudes from the row of teeth. For other horseshoe bats, this premolar is very small or non-existent. Also in comparison to its
492:
The species has disappeared from over half of its former range within the United
Kingdom, with about 1% of the population surviving. Like all horseshoe bats it is sensitive to disturbance, and is threatened by the use of insecticides and the elimination of beetles by the changing agricultural
282:
of 20–30 km between winter and summer roosts, with longest distance recorded being 180 km. Horseshoe bats also live in montane forests among the mountains and valleys of the
Himalaya in South Asia and roosts in caves, old temples, old and ruined buildings in tight clusters.
380:). Each season, a female produces one offspring. Most young are born in June or July. When they are seven days old, young can open their eyes and at their third or fourth week they can fly. Young can typically leave the roost after five weeks.
505:
in particular) to loss of habitat and redundancy of farming methods. Avermectin kills off insect larvae and thus a decrease in the abundance of food for the Horseshoes, causing them to travel farther and face increased dangers.
966:
Obrist, M.K., Boesch, R., FlĂĽckiger, P.F. 2004. Variability in echolocation call design of 26 Swiss bat species: Consequences, limits and options for automated field identification with a synergic pattern recognition approach.
324:. Up to 100 larvae can be found in a single cow pat; while the adult beetle is most abundant in August when the young bats begin their first feeding flights.) The remainder of the diet consists of species of
241:
The greater horseshoe bat is the largest horseshoe bat in Europe. It has a distinctive noseleaf, which has a pointed upper part and a horseshoe-shaped lower part. Its horseshoe noseleaf helps to focus the
278:
species occupies buildings, proximity to good foraging areas and underground sites for torpor at various times of year and for winter hibernation as well as the building's own features are important.
364:, with multiple females visiting males. However, genetic evidence has shown that some female greater horseshoe bats will visit and mate with the same male partner over successive years, indicating
2242:
930:
339:
The feeding area from the maternity roost is typically of radius 4 km, as neither the lactating females or young can travel far. In late August and September the bats feed on
264:
Poland and Ukraine. Generally the bats live below 800 m asl (above sea level), but it also lives, depending on roost availability and humidity, 3,000 m asl in the Caucasus.
320:
is one such dung beetle forming an especially important part of its diet. (Cow pats are part of its life cycle, acting as a food source and habitat for the
1029:
2333:
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Rossiter S., Ransome, R.D., Faulkes, C.G., Le Comber, S.L, Jones, G. 2005. Mate-fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny in greater horseshoe bats.
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2372:
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The species is rare in Britain, confined to just a small number of sites. Its distribution can be found on the National Biodiversity website
2594:
1043:
Rossiter, S., Jones, J., Ransome, R., Barratt, E. 2000. Genetic variation and population structure in the endangered greater horseshoe bat
2198:
1079:
Rossiter, S., Ransome, R.D., Faulkes, C.G., Dawson, D.A., Jones, G. 2006. Long-term reproductive skew in male greater horseshoe bats.
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Cordes, N., Engqvist, L., Schmoll T., Reinhold, K. 2014. Sexual signaling under predation: attractive moths take the greater risks.
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Acoustic identification of twelve species of echolocating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks.
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During the mating period, females visit males that are roosting in small caves. The mating system is best described as
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1609:
695:"A Guide to Bats of Britain and Europe. by Schober, W. & Grimmberger, E.: (1989) | C. Arden (Bookseller) ABA"
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El annilamiento de qirĂłpteros en el centro de la PenĂnsula IbĂ©rica durante el periodo 1977-1986.
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1095:
The Bats of Europe and North America: Knowing Them, Identifying Them, Protecting Them
1088:
1058:
1049:
1027:
Ransome, R.D. 1995. Earlier Breeding Shortens Life in Female Greater Horseshoe Bats.
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793:
Wild Devon The Magazine of the Devon Wildlife Trust, page 14, Winter 2009 edition
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1108:
Schober, Wilfried; Eckard Grimmberger (1989). Dr. Robert E. Stebbings (ed.).
984:
554:
462:
434:
196:
146:
136:
59:
54:
1020:
Racey, P. 1982. Ecology of Bat Reproduction. pp. 57–93 in T. Kruz, ed.
987:
IUCN/SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.
917:
1038:
498:
442:
985:
Microchiropteran Bats - Global Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.
978:
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skew becomes strong due to the repeated success of particular males.
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343:, to fatten up before hibernation. Breeding females depend on
294:(moths), making up around 41% of the diet - in particular the
939:
Jones, G. 1990. Prey selection by the greater horseshoe bat (
474:
497:
have declined for numerous reasons ranging from the use of
486:
1180:
1017:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1224:
1107:
727:
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum - Science for Nature Foundation
224:
126:
347:
from April until June, and moths from June to August.
306:(beetles) constitute around 33% of the diet, of which
302:
by identifying the moth's high frequency mating call.
664:. Palma de Mallorca: Editorial Moll. pp. 88–90.
660:
Antoni Alcover, J., ed. (1988). "MamĂfers Actuals".
983:Hutson A. M., Mickleburgh S. P., Racey P. A. 2001.
871:A Field Guide to the Wildlife of the British Isles
740:Hutson A. M., Mickleburgh S. P., Racey P. A. 2001.
659:
1030:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
1008:Managing Landscapes For The Greater Horseshoe Bat
775:Greater Horseshoe bat Species information leaflet
2586:
374:coagulates in the female's vulva to form a plug
298:species. For example, the species preys on the
569:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19517A21973253.en
1166:
1112:(1st ed.). UK: Hamlyn Publishing Group.
717:Csorba G. P., Ujhelyi P. and Thomas, N. 2003.
929:De Paz, O., Fernández, R., Benzal, J. 1986.
862:
749:De Paz, O., Fernández, R., Benzal, J. 1986.
543:
481:in Stroud. It occurs in Wales, including at
457:near Bath. In Dorset, the species roosts at
922:Csorba G. P., Ujhelyi P., Thomas, N. 2003.
1173:
1159:
934:BoletĂn de la EstaciĂłn Central de EcologĂa
383:
354:
195:
48:
29:
736:
734:
567:
396:
868:
859:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
510:giving their prey a stable population.
433:. Its winter hibernation sites include
272:
267:
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833:
831:
829:
731:
539:
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523:
2132:
2131:
1154:
1110:A Guide to Bats of Britain and Europe
943:): Optimal foraging by echolocation?
819:
817:
759:
757:
755:
655:
653:
2572:0BFD4ABB-3E70-46F6-9887-1B7286CF9435
2300:895fabce-caf1-4f75-9a70-a98e4f79ef38
631:
629:
627:
608:
606:
604:
455:Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines
392:
290:The species feeds preferentially on
2595:IUCN Red List least concern species
1097:. New Jersey: TFH Publications Inc.
1093:Schober, W., E. Grimmberger. 1997.
996:The Journal of Experimental Biology
926:. Alana Books, Shropshire, England.
900:
826:
555:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
520:
285:
13:
1139:Woodland Management For Bats Guide
1101:
814:
752:
650:
612:Schober, W., E. Grimmberger. 1997.
477:and has a monitored roost site at
401:Woodcut from R. A. Sterndale, 1884
14:
2661:
1127:
990:Parsons, S. & Jones, G. 2000.
624:
601:
1089:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02987.x
1059:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00982.x
589:Parsons, S. & Jones, G. 2000
73:
1610:Philippine forest horseshoe bat
887:
849:
840:
805:
796:
787:
778:
766:
743:
720:
711:
687:
258:
963:. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
873:. Bath: Parragon. p. 61.
678:
641:
615:
592:
583:
409:. Its breeding sites include
236:
1:
2021:Little Nepalese horseshoe bat
1774:Formosan lesser horseshoe bat
1522:Formosan woolly horseshoe bat
1432:Little Japanese horseshoe bat
513:
469:. The species also occurs at
1991:Chinese rufous horseshoe bat
372:After mating, seminal fluid
204:Greater horseshoe bat range
7:
1931:Lesser woolly horseshoe bat
1552:Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat
1492:Mediterranean horseshoe bat
1295:Lesser woolly horseshoe bat
924:Horseshoe Bats of the World
662:els MamĂfers de les Balears
10:
2666:
2650:Habitats Directive species
2635:Fauna of the British Isles
2085:Yellow-faced horseshoe bat
2031:Small rufous horseshoe bat
2011:Lesser brown horseshoe bat
1951:Shortridge's horseshoe bat
1901:Large rufous horseshoe bat
1265:Intermediate horseshoe bat
1015:Walker's Bats of the World
2640:Mammals described in 1774
2491:Vespertilio ferrumequinum
2489:
2248:rhinolophus-ferrumequinum
2199:rhinolophus-ferrumequinum
2186:Rhinolophus_ferrumequinum
2172:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
2142:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
2140:
1844:Large-eared horseshoe bat
1502:Broad-eared horseshoe bat
1382:Chiewkwee's horseshoe bat
1233:
1189:
1181:Extant species of family
1024:. New York: Plenum Press.
1010:. Ruddocks (Lincoln) Ltd.
946:Journal of Animal Ecology
941:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
548:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
439:Compton Martin Ochre Mine
249:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
217:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
203:
194:
179:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2001:Smithers's horseshoe bat
1881:Peninsular horseshoe bat
1794:Mozambican horseshoe bat
1720:Marshall's horseshoe bat
1660:Mount Mabu horseshoe bat
1593:Imaizumi's horseshoe bat
1392:Geoffroy's horseshoe bat
1045:Rhinolophus ferrmequinum
837:Rossiter S. et al. 2005.
823:Rossiter, S. et al. 2000
598:Obrist, M.K. et al. 2004
1911:Ruwenzori horseshoe bat
1834:Pearson's horseshoe bat
1824:Bourret's horseshoe bat
1700:Maendeleo horseshoe bat
1680:Big-eared horseshoe bat
1670:Maclaud's horseshoe bat
1532:RĂĽppell's horseshoe bat
1452:Darling's horseshoe bat
1312:Blasius's horseshoe bat
1245:Acuminate horseshoe bat
961:Chiroptera: Systematics
869:Tomsett, Alice (2005).
784:Cordes, N. et al. 2014.
384:Status and conservation
355:Mating and reproduction
2615:Mammals of Afghanistan
2102:Dobson's horseshoe bat
2065:Thomas's horseshoe bat
2041:Swinny's horseshoe bat
1981:Bushveld horseshoe bat
1941:Shamel's horseshoe bat
1814:Osgood's horseshoe bat
1784:Timorese horseshoe bat
1747:Mehely's horseshoe bat
1630:Lander's horseshoe bat
1482:Eloquent horseshoe bat
1462:Decken's horseshoe bat
1442:Creagh's horseshoe bat
1372:Sulawesi horseshoe bat
1039:10.1098/rstb.1995.0149
1006:Nature English, 1998.
999:. 2000 203: 2641–2656.
893:Molur, S. et al. 2002.
773:Bat Conservation Trust
402:
24:Greater horseshoe bat
2451:Paleobiology Database
2096:R. xinanzhongguoensis
2075:Trefoil horseshoe bat
1737:Smaller horseshoe bat
1710:Malayan horseshoe bat
1640:Blyth's horseshoe bat
1620:Insular horseshoe bat
1542:Guinean horseshoe bat
1512:Greater horseshoe bat
1412:Andaman horseshoe bat
1402:Croslet horseshoe bat
1352:Cohen's horseshoe bat
1342:Canut's horseshoe bat
1332:Bornean horseshoe bat
1322:Bokhara horseshoe bat
1285:Arcuate horseshoe bat
1275:Halcyon horseshoe bat
1134:Greater Horseshoe Bat
979:10.1515/mamm.2004.030
918:10.1093/beheco/art128
636:Greater horseshoe bat
562:: e.T19517A21973253.
544:Piraccini R. (2016).
411:Brockley Hall Stables
400:
251:also exhibits slight
212:greater horseshoe bat
161:R. ferrumequinum
2295:Fauna Europaea (new)
1971:Forest horseshoe bat
1921:Sakeji horseshoe bat
1891:Rufous horseshoe bat
1804:Neriad horseshoe bat
1764:Mitred horseshoe bat
1690:Madura horseshoe bat
1650:Woolly horseshoe bat
1576:Lesser horseshoe bat
1472:Dent's horseshoe bat
1422:Convex horseshoe bat
1255:Adam's horseshoe bat
684:Nature English, 1998
638:Animal Diversity Web
273:Habitat and roosting
268:Ecology and behavior
2620:Mammals of Pakistan
2112:Ziama horseshoe bat
1861:Least horseshoe bat
1075:10.1038/nature03965
802:Ransome, R.D. 1995.
479:Woodchester Mansion
40:Conservation status
1961:Thai horseshoe bat
1871:King horseshoe bat
1362:Cape horseshoe bat
1144:2013-03-19 at the
959:Koopman, K. 1994.
909:Behavioral Ecology
846:Rossiter, S. 2006.
699:www.abebooks.co.uk
403:
332:, as well as cave
2630:Mammals of Bhutan
2582:
2581:
2438:Open Tree of Life
2134:Taxon identifiers
2125:
2124:
1848:R. philippinensis
1828:R. paradoxolophus
1119:978-0-600-56424-9
1081:Molecular Ecology
1050:Molecular Ecology
912:. 25(2):409–414.
855:Fenton, M. 1994.
647:Koopman, K. 1994.
447:Chilmark Quarries
393:Status in Britain
314:are often taken.
253:sexual dimorphism
208:
207:
63:
2657:
2625:Mammals of Nepal
2575:
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2404:NHMSYS0000080176
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2174:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2129:
2128:
2059:R. thailandensis
1758:R. microglobosus
1516:R. ferrumequinum
1175:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1123:
1013:Nowak, R. 1994.
901:Literature cited
894:
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483:Felin Llwyngwair
467:Belle Vue Quarry
317:Aphodius rufipes
286:Diet and hunting
199:
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78:
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57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
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1580:R. hipposideros
1556:R. hildebrandti
1406:R. coelophyllus
1306:R. belligerator
1229:
1185:
1179:
1146:Wayback Machine
1130:
1120:
1104:
1102:Further reading
1033:. 350:153–161.
1022:Ecology of Bats
973:. 68(4) 307–32
903:
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2605:Bats of Europe
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2079:R. trifoliatus
2072:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1955:R. shortridgei
1948:
1938:
1928:
1925:R. sakejiensis
1918:
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1878:
1868:
1858:
1855:R. proconsulis
1851:
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1798:R. mossambicus
1791:
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1399:
1389:
1386:R. chiewkweeae
1379:
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1319:
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16:Species of bat
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226:
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222:insectivorous
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170:Binomial name
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56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2610:Bats of Asia
2490:
2141:
2115:
2105:
2094:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2034:
2025:R. subbadius
2024:
2014:
2005:R. smithersi
2004:
1994:
1985:R. simulator
1984:
1974:
1965:R. siamensis
1964:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1885:R. robinsoni
1884:
1874:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1838:R. pearsonii
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1778:R. monoceros
1777:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1740:
1731:R. mcintyrei
1729:
1724:R. marshalli
1723:
1714:R. malayanus
1713:
1704:R. maendeleo
1703:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1664:R. mabuensis
1663:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1602:
1597:R. imaizumii
1596:
1585:
1579:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1545:
1536:R. fumigatus
1535:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1304:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1234:
1217:Superorder:
1211:Infraclass:
1109:
1094:
1080:
1069:437:408–411
1064:
1048:
1044:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
994:
968:
960:
955:10.2307/4882
944:
940:
936:. 30:113–138
933:
923:
907:
889:
870:
864:
856:
851:
842:
807:
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789:
780:
768:
745:
722:
713:
702:. Retrieved
698:
689:
680:
661:
643:
617:
594:
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573:. Retrieved
559:
553:
547:
508:
495:
491:
443:Mendip Hills
404:
387:
371:
358:
349:
338:
315:
308:dung beetles
304:Coleopterans
289:
280:
276:
262:
259:Distribution
248:
240:
228:
216:
215:
211:
209:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
2321:iNaturalist
2166:Wikispecies
2035:R. subrufus
1865:R. pusillus
1788:R. montanus
1768:R. mitratus
1684:R. macrotis
1674:R. maclaudi
1624:R. keyensis
1587:R. huananus
1570:R. hillorum
1526:R. formosae
1506:R. euryotis
1486:R. eloquens
1466:R. deckenii
1456:R. darlingi
1436:R. cornutus
1426:R. convexus
1416:R. cognatus
1396:R. clivosus
1366:R. capensis
1299:R. beddomei
1289:R. arcuatus
1236:Rhinolophus
575:17 February
493:practices.
419:Iford Manor
326:Hymenoptera
312:cockchafers
237:Description
230:Rhinolophus
148:Rhinolophus
2589:Categories
2506:Q106447930
2069:R. thomasi
2045:R. swinnyi
1995:R. sinicus
1945:R. shameli
1935:R. sedulus
1818:R. osgoodi
1751:R. mehelyi
1644:R. lepidus
1634:R. landeri
1496:R. euryale
1446:R. creaghi
1356:R. cohenae
1279:R. alcyone
1269:R. affinis
1225:Chiroptera
880:1405443936
704:2020-04-27
514:References
503:Ivermectin
471:Berry Head
378:philopatry
362:polygynous
244:ultrasound
127:Chiroptera
2015:R. stheno
1895:R. rouxii
1808:R. nereis
1654:R. luctus
1346:R. canuti
1316:R. blasii
1193:Kingdom:
857:Just Bats
459:Bryanston
451:Wiltshire
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2533:11063262
2500:Wikidata
2391:13800535
2339:11233765
2206:BioLib:
2151:Wikidata
2116:R. ziama
2089:R. virgo
2052:R. tatar
1905:R. rufus
1614:R. inops
1563:R. hilli
1476:R. denti
1259:R. adami
1213:Eutheria
1207:Mammalia
1201:Chordata
1199:Phylum:
1195:Animalia
1142:Archived
970:Mammalia
366:monogamy
341:cranefly
220:) is an
187:Schreber
133:Family:
117:Mammalia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2567:ZooBank
2559:1049408
2479:1049407
2378:1004684
2313:2432655
2157:Q737413
1223:Order:
1205:Class:
465:and in
441:in the
429:in the
415:Bristol
345:beetles
334:spiders
330:Diptera
296:noctuid
189:, 1774)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2546:946601
2466:104283
2463:uBio:
2443:867388
2352:631430
2287:305388
2274:RHLPFE
2261:328771
2194:ARKive
1875:R. rex
1116:
1066:Nature
1003:India.
877:
668:
453:, and
425:, and
322:larvae
2554:WoRMS
2520:7G2TM
2474:WoRMS
2456:94475
2417:59479
2365:19517
2334:IRMNG
2326:40645
2235:4S97C
2222:73315
475:Devon
421:near
413:near
2541:ITIS
2528:GBIF
2412:NCBI
2360:IUCN
2347:ITIS
2308:GBIF
2269:EPPO
2217:BOLD
2209:2254
1114:ISBN
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