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of the Great Lakes were invited. Selected French emissaries, clergies and soldiers, all well-perceived by the First
Nations, were given this diplomatic task. The negotiations continued during the wait for the big conference; the neutrality of the Five Nations was discussed in Montreal in May 1701. The treaty of La Grande Paix de Montreal of July 21 to August 7 of 1701 was signed as a symbol of peace between the French and the First Nations. In the treaty, the Five Nations agreed to remain peaceful between the French and the British during times of war together. It was a huge example of peace between different nations and honouring an agreement.
181:
1817:
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141:
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339:, but the Iroquois, now supported by the English, continued to expand their territory westward, fighting French allies in the Great Lakes region and again threatening the French fur trade. In the 1680s the French became actively involved in the conflict again, and they and their allied Indians made significant gains against the Iroquois, including incursions deep into the heartland of Iroquoia (present-day
383:
The success of these attacks, which again reached deep into
Iroquois territory, and the inability of the English to protect them from attacks originating to their north and west, forced the Iroquois to more seriously pursue peace. Their demographic decline, aided by conflicts and epidemics, put their
392:
in March 1700. In
September of the same year, a preliminary peace treaty was signed in Montreal with the five Iroquois nations. Thirteen First Nations symbols are on the treaty. After this first entente, it was decided that a bigger one would be held in Montreal in the summer of 1701 and all Nations
303:
The foundation of Quebec City in 1608 by Samuel de
Champlain, one of the first governors of New France, marked the beginning of the gathering of resources of the Great Northern forests by traders from Metropolitan France. Control over the fur trade became a high-stakes game among the Native American
406:
representatives and
Governor Callière's dragging on, both sides being eager to negotiate as much as possible. The actual signing of the document took place on a big field prepared for the special occasion, just outside the city. The representatives of each Nation placed their clan's symbol, such as
387:
Preliminary negotiations took place in 1698 and 1699, but these were to some degree frustrated by the intervention of the
English, who sought to keep the Iroquois from negotiating directly with the French. After another successful attack into Iroquoia in early 1700, these attempts at intervention
433:) in July. Jesuit priests resumed their spiritual mission-based work in the north. The Great Peace of Montreal is a unique diplomatic event in the history of both North and South America. The treaty is still considered valid by the Indigenous people of the American First Nations tribes involved.
436:
The French in negotiating followed their traditional policy in North and South
America, where their relationship with some of the natives was characterized by mutual respect and admiration and based on dialogue and negotiation. According to the 19th-century historian Francis Parkman: "Spanish
411:
diplomatic custom, was meant to end ethnic conflicts. From then on, negotiation would trump direct conflict and the French would agree to act as arbiters during conflicts between signatory tribes. The
Iroquois promised to be neutral in case of conflict between the French and English colonies.
420:
The treaty was highly symbolic for the aboriginal nations as the Tree of Peace was now established among all the Great Lakes' nations. Commerce and exploratory expeditions quietly resumed in peace after the signing of the treaty. The French explorer
384:
very existence into doubt. At the same time, commerce became almost nonexistent because of a fall in the price of furs. The
Indians preferred to trade with the merchants of New York because these merchants offered better prices than the French.
407:
turtle, wolf or bear, at the bottom of the document. A great banquet followed the solemn occasion, with a peace pipe being shared by the chiefs, each of them praising peace in turn. This treaty, achieved through negotiations according to
368:
was signed in 1697. The treaty, however, left unresolved the issue of
Iroquois sovereignty (both France and England claimed them as part of their empire), and French allies in the upper Great Lakes continued to make war on the Iroquois.
363:
organized raiding expeditions against English communities all along the frontier with New France. French and English colonists, and their Indian allies, then engaged in a protracted border war that was formally ended when the
680:
See "Nindoodemag": The Significance of Algonquian Kinship Networks in the Eastern Great Lakes Region, 1600–1701 (pp. 23–52) by Heidi Bohaker for a discussion of the significance of these pictographical signatures.
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The first delegations arrived in Montreal at the beginning of the summer of 1701, often after long, hard journeys. The ratification of the treaty was not agreed to immediately due to the discussions between the
1287:
994:
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466:, represented by Seneca orators (Tekanoet, Aouenan, and Tonatakout) and by Ohonsiowanne (Onondaga), Toarenguenion (Oneida), Garonhiaron (Cayuga), and Soueouon (Oneida), who were signatories.
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In the first half of the 17th century, the Dutch-allied Iroquois made substantial territorial gains against the French-allied First Nations, often threatening French settlements at
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was sent to New France. Their campaign in 1666 devastated a number of Mohawk communities, who were forced to negotiate a peace. A period of prosperity followed for France's
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tribes, as all of them wanted to be the European's chosen intermediary. The "Fur-Wars" saw the Hurons and Algonquins, supported by the French, pitted against the
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was renamed Place de la Grande-Paix-de-Montréal to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the peace. Several locations in Quebec are named for the Petun leader
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270:, provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again. Present for the diplomatic event were the various peoples; part of the
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civilization crushed the Indian; English civilization scorned and neglected him; French civilization embraced and cherished him."
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115:
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585:
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3173:
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Note: "Aboriginal law" refers to Canadian law dealing with Indigenous peoples; "Indigenous law" refers to the
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failed. The first conference between the French and Iroquois was held on Iroquois territory at
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316:, and later by the English when they took New Amsterdam in the 1660s and 1670s, renaming it
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1410:
Great Peace of Montreal of 1701 : French-Native Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century
621:
Sable Odawas (Akonapi), represented by Outouagan (Jean Le Blanc) and Kinonge (Le Brochet)
483:
196:
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Kiskakons (Culs Coupez), represented by Hassaki (speaker) and Kileouiskingie (signatory)
3483:
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2260:
2191:
1686:
1671:
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The Great Peace of Montreal of 1701: French-native Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century
389:
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287:
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3064:
3033:
2789:
2732:
2516:
2207:
2141:
1863:
1498:
1463:
1418:
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494:(Beaver People), represented by Mahingan, and spoken for by the Odawas in the debates
365:
267:
185:
180:
2250:
328:
3400:
3253:
3135:
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2608:
2548:
2348:
2338:
2197:
1726:
1651:
1576:
1329:
1317:
654:
344:
340:
206:
1816:
3309:
3166:
2500:
2495:
1063:
766:
714:
560:
451:
348:
313:
228:
2323:
3295:
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2623:
2565:
2212:
1731:
793:
673:, represented by Haouatchouath and Meskouadoue, likely speaking for the entire
263:
19:"Treaty of Montreal" redirects here. For other similarly named agreements, see
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772:
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Sinago Odawas, represented by Chingouessi (speaker) and Outaliboi (signatory)
542:
491:
469:
463:
459:
455:
317:
259:, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 39 Indigenous nations.
248:
1316:, one of the architects of the peace, including the Kondiaronk Belvedere in
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2202:
1701:
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1606:
1309:
1149:
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236:
3478:
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2764:
945:
647:
252:
3386:
3358:
3337:
3274:
3225:
3128:
2691:
2353:
2085:
1776:
1313:
1127:
1109:
1029:
887:
789:
665:
641:
591:
526:
516:
240:
166:
140:
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1524:
3120:
3115:
3021:
2701:
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2553:
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1621:
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1007:
572:
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500:, or at least one Cree band from the area northwest of Lake Superior
31:
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324:
305:
271:
162:
2910:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
2628:
3365:
2510:
1711:
1239:
670:
430:
379:
Louis-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire § Career as an interpreter
2167:
1243:
909:
635:
336:
509:
Les Gens des terres (Inlanders), possibly a Cree-related group
506:(the Foxes or Outagamis), represented by Noro & Miskouensa
3471:
2054:
1413:. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queens University Press. pp.
865:
847:
829:
811:
616:
512:
630:
Nassawaketons (Odawas of the Fork), represented by Elaouesse
1091:
497:
274:
confederacy, the Huron peoples, and the Algonquin peoples.
201:
2848:
519:, Houatsaranti and Quarante Sols (Huron of the St. Joseph)
425:
left Montreal to explore the Great Lakes region, founding
2889:
Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1073:
596:
351:
in 1689, and the entry the same year of England into the
1456:
Havard, Gilles; Aronoff, Phyllis; Scott, Howard (2001).
650:, represented by Coluby (and occasionally by Onanguice)
16:
1701 peace treaty between New France and First Nations
2988:
1451:
1449:
1447:
685:
Marks and Signatures on the Great Peace of Montreal
607:, represented on August 4 by Onanguice (Potawatomi)
331:. In an attempt to secure the colony, in 1665 the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1455:
3574:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
3498:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
1462:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 119–121.
3510:
1444:
1297:People of the Mountain (Iroquois of La Montagne)
3544:Treaties of indigenous peoples of North America
3198:Ongoing treaty negotiations in British Columbia
2834:
2070:
1540:
423:Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac
285:in England. It has often been referred to as
2899:Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867
1370:The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder
479:) Mohawk, represented by L'Aigle (The Eagle)
440:
2841:
2827:
2077:
2063:
1547:
1533:
347:by the Iroquois against the settlement of
1752:1972 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts robbery
575:(Folles Avoines), represented by Paintage
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3549:Treaties of Indigenous peoples in Canada
2894:Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
281:, not to be confused with the unrelated
3394:St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R
3142:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
1787:2011 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts theft
1554:
747:Mark: A standing stone between a fork.
644:, represented by Onanguice and Ouenemek
145:Copy of the treaty including signatures
3511:
3268:Native Women's Assn of Canada v Canada
1406:
1358:. Oxford University Press. p. 82.
563:(attendance is disputed by Kondiaronk)
396:
255:. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by
3408:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
2822:
2319:List of French forts in North America
2058:
1528:
638:(Saulteurs), represented by Ouabangue
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
21:Montreal Convention (disambiguation)
3569:Peace treaties of the Ancien RĂ©gime
3219:Attorney General of Canada v Lavell
2100:French colonization of the Americas
1807:National Historic Sites in Montreal
1792:Concordia University Netanyahu riot
1353:
372:
277:This has sometimes been called the
13:
866:Nassawaketons (Odawas of the Fork)
355:(known in the English colonies as
14:
3585:
3240:Chippewas of Sarnia Band v Canada
1400:
3559:First Nations history in Ontario
2866:of individual indigenous groups.
2803:
2802:
2728:Military history of the Acadians
2476:Seigneurial system of New France
1815:
1737:Montreal Metropolitan Commission
1717:Black Power movement in Montreal
1303:
1286:
1269:
1251:
1229:
1211:
1193:
1175:
1157:
1139:
1117:
1099:
1081:
1055:
1037:
1015:
993:
971:
953:
935:
917:
899:
873:
855:
837:
819:
801:
780:
758:
740:
722:
704:
689:
179:
139:
30:
3554:First Nations history in Quebec
3174:Duty to consult and accommodate
3010:Lake Simcoe–Lake Huron Purchase
2879:Aboriginal land title in Canada
2152:History of the French-Americans
1320:overlooking downtown Montreal.
1090:Outilirine possibly signed for
529:) and possibly by Courtemanche
298:
41:needs additional citations for
2481:Criminal justice in New France
2110:Timeline of New France history
2084:
1431:
1375:
1362:
1347:
662:(Otchagras, Winnebago, Puants)
581:, represented by Chichicatalo
312:, who were supported first by
1:
3261:Delgamuukw v British Columbia
3148:Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
2959:Peace and Friendship Treaties
2471:Custom of Paris in New France
1487:
613:, represented by Onaganioitak
515:(Tionontati), represented by
427:Fort Pontchartrain du DĂ©troit
3004:Penetanguishene Bay Purchase
1772:École Polytechnique massacre
1004:holding stalk of wild rice.
525:, represented by Onanguice (
486:, represented by Tsahouanhos
415:
291:, meaning "The Peace of the
7:
3058:Gradual Enfranchisement Act
1323:
225:The Great Peace of Montreal
129:The Great Peace of Montreal
10:
3590:
2884:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2418:Governor of Trois-Rivières
1722:Sir George Williams affair
1383:"Grand Settlement of 1701"
846:Kileouiskingié signed for
569:, represented by Kiskatapi
376:
333:Carignan-Salières Regiment
262:The French, allied to the
233:La Grande paix de Montréal
134:La Grande paix de Montréal
18:
3493:
3431:
3282:R v Marshall; R v Bernard
3233:Calder v British Columbia
3210:
3047:
2928:
2919:
2871:
2860:
2798:
2770:Expulsion of the Acadians
2715:
2679:
2584:
2561:Company of 100 Associates
2531:
2463:
2387:
2374:Fort St. Louis (Illinois)
2311:
2221:
2160:
2092:
1824:
1813:
1667:Burning of the Parliament
1562:
1495:The French and Indian War
731:Tourengouenon signed for
441:Attendees and signatories
214:
191:Haudenosaunee Confederacy
172:
158:
150:
138:
133:
65:"Great Peace of Montreal"
3433:Indigenous customary law
2978:Gradual Civilization Act
2965:Treaties of Fort Niagara
2765:French and Iroquois Wars
1742:Montreal Urban Community
1637:Capitulation of Montreal
1340:
1295:Mechayon signed for the
1278:Haronhiateka signed for
1062:Mark: Quarry or furrow (
1046:Chichicatalo signed for
697:Louis-Hector de Callière
279:Grand Settlement of 1701
257:Louis-Hector de Callière
3303:Paul v British Columbia
3160:Nisga'a Final Agreement
3028:Saugeen Tract Agreement
2947:Great Peace of Montreal
2775:Great Peace of Montreal
2576:Compagnie de l'Occident
2147:History of the Acadians
1797:Dawson College shooting
1612:Great Peace of Montreal
1518:Biography of Denonville
1407:Gilles, Havard (2001).
1238:Mescouadoué signed for
1218:Mark: Notched feather.
713:Ouentsiouan signed for
3519:Treaties of New France
2922:governmental relations
2723:Military of New France
2649:Gens de couleur libres
2379:Fort St. Louis (Texas)
2364:Fortress of Louisbourg
2188:(1682–1763, 1801–1803)
2105:French colonial empire
1597:Saint-Sulpice Seminary
1582:Notre-Dame de Montréal
1106:Mark: Tree and roots.
1067:
523:Illinois Confederation
310:League of Five Nations
283:Act of Settlement 1701
232:
1802:2012 student movement
1497:2004 Greenwood Press
1335:French and Indian War
1124:Mark: Bow and arrow.
908:Ouabangue signed for
864:Elaouesse signed for
828:Outaliboi signed for
377:Further information:
3016:Huron Tract Purchase
2423:Governor of Montreal
2329:Fort Michilimackinac
2137:1763 Treaty of Paris
1762:1976 Summer Olympics
1757:Gargantua bar attack
1602:Battle of Long Sault
1587:Governor of Montreal
1006:Paintage signed for
926:Mahingan signed for
675:Wabanaki Confederacy
50:improve this article
3524:History of Montreal
2850:Canadian Aboriginal
2571:Mississippi Company
1834:Pre-European period
1747:Blue Bird Café fire
1707:St. Lawrence Seaway
1642:American occupation
1556:History of Montreal
1510:Montreal, 1535–1914
1507:Atherton, William.
810:Kinongé signed for
397:Treaty ratification
130:
3539:1701 in New France
3456:Great Law of Peace
3180:Jordan's Principle
3048:Post-Confederation
3036:(1850, 1854, 1859)
2743:King William's War
2738:Intercolonial Wars
1777:Sex Garage protest
1687:Golden Square Mile
1672:Great Fire of 1852
1647:North West Company
1372:Random House, 2004
1356:Voices and Visions
944:Coluby signed for
699:signed for France.
653:Timiskamings from
550:Coiracoentantanons
361:Governor Frontenac
357:King William's War
288:La Paix des Braves
128:
3506:
3505:
3422:Restoule v Canada
3247:Corbiere v Canada
3206:
3205:
3065:Numbered Treaties
3043:
3042:
3034:Robinson Treaties
2816:
2815:
2753:King George's War
2733:Acadian Civil War
2680:Missionary groups
2671:Intellectual life
2408:Sovereign Council
2142:History of Quebec
2052:
2051:
1354:Francis, Daniel.
1280:Sault (Kahnawake)
1130:) signed for the
475:Sault St. Louis (
366:Treaty of Ryswick
222:
221:
186:Kingdom of France
126:
125:
118:
100:
3581:
3415:Daniels v Canada
3401:R v Van der Peet
3254:Daniels v Canada
2998:Toronto Purchase
2986:
2985:
2971:Douglas Treaties
2926:
2925:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2806:
2805:
2785:Schenectady Raid
2758:Seven Years' War
2748:Queen Anne's War
2614:King's Daughters
2566:Crozat's Company
2549:Coureur des bois
2491:Superior Council
2413:Bishop of Quebec
2398:Governor General
2339:Fort de Chartres
2198:Illinois Country
2079:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2055:
1819:
1727:Murray-Hill riot
1692:Oldest buildings
1652:Bank of Montreal
1577:Fort Ville-Marie
1549:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1453:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1385:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1330:List of treaties
1318:Mount Royal Park
1290:
1273:
1255:
1233:
1215:
1197:
1179:
1161:
1143:
1132:Kouera Kouitanon
1121:
1103:
1085:
1059:
1041:
1019:
997:
975:
957:
942:Mark: Sturgeon.
939:
921:
903:
877:
859:
841:
823:
805:
784:
762:
744:
726:
708:
693:
655:Lake Timiskaming
586:St. Joseph River
472:, Teganiassorens
373:Prelude to peace
345:devastating raid
341:Upstate New York
308:of the powerful
184:
183:
143:
131:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3534:1700s in Canada
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3489:
3441:Self-government
3427:
3310:Paulette Caveat
3202:
3191:specific claims
3182:(proposed 2005)
3167:Paix des Braves
3049:
3039:
2990:
2984:
2933:
2921:
2915:
2867:
2856:
2847:
2817:
2812:
2794:
2711:
2687:Jesuit missions
2675:
2624:Casquette girls
2580:
2527:
2496:Admiralty court
2459:
2383:
2307:
2224:
2217:
2156:
2115:Beginnings–1533
2088:
2083:
2053:
2048:
1820:
1811:
1782:Montreal merger
1682:Victoria Bridge
1632:1870 earthquake
1627:1732 earthquake
1558:
1553:
1493:Alfred A. Cave
1490:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1368:Charlotte Gray
1367:
1363:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1326:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1247:
1237:
1236:Mark: Unknown.
1234:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1182:Mark: Unknown.
1180:
1171:
1165:
1164:Mark: Unknown.
1162:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1060:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1005:
998:
989:
983:
976:
967:
961:
958:
949:
943:
940:
931:
925:
922:
913:
907:
904:
895:
885:
878:
869:
863:
860:
851:
845:
842:
833:
827:
824:
815:
809:
806:
797:
788:
785:
776:
770:
763:
754:
748:
745:
736:
730:
727:
718:
712:
709:
700:
694:
443:
418:
399:
381:
375:
353:Nine Years' War
314:New Netherlands
301:
251:that ended the
193:
178:
146:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:1701 in France
3526:
3521:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3296:Mitchell v MNR
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3132:(1876–present)
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2941:Covenant Chain
2937:
2935:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2872:Sources of law
2869:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:indigenous law
2846:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2790:Deerfield Raid
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:Trois-Rivières
2248:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2213:Domaine du roy
2210:
2208:Pays d'en Haut
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:October Crisis
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:List of Mayors
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1515:Eccles, W. J.
1513:
1505:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1468:
1443:
1430:
1423:
1399:
1374:
1361:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1146:Mark: Turtle.
1145:
1138:
1136:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1021:
1014:
1012:
999:
992:
990:
977:
970:
968:
959:
952:
950:
941:
934:
932:
924:Mark: Beaver.
923:
916:
914:
905:
898:
896:
879:
872:
870:
862:Mark: A fork.
861:
854:
852:
843:
836:
834:
830:Sinagos Odawas
825:
818:
816:
807:
800:
798:
786:
779:
777:
764:
757:
755:
746:
739:
737:
729:Mark: Turtle.
728:
721:
719:
710:
703:
701:
695:
688:
686:
678:
677:
668:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
632:
631:
628:
625:
622:
614:
608:
602:
601:
600:
594:
589:
584:Miamis of the
576:
570:
564:
558:
557:
556:
551:
548:
545:
540:
535:
520:
510:
507:
501:
495:
489:
488:
487:
480:
473:
467:
442:
439:
417:
414:
398:
395:
374:
371:
329:Trois-Rivières
300:
297:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
210:
209:
207:OmĂ miwininiwak
204:
199:
194:
188:
174:
170:
169:
160:
156:
155:
154:August 4, 1701
152:
148:
147:
144:
136:
135:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3586:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:1701 treaties
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:Haudenosaunee
3457:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3446:Grand Council
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:R v Pamajewon
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:Gladue report
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:R v Gladstone
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:Powley ruling
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:Nanfan Treaty
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:Confederation
2927:
2924:
2920:Treaties and
2918:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:Treaty rights
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2864:customary law
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Chemin du Roy
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Fort Duquesne
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Fort Carillon
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Fort de Buade
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
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1677:Gavazzi Riots
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1657:Lachine Canal
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1389:on 2009-09-28
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1044:Mark: Crane.
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906:Mark: Crane.
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67: –
66:
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61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3477:
3467:Pittailiniit
3465:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3352:R v Gonzales
3350:
3336:
3329:
3324:R v Drybones
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3289:R v Marshall
3287:
3280:
3273:
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3259:
3252:
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3176:(since 2004)
3165:
3127:
3067:(1871–1921)
3056:
2989:Upper Canada
2976:
2946:
2909:
2780:Lachine Raid
2774:
2517:Maréchaussée
2515:
2439:Terre-Neuve
2344:Fort Detroit
2324:Fort Rouillé
2297:Terre-Neuve
2203:Ohio Country
1839:16th century
1702:Richard Riot
1697:Ouimetoscope
1611:
1607:Old Montreal
1517:
1509:
1494:
1473:. Retrieved
1458:
1438:
1433:
1409:
1402:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1377:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1310:Old Montreal
1308:A square in
1307:
1293:Mark: Deer.
1276:Mark: Deer.
1200:Mark: Frog.
892:Mississaugas
844:Mark: Fish.
826:Mark: Bear.
812:Sable Odawas
808:Mark: Bear.
679:
605:Mississaugas
599:(Ouiatenon),
588:(Sakiwäsipi)
579:Miami people
482:Iroquois of
435:
419:
400:
386:
382:
343:). After a
322:
302:
299:The Fur Wars
286:
278:
276:
261:
237:peace treaty
224:
223:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3484:Plains Cree
3479:Wahkohtowin
3380:R v Sparrow
3186:Land claims
3136:White Paper
3061:(1869–1876)
3050:(post-1867)
2981:(1857–1869)
2967:(1764–1784)
2961:(1725–1779)
2634:Amerindians
2597:1666 census
2506:Officiality
2501:Provostship
2388:Governments
2369:Castle Hill
2291:New Orleans
2267:ĂŽle Royale
2246:Quebec City
2194:(1713–1763)
2182:(1662–1713)
2180:Terre-Neuve
2176:(1608–1763)
2170:(1604–1713)
1260:Signed for
1220:Signed for
1202:Signed for
1184:Signed for
1166:Signed for
1148:Signed for
1126:Onanguice (
1108:Signed for
1072:Signed for
1028:Signed for
1026:on a pole.
1002:Thunderbird
984:Signed for
980:Thunderbird
962:Signed for
960:Mark: Fox.
886:Onanguice (
882:Thunderbird
792:signed for
787:Mark: Rat.
771:Signed for
749:Signed for
484:La Montagne
253:Beaver Wars
197:NionwentsĂŻo
173:Signatories
3513:Categories
3387:Re Eskimos
3359:R v Guerin
3338:R v Gladue
3275:Kruger v R
3226:R v Badger
3129:Indian Act
2934:(pre-1867)
2707:Sulpicians
2664:card money
2592:Population
2486:Intendancy
2449:Louisiane
2354:Fort Condé
2277:Louisiane
2271:Louisbourg
2236:Port Royal
2192:ĂŽle Royale
2086:New France
1592:HĂ´tel-Dieu
1488:References
1475:1 February
1437:Quoted in
1393:2013-09-17
1314:Kondiaronk
1128:Potawatomi
1110:Potawatomi
1030:Piankeshaw
888:Potawatomi
790:Kondiaronk
767:Great Pipe
666:Algonquins
642:Potawatomi
611:Nippissing
592:Piankeshaw
527:Potawatomi
517:Kondiaronk
268:Algonquins
241:New France
202:Nitassinan
167:New France
76:newspapers
3022:Treaty 45
2973:(1850–54)
2702:Ursulines
2697:Grey Nuns
2692:RĂ©collets
2609:Canadiens
2604:Habitants
2554:Voyageurs
2544:Fur trade
2523:Code Noir
2403:Intendant
2301:Plaisance
2223:Towns and
2186:Louisiana
2130:1663–1759
2125:1608–1662
2120:1534–1607
1622:Grey Nuns
1572:Hochelaga
1222:Kaskaskia
1008:Menominee
848:Kiskakons
715:Onondagas
573:Menominee
567:Mascouten
554:Moingwena
533:Kaskaskia
477:Kahnawake
416:Aftermath
3211:Case law
2991:treaties
2808:Category
2659:Currency
2619:Acadians
2453:Governor
2443:Governor
2433:Governor
2256:Montreal
2225:villages
2161:Colonies
1826:Timeline
1767:Overdale
1324:See also
1262:Algonkin
1186:Moingona
1168:Tapouara
1068:Carrière
986:Ho-Chunk
964:Meskwaki
660:Ho-Chunk
561:Kickapoo
504:Meskwaki
452:Onondaga
390:Onondaga
325:Montreal
306:Iroquois
272:Iroquois
266:and the
239:between
235:) was a
215:Language
163:Montreal
159:Location
106:May 2013
3450:Miꞌkmaq
3366:R v Jim
2943:(1670s)
2654:Alcohol
2644:Plaçage
2639:Slavery
2585:Society
2532:Economy
2511:Bailiff
2429:Acadie
2394:Canada
2261:DĂ©troit
2242:Canada
2232:Acadie
2093:History
1712:Expo 67
1617:Citadel
1415:143–144
1240:Abenaki
773:Cayugas
751:Oneidas
733:Senecas
671:Abenaki
543:Tamaroa
431:Detroit
349:Lachine
243:and 39
90:scholar
3170:(2002)
3162:(1998)
3156:(1995)
3150:(1993)
3144:(1975)
3138:(1969)
3030:(1836)
3024:(1836)
3018:(1827)
3012:(1815)
3006:(1798)
3000:(1787)
2955:(1701)
2949:(1701)
2286:Biloxi
2281:Mobile
2174:Canada
2168:Acadia
1564:Topics
1520:at DCB
1501:
1466:
1441:, p.42
1421:
1244:Acadia
1150:Peoria
1064:French
1022:Mark:
1000:Mark:
978:Mark:
928:Amikwa
910:Ojibwe
880:Mark:
765:Mark:
636:Ojibwe
538:Peoria
492:Amikwa
470:Mohawk
464:Cayuga
460:Oneida
456:Seneca
337:colony
293:Braves
264:Hurons
229:French
218:French
151:Signed
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3472:Inuit
2629:MĂ©tis
2312:Forts
2044:2000s
2039:1990s
2034:1980s
2029:1970s
2024:1960s
2019:1950s
2014:1940s
2009:1930s
2004:1920s
1999:1910s
1994:1900s
1989:1890s
1984:1880s
1979:1870s
1974:1860s
1969:1850s
1964:1840s
1959:1830s
1954:1820s
1949:1810s
1944:1800s
1939:1790s
1934:1780s
1929:1770s
1924:1760s
1919:1750s
1914:1740s
1909:1730s
1904:1720s
1899:1710s
1894:1700s
1889:1690s
1884:1680s
1879:1670s
1874:1660s
1869:1650s
1864:1640s
1859:1630s
1854:1620s
1849:1610s
1844:1600s
1341:Notes
1204:Maroa
1048:Miami
1024:Scalp
617:Odawa
547:Maroa
513:Petun
429:(now
97:JSTOR
83:books
3154:RCAP
2929:Pre-
2852:and
2716:Wars
2464:Laws
1499:ISBN
1477:2016
1464:ISBN
1439:Cave
1419:ISBN
1092:Cree
946:Sauk
648:Sauk
498:Cree
462:and
327:and
69:news
1242:of
1074:Wea
1070:).
597:Wea
359:),
295:".
247:of
52:by
3515::
3121:11
3116:10
1446:^
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1066::
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884:.
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231::
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227:(
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104:(
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23:.
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