2221:
2758:
3736:
1500:
3556:
1005:), which was supervised by the Inspector-General of Military Education. Students at the War Academy attended about 20 hours of lectures per week. Instruction was by professors from Berlin University and officers serving on the Great General Staff, who thereby enhanced their own educations. In 1872 the War Academy was taken from the Inspector of Military Education and placed under the Chief of the General Staff. The spirit of the academy was articulated by Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke, who emphasized the importance "of an active process of mental give and take between teacher and pupils, so as to stimulate the pupils to become fellow-workers".
3470:
3782:
3425:
3657:
282:
270:
258:
3306:
3349:
3133:
3090:
1570:
outside world and military history will not have knowledge of a domestic quarrel. The competence of command and control is based on this fusion of the two personalities. It does not matter if the order bears the commander's signature, or if the Chief of Staff has signed it for the High
Command (today 'For the commander') according to our old custom. The commander always issues his orders through his Chief of Staff, and even the most senior subordinate leader must submit himself to his orders without objection, because his orders will always be given on behalf of the supreme commander.
228:
204:
1837:, always had personal influence with Hitler which no Army leader had. Another was the increasing tension between OKH and OKW. While the need for a joint headquarters to coordinate the work of all the services was desirable in theory, for example to determine industrial and manpower priorities and avoid duplication of effort, OKW was increasingly used as an alternate Army planning staff by Hitler. At the same time, OKW failed in its task of overseeing the overall war effort, resulting in wasteful diversion of resources to several competing and unregulated forces (such as the
3219:
2579:
2534:
2462:
159:
3045:
2713:
246:
3262:
2260:
2377:
192:
2182:
2065:
2624:
1307:, and was responsible for military planning for the German Empire. They began preparing for what seemed to be another inevitable war with France, which was intent on revenge and recovery of the provinces annexed by Germany. Bismarck's diplomatic skill had prevented any hostile European coalition forming against Germany, but the young Kaiser William II replaced him in 1890 and turned away from their friendly accommodation with Russia in favor of an alliance with Austria-Hungary. Before long France and Russia allied.
2104:
3176:
216:
3608:
949:
officers. In 1821 the
Quartermaster General Staff was renamed to the General Staff, and its officers were identified by distinctive uniform markings, including a crimson trouser stripe. Staff positions did not depend on lineage. "General von Krauseneck, who was the Chief of the General Staff from 1829 to 1848, was the son of a Brandenburg organ player and had been promoted from the ranks. General von Rheyer, Chief of the Prussian General Staff from 1848 to 1857 was a shepherd in his youth."
2338:
2299:
401:
2922:
2143:
888:
preserve and somehow institutionalize the military talent that
Frederick had assembled in his army. They argued that a carefully assembled cadre of talented officer staff could plan logistics and train the Army in peace as well as in war. In the last years of the eighteenth century, it became the practice to assign military experts to assist the generals of Prussia's Army, largely at the instigation of comparatively junior but gifted officers such as
2967:
2801:
1165:, stated "We have the inestimable advantage of being able to carry our Field Army of 285,000 men over five railway lines and of virtually concentrating them in twenty-five days ... Austria has only one railway line and it will take her forty-five days to assemble 200,000 men." Although there were inevitable mistakes and confusion on the battlefield, Moltke's pre-war calculations were proved correct, and the Austrian army was brought to battle at
2846:
36:
3513:
1284:
1013:
years. Lectures were supplemented by visits to fortifications, arms factories and exercises of the railway regiment. During the three month summer breaks the students attended manoeuvres and were taken on field tactical exercises in which they commanded imaginary units. At the end of the course they took their second examination. Only about thirty students passed this extremely difficult test. They were then assigned (
1237:, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated flawlessly on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. (Most of these were reservists who had not been able to join their units before the units were hastily dispatched to join the armies forming up near the frontier.)
2667:
1109:, Moltke needed only to issue brief directives expressing his intentions to the main formations, leaving the staffs at the subordinate headquarters to implement the details according to the doctrines and methods he had laid down, while the Supreme Commands of his opponents became bogged down in mountains of paperwork and trivia as they tried to control the entire army from a single overworked headquarters.
1017:) to the Great General Staff, while retaining their regimental attachments. After two years they took their third and final examination, after which five to eight officers were permanently posted to fill vacancies in the General Staff — a remarkable winnowing from the many who had entered the competition. Occasionally, an exceptional officer was appointed without this training: for example
5008:
842:, social and political convention often placed members of noble or royal households in command of its armies or corps but the actual responsibility for the planning and conduct of operations lay with the formation's staff officers. For other European armies which lacked this professionally trained staff corps, the same conventions were often a recipe for disaster. Even the Army of the
1699:) was established in 1935. The General Staff advised Hitler that the Army could not be fully modernized until 1944 or 1945. When Hitler went to war in 1939, the tank columns were still followed by horse-drawn artillery pieces. Throughout the war, German industry was unable to furnish small arms in sufficient quantities, forcing the Army to rely heavily on older weapons,
1117:(section or department) which studied and promoted the development of railway networks within Prussia and incorporated them into its deployment plans. He also formed telegraphic, and other scientific and technical departments within the General Staff and a Historical division, which analysed past and current conflicts and published accounts of them and lessons learned.
1101:. Although these officers subsequently alternated between regimental and staff duties, they could be relied upon to think and act exactly as Moltke had taught them when they became the Chiefs of Staff of major formations. Moltke himself referred to them as the "nervous system" of the Prussian Army. In the victories which the Prussian Army was to gain against
1352:
though it required the violation of the neutrality of
Belgium, which the Germans had guaranteed by treaty. Nor was the German Navy's high command informed. It failed to take adequate account of logistics and the inability of horse-drawn transport to supply troops far from rail-heads. The plan has been accused of being too rigid. The philosopher
1069:
1722:, the army stood aside and effectually acquiesced in the extrajudicial murders involved, including those of army officers. While the General Staff welcomed Hitler's expansion of the army, they were opposed to many of his wilder schemes and continually urged caution. When several of Hitler's early moves such as the
1797:). They provide him with information and advice, prepare decisions, turn them into orders and measures and supervise their execution. If necessary, they urge the commander to decide and act. Their thinking and actions must be guided by his will and intentions and must be determined by his decisions and orders.
1009:
than rote memory. The graders of the essays did not know the names or regiments of the candidates. From hundreds of applicants, about one hundred were accepted every year to enter the first-year course at the academy. Those who performed satisfactorily were promoted to the second and then the third year.
1197:
artillery coverage of the advanced guard on contact and of the main body during subsequent deployment on the field. A renewed emphasis was placed on maintaining contact with subordinate and superior commands, so that commanders always were informed of units' locations on the battlefield, reducing the "
1988:
does no operational defense planning, which was the classic task of former German
General Staffs. Therefore, the role of the General Staff officer is as the adviser to an operational commander, "his main task is to advise his commander in all matters, and he is entitled to the commander's attention".
1856:
At a lower level, training of
General Staff officers continued, but the course was still almost as long, intense, and exclusive as in peacetime. Properly-trained staff officers became increasingly scarce, and in some cases newly qualified staff officers lacked the dedication or moral courage of their
1205:
The attack of a position is becoming notably more difficult than its defense. The defensive during the first phase of battle offers a decisive superiority. The task of a skillful offensive will consist of forcing our foe to attack a position chosen by us, and only when casualties, demoralization, and
1059:
Nor was there ever a large pool of officers to draw upon to perform
General Staff duties. In 1871, there were only 375 officers fully qualified to serve on the General Staff, even after an emergency expansion during the Franco-Prussian War. In 1914, there were 625 General Staff-qualified officers for
1379:
Nor had the
General Staff, before the war, considered the use of potential allies such as Turkey, or dissident factions within the French, British and Russian empires, to distract or weaken the Allied war effort. "A swift victory over the main armies in the main theatre of war was the German General
1008:
Admission to the academy was highly selective. Officers with at least five years service who wanted to become
General Staff officers prepared themselves for the entrance examination, which included tactics, surveying, geography, mathematics and French, with questions set to test understanding rather
853:
The chief of staff of a
Prussian formation in the field had the right to disagree, in writing, with the plans or orders of the commander of the formation, and appeal to the commander of the next highest formation (which might ultimately be the king, or emperor, who would be guided by the head of the
1848:
only (and administration of the army as a whole), while OKW directed operations on the other fronts. There were now effectively two general staffs, often competing with each other, with arbitration of all disputes in the hands of Hitler, further increasing his personal power. Finally, in late 1941,
1012:
In the first year, fourteen hours of lectures each week were on military subjects, including military history, while seventeen hours were non-military, which included general history, mathematics, science and a choice of French or Russian. Roughly the same time allocations were used in the last two
923:
and several promising young officers to his Military Reorganization Commission. This commission acted as a general staff to plan and implement the reconstruction of the Prussian Army. They persuaded the king that to match the French commanders, who rose by merit, each Prussian commander of an Army,
887:
brought success to the Prussian arms, his successors lacked his talent, so generalship in the Army declined, even though they were assisted by a Quartermaster General Staff of adjutants and engineers established by Frederick the Great. Reformers in the army began to write and lecture on the need to
1569:
The decision is taken in private, and when the two men come out, there is only one decision. They have amalgamated it; they share one mind with each other. Should the opinions have differed, in the evening of this happy day in a military marriage the two halves will no longer know who gave in. The
1534:
convinced him that this was unthinkable because the thousands of orders could not be quickly rewritten and because the French with their quicker mobilization and excellent railways would be attacking a German border in force long before the Russians. One of the eight German Armies was commanded by
1351:
were needed to pass budgets, but aside from this had no power over the conduct of the government. This was one of the seeds of the mass destruction of the First World War, as military planning was not subject to political control. Thus, the Schlieffen Plan was adopted without political input, even
1120:
The General Staff reformed by Moltke was the most effective in Europe, an autonomous institution dedicated solely to the efficient execution of war, unlike in other countries, whose staffs were often fettered by meddling courtiers, parliaments and government officials. On the contrary, the General
1028:
thought that the history of ancient battles should be minimized to give more time to modern, and that trigonometry was only useful to those who would be surveyors. The final two years satisfied him. While at the academy he was invited into the social circle of Prince Alexander of Prussia, where he
857:
For these reasons, Prussian and German military victories were often credited professionally to the chief of staff, rather than to the nominal commander of an army. Often the commander of an army was himself a member of the General Staff, but it was now institutionally recognized that not only was
1606:
was a major contributor to their run of successes. At the beginning of 1918 — having defeated the Russians — Hindenburg and Ludendorff resolved to win in the west. Tactically, their staff work was brilliant. Using only weapons that had failed at Verdun, they devised a long, comprehensive list of
1260:
was proclaimed "German Emperor" on 18 January 1871. The German victory surprised many military professionals around the world. France had been considered a great military power while Prussia was widely considered a lesser power, despite its military successes in 1813–15 against Napoleon and more
948:
organised the Staff into Eastern (Russia), Southern (Austria), and Western (France and the other German states) Divisions. Sixteen staff officers served in the Prussian Ministry of War and six staff officers worked in the main embassies. Each army corps had one chief of staff and two other staff
1935:
However, many General Staff officers were clearly implicated in the plot, and the General Staff was revealed as a center of dissent. In the months after 20 July, several dozen General Staff officers were arrested and in most cases executed. Also, Luftwaffe, SS, or "National Socialist Leadership
1310:
Therefore, an encircled Germany faced the probability that of war on both Eastern and Western fronts. Prior to his retirement in 1888, Moltke's plan for such a conflict had always been to remain on the defensive against the French while committing the majority of German forces to face Russia.
1196:
would no longer be placed in the rear of the order of march for employment behind the infantry; instead, a significant detachment would travel with the advanced guard of the leading corps or other major element, and the remainder would march with the front of the main body, providing immediate
1055:
for example, the staff that accompanied the headquarters of the King (as commander-in-chief) and was responsible for the direction of armies that totaled 850,000 men, consisted of the chief of staff, a quartermaster-general and an intendant-general whose duties were not directly concerned with
952:
The General Staff continually planned for likely and unlikely scenarios. In 1843, when Europe had been largely at peace for nearly thirty years and most major nations had no plans for war, observers noted sheaves of orders at the Prussian War Ministry, already made out to cover all foreseeable
834:
In a broader sense, the Prussian General Staff corps consisted of those officers qualified to perform staff duties, and formed a unique military fraternity. Their exhaustive training was designed not only to weed out the less motivated or less able candidates, but also to produce a body of
1375:
To an extent, the General Staff became obsessed with perfecting the methods which had gained victory in the late nineteenth century. Although he maintained an icy formal demeanor, Moltke the Elder had been a flexible and innovative thinker in many fields. Schlieffen, by comparison, was a
1240:
During the war, there were again the inevitable mistakes due to the "fog of war", but German formations moved with a speed and precision which French staff officers, accustomed only to moving battalion-sized punitive columns, could not match. In the French army of the time, there was an
924:
Corps and Division should have a staff-trained officer assigned as his adjutant. Scharnhorst intended them to "support incompetent Generals, providing the talents that might otherwise be wanting among leaders and commanders". The unlikely pairing of the erratic but popular Field Marshal
1141:, vindicated Moltke's concepts of operations and led to an overhaul of the command arrangements of the Prussian Army. Moltke envisaged a rapid attack to prevent the Danes falling back behind water obstacles which the Prussian Navy could not overcome. A rigid system of seniority placed
1582:
who was already the Prussian war minister. After failing to dislodge the Entente in Flanders, he put the Western Front on the defensive. He was replaced at the war ministry in early 1915, and in 1916 Hindenburg and Ludendorff took over as advisers to the supreme commander. They led
1347:, effectively discounting any realistic prospect of maintaining British neutrality. In Bismarck's German constitution the Kaiser commanded the army and also appointed the chancellor and his cabinet, who had no control of the military. The elected representatives in the
1219:
was undoubtedly startled by the Prussian victory over Austria, and urgently sought to reform their army to face the conflict with Prussia which seemed inevitable and imminent. Their senior officers entirely failed to grasp the methods of the Prussian General Staff. The
1176:
and a desire to avoid tedious regimental duties, or after uninspiring training which made them into plodding, rule-bound clerks. In all aspects of preparation, planning and execution, their muddled efforts compared badly with that of their Prussian counterparts.
1983:
and the principal military adviser to the Government. In the event of war the Federal Republic of Germany is the only NATO country which immediately relinquishes operational command over all combat units of her armed forces to NATO commanders. Hence the
1738:
When Hindenburg died, the Army replaced their oath to the constitution with one to the Führer Adolf Hitler. Hitler was soon able to curtail the Army's traditional independence, by the fortuitous disgrace of the commander in chief of the armed forces,
1964:), pointing out that General Staff officers are "the defenders and guardians of the values of German military tradition", extending back 147 years. German students are admitted to the Army Academy after studying at a Federal Armed Forces University (
928:
as commander in chief with Lieutenant General Gneisenau as his chief of staff showed this system to its best advantage: Blücher lauded Gneisenau for his role in maneuvering the Prussian Army during a difficult retreat through the Harz mountains.
1327:
determined that British neutrality in a future conflict could no longer be counted on, thus exposing Germany to the potential combined might of the British, French and their vast colonial empires in the west in case of any extended conflict.
1611:, but the Allies held strategic points. They were sure that a series of successful breakthroughs would snap their enemy's resolve, ignoring the fact that each victory sapped German strength, while their foes were continually strengthened by
1040:
The General Staff of that time was a small, elite body, numbering as few as fifty officers and rarely exceeding one hundred officers. Only one or two officers were permanently assigned to the General Staff, described in official returns as
1145:, widely regarded as being in his dotage, in command. He ignored all of Moltke's directives and his own staff's advice, and by allowing the Danish Army to withdraw at its leisure he prolonged the war for several months. The resulting
1853:, the commander in chief of the Army, and assumed direct command of the Army himself. From this time onwards, neither OKW nor OKH could independently plan or conduct operations, but merely implemented Hitler's often flawed commands.
932:
Gneisenau is recognized as the first "great Chief of Staff". He institutionalized the right of the commander's adviser to take part in command and control by advising the commander until he makes a decision. Gneisenau also founded
854:
Great General Staff). This served as a check on incompetence and also served for the objecting officer to officially disassociate himself from a flawed plan. Only the most stubborn commanders would not give way before this threat.
1273:
A favorable situation will never be exploited if commanders wait for orders. The highest commander and the youngest soldier must always be conscious of the fact that omission and inactivity are worse than resorting to the wrong
1734:
succeeded despite advice from the General Staff that these might bring about a premature war with France and Britain, Hitler was further convinced that his intuition was superior to the General Staff's intellectual analysis.
1996:) in Hamburg. General Staff officers are rotated through line commands to keep them familiar with everyday unit problems. General Staff officers are identified by crimson facings on their uniforms and by inserting "i. G." (
985:) was published posthumously. From his studies and experiences during the Napoleonic Wars, he wrote a syllabus which became the staff's central doctrine. This standardization of doctrine — which was an attempt to grasp the
1264:
Throughout his tenure, Moltke pushed for the Prussian army to engage in reassessment and self-improvement at every command level to maintain tactical superiority relative to other nations. Moltke formalised the concept of
1774:) and the other service commands, and almost entirely displacing the Reich War Ministry. However, OKW from its inception had generally weaker, more pliant staff officers than OKH and the Luftwaffe. A weakness of both the
5771:
5350:
6552:
5315:
1112:
Moltke's wide experience also prompted the General Staff to consider fields of study outside the purely military, and rapidly adapt them to military use. Immediately upon his appointment, he established the
5330:
6374:
5587:
5622:
5345:
896:. Nevertheless, such measures were insufficient to overcome the inefficiency of the Army, which was commanded by aged veterans of the campaigns of Frederick the Great, almost half a century earlier.
5435:
1543:, a senior general staff officer — the kaiser instructed his thirty-two-year-old son: "whatever he advises you must do". The system also removed uncertainty about the competence of Army Commanders
835:
professional military experts with common methods and outlook. General Staff–qualified officers alternated between line and staff duties but remained lifelong members of this special organization.
5711:
5646:
5405:
1241:
anti-intellectual prejudice in favour of brave and unimaginative regimental officers over intelligent and well-trained staff officers. The French Army paid dearly for this bias in 1870 and 1871.
997:
Every General Staff officer had to be able, at any time, to take over the work of another and apply to it the same body of basic ideas and the same principles of operational and tactical thought.
1891:, which removed the danger of war and justified Hitler's policy; the dissidents let the matter drop. In November 1939, Halder, still fearing the war would end in disaster, discussed a coup with
1599:, to allow examined officers to serve as staff apprentices, raising concerns that these new General Staff Corps officers were not evaluated or trained at the level of those they were replacing.
6022:
5320:
5310:
2423:
1189:
would no longer be held in reserve, but would actively screen the army's movements at all levels, make first contact with the enemy, and constantly observe hostile activities. Newly developed
6359:
5731:
5515:
5365:
5340:
1032:
After its defeat in the war against Prussia of 1866, Bavaria established its own War Academy and continued to train its own staff officers after the foundation of the German Empire in 1870.
6400:
5880:
5701:
5612:
5450:
1161:(1866) became almost inevitable after the end of hostilities with Denmark. Many Prussians regarded the war as a sad necessity. Moltke, describing his reasons for confidence to War Minister
1045:("of the General Staff") at any time; most were attached to the General Staff while remaining affiliated to their parent regiments, usually for several years at a time, and were listed as
6369:
1595:
students to army and corps general staffs, some of them before reaching their second year curriculum. Later, standards for General Staff assignment were altered due to the closure of the
6143:
5835:
5592:
1269:, which emphasized the importance of initiative at all levels of command, even the lowest. Every Prussian tactical manual published after the Franco-Prussian War included this passage:
5617:
5485:
1411:, who supervised the heads of the General Staff departments. The Railroad Department had the largest number of officers assigned, while the Second Department was the most important.
5875:
5870:
2004:
division. At the headquarters of Allied Forces Central Europe in Brunssum Netherlands there are roughly one hundred German officers, but only seventeen are General Staff officers.
5982:
5706:
5520:
2220:
941:), in which the commander determines the objective of an operation and allocates the forces used, while the subordinate on the spot determines how the objective will be attained.
911:. In the aftermath of this debacle, the Prussian Army and state largely collapsed. "Seldom in history has an army been reduced to impotence more swiftly or decisively." After the
536:
5932:
5530:
5495:
5445:
2388:
1635:: "The Great German General Staff and all similar organisations shall be dissolved and may not be reconstituted in any form." The German Army was limited to 4,000 officers. The
5470:
846:, whose senior officers had supposedly reached high rank as a result of bravery and success on the battlefield, was crushed by the Prussian and other German armies during the
6597:
1979:
there are General Staff officers, but no General Staff officer branch or corps. The chief of staff of the Federal Armed Forces is the supreme military representative of the
1185:
In reviewing Prussian deficiencies against the Austrians, the General Staff made several improvements to increase the strategic and tactical proficiency of the King's army.
5825:
5440:
5400:
5355:
1403:
was the "Chief of the General Staff" and was also the technical superior of all general staff officers. The Chief of the General Staff's chief deputy held the title of
6592:
5535:
5850:
1201:" effect. Finally, the introduction of the breech-loading infantry rifle marked a revolution in weapons effect, so that Moltke made the following analysis in 1865:
6153:
6037:
5726:
5430:
5385:
920:
1778:
curriculum and General Staff doctrine was that it focused primarily on tactical and operational matters. There was no institution comparable to the United States
1607:
measures to smash through enemy field fortifications, which were then taught to all ranks in the attacking units. The German Army had tactical success during the
5967:
5912:
792:, and for drawing up and reviewing plans for mobilization or campaign. It existed unofficially from 1806, and was formally established by law in 1814, the first
1056:
military operations, three heads of departments, eleven other officers, ten draughtsmen, seven clerks and fifty-nine other ranks (orderlies, messengers, etc.).
5845:
5254:
541:
531:
5977:
1879:
to remove Hitler from power, and avoid what they believed would be a disastrous and premature war. They planned a coup as response to Hitler ordering war on
391:
1051:("on the General Staff"). When the General Staff was required to take the field during major campaigns, it remained a small but effective body. During the
1591:, changing the original goal of defending Germany's borders to conquest and expansion. A consequence of wartime attrition was the premature deployment of
5917:
5691:
1021:, who was trained as an artilleryman, became a prominent member of the Great General Staff, with the reputation of being the smartest man in the army.
586:
803:
The Prussian General Staff also enjoyed greater freedom from political control than its contemporaries, and this autonomy was enshrined in law on the
6531:
6489:
6324:
5865:
5510:
627:
6089:
1679:
became Reichskanzler in 1933, he instructed the Truppenamt/General Staff to ignore the Versailles restrictions; he would create a greatly expanded
6499:
5325:
5290:
1206:
exhaustion have drained his strength will we ourselves take up the tactical offensive.... Our strategy must be offensive, our tactics defensive.
6211:
6057:
5902:
5651:
1311:
Changing geopolitical factors around the turn of the century, including the establishment of vast European colonial empires and especially the
5525:
1816:
Towards the end of the War of 1914 to 1918, the General Staff had almost wholly usurped the political power of the state. At the beginning of
6445:
6309:
1924:
detachments would take control of Germany. On 20 July 1944, the conspirators tried to kill Hitler, thought they had succeeded, and initiated
747:
1972:
countries are their classmates. The academy also teaches a 10-month Army General Staff Officer Course for officers from non-NATO countries.
1519:(OHL, Supreme Army Command). The General Staff was streamlined into only three departments; Operations, Intelligence and Political Affairs.
1515:, were reassigned to the headquarters of the Armies and Corps. The remaining core became the "General Staff of the Field Army", part of the
858:
command leadership important, but effective staff work was a significant key to success in both pre-war planning and in wartime operations.
6236:
6221:
6133:
5781:
5686:
5425:
5370:
1261:
recently over Austria during the Seven Weeks' War of 1866. Many nations adopted Prussian staff methods and structures, with mixed success.
6430:
6410:
6405:
6329:
6163:
904:
5671:
2757:
2000:) after their rank. Less than four per cent of officers are members of the General Staff. There are five General Staff officers in each
1233:, fatuously stated in 1870 that the French Army was ready for war, "down to the last gaiter button." In the event, at the outset of the
5927:
5840:
5756:
5360:
5247:
6450:
6379:
6158:
6128:
6017:
5500:
5305:
1786:
where higher-ranking officers of all services could study wider economic, political and diplomatic issues related to broad strategy.
872:
3735:
1319:
were confident in the ability of a relatively modest German garrison to defend the country's western frontier against the forces of
961:
The Military Reorganization Commission opened military schools in Königsberg and Breslau. On 15 October 1810 Scharnhorst opened the
6173:
5972:
5796:
5776:
5761:
5744:
5656:
5410:
3933:
1704:
100:
1820:, by contrast, its influence was less than it had been at the outset of the First World War and actually declined during the war.
6460:
6344:
6314:
6254:
6198:
6047:
6027:
6007:
5907:
5666:
5568:
5558:
5390:
5227:
4998:
3866:
72:
1499:
6484:
5997:
5957:
5937:
5716:
5420:
4926:
5696:
1315:
eventually led the German General Staff to reassess the wisdom of such a strategy. Whereas Moltke and his immediate successor
1095:" (a system of tactical exercises without troops in the field) under Moltke himself, and war games and map exercises known as
800:
rather than patronage or wealth, and by the exhaustive and rigorously structured training which its staff officers undertook.
720:
6354:
6334:
6299:
6294:
6274:
6241:
5786:
5240:
5189:
5035:
4711:
4518:
4455:
4320:
4050:
871:
Before the nineteenth century, success on the battlefield largely depended on the military competence of the sovereign. Duke
53:
5077:
4266:
The War Book of the German General Staff: Being "The Usages of War on Land" Issued by the Great General Staff of German Army
79:
6582:
6536:
6494:
6246:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6032:
5830:
5820:
5490:
5465:
3555:
1823:
In part this was due to the increasing pre-eminence of the other branches of the German armed forces, in particular of the
511:
465:
5375:
2310:
1789:
Since commanders were no longer selected by pedigree, the chiefs of staff were no longer joint commanders. Their role was
6455:
6440:
6284:
6279:
6188:
6183:
5922:
5892:
5855:
5681:
5460:
3862:
2376:
17:
3261:
2533:
2461:
1714:
Initially, the Army's leaders feared that their leading role as the defenders of Germany would be usurped by the unruly
1562:
The interactions between a commander and his chief of staff were elucidated by a successful practitioner of both roles,
1551:, though both were well-trained soldiers. Other armies were commanded by highly experienced staff officers, for example
1084:, was appointed Chief of the General Staff. Under his control, the existing staff system was expanded and consolidated.
6504:
6364:
6319:
6304:
6289:
6216:
6012:
6002:
5992:
5942:
5395:
5300:
5170:
5063:
3469:
2115:
1544:
1540:
86:
6193:
5952:
5947:
5887:
5766:
5602:
5380:
5335:
5122:
5092:
4978:
4959:
4935:
4895:
4858:
4837:
4818:
4785:
4744:
4687:
3828:
3781:
3668:
3424:
2933:
2724:
1723:
1574:
The Schlieffen Plan was scuttled when the shaken Moltke ordered the German right wing in France to retire during the
1531:
1221:
740:
593:
119:
4813:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3656:
850:
in 1870–1871. That outcome highlighted poor French administration and planning, and lack of professional education.
6435:
6203:
5736:
5540:
5505:
5475:
3218:
2590:
1365:
1047:
916:
638:
501:
3305:
1548:
925:
6148:
5676:
5480:
5415:
5295:
1668:. General Staff officers continued to play major roles in the nation, most strikingly when former chief of staff
1339:
to meet this eventuality. The Plan committed Germany to an early offensive against France while Russia was still
1138:
68:
3348:
3089:
1936:
Officers" were appointed to positions normally occupied by General Staff officers in new or rebuilt formations.
973:
opened nearby. The General War School trained selected officers for three years. One of its first directors was
701:
696:
6395:
6259:
5860:
3674:
2684:
2232:
1527:
1332:
1295:
the Prussian General Staff became the Imperial German General Staff, with seconded general staff officers from
893:
622:
430:
425:
420:
360:
57:
3132:
2712:
2578:
6231:
6076:
5987:
1620:
1612:
1380:
Staff's solution for all outside difficulties, and absolved them from thinking of war in its wider aspects."
970:
526:
521:
496:
482:
2349:
2298:
1091:
for his personal training as General Staff officers. They attended theoretical studies, annual manoeuvres, "
6587:
6226:
2623:
2551:
2473:
1845:
1536:
1077:
908:
733:
516:
352:
2337:
1656:("troop office"), and selected many General Staff officers to fill the available places. The War Academy (
1172:
In contrast to the Prussian staff, Austrian staff officers gained their posts either by membership of the
5962:
5897:
5607:
5548:
5455:
3278:
2181:
2064:
1992:
Most General Staff officers are graduates of the Federal Armed Forces Command and General Staff Academy (
1748:
1684:
491:
460:
287:
165:
6425:
6178:
6168:
6138:
3044:
1811:
1793:
The commander must be supported by obedient, independent and critical advising General Staff officers (
1756:
1523:
1225:
1142:
566:
325:
321:
2259:
6577:
6264:
5661:
2393:
1575:
1348:
1257:
1166:
1081:
506:
1300:
3175:
2666:
1896:
1783:
1719:
1555:
was given command of the Eighth Army, the only one facing the Russians invading East Prussia, with
823:
attempted to suppress the institution. It nevertheless survived to play its accustomed part in the
816:
317:
1914:"), which had charge of all new troops being organized in Germany for the field army. They set up
1511:
In August 1914, following the pre-war mobilization plan, most of the General Staff, including the
93:
5791:
5749:
5721:
3607:
2193:
2076:
1892:
1850:
1807:
1766:
1608:
1384:
889:
576:
486:
46:
4808:
4269:. Translated by J. H. Morgan. McBRIDE, NAST & COMPANY. 1915. pp. 2–. GGKEY:E9XBKUES5B3.
2103:
3321:
2845:
1949:
1906:
Opposition to Hitler nevertheless continued, including among the General Staff officers of the
1754:
The armed forces command structure was changed by Hitler in 1938, with an Armed Forces HQ (the
1708:
1616:
1292:
1249:
962:
804:
796:
in existence. It was distinguished by the formal selection of its officers by intelligence and
581:
6084:
4040:
2639:
1871:
Before and during the early part of the war, some General Staff officers, notably the Chief,
1494:
1324:
820:
455:
356:
4445:
4264:
2921:
2142:
6269:
5219:
5132:
4591:
3898:
3747:
3148:
2730:
2596:
2545:
1945:
1779:
1632:
1588:
1579:
1357:
1316:
1266:
1130:
1096:
990:
934:
843:
785:
706:
661:
364:
263:
2966:
2800:
1244:
The result of the strategic preparation by Moltke (and diplomatic maneuvers by Chancellor
1024:
Some graduates were not enthusiastic about the first year of their training. For example,
8:
3234:
2773:
1740:
1669:
1552:
1369:
1320:
1234:
1158:
1052:
1025:
974:
884:
847:
368:
4795:
3926:
4989:
4945:
4870:
The Marne, 1914 : the opening of World War I and the battle that changed the world
3984:
1916:
1744:
1660:) was abolished, but training of General Staff officers continued, dispersed among the
1304:
912:
571:
197:
5056:
Twilight of the Gods: The Decline and Fall of the German General Staff in World War II
3512:
5185:
5166:
5140:
5118:
5088:
5059:
5031:
4974:
4955:
4949:
4931:
4891:
4854:
4848:
4833:
4814:
4781:
4740:
4707:
4701:
4683:
4599:
4514:
4470:
4451:
4316:
4312:
4046:
2015:). Moreover, "lower-rank officers are frequently superiors of higher-rank officers".
1743:, and false accusations of homosexuality against the commander in chief of the army,
1296:
1245:
1173:
1162:
986:
953:
contingencies and requiring only a signature and a date stamp to be put into effect.
824:
1968:) in Hamburg or Munich, followed by several years of line duty. Officers from other
1876:
1834:
1703:, and adaptations of former designs produced in conquered countries, thus producing
1230:
1029:
came "in touch with men of science as well as those in the state and court service.
158:
5271:
4796:
3976:
3902:
3883:
3879:
3833:
2939:
2422:
2271:
2154:
1911:
1900:
1888:
1556:
1312:
1068:
945:
793:
679:
561:
307:
1072:
General Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Chief of the General Staff from 1857 to 1888
5112:
4921:
4804:
4800:
4703:
War Made New : Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today
3573:
3567:
3062:
2984:
2978:
2861:
2818:
2812:
2434:
1647:
1636:
1563:
1353:
1336:
1149:
was to ensure a better (though not infallible) system for appointing commanders.
1102:
773:
221:
148:
1522:
The need for the system was promptly demonstrated when Supreme Commander Kaiser
1399:
in Berlin and the general staffs of the corps and division HQs. The head of the
5232:
3753:
3623:
1928:. But most line officers and the bulk of the General Staff refused to obey the
1880:
1715:
1526:
proposed to concentrate against Russia, not France. Chief of the General Staff
1449:
9th Department: Netherland, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, German Colonies
812:
376:
5215:
6571:
5012:
3793:
3528:
3436:
3191:
2678:
2011:
retains the German army's tradition of mission-oriented command and control (
1838:
1253:
880:
839:
808:
781:
684:
251:
209:
5144:
4722:
Hans Delbrück and the German Military Establishment: War Images in Conflict.
4603:
1903:, but finally decided Hitler was untouchable until Germany met a "setback".
1602:
Superior German staff work at division, corps and army level throughout the
1121:
Staff itself had a powerful effect on Prussian, and later German, politics.
4763:
3485:
3105:
3056:
1872:
1866:
1817:
1718:, the Nazi party's political militia. When Hitler suppressed the SA in the
1700:
1688:
1676:
1340:
1216:
828:
797:
372:
233:
1932:
plotters; when Hitler was known to be alive, the coup collapsed entirely.
400:
5207:
5154:
The Brain of an Army : A Popular Account of the German General Staff
3799:
3442:
3364:
1884:
1731:
1603:
297:
3697:
1001:
On October 1, 1859, the General War School was renamed the War Academy (
993:— was one of the distinguishing features of the Prussian General Staff.
3988:
1956:
1652:
1643:
1198:
1092:
989:, rather than setting a narrow set of rules such as those laid down by
275:
5114:
The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866
1825:
1727:
1692:
1680:
1193:
1018:
3980:
35:
5104:
Oberst Max Bauer : Generalstabsoffizier in Zwielicht 1869–1929
4772:
largely derivative in nature (Goerlitz and others) but easy reading
4697:
3964:
1960:, General Heusinger, spoke at the opening of the new Army Academy (
900:
5216:"Not the Stuff of Legend: The German High Command in World War II"
4916:. Translated by C. W. Bangert. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
1283:
5011:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3386:
1664:(Military District) headquarters but overseen by tutors from the
1344:
1190:
1186:
1134:
1707:, unlike the smaller variety of standard small arms used by the
1383:
The General Staff mistakenly predicted that China would win the
1180:
5597:
1504:
1106:
978:
335:
169:
27:
Full-time body at the head of the Prussian Army and German Army
4768:
A Genius for War: The German Army and General Staff, 1897–1945
1844:
After 1941, OKH was largely responsible for operations on the
1615:
flooding into France. The Germans were overwhelmed during the
1087:
Each year, Moltke selected the best twelve graduates from the
899:
In 1806, the Prussian Army was routed by French Armies led by
5137:
The Nemesis of Power: The German Army In Politics, 1918–1945
4881:. Translated by F. A. Holt. New York: Harper & Brothers.
4596:
The Nemesis of Power: The German Army In Politics, 1918–1945
956:
4756:
Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen Neidhardt von Gneisenau
1969:
1361:
5020:
Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War.
4680:
The Blitzkrieg Era and the German General Staff, 1865–1941
4338:
History of Germany from the Medieval Empire to the Present
789:
788:, responsible for the continuous study of all aspects of
4077:
3927:"UNDERSTANDING THE PRUSSIAN-GERMAN GENERAL STAFF SYSTEM"
1631:
The victors' fear was encapsulated by the clause in the
4737:
1864 : the forgotten war that shaped modern Europe
4309:
Die Hohenzollern. Band 2 – Dynastie im säkularen Wandel
3924:
2026:
5028:
Why the Allies Won: Explaining Victory in World War II
4997:. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute.
4991:
Understanding the Prussian-German General Staff System
4655:
4643:
4631:
4443:
4110:
4089:
1705:
an arsenal filled with an array of incompatible pieces
1650:. He camouflaged the General Staff by renaming it the
537:
Ministry of Spiritual, Educational and Medical Affairs
4619:
4527:
3698:
Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (OKW)
2495:
1841:) responsible only to themselves or to Hitler alone.
1080:, a widely travelled officer who was a confidante of
6598:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
5074:
Wilhelm Groener, Officering and the Schlieffen Plan.
3965:"Observations on the German General Staff pp. 29–34"
1587:
in aggressively intervening in German political and
1331:
To meet such a threat, Schlieffen and his successor
1248:) was complete Prussian victory. After the victory,
1060:
armies which had almost doubled in size since 1871.
1313:
rapprochement between the United Kingdom and France
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1395:The General Staff was divided between the central
1278:
6593:Military units and formations established in 1814
5156:(2nd ed.). Westminster: Archibald Constable.
4682:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
1954:On May 15, 1957, the first chief of staff of the
919:appointed Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Prime Minister
628:Prussian Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic
6569:
5262:
5022:Cambridge, GB: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
1471:10th Department: Austria-Hungary and the Balkans
5131:
4590:
4038:
2883:
811:in 1871. It came to be regarded as the home of
5163:Chief of Staff: Napoleonic Wars to World War I
4850:History of the German General Staff, 1657–1945
4513:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 93, 94.
3387:Chiefs of Staff of the Army High Command (OKH)
1376:single-minded, brilliant military specialist.
1356:argues that the Prussian army now favored the
1137:'s conflict with Prussia and Austria over the
1133:(1864), the political origins of which lay in
5248:
4988:Millotat, Oberst i.G. Christian O.E. (1992).
4729:Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning.
4042:History Of The German General Staff 1657–1945
4034:
4032:
3962:
3006:
1181:Prussian staff analysis and army improvements
977:, who served until 1830. His monumental work
741:
5226:, available at the official YouTube channel
4944:
4906:Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings.
3894:
3892:
1887:, when Britain and France were opposed. But
542:Ministry of Agriculture, Domains and Forests
532:Ministry of Trade, Commerce and Public Works
140:
5082:
4734:
3878:Committed suicide at the conclusion of the
1747:. (The combined scandals were known as the
1468:1st Department: Scandinavia, Russia, Turkey
780:), was a full-time body at the head of the
5255:
5241:
5184:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press.
4876:
4724:Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1985.
4306:
4257:
4029:
3925:Christian O.E. Millntot (March 20, 1992).
1833:, Hitler's friend and political colleague
1479:Military History Department I: Recent wars
1424:Military History Department II: Older wars
1343:and also required the invasion of neutral
748:
734:
157:
5151:
5117:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5087:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5045:Seeckt, General-Colonel Hans von (1929).
4830:Alfred von Schlieffen's Military Writings
4677:
4471:Treaty of Versailles, Part V, Article 160
4444:Captain Larry D. Bruns (15 August 2014).
4437:
3889:
957:Selection and education of staff officers
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4987:
4846:
4753:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4625:
4533:
4116:
4095:
4083:
3958:
3956:
3954:
1889:France and Britain capitulated at Munich
1498:
1446:3rd Department: France and Great Britain
1282:
1067:
5228:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center
5160:
4968:
4598:. London: Macmillan. pp. 470–472.
3918:
3867:Chairman of the NATO Military Committee
1730:with Austria and the occupation of the
14:
6570:
5044:
5004:from the original on October 14, 2016.
4927:War in the Age of Intelligent Machines
4885:
4867:
4508:
4045:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 88–.
1438:4th Department: Foreign Fortifications
1360:theory, which gave preeminence to the
1323:indefinitely, the General Staff under
1210:
5236:
5179:
5110:
5053:
5025:
4920:
4911:
4853:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
4827:
4762:
3951:
3704:
3393:
3013:
2890:
2502:
2033:
2023:† denotes people who died in office.
1672:was elected Reichspräsident in 1925.
1364:and to its autonomy, compared to the
5101:
4775:
4696:
4335:
4329:
3714:Chef des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht
2027:Chiefs of the Prussian General Staff
1335:drew up and continually refined the
1035:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
5165:. New York: Naval Institute Press.
4511:Manstein: Hitler's greatest general
4447:German General Staff In World War I
3939:from the original on April 22, 2019
3863:Inspector General of the Bundeswehr
3720:
3717:
3409:
3406:
3029:
3026:
2906:
2903:
2518:
2515:
2049:
2046:
1457:5th Department: Operational studies
1152:
1124:
1063:
163:Great General Staff building on the
24:
6401:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5076:PhD, Georgetown University, 2006.
4670:
3403:Chefs des Oberkommandos des Heeres
2496:Chiefs of the German General Staff
1626:
1545:Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria
1541:Konstantin Schmidt von Knobelsdorf
25:
6609:
5200:
4758:(2 ed.). Berlin: H. Walther.
4340:, Oxford, pp. 34–55, 202–206
3829:Glossary of German military terms
1724:remilitarization of the Rhineland
1222:Chief of Staff of the French Army
5182:The Real German War Plan 1904–14
5006:
4971:The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons
4914:The Life of Crown Prince William
4877:Hindenburg, Marshal von (1921).
4039:Herbert Giersch (5 March 2019).
3780:
3734:
3655:
3606:
3554:
3511:
3468:
3423:
3347:
3304:
3260:
3217:
3174:
3131:
3088:
3043:
2965:
2920:
2844:
2799:
2756:
2711:
2665:
2622:
2577:
2532:
2460:
2421:
2375:
2336:
2297:
2258:
2219:
2180:
2141:
2102:
2063:
1829:. The commander in chief of the
1764:) placed over the army command (
879:(General Staff Service) for the
866:
399:
280:
268:
256:
244:
226:
214:
202:
190:
34:
5745:Secretariat of National Defense
4610:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4464:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4356:
4344:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4101:
3872:
3855:
3846:
2675:von Moltke, Helmuth the Younger
2229:von Gneisenau, August Neidhardt
1860:
1849:Hitler dismissed Field Marshal
1801:
1537:Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia
1421:6th Department: Annual Maneuver
1390:
1279:From unification to World War I
969:, on the same day that the new
45:needs additional citations for
4951:History of the First World War
4362:van Creveld 1977, pp. 109–141.
4068:
4059:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3705:
3394:
3014:
2891:
2685:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
2503:
2233:August Neidhardt von Gneisenau
2034:
1619:, and eventually agreed to an
1578:. Soon Moltke was replaced by
1528:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
1488:
1460:8th Department: Kriegsakademie
1333:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
623:Prussian three-class franchise
361:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
13:
1:
4450:. Verdun Press. pp. 9–.
4307:Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2003).
3912:
2900:Erster Generalquartiermeister
2542:von Moltke, Helmuth the Elder
2512:Chefs des Großen Generalstabs
2470:von Moltke, Helmuth the Elder
2389:Johann Wilhelm von Krauseneck
2043:Chefs des Großen Generalstabs
2018:
1939:
1621:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1549:Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg
1407:. Beneath them were the five
987:philosophy underlying warfare
807:and the establishment of the
6406:Independent State of Croatia
5263:Chiefs of defence by country
5224:Inside Hitler's High Command
5083:Van Creveld, Martin (1977).
4792:(New York: Crown ISBN shown)
4678:Addington, Larry H. (1971).
4137:Wilkinson 1895, pp. 151–152.
3270:von Hammerstein-Equord, Kurt
3121:2 years, 10 months
2884:First Quartermasters-General
2655:14 years, 328 days
2567:17 years, 205 days
2552:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2489:13 years, 103 days
2474:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2411:19 years, 105 days
2311:Johann Rühle von Lilienstern
2307:von Lilienstern, Johann Rühe
1530:and Generalquartiermeister,
1503:The German General Staff in
1287:William II with his generals
1078:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
517:Ministry of Interior Affairs
353:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
7:
6583:Military history of Germany
5152:Wilkinson, Spenser (1895).
5106:. Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag.
4908:Novato, CA: Presidio, 1993.
3852:Nephew of Moltke the Elder.
3822:
3337:2 years, 334 days
3279:Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord
3250:2 years, 246 days
3164:2 years, 8 months
2789:2 years, 308 days
2701:8 years, 256 days
2612:2 years, 181 days
2450:9 years, 147 days
2346:von Müffling, Karl Freiherr
2092:2 years, 108 days
1893:Army C-in-C von Brauchitsch
1415:Chief of the General Staff
1139:Schleswig–Holstein question
512:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
6614:
6058:Republic of China (Taiwan)
3770:7 years, 93 days
3544:1 year, 260 days
3501:4 years, 23 days
3458:3 years, 61 days
3380:1 year, 273 days
3207:1 year, 3 months
3007:Chiefs of the Troop Office
2955:2 years, 58 days
2746:1 year, 350 days
2365:8 years, 18 days
2350:Karl Freiherr von Müffling
1966:Universität der Bundeswehr
1943:
1864:
1812:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
1805:
1757:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
1492:
1432:2nd Department: Operations
1143:Friedrich Graf von Wrangel
881:Prusso-Brandenburgian army
861:
326:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
322:Ministry of the Reichswehr
6545:
6527:
6520:
6480:
6473:
6388:
6343:
6109:
6102:
6066:
6046:
5816:
5809:
5642:
5635:
5577:
5557:
5286:
5279:
5268:
5218:(video) – lecture by Dr.
4969:McElwee, William (1974).
4872:. New York: Random House.
4847:Goerlitz, Walter (1985).
4739:. London: Profile Books.
4735:Buk-Swienty, Tom (2015).
4380:Liddell Hart 1930, p. 45.
4146:Wilkinson (1895), p. 162.
3932:. U.S. Army War College.
3294:1 year, 31 days
1576:First Battle of the Marne
1252:as the Prussia-dominated
697:1932 Prussian coup d'état
346:
341:
331:
313:
303:
293:
239:
185:
177:
156:
139:
134:
6451:Republic of Serb Krajina
5331:Central African Republic
5111:Wawro, Geoffrey (1997).
4930:. New York: Zone Books.
4912:Jonas, Klaus W. (1961).
4886:Howard, Michael (1961).
4770:. London: Prentice Hall.
4434:Dupuy 1977, pp. 186–187.
4311:(in German). Stuttgart:
3839:
2190:von Scharnhorst, Gerhard
2073:von Scharnhorst, Gerhard
1784:Imperial Defence College
1760:, usually contracted to
1720:Night of the Long Knives
1454:Oberquartiermeister III
817:aftermath of World War I
656:Administrative divisions
594:House of Representatives
318:Prussian Ministry of War
5750:Secretariat of the Navy
5209:Operations Upon the Sea
5180:Zuber, Terence (2011).
5161:Zabecki, David (2008).
5047:Gedanken eines Soldaten
5026:Overy, Richard (1996).
4904:Hughes, Daniel J., ed.
4888:The Franco-Prussian War
4868:Herwig, Holger (2009).
4805:Denis Crispin Twitchett
4754:Delbrück, Hans (1894).
4336:Raff, Diethher (1988),
4236:McElwee, pp.54, 299–300
4164:Hindenburg 1921, p. 66.
4128:Wilkinson 1895, p. 160.
2385:von Krauseneck, Wilhelm
2194:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
2077:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
1851:Walther von Brauchitsch
1808:Oberkommando des Heeres
1767:Oberkommando des Heeres
1749:Blomberg–Fritsch affair
1465:Oberquartiermeister IV
1443:Oberquartiermeister II
1385:First Sino-Japanese War
965:Allgemeine Kriegsschule
921:Baron vom und zum Stein
890:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
702:Reichsstatthaltergesetz
6144:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4832:. London: Frank Cass.
4828:Foley, Robert (2004).
4810:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
4509:Melvin, Mungo (2010).
4008:Chandler 1996, p. 502.
3963:Dale O. Smith (1963).
3669:General der Infanterie
3023:Chefs des Truppenamtes
2934:General der Infanterie
2725:General der Infanterie
2635:General der Kavallerie
2632:von Schlieffen, Alfred
2591:General der Kavallerie
1950:Army Command (Germany)
1799:
1617:Hundred Days Offensive
1572:
1508:
1476:Oberquartiermeister V
1429:Oberquartiermeister I
1405:Generalquartiermeister
1288:
1276:
1208:
1073:
999:
944:In 1816, the reformer
805:unification of Germany
777:
766:Prussian General Staff
141:
69:"German General Staff"
5772:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5486:São Tomé and Príncipe
5351:Republic of the Congo
5139:. London: Macmillan.
5133:Wheeler-Bennett, John
5054:Stone, David (2011).
4890:. London: Routledge.
4780:. Toronto: Stoddart.
4776:Dyer, Gwynne (1985).
4592:Wheeler-Bennett, John
4490:Stone 2011, pp. 61–65
4481:Stone 2011, pp.48–49.
4389:Fairbank et.al. 1978.
4173:Howard 1961, pp.60–61
3882:, along with General
2721:von Falkenhayn, Erich
2640:Alfred von Schlieffen
2587:von Waldersee, Alfred
2447:7 October 1857 †
1998:im Generalstabsdienst
1791:
1695:. A new War Academy (
1567:
1517:Oberste Heeresleitung
1502:
1495:Oberste Heeresleitung
1325:Alfred von Schlieffen
1286:
1271:
1203:
1071:
995:
917:Frederick William III
838:Until the end of the
502:Deputy Prime Minister
456:House of Hohenzollern
357:Alfred von Schlieffen
6073:Democratic Kampuchea
6023:United Arab Emirates
5102:Vogt, Adolf (1974).
4731:New York: Berg, 1991
4706:. New York: Gotham.
4499:Stone 2011, pp.76–77
4416:Seeckt 1929, p. 163.
4315:. pp. 174–175.
4107:Dupuy pp. 24–25, 28.
4074:Dupuy (1977), p. 38.
3861:Later served as the
3748:Generalfeldmarschall
3227:von Blomberg, Werner
2769:Generalfeldmarschall
2766:von Hindenburg, Paul
2731:Erich von Falkenhayn
2597:Alfred von Waldersee
2546:Generalfeldmarschall
1946:Army Staff (Germany)
1780:National War College
1642:s armed forces, the
1633:Treaty of Versailles
1580:Erich von Falkenhayn
1513:Oberquartiermeisters
1482:Archives and Library
1409:Oberquartiermeisters
1317:Alfred von Waldersee
1267:mission-type tactics
1258:Wilhelm I of Prussia
1131:Second Schleswig War
991:Antoine-Henri Jomini
971:University of Berlin
963:General War School (
894:August von Gneisenau
875:introduced the term
844:Second French Empire
762:German General Staff
690:German General Staff
365:Erich von Falkenhayn
264:Imperial German Army
54:improve this article
6588:Military of Prussia
6347:limited recognition
6050:limited recognition
5782:Trinidad and Tobago
5647:Antigua and Barbuda
5561:limited recognition
4973:. London: Purnell.
4946:Liddell Hart, Basil
3975:(1). Academia: 28.
3235:Werner von Blomberg
2774:Paul von Hindenburg
2206:28 June 1813 †
1741:Werner von Blomberg
1670:Paul von Hindenburg
1559:as chief of staff.
1553:Paul von Hindenburg
1435:Railroad Department
1321:Metropolitan France
1250:Germany was unified
1235:Franco-Prussian War
1211:Franco-Prussian War
1159:Austro-Prussian War
1053:Franco-Prussian War
1026:Paul von Hindenburg
975:Carl von Clausewitz
885:Frederick the Great
848:Franco-Prussian War
770:Great General Staff
768:and officially the
527:Ministry of Justice
522:Ministry of Finance
483:General Directorate
466:Heirs to the throne
392:Politics of Prussia
369:Paul von Hindenburg
135:Great General Staff
18:Great General Staff
5702:Dominican Republic
5072:Stoneman, Mark R.
5049:. Berlin: Mittler.
5018:Mombauer, Annika.
4797:John King Fairbank
4288:Dupuy, pp. 113–114
4227:Wawro, pp. 283–284
4182:Stone 2011, p. 29.
4026:Boot 2006, p. 122.
4017:Dupuy 1977, p. 20.
1917:Operation Valkyrie
1745:Werner von Fritsch
1509:
1418:Central Department
1401:Großer Generalstab
1397:Großer Generalstab
1289:
1227:Maréchal de France
1215:The government of
1074:
877:Generalstabsdienst
778:Großer Generalstab
497:Minister President
198:Kingdom of Prussia
142:Großer Generalstab
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6516:
6515:
6469:
6468:
6098:
6097:
5805:
5804:
5631:
5630:
5366:Equatorial Guinea
5220:Geoffrey Megargee
5206:Franz Edelsheim,
5191:978-0-7524-5664-5
5037:978-0-7126-7453-9
4713:978-1-59240-222-9
4616:Stone, pp.301–310
4581:Stone, pp.108–112
4563:Stone, pp.314–315
4554:Stone, pp.228–229
4545:Stone, pp.350–351
4520:978-0-297-84561-4
4457:978-1-78289-498-8
4407:Jonas 1961, p. 92
4322:978-3-17-012097-6
4313:Kohlhammer Verlag
4086:, pp. 31–32.
4052:978-0-429-71792-5
3820:
3819:
3806:
3760:
3695:
3694:
3688:2 May 1945 †
3681:
3636:
3630:
3586:
3580:
3538:24 September 1942
3535:
3498:24 September 1942
3492:
3449:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3334:30 September 1933
3328:
3288:30 September 1929
3285:
3247:30 September 1929
3241:
3198:
3155:
3112:
3069:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2946:
2930:Ludendorff, Erich
2881:
2880:
2868:
2825:
2780:
2740:14 September 1914
2737:
2698:14 September 1914
2691:
2646:
2603:
2558:
2493:
2492:
2480:
2441:
2402:
2356:
2317:
2278:
2268:von Grolman, Karl
2239:
2200:
2161:
2151:von Rauch, Gustav
2122:
2083:
1623:with the Allies.
1532:Hermann von Stein
1246:Otto von Bismarck
1174:Austrian nobility
1163:Albrecht von Roon
1036:Size of the staff
873:Frederick William
825:German rearmament
821:victorious Allies
813:German militarism
764:, originally the
758:
757:
567:National Assembly
382:
381:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6605:
6578:Staff (military)
6525:
6524:
6500:Papua New Guinea
6478:
6477:
6446:Republika Srpska
6421:Imperial Germany
6107:
6106:
5814:
5813:
5640:
5639:
5603:Ethiopian Empire
5284:
5283:
5272:Chief of Defence
5257:
5250:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5212:at gutenberg.org
5195:
5176:
5157:
5148:
5128:
5107:
5098:
5069:
5050:
5041:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
4996:
4984:
4965:
4941:
4922:Landa, Manuel de
4917:
4901:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4843:
4824:
4791:
4771:
4764:Dupuy, Trevor N.
4759:
4750:
4727:Bucholz, Arden.
4720:Bucholz, Arden.
4717:
4693:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4280:
4279:Dupuy, pp. 77–88
4277:
4271:
4270:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4245:Dupuy, pp. 88–92
4243:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4155:Vogt 1974, p. 3.
4153:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4036:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3969:Military Affairs
3960:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3906:
3903:Nuremberg trials
3896:
3887:
3884:Wilhelm Burgdorf
3880:Battle of Berlin
3876:
3870:
3865:(1957–1961) and
3859:
3853:
3850:
3834:Staff (military)
3804:
3791:
3784:
3758:
3745:
3738:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3679:
3666:
3659:
3632:
3628:
3617:
3610:
3582:
3578:
3565:
3564:Heusinger, Adolf
3558:
3533:
3522:
3515:
3495:1 September 1938
3490:
3479:
3472:
3447:
3434:
3427:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3369:
3358:
3351:
3326:
3315:
3308:
3283:
3271:
3264:
3239:
3228:
3221:
3196:
3185:
3178:
3153:
3142:
3135:
3110:
3099:
3092:
3067:
3054:
3053:von Seeckt, Hans
3047:
3016:
3011:
3010:
2989:
2976:
2975:Groener, Wilhelm
2969:
2944:
2940:Erich Ludendorff
2931:
2924:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2866:
2855:
2854:von Seeckt, Hans
2848:
2823:
2810:
2809:Groener, Wilhelm
2803:
2778:
2767:
2760:
2735:
2722:
2715:
2689:
2676:
2669:
2644:
2633:
2626:
2601:
2588:
2581:
2556:
2543:
2536:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2439:
2432:
2431:von Reyher, Karl
2425:
2400:
2397:
2386:
2379:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2276:
2272:Karl von Grolman
2269:
2262:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2159:
2155:Gustav von Rauch
2152:
2145:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2036:
2031:
2030:
1994:Führungsakademie
1912:Replacement Army
1901:Schwarze Kapelle
1683:, including the
1641:
1609:Spring Offensive
1557:Erich Ludendorff
1366:civilian control
1153:Seven Weeks' War
1125:War with Denmark
1064:Moltke the Elder
1043:des Generalstabs
946:Karl von Grolman
750:
743:
736:
492:State Chancellor
403:
387:
386:
286:
284:
283:
274:
272:
271:
262:
260:
259:
250:
248:
247:
232:
230:
229:
220:
218:
217:
208:
206:
205:
196:
194:
193:
161:
152:
144:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6557:
6541:
6512:
6465:
6396:Austria–Hungary
6384:
6370:Northern Cyprus
6346:
6339:
6094:
6062:
6049:
6042:
5801:
5627:
5573:
5560:
5553:
5275:
5264:
5261:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5173:
5125:
5095:
5066:
5038:
5007:
5001:
4994:
4981:
4962:
4954:. London: Pan.
4938:
4898:
4861:
4840:
4821:
4807:, eds. (1978).
4801:Kwang-Ching Liu
4788:
4747:
4714:
4690:
4673:
4671:Printed sources
4668:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:McElwee, p. 107
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3981:10.2307/1983946
3961:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3897:
3890:
3877:
3873:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3825:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3764:4 February 1938
3761:
3757:
3751:
3744:Keitel, Wilhelm
3743:
3740:
3739:
3724:Time in office
3700:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3616:Guderian, Heinz
3615:
3612:
3611:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3574:Adolf Heusinger
3571:
3568:Generalleutnant
3563:
3560:
3559:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3446:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3413:Time in office
3389:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3331:31 October 1930
3325:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3291:31 October 1930
3282:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3244:27 January 1927
3238:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3204:27 January 1927
3195:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3072:11 October 1919
3066:
3063:Hans von Seeckt
3060:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3033:Time in office
3009:
2994:30 October 1918
2988:
2985:Wilhelm Groener
2982:
2979:Generalleutnant
2974:
2971:
2970:
2952:26 October 1918
2943:
2937:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2910:Time in office
2886:
2865:
2862:Hans von Seeckt
2859:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2822:
2819:Wilhelm Groener
2816:
2813:Generalleutnant
2808:
2805:
2804:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2649:7 February 1891
2643:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2609:7 February 1891
2600:
2594:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2561:18 January 1871
2555:
2549:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2522:Time in office
2498:
2486:18 January 1871
2477:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2438:
2435:Karl von Reyher
2430:
2427:
2426:
2405:29 January 1829
2399:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2362:29 January 1829
2359:11 January 1821
2353:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2323:11 January 1821
2314:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2275:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2197:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2158:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2053:Time in office
2029:
2021:
1952:
1944:Main articles:
1942:
1875:, considered a
1869:
1863:
1814:
1806:Main articles:
1804:
1795:Fuehrergehilfen
1782:or the British
1648:Hans von Seeckt
1639:
1637:Weimar Republic
1629:
1627:Interwar period
1564:Hans von Seeckt
1507:, November 1918
1497:
1491:
1393:
1354:Manuel de Landa
1337:Schlieffen Plan
1281:
1213:
1183:
1169:and destroyed.
1155:
1127:
1103:Austrian Empire
1066:
1038:
959:
935:mission tactics
913:Peace of Tilsit
883:in 1640. While
869:
864:
784:and later, the
754:
725:
721:Other countries
712:
711:
675:
667:
666:
657:
649:
648:
643:
618:
617:
601:
600:
557:
549:
548:
507:Ministry of War
479:
478:
452:
451:
445:
437:
436:
435:
415:
394:
385:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
348:
324:
320:
281:
279:
278:
269:
267:
266:
257:
255:
254:
245:
243:
227:
225:
224:
222:Weimar Republic
215:
213:
212:
203:
201:
200:
191:
189:
173:
164:
146:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6611:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6532:European Union
6528:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6441:Russian Empire
6438:
6436:Ottoman Empire
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6411:Czechoslovakia
6408:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6330:United Kingdom
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6164:Czech Republic
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6079:
6077:Imperial Japan
6074:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Bophuthatswana
5585:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5213:
5202:
5201:External links
5199:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5177:
5172:978-1591149903
5171:
5158:
5149:
5129:
5123:
5108:
5099:
5093:
5080:
5070:
5065:978-1844861361
5064:
5051:
5042:
5036:
5023:
5016:
4985:
4979:
4966:
4960:
4942:
4936:
4918:
4909:
4902:
4896:
4883:
4879:Out of my life
4874:
4865:
4859:
4844:
4838:
4825:
4819:
4793:
4786:
4773:
4760:
4751:
4745:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4712:
4694:
4688:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4664:, pp. 23.
4654:
4652:, pp. 11.
4642:
4640:, pp. 19.
4630:
4618:
4609:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4526:
4519:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4474:
4463:
4456:
4436:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4350:Zuber (1911),
4343:
4328:
4321:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4256:
4254:McElwee, p. 46
4247:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4119:, pp. 37.
4109:
4100:
4098:, pp. 32.
4088:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4051:
4028:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3950:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3901:following the
3888:
3871:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3754:Wilhelm Keitel
3741:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3624:Heinz Guderian
3613:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3521:Zeitzler, Kurt
3518:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3475:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:31 August 1938
3453:
3450:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3374:1 October 1933
3372:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3184:Wetzell, Georg
3181:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:29 August 1916
2947:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:29 August 1916
2781:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:29 August 1916
2741:
2738:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:1 January 1906
2693:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:1 January 1906
2650:
2647:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:10 August 1888
2604:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:10 August 1888
2562:
2559:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:7 October 1857
2481:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2112:von Hake, Karl
2109:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2013:Auftragstaktik
1962:Heeresakademie
1941:
1938:
1897:Carl Goerdeler
1881:Czechoslovakia
1865:Main article:
1862:
1859:
1857:predecessors.
1835:Hermann Göring
1803:
1800:
1776:Kriegsakademie
1697:Kriegsakademie
1658:Kriegsakademie
1628:
1625:
1597:Kriegsakademie
1593:Kriegsakademie
1539:, paired with
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1392:
1389:
1280:
1277:
1231:Edmond Le Bœuf
1212:
1209:
1182:
1179:
1154:
1151:
1126:
1123:
1089:Kriegsakademie
1082:King William I
1065:
1062:
1048:im Generalstab
1037:
1034:
1003:Kriegsakademie
958:
955:
939:Auftragstaktik
915:in 1807, King
909:Battle of Jena
868:
865:
863:
860:
756:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
727:
726:
724:
723:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
693:
692:
682:
676:
674:Related topics
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
642:
641:
635:
630:
625:
619:
616:
615:
612:
608:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
597:
596:
591:
590:
589:
579:
577:House of Lords
569:
564:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
494:
489:
487:State Ministry
474:
473:
472:
471:
470:
469:
468:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
434:
433:
428:
423:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
396:
395:
390:
383:
380:
379:
377:Heinz Guderian
350:
344:
343:
339:
338:
333:
329:
328:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
241:
237:
236:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
162:
154:
153:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6610:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6521:Supranational
6519:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6375:South Ossetia
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6090:South Vietnam
6088:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:United States
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:British Egypt
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5406:Guinea-Bissau
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5267:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5193:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5124:9780521629515
5120:
5116:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5094:0-521-21730-X
5090:
5086:
5085:Supplying War
5081:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5013:public domain
5000:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4980:0-253-31075-X
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4961:0-330-23354-8
4957:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4937:0-942299-76-0
4933:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4897:0-415-02787-X
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4860:0-8133-0195-5
4856:
4852:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4839:0-7146-4999-6
4835:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4820:9780521220293
4816:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4787:0-517-55615-4
4783:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4746:9781781252765
4742:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4689:0-8135-0704-9
4685:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4663:
4662:Millotat 1992
4658:
4651:
4650:Millotat 1992
4646:
4639:
4638:Millotat 1992
4634:
4628:, pp. 8.
4627:
4626:Millotat 1992
4622:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4536:, pp. 3.
4535:
4534:Millotat 1992
4530:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4472:
4467:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4398:Zabecki, p. 7
4395:
4386:
4377:
4368:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4297:Dupuy, p. 116
4294:
4285:
4276:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4209:McElwee, p.50
4206:
4197:
4191:McElwee, p.67
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4118:
4117:Millotat 1992
4113:
4104:
4097:
4096:Millotat 1992
4092:
4085:
4084:Millotat 1992
4080:
4071:
4065:Delbrück 1894
4062:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4035:
4033:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:Generaloberst
3788:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:250 days
3644:
3642:28 March 1945
3641:
3638:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3619:Generaloberst
3614:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3529:Kurt Zeitzler
3525:
3524:Generaloberst
3519:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3481:Generaloberst
3478:Halder, Franz
3476:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:Generaloberst
3431:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3314:Adam, Wilhelm
3312:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3192:Georg Wetzell
3188:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:February 1923
3157:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:February 1923
3117:
3115:26 March 1920
3114:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3098:Heye, Wilhelm
3096:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:167 days
3077:
3075:26 March 1920
3074:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3000:258 days
2999:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2857:Generaloberst
2852:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:Generaloberst
2673:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:November 1819
2319:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:November 1819
2283:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:340 days
2247:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2116:Karl von Hake
2110:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:to seize the
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:Eastern Front
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:prizes of war
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1646:, was led by
1645:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:economic life
1586:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1368:advocated by
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:German Empire
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1004:
998:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
966:
954:
950:
947:
942:
940:
936:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:Early history
859:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
840:German Empire
836:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:German Empire
806:
801:
799:
795:
794:general staff
791:
787:
783:
782:Prussian Army
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
731:
729:
728:
722:
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
691:
688:
687:
686:
685:Prussian Army
683:
681:
678:
677:
671:
670:
663:
660:
659:
653:
652:
640:
637:
636:
634:
633:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
613:
610:
609:
605:
604:
595:
592:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:State Council
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
553:
552:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
484:
481:
480:
477:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
441:
440:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
411:
410:
407:
406:
402:
398:
397:
393:
389:
388:
384:Military unit
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:
345:
340:
337:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
306:
302:
299:
296:
292:
289:
277:
265:
253:
252:Prussian Army
242:
238:
235:
223:
211:
210:German Empire
199:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
167:
160:
155:
150:
143:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6456:Soviet Union
6431:East Germany
6426:Nazi Germany
6420:
6415:
6380:Transnistria
6018:Turkmenistan
5988:Saudi Arabia
5511:South Africa
5501:Sierra Leone
5311:Burkina Faso
5270:
5223:
5222:, author of
5208:
5181:
5162:
5153:
5136:
5113:
5103:
5084:
5073:
5055:
5046:
5027:
5019:
4990:
4970:
4950:
4925:
4913:
4905:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4849:
4829:
4809:
4777:
4767:
4755:
4736:
4728:
4721:
4702:
4679:
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4612:
4595:
4586:
4577:
4572:Stone, p.316
4568:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4529:
4510:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4477:
4466:
4446:
4439:
4430:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4337:
4331:
4308:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4265:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4200:Howard, p.25
4196:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4133:
4124:
4112:
4103:
4091:
4079:
4070:
4061:
4041:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3992:. Retrieved
3972:
3968:
3941:. Retrieved
3920:
3874:
3869:(1961–1964).
3857:
3848:
3816:10 days
3798:
3792:
3790:Jodl, Alfred
3752:
3746:
3713:
3691:31 days
3685:1 April 1945
3673:
3667:
3639:21 July 1944
3633:
3622:
3618:
3596:41 days
3593:21 July 1944
3590:10 June 1944
3583:
3572:
3566:
3541:10 June 1944
3527:
3523:
3486:Franz Halder
3484:
3480:
3441:
3435:
3433:Beck, Ludwig
3402:
3363:
3360:Generalmajor
3359:
3357:Beck, Ludwig
3322:Wilhelm Adam
3320:
3317:Generalmajor
3316:
3276:
3273:Generalmajor
3272:
3233:
3230:Generalmajor
3229:
3201:October 1925
3190:
3187:Generalmajor
3186:
3161:October 1925
3147:
3144:Generalmajor
3143:
3106:Wilhelm Heye
3104:
3101:Generalmajor
3100:
3061:
3057:Generalmajor
3055:
3022:
2997:15 July 1919
2983:
2977:
2938:
2932:
2899:
2874:15 July 1919
2860:
2856:
2817:
2811:
2772:
2768:
2729:
2723:
2683:
2677:
2638:
2634:
2595:
2589:
2550:
2544:
2511:
2472:
2433:
2387:
2348:
2309:
2270:
2242:28 June 1813
2231:
2192:
2153:
2125:17 June 1810
2114:
2089:17 June 1810
2086:1 March 1808
2075:
2042:
2022:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1873:Franz Halder
1870:
1867:20 July plot
1861:20 July plot
1855:
1843:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:World War II
1815:
1802:World War II
1794:
1792:
1788:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1737:
1713:
1696:
1691:, and a new
1677:Adolf Hitler
1674:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1630:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:Organization
1382:
1378:
1374:
1330:
1309:
1290:
1272:
1263:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1217:Napoleon III
1214:
1204:
1184:
1171:
1156:
1146:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1098:Kriegsspiele
1097:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1058:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
982:
964:
960:
951:
943:
938:
931:
898:
876:
870:
856:
852:
837:
833:
829:World War II
802:
798:proven merit
769:
765:
761:
759:
689:
475:
448:
414:Constitution
373:Franz Halder
314:Part of
234:German Reich
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6553:Warsaw Pact
6495:New Zealand
6345:states with
6315:Switzerland
6260:Netherlands
6048:states with
5978:Philippines
5918:South Korea
5913:North Korea
5851:PR of China
5821:Afghanistan
5712:El Salvador
5559:states with
5516:South Sudan
5411:Ivory Coast
5030:. Pimlico.
4425:Herwig 2009
4371:Landa 1991.
3813:23 May 1945
3810:13 May 1945
3805:(1890–1946)
3800:Alfred Jodl
3759:(1882–1946)
3721:Left office
3718:Took office
3680:(1898–1945)
3665:Krebs, Hans
3629:(1888–1954)
3579:(1897–1982)
3534:(1895–1963)
3491:(1884–1972)
3452:1 July 1935
3448:(1880–1944)
3443:Ludwig Beck
3410:Left office
3407:Took office
3377:1 July 1935
3370:(1880–1944)
3365:Ludwig Beck
3327:(1877–1949)
3284:(1878–1943)
3240:(1878–1946)
3197:(1869–1947)
3154:(1871–1942)
3141:Hasse, Otto
3111:(1869–1947)
3068:(1866–1936)
3030:Left office
3027:Took office
2990:(1867–1939)
2945:(1865–1937)
2907:Left office
2904:Took office
2877:8 days
2871:7 July 1919
2867:(1866–1936)
2834:4 days
2831:7 July 1919
2828:3 July 1919
2824:(1867–1939)
2786:3 July 1919
2779:(1847–1934)
2736:(1861–1922)
2690:(1848–1916)
2645:(1833–1913)
2602:(1832–1904)
2557:(1800–1891)
2519:Left office
2516:Took office
2479:(1800–1891)
2444:13 May 1848
2440:(1786–1857)
2408:13 May 1848
2401:(1774–1850)
2392: [
2355:(1775–1851)
2316:(1780–1847)
2281:3 June 1814
2277:(1777–1843)
2245:3 June 1814
2238:(1760–1831)
2199:(1755–1813)
2160:(1774–1841)
2121:(1768–1835)
2082:(1755–1813)
2050:Left office
2047:Took office
1920:, in which
1885:Sudetenland
1877:coup d'état
1732:Sudetenland
1489:World War I
1301:Württemberg
1293:unification
1147:post mortem
1015:kommandiert
786:German Army
632:Referendum
614:Referendums
556:Legislature
332:Garrison/HQ
298:Active duty
288:German Army
166:Königsplatz
6572:Categories
6461:Yugoslavia
6255:Montenegro
6232:Luxembourg
6129:Azerbaijan
6028:Uzbekistan
6008:Tajikistan
5928:Kyrgyzstan
5908:Kazakhstan
5856:East Timor
5831:Bangladesh
5569:Somaliland
5496:Seychelles
5461:Mozambique
5451:Mauritania
5436:Madagascar
5326:Cape Verde
5058:. Conway.
3913:References
3767:8 May 1945
3675:Hans Krebs
3149:Otto Hasse
2203:March 1813
2167:March 1813
2164:March 1812
2128:March 1812
2019:Leadership
2009:Bundeswehr
2002:Bundeswehr
1986:Bundeswehr
1981:Bundeswehr
1977:Bundeswehr
1957:Bundeswehr
1940:Bundeswehr
1922:Ersatzheer
1908:Ersatzheer
1666:Truppenamt
1662:Wehrkreise
1653:Truppenamt
1644:Reichswehr
1524:Wilhelm II
1493:See also:
1370:Clausewitz
1341:mobilising
1274:expedient.
1199:fog of war
1167:Königgrätz
983:Vom Kriege
819:, and the
587:Presidents
476:Government
444:Leadership
349:commanders
342:Commanders
276:Reichsheer
240:Allegiance
80:newspapers
6485:Australia
6237:Macedonia
6227:Lithuania
6085:Manchukuo
6081:Mengjiang
5998:Sri Lanka
5993:Singapore
5866:Indonesia
5797:Venezuela
5757:Nicaragua
5717:Guatemala
5652:Argentina
4698:Boot, Max
3994:April 22,
3943:April 22,
3710:Portrait
3399:Portrait
3019:Portrait
2896:Portrait
2508:Portrait
2039:Portrait
1831:Luftwaffe
1826:Luftwaffe
1728:Anschluss
1693:Air Force
1681:Wehrmacht
1613:Americans
1349:Reichstag
1194:artillery
1115:Abteilung
1093:war rides
1076:In 1857,
1019:Max Bauer
707:Abolition
662:Provinces
611:Elections
181:1806–1945
110:June 2016
6355:Abkhazia
6300:Slovenia
6295:Slovakia
6275:Portugal
6149:Bulgaria
6013:Thailand
5973:Pakistan
5953:Mongolia
5948:Maldives
5943:Malaysia
5846:Cambodia
5777:Suriname
5762:Paraguay
5732:Honduras
5692:Colombia
5662:Barbados
5636:Americas
5613:Transkei
5608:Rhodesia
5549:Zimbabwe
5526:Tanzania
5381:Ethiopia
5376:Eswatini
5356:Djibouti
5346:DR Congo
5321:Cameroon
5306:Botswana
5145:72387321
5135:(1967).
5078:abstract
4999:Archived
4948:(1930).
4924:(1991).
4766:(1977).
4700:(2006).
4604:72387321
4594:(1967).
3934:Archived
3899:Executed
3823:See also
2209:3 months
1930:Valkyrie
1926:Valkyrie
1358:Jominian
905:marshals
901:Napoleon
449:Monarchy
6509:Vanuatu
6474:Oceania
6416:Prussia
6360:Artsakh
6335:Vatican
6325:Ukraine
6280:Romania
6247:Moldova
6212:Ireland
6208:Iceland
6204:Hungary
6194:Georgia
6189:Germany
6179:Finland
6174:Estonia
6169:Denmark
6154:Croatia
6139:Belgium
6134:Belarus
6124:Austria
6119:Armenia
6114:Albania
6033:Vietnam
5958:Myanmar
5938:Lebanon
5826:Bahrain
5792:Uruguay
5741:Mexico
5737:Jamaica
5707:Ecuador
5672:Bolivia
5657:Bahamas
5536:Tunisia
5506:Somalia
5491:Senegal
5476:Nigeria
5466:Namibia
5456:Morocco
5426:Liberia
5421:Lesotho
5371:Eritrea
5341:Comoros
5316:Burundi
5291:Algeria
3989:1983946
2287:5 years
2131:2 years
1975:In the
1899:of the
1345:Belgium
1305:Bavaria
1256:; King
1187:Cavalry
1135:Denmark
926:Blücher
907:at the
862:History
815:in the
572:Landtag
562:Estates
347:Notable
186:Country
172:in 1900
94:scholar
6546:former
6389:former
6365:Kosovo
6320:Turkey
6310:Sweden
6290:Serbia
6285:Russia
6270:Poland
6265:Norway
6251:Monaco
6222:Latvia
6199:Greece
6184:France
6159:Cyprus
6103:Europe
6067:former
5923:Kuwait
5903:Jordan
5893:Israel
5841:Brunei
5836:Bhutan
5722:Guyana
5682:Canada
5677:Brazil
5667:Belize
5593:Ciskei
5584:Biafra
5578:former
5545:Zambia
5541:Uganda
5481:Rwanda
5441:Malawi
5401:Guinea
5391:Gambia
5296:Angola
5280:Africa
5188:
5169:
5143:
5121:
5091:
5062:
5034:
4977:
4958:
4934:
4894:
4857:
4836:
4817:
4784:
4743:
4710:
4686:
4602:
4517:
4454:
4352:passim
4319:
4049:
3987:
3634:Acting
3584:Acting
3277:Baron
2326:1 year
2170:1 year
1726:, the
1709:Allies
1687:, the
1505:Kassel
1297:Saxony
1191:rifled
1107:France
979:On War
774:German
680:Junker
336:Berlin
294:Branch
285:
273:
261:
249:
231:
219:
207:
195:
178:Active
170:Berlin
149:German
145:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6505:Tonga
6305:Spain
6242:Malta
6217:Italy
6038:Yemen
6003:Syria
5983:Qatar
5963:Nepal
5898:Japan
5861:India
5727:Haiti
5687:Chile
5623:Zaire
5618:Venda
5521:Sudan
5471:Niger
5431:Libya
5416:Kenya
5396:Ghana
5386:Gabon
5361:Egypt
5301:Benin
5002:(PDF)
4995:(PDF)
3985:JSTOR
3937:(PDF)
3930:(PDF)
3840:Notes
2396:]
1675:When
1640:'
1291:With
308:Staff
101:JSTOR
87:books
6537:NATO
6490:Fiji
5968:Oman
5933:Laos
5888:Iraq
5881:IRGC
5871:Iran
5810:Asia
5767:Peru
5697:Cuba
5531:Togo
5446:Mali
5336:Chad
5186:ISBN
5167:ISBN
5141:OCLC
5119:ISBN
5089:ISBN
5060:ISBN
5032:ISBN
4975:ISBN
4956:ISBN
4932:ISBN
4892:ISBN
4855:ISBN
4834:ISBN
4815:ISBN
4782:ISBN
4741:ISBN
4708:ISBN
4684:ISBN
4600:OCLC
4515:ISBN
4452:ISBN
4317:ISBN
4047:ISBN
3996:2019
3945:2019
2007:The
1970:NATO
1948:and
1895:and
1810:and
1689:Navy
1685:Army
1547:and
1362:Army
1303:and
1157:The
1129:The
1105:and
892:and
827:and
760:The
639:1931
461:King
431:1920
426:1850
421:1848
304:Type
73:news
5876:AJA
4778:War
3977:doi
3706:No.
3395:No.
3015:No.
2892:No.
2504:No.
2175:(1)
2035:No.
1772:OKH
1770:or
1762:OKW
1751:.)
1604:war
1585:OHL
903:'s
790:war
56:by
6574::
4803:;
4799:;
4031:^
3983:.
3973:27
3971:.
3967:.
3953:^
3891:^
2455:10
2394:de
1910:("
1839:SS
1716:SA
1711:.
1387:.
1372:.
1299:,
1224:,
831:.
776::
485:/
168:,
5256:e
5249:t
5242:v
5194:.
5175:.
5147:.
5127:.
5097:.
5068:.
5040:.
5015:.
4983:.
4964:.
4940:.
4900:.
4863:.
4842:.
4823:.
4790:.
4749:.
4716:.
4692:.
4606:.
4523:.
4460:.
4325:.
4055:.
3998:.
3979::
3947:.
3905:.
3886:.
3775:2
3729:1
3650:4
3601:–
3549:–
3506:3
3463:2
3418:1
3342:8
3299:7
3255:6
3212:5
3169:4
3126:3
3083:2
3038:1
2960:2
2915:1
2839:8
2794:7
2751:6
2706:5
2660:4
2617:3
2572:2
2527:1
2416:9
2370:8
2331:7
2292:6
2253:5
2214:4
2136:3
2097:2
2058:1
981:(
967:)
937:(
772:(
749:e
742:t
735:v
151:)
147:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.