3502:
3446:
31:
3663:
3633:
3465:
3774:
3614:
3708:
3599:
3580:
3796:
3520:
3565:
3723:
3693:
3535:
3416:
3678:
3756:
3648:
3824:
3431:
843:
3383:
4436:
1207:
3810:
4361:
3550:
3738:
3401:
3484:
622:
and main political advisor, often exercising power second only to the emperor. In practice, the grand chancellor was often a trusted executive aide to the emperor, but during political turmoil or power struggles between the two roles the grand chancellor could also be the emperor's primary political
736:
restored the position as "imperial chancellor" (丞相) and abolished the Three
Excellencies in 208. From then until March 15, 220, the power of chancellor was greater than that of the emperor. Later this often happened when a dynasty became weak, usually some decades before the fall of a dynasty.
806:, who was accused of treason (though his conviction is still strongly disputed in present times because of a lack of evidence to prove his guilt). Still, appointments of the people who held the highest post in the government were called "appointment of prime minister" (拜相) until 1644.
3501:
689:, the chancellor was officially established as "the head of all civil service officials." There were sometimes two chancellors, differentiated as being "of the left" (senior) and "of the right" (junior). After emperor
2976:
bureaucratic hierarchy did not contain a chancellor position. Instead, the duties normally assumed by a chancellor were entrusted to a series of formal and informal institutions, the most prominent of which was the
3445:
2116:
1943:
3662:
3632:
874:
697:(221–206 BC), the chancellor, together with the imperial secretary, and the grand commandant, were the most important officials in the imperial government, generally referred as the
591:. The term was known by many different names throughout Chinese history, and the exact extent of the powers associated with the position fluctuated greatly, even during a particular
3773:
3012:
3464:
1178:
3613:
2448:
2326:
2310:
2109:
2769:
2860:
2756:
2285:
2275:
2259:
3707:
2921:
2706:
2650:
2157:
771:, the post of chancellor was also known as the "Tongpingzhangshi" (同平章事), in accordance with late-Tang terminology, while the vice-chancellor was known as the
4468:
3059:
2352:
2336:
2295:
2102:
3250:
2711:
2194:
3598:
3005:
2305:
2254:
3519:
3564:
2936:
3255:
3201:
2875:
2870:
2839:
30:
2998:
2906:
2774:
2736:
2716:
2701:
2619:
2603:
2563:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2074:
4180:
4080:
4879:
4740:
4647:
4058:
2926:
2834:
2764:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2696:
2686:
2670:
2660:
2583:
2553:
2522:
2458:
2438:
2064:
1906:
599:
3692:
3677:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4904:
2931:
2911:
2901:
2852:
2844:
2829:
2814:
2787:
2665:
2393:
2249:
2189:
2173:
2139:
1912:
1173:
4775:
3722:
3579:
3534:
2916:
2782:
2751:
2726:
2640:
2624:
2593:
2481:
2471:
2428:
2367:
2025:
1918:
1189:
630:
they represent) and emperor holds great significance in the
Confucian thought of governance and the relation of "lord and subject" (君臣).
2981:. Occasionally, one minister may held enough power in the government that he comes to be identified, figuratively, as the "chancellor".
618:. This extended even to the ability to criticize the emperor's edicts and decisions. Thus, the grand chancellor served as the emperor's
3647:
2893:
2880:
2691:
2588:
2413:
2403:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2152:
4899:
4853:
4461:
4440:
3147:
2888:
2865:
2199:
822:(丞相) for various high leaders, such as Pulad, the Yuan ambassador to the Ilkhan and for the deputy of the Western Mongol leader, the
2398:
2241:
1157:
4235:
3549:
3196:
3157:
3842:
2985:
3415:
5015:
4388:
4803:
4788:
4538:
4454:
3755:
749:
850:
744:, the executive officials of the three highest departments of the empire were called "chancellors" (真宰相) together. In the
4808:
4029:
4697:
4339:
4314:
4289:
4258:
4037:
4006:
3916:
5005:
4798:
1144:
4370:, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch, a publication from 1876, now in the
5020:
3737:
17:
4984:
4946:
4929:
4680:
3837:
1732:
468:
305:
214:
4124:
4964:
4894:
4838:
4550:
3894:
3430:
1690:
482:
324:
233:
5010:
4884:
4642:
3400:
3021:
2978:
2967:
732:, placing himself above the Three Excellencies. After Dong Zhuo's death in 192, the post was vacant until
3483:
3382:
1605:
753:
4723:
4531:
2655:
1610:
1575:
1540:
4078:
802:, the post became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng again. The post was abolished after the execution of
4941:
4637:
4161:
4147:
3852:
3368:
1997:
Note: after the death of Hu
Weiyong, the title of grand chancellor was abolished. The office of the
4675:
4521:
4177:
3186:
1792:
1432:
670:
4055:
2984:
In 1911, the Qing court adopted reforms which, amongst other changes, established the position of
854:
4764:
3421:
1834:
1788:
1774:
1764:
1742:
1414:
1332:
1238:
4398:
Wang, Yü-Ch'üan (June 1949). "An
Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty".
2491:
2476:
2466:
2453:
2094:
2036:
1949:
1937:
1685:
1675:
1352:
760:(中書省), and the Chancellery (門下省). The head of each department was generally referred to as the
4783:
4685:
4607:
4571:
4204:
4199:
4141:
3933:
2517:
2501:
2048:
1784:
1705:
1496:
1372:
1276:
784:
717:
698:
686:
3857:
3088:
1287:
994:
926:
8:
4848:
4833:
4627:
3039:
1720:
1670:
1660:
1530:
1302:
1265:
729:
2990:
2988:. This position existed for less than a year before the Qing government was overthrown.
637:, the term denoted a number of power-holders serving as chief administrators, including
4956:
4499:
4415:
2147:
1402:
989:
814:
During and after the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, the
Mongols continued the use of a title
592:
4232:
4858:
4843:
4793:
4602:
4511:
4494:
4384:
4335:
4310:
4285:
4033:
4002:
3912:
3142:
3030:
2125:
1998:
1625:
1081:
705:
627:
603:
3897:, where Liu Bei refers to gaining Zhuge Liang's service as if "a fish gaining water"
4592:
4576:
4516:
4486:
4407:
3221:
3172:
3074:
1585:
1337:
650:
615:
588:
540:
505:
424:
396:
352:
261:
170:
142:
98:
62:
4863:
4239:
4184:
4062:
4023:
3978:
Yü, Ying-shih (2021). "Confucian
Culture vs. Dynastic Power in Chinese History".
3829:
3294:
3275:
3123:
1223:
4255:
626:
This balance of power means that the relation between grand chancellor (and the
4753:
4748:
4690:
4622:
4504:
4478:
4446:
4079:
Royal
Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch (1876).
3815:
2006:
1168:
1069:
775:. Some years later, the post of chancellor was changed to "prime minister" (首相
757:
619:
445:
373:
282:
191:
119:
4999:
4828:
4526:
4371:
4332:
Power, Politics, and
Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran
4262:
3893:"魚水君臣 ("Fish (and) water lord (and) subject") refers to the term "君臣魚水" from
3779:
3713:
3525:
3507:
2824:
2800:
2548:
2532:
2058:
1979:
1828:
1816:
1770:
1748:
1715:
1063:
1003:
721:
690:
634:
606:
outlined the role of "grand chancellor" as one with the power to oversee all
1798:
4909:
4758:
3847:
3801:
3765:
3747:
3623:
3589:
3511:
3191:
3181:
3162:
3049:
2973:
2558:
2069:
2013:
1973:
1888:
1367:
1109:
1100:
1042:
984:
799:
795:
791:
768:
745:
607:
512:
431:
359:
268:
177:
105:
3235:
4934:
4718:
4597:
4543:
4368:
Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society, Volume 10
4082:
Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society, Volume 10
3862:
3493:
3451:
3392:
3313:
3303:
3284:
3265:
3245:
3108:
3103:
2645:
2598:
2578:
2568:
2418:
2408:
2388:
2372:
2362:
2357:
2089:
2079:
1955:
1876:
1710:
1465:
1444:
1211:
1133:
1118:
1096:
1085:
1046:
741:
713:
694:
682:
39:
3823:
3098:
1162:
4889:
4419:
3698:
3668:
3653:
2819:
2573:
2084:
2019:
1961:
1900:
1894:
1760:
1630:
1560:
1501:
1395:
1362:
1227:
1138:
1031:
999:
979:
803:
779:) and the post of vice-chancellor was changed to "second minister" (次相
678:
674:
563:
406:
403:
334:
331:
315:
312:
243:
240:
224:
221:
152:
149:
72:
69:
4632:
4617:
4066:
3585:
3570:
3555:
3436:
3240:
3230:
3211:
2948:
1967:
1882:
1810:
1804:
1754:
1738:
1695:
1680:
1647:
1635:
1620:
1595:
1580:
1550:
1525:
1486:
1471:
1342:
1322:
1271:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1051:
1009:
725:
4411:
4728:
4713:
4128:
3868:
3761:
3743:
3728:
3638:
3540:
3406:
3206:
3152:
2809:
2527:
2496:
2486:
2053:
2042:
2030:
1985:
1924:
1870:
1822:
1700:
1655:
1590:
1555:
1535:
1491:
1481:
1450:
1438:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1232:
1194:
1129:
1075:
1015:
677:
was the first chancellor in China, who became chancellor under the
661:(president and vice-president of the Department of State Affairs).
4279:
3683:
3619:
3604:
3489:
3474:
3470:
3455:
3388:
3347:
3328:
1864:
1858:
1840:
1665:
1615:
1600:
1570:
1565:
1545:
1520:
1508:
1458:
1408:
1377:
1357:
1292:
1281:
1244:
1219:
1090:
1027:
733:
728:
claimed the title "Chancellor of State" (相國) under the powerless
46:
shared governance between a lord and minister in Chinese history.
35:
2124:
4612:
4435:
4267:
4233:
The Change of Central Administration in Tang and Song Dynasties
3952:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3137:
3093:
3044:
1780:
1515:
1476:
1426:
1420:
1383:
1347:
1312:
1206:
1123:
1114:
1021:
952:
900:
614:
with other ministers, and the position of chief advisor to the
548:
794:, the chancellor was not the head of the Secretariat, but the
4652:
3260:
3083:
3064:
3054:
2331:
1183:
1105:
1057:
1036:
611:
43:
42:, considered the ideal example of the loyalty, integrity and
633:"Grand chancellor" can denote several positions. During the
4657:
3338:
3132:
3113:
962:
827:
826:. The title was also used in the Ilkhanate, for the vizier
4001:. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–44, 54–58, 98–100.
787:, the system changed back to the Tang naming conventions.
3020:
3686:, chancellor of the Song dynasty (1131–1132, 1137–1155)
3656:, chancellor of the Song dynasty (1067–1075, 1076–1077)
3641:, chancellor of the Song dynasty (1004–1006, 1017–1021)
879:
517:
450:
436:
378:
364:
287:
273:
196:
182:
124:
110:
3791:
693:
ended the Warring States period by establishing the
587:, was the highest-ranking executive official in the
3607:, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (833–835, 840–846)
3573:, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (691–693, 697–700)
3528:(579–648), chancellor of the Tang dynasty (626–648)
4381:History of Administrative Systems in Ancient China
886:
3782:, Grand Secretary of the Ming dynasty (1572–1582)
2005:powers of the chancellery after the reign of the
4997:
4476:
4383:(in Chinese). Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd.
4282:Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire
1214:, is one of the most famous Chinese chancellors.
833:
4304:
4880:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
4462:
4178:The History of the Chancellor System in China
3006:
2110:
487:
473:
401:
329:
310:
238:
219:
147:
67:
4329:
4280:Paul D. Buell; Francesca Fiaschetti (2018).
4021:
3671:, chancellor of the Song dynasty (1085–1086)
2126:Senior Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty
4469:
4455:
3731:chancellor of the Song dynasty (1278–1279)
3716:chancellor of the Song dynasty (1275–1278)
3701:chancellor of the Song dynasty (1207–1233)
3558:, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (629–643)
3543:, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (628–629)
3013:
2999:
2117:
2103:
2022:(1376–1380) – The last chancellor of China
798:(皇太子) was. After the establishment of the
716:, the chancellor post was replaced by the
610:matters, the right to decide and to draft
557:, among other titles), also translated as
4854:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
4284:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131.
724:(司徒) and Minister of Works (司空). In 190,
4334:. Oxford University Press. p. 136.
1205:
641:(Inspector General of the Secretariat),
29:
4025:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
3999:Confucianism: A Very Short Introduction
3996:
14:
4998:
3843:Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet
3362:
4450:
2994:
2098:
1867:(964–973, 981–983, 988–992 in office)
1813:(698–705, 710–711, 713–716 in office)
4397:
4366:This article incorporates text from
3934:"chengxiang 丞相, Counsellor-in-chief"
3931:
1964:/Shih Mi-yüan (1207–1233 in office).
880:List of chancellors of Shang dynasty
837:
4872:
4056:Guan Zhong Memorial Opened in Linzi
4030:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
4015:
3997:Gardner, Daniel K. (26 June 2014).
3906:
3367:For a more comprehensive list, see
27:Head of imperial Chinese government
24:
4400:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
4378:
4256:The History of Chancellor of China
4085:. SHANGHAI: The Branch. p. 85
3977:
873:Further information (in Chinese):
748:, the government was divided into
25:
5032:
4428:
4200:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
3911:. 北京市: 中国社会科学出版社. pp. 1–14.
1389:
1210:Cao Cao, who controlled the Late
875:List of Chinese grand chancellors
4434:
4359:
4220:"Chancellor in the Song Dynasty"
3822:
3808:
3794:
3772:
3754:
3736:
3721:
3706:
3691:
3676:
3661:
3646:
3631:
3612:
3597:
3578:
3563:
3548:
3533:
3518:
3500:
3482:
3463:
3444:
3429:
3414:
3399:
3381:
2947:Senior Grand Secretaries of the
1952:(1131–1132, 1137–1155 in office)
1931:
1897:(1067-1075, 1076–1077 in office)
1885:(1022–1029, 1035–1037 in office)
1879:(1017–1019, 1023–1024 in office)
1873:(1004–1006, 1017–1021 in office)
1852:
841:
645:(President of the Secretariat),
4323:
4298:
4273:
4245:
4223:
4211:
4190:
4168:
4154:
4134:
4115:
4106:
4097:
3950:
3439:, chancellor of the Han dynasty
3424:, chancellor of the Han dynasty
3409:, chancellor of the Han dynasty
2961:
1992:
1847:
1726:
973:
391:Fourth alternative Chinese name
209:Second alternative Chinese name
4681:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
4072:
4046:
3990:
3971:
3944:
3925:
3900:
3887:
3838:Chancellor of the Tang dynasty
2045:(2nd time in office 1548–1562)
1733:Chancellor of the Tang dynasty
1641:
1201:
1151:
553:
518:
488:
474:
463:Fifth alternative Chinese name
451:
437:
402:
379:
365:
330:
311:
300:Third alternative Chinese name
288:
274:
239:
220:
197:
183:
148:
125:
111:
68:
13:
1:
4895:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4022:Cunrui Xiong, Victor (2017).
3895:Records of the Three Kingdoms
3875:
3473:(179–251), chancellor of the
3454:(181–234), chancellor of the
1394:
704:In 1 BC, during the reign of
5016:Government of Imperial China
4307:Mongolian English Dictionary
3880:
2968:Grand Council (Qing dynasty)
1843:(833–835, 840–846 in office)
1807:(691–693, 697–700 in office)
834:List of chancellors of China
809:
7:
3787:
3626:(964–973, 981–983, 988–992)
1741:(618–626 in office) (later
754:Department of State Affairs
708:, the title was changed to
589:imperial Chinese government
10:
5037:
4724:Bureau of Military Affairs
4648:Territorial administration
4532:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
4352:
3374:
3366:
2965:
1730:
1507:
1457:
872:
790:During the Mongol-founded
664:
4955:
4942:Embroidered Uniform Guard
4922:
4821:
4774:
4739:
4706:
4668:
4585:
4559:
4485:
4162:Records of Three Kingdoms
4148:Records of Three Kingdoms
3853:List of premiers of China
3764:, Grand Secretary of the
3746:, Grand Secretary of the
3369:List of premiers of China
3337:
3293:
3274:
3220:
3171:
3122:
3073:
3029:
2945:
2799:
2679:
2633:
2612:
2541:
2510:
2381:
2345:
2319:
2268:
2229:
2213:
2182:
2166:
2132:
1222:(206–193 BCE in office);
1024:of Qi State and Yue state
720:: Grand Commandant (太尉),
623:competitor and opponent.
544:
529:
511:
504:
499:
495:
481:
467:
462:
444:
430:
423:
418:
414:
395:
390:
372:
358:
351:
346:
342:
323:
304:
299:
281:
267:
260:
255:
251:
232:
213:
208:
190:
176:
169:
164:
160:
141:
136:
118:
104:
97:
92:
88:
80:
61:
57:
52:
4905:Administrative divisions
4441:Chancellors (government)
1793:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
722:Minister over the Masses
671:Spring and Autumn period
469:Traditional Chinese
306:Traditional Chinese
215:Traditional Chinese
137:Alternative Chinese name
5006:Chinese-language titles
4765:Secretariat-Chancellery
4305:Charles Bawden (2013).
2949:Prince of Lu (魯) regime
1789:Emperor Ruizong of Tang
1775:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
1765:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1743:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1241:(190–179 BCE in office)
1235:(193–190 BCE in office)
1197:(208–207 BCE in office)
1165:(251–238 BCE in office)
483:Simplified Chinese
325:Simplified Chinese
234:Simplified Chinese
5021:Positions of authority
3959:. 温州大学人文学院2002级汉语言文学专业
2167:Hongxi and Xuande eras
1215:
892:Pinyin (romanization)
47:
4839:Imperial Commissioner
4784:Ministry of Personnel
4686:Three Ducal Ministers
4608:Imperial examinations
4572:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
4379:Li, Konghuai (2007).
4374:in the United States.
4330:Michael Hope (2016).
4205:Encyclopedia of China
4142:Book of the Later Han
4069:, September 19, 2004.
2061:(in office 1572–1582)
2039:(in office 1546–1547)
2033:(in office 1544–1545)
1988:(1278–1279 in office)
1982:(1275–1278 in office)
1976:(1275–1276 in office)
1970:(1259–1275 in office)
1958:(1194–1207 in office)
1946:(1135–1137 in office)
1927:(1101–1125 in office)
1921:(1094–1100 in office)
1903:(1085–1086 in office)
1891:(1040–1045 in office)
1785:Emperor Shang of Tang
1209:
1186:(?–208 BCE in office)
785:Southern Song dynasty
687:Warring States period
581:lieutenant chancellor
33:
4947:Qing Imperial Guards
4930:Tang Imperial Guards
4443:at Wikimedia Commons
3858:Imperial examination
3622:, chancellor of the
3510:, chancellor of the
3492:, chancellor of the
3391:, chancellor of the
995:Duke Zhuang of Zheng
855:adding missing items
635:Six Dynasties period
5011:Chinese chancellors
4849:Imperial Clan Court
4834:Remonstrance Bureau
4804:Ministry of Justice
4789:Ministry of Revenue
4643:Historical capitals
4628:Academies (Shuyuan)
4125:Chancellor of China
3363:Premiers after 1911
3024:of the Qing dynasty
1861:(960–964 in office)
1837:(758–759 in office)
1831:(752–756 in office)
1825:(734–752 in office)
1819:(733–736 in office)
1801:(686–688 in office)
1757:(629–643 in office)
1751:(626–648 in office)
1380:(196-220 in office)
1266:Emperor Yuan of Han
895:Chinese characters
730:Emperor Xian of Han
714:Eastern Han dynasty
577:imperial chancellor
519:nèigé zǒnglǐ dàchén
84:overseeing minister
4238:2005-04-25 at the
4183:2011-07-07 at the
4061:2016-03-03 at the
3932:Theobald, Ulrich.
1216:
990:Duke Huan of Zheng
853:; you can help by
718:Three Excellencies
559:counselor-in-chief
48:
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4918:
4917:
4859:Viceroys in China
4844:Grand Secretariat
4817:
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4809:Ministry of Works
4794:Ministry of Rites
4741:Three Departments
4698:Translated titles
4603:Five Directorates
4439:Media related to
4390:978-962-04-2654-4
4112:Wang (1949), 144.
3938:chinaknowledge.de
3356:
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1909:(1086– in office)
1284:(25–27 in office)
1277:Liu Yan (Bosheng)
971:
970:
871:
870:
750:three departments
628:scholar-officials
604:Peking University
533:
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4577:Scholar-official
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1763:(unknown, under
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1226:(197 BCE), over
1006:(died in 645 BC)
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573:chief minister
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4309:. Routledge.
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3953:"中国古代宰相制度的演变"
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849:This list is
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692:
691:Qin Shi Huang
688:
685:, during the
684:
680:
676:
672:
662:
660:
656:
655:shangshu ling
652:
648:
644:
643:zhongshu ling
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198:Ch'eng-hsiang
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37:
32:
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4910:Zongli Yamen
4759:Menxia Sheng
4586:Institutions
4566:
4403:
4399:
4380:
4369:
4365:
4331:
4325:
4306:
4300:
4281:
4275:
4254:
4252:(in Chinese)
4247:
4230:(in Chinese)
4225:
4218:(in Chinese)
4213:
4203:
4197:(in Chinese)
4192:
4175:(in Chinese)
4170:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4122:(in Chinese)
4117:
4108:
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4081:
4074:
4053:(in Chinese)
4048:
4024:
4017:
3998:
3992:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3961:. Retrieved
3956:
3946:
3937:
3927:
3908:
3907:祝总斌 (1990).
3902:
3889:
3867:
3848:Menxia Sheng
3802:China portal
3766:Ming dynasty
3748:Ming dynasty
3624:Song dynasty
3590:Song dynasty
3512:Tang dynasty
3358:
3192:Cao Zhenyong
3182:Cao Zhenyong
3163:Cao Zhenyong
3050:Zhang Tingyu
2983:
2974:Qing dynasty
2971:
2962:Qing dynasty
2957:
2907:Huang Shijun
2775:Jiang Dejing
2737:Kong Zhenyun
2717:Cheng Jiming
2702:Zhou Daodeng
2620:Fang Congzhe
2613:Taichang era
2604:Fang Congzhe
2564:Wang Jiaping
2559:Shen Shixing
2511:Longqing era
2444:Zhang Fujing
2434:Zhang Fujing
2269:Chenghua era
2230:Tianshun era
2075:Wang Jiabing
2070:Shen Shixing
2014:Li Shanchang
2002:
2001:assumed the
1996:
1993:Ming dynasty
1974:Chen Yizhong
1889:Fan Zhongyan
1848:Song dynasty
1727:Tang dynasty
1368:Huangfu Song
1147:of Qin State
1141:of Qin State
1126:of Yan state
1093:of Wei State
1066:of Chu state
1060:of Chu state
1054:of Chu state
1043:Cheng Dechen
985:Duke of Zhou
974:Zhou dynasty
859:
823:
819:
815:
813:
800:Ming dynasty
796:Crown Prince
792:Yuan dynasty
789:
780:
776:
772:
769:Song dynasty
766:
761:
746:Tang dynasty
739:
709:
703:
668:
658:
654:
646:
642:
638:
632:
625:
597:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
558:
552:
536:
534:
513:Hanyu Pinyin
432:Hanyu Pinyin
360:Hanyu Pinyin
269:Hanyu Pinyin
178:Hanyu Pinyin
106:Hanyu Pinyin
4935:Shence Army
4719:Jimi system
4598:Nine Courts
4544:Consort kin
3863:Chinese law
3588:(723–787),
3494:Sui dynasty
3452:Zhuge Liang
3393:Han dynasty
3109:Yu Minzhong
3104:Liu Tongxun
2927:Ding Jishan
2861:Xiong Rulin
2835:Ding Kuichu
2765:Zhou Tingru
2757:Zhang Sizhi
2747:Xue Guoguan
2742:Liu Yuliang
2732:Zhang Zhifa
2722:Zhou Tingru
2697:Lai Zongdao
2687:Shi Fenglai
2671:Shi Fenglai
2661:Gu Bingqian
2656:Zhu Guozhen
2646:Ye Xianggao
2599:Ye Xianggao
2584:Shen Yiguan
2579:Zhao Zhigao
2569:Zhao Zhigao
2554:Zhang Siwei
2523:Li Chunfang
2459:Gu Dingchen
2439:Fang Xianfu
2419:Yang Yiqing
2409:Yang Yiqing
2389:Yang Tinghe
2382:Jiajing era
2373:Yang Tinghe
2363:Yang Tinghe
2358:Li Dongyang
2346:Zhengde era
2320:Hongzhi era
2214:Jingtai era
2090:Zhao Zhigao
2080:Zhao Zhigao
2065:Zhang Siwei
2016:(1368–1376)
1956:Han Tuozhou
1907:Fan Chunren
1877:Wang Qinruo
1711:Yuwen Huaji
1642:Sui dynasty
1466:Zhuge Liang
1445:Puyang Xing
1212:Han dynasty
1202:Han dynasty
1152:Qin dynasty
1097:Lin Xiangru
1078:of Qi state
1072:of Qi state
1039:of Wu state
1018:of Qi state
1012:of Qi state
862:August 2008
758:Secretariat
756:(尚書省), the
742:Sui dynasty
740:During the
699:Three Lords
695:Qin dynasty
679:state of Qi
600:Zhu Zongbin
126:Tsai-hsiang
40:Zhuge Liang
5000:Categories
4890:Lifan Yuan
3980:Asia Major
3963:13 October
3957:guoxue.com
3876:References
3699:Shi Miyuan
3669:Sima Guang
3654:Wang Anshi
3202:Pan Shi'en
2966:See also:
2932:Ma Jixiang
2912:Yan Qiheng
2902:Yan Qiheng
2853:Li Zhichun
2845:Ke Xiaqing
2830:Lu Zhenfei
2820:Ma Shiying
2815:Gao Hongtu
2788:Li Jiantai
2666:Huang Liji
2634:Tianqi era
2574:Wang Xijue
2424:Zhang Cong
2394:Jiang Mian
2250:Xu Youzhen
2190:Yang Shiqi
2174:Yang Shiqi
2140:Huang Huai
2133:Yongle era
2085:Wang Xijue
2020:Hu Weiyong
1962:Shi Miyuan
1913:Fan Chunli
1901:Sima Guang
1895:Wang Anshi
1799:Fan Lübing
1761:Cen Wenben
1671:Yang Guang
1631:Wang Xiang
1606:Wang Chang
1561:Cao Shuang
1502:Zhuge Zhan
1396:Eastern Wu
1363:Xun Shuang
1174:Kui Zhuang
1139:Shang Yang
1110:Zhao state
1101:Zhao state
1000:Guan Zhong
980:Jiang Ziya
851:incomplete
820:Chengxiang
804:Hu Weiyong
777:shou xiang
762:chancellor
706:Emperor Ai
675:Guan Zhong
598:Professor
564:chancellor
446:Wade–Giles
374:Wade–Giles
289:Hsiang-kuo
283:Wade–Giles
192:Wade–Giles
184:Chéngxiàng
120:Wade–Giles
34:Statue of
4957:Dynasties
4633:Censorate
4618:Guozijian
4067:Xinhuanet
3881:Citations
3586:Han Huang
3571:Di Renjie
3556:Wei Zheng
3477:(221–251)
3458:(221–234)
3437:Huo Guang
3422:Chen Ping
3241:Qi Junzao
3236:Saišangga
3231:Qi Junzao
3212:Qi Junzao
3031:Yongzheng
2922:Wu Zhenyu
2917:Wen Anzhi
2783:Wei Zaode
2752:Fan Fucui
2727:Wen Tiren
2707:Han Kuang
2651:Han Kuang
2641:Liu Yizhu
2625:Liu Yizhu
2594:Li Tingji
2542:Wanli era
2482:Zhai Luan
2472:Zhai Luan
2429:Zhai Luan
2368:Liang Chu
2158:Yang Rong
2026:Yang Siqi
1968:Jia Sidao
1944:Zhang Jun
1919:Zhang Dun
1883:Wang Zeng
1811:Yao Chong
1805:Di Renjie
1755:Wei Zheng
1739:Li Shimin
1696:Yuwen Shu
1691:Xiao Cong
1686:Yang Jian
1681:Yang Zhao
1652:Li Shimin
1648:Gao Jiong
1636:Sima Wang
1621:Zhong Hui
1611:Wang Guan
1596:Sima Zhao
1581:Zhuge Dan
1576:Wang Ling
1551:Man Chong
1541:Dong Zhao
1531:Wang Lang
1526:Zhong Yao
1487:Jiang Wei
1472:Jiang Wan
1468:(221–234)
1453:(279–280)
1447:(262–264)
1435:(253–256)
1429:(249–250)
1423:(246–247)
1417:(244–245)
1411:(225–243)
1405:(221–225)
1343:Dong Zhuo
1333:Zhang Wen
1323:Qiao Xuan
1272:Wang Mang
1260:Huo Guang
1255:Zhou Yafu
1250:Guan Ying
1239:Chen Ping
1190:Feng Quji
1179:Wang Guan
1134:Qin state
1119:Yan state
1086:Wei state
1052:Sunshu Ao
1047:Chu state
1010:Bao Shuya
910:Zhong Hui
816:Chingsang
810:Influence
726:Dong Zhuo
452:Tsai-heng
4729:Shumishi
4714:Jiedushi
4495:Monarchy
4487:Nobility
4259:Archived
4236:Archived
4181:Archived
4145:Vol.72;
4129:Sina.com
4089:June 28,
4059:Archived
3869:Shumishi
3788:See also
3762:Gao Gong
3744:Yan Song
3729:Lu Xiufu
3639:Kou Zhun
3592:painting
3541:Du Ruhui
3407:Cao Shen
3339:Xuantong
3222:Xianfeng
3207:Mujangga
3187:Cangling
3173:Daoguang
3153:Dong Gao
3143:Yongxing
3099:Yengišan
3075:Qianlong
3040:Yunxiang
2897:(acting)
2894:Qu Shisi
2884:(acting)
2881:Qu Shisi
2856:(acting)
2848:(acting)
2810:Shi Kefa
2791:(acting)
2778:(acting)
2770:Chen Yan
2760:(acting)
2692:Li Guopu
2589:Zhu Geng
2528:Gao Gong
2497:Yan Song
2487:Yan Song
2462:(acting)
2414:Fei Hong
2404:Fei Hong
2353:Liu Jian
2337:Liu Jian
2301:Shang Lu
2296:Peng Shi
2291:Chen Wen
2281:Chen Wen
2245:(acting)
2237:Chen Xun
2221:Chen Xun
2205:Chen Xun
2153:Hu Guang
2143:(acting)
2054:Gao Gong
2043:Yan Song
2031:Yan Song
2003:de facto
1986:Lu Xiufu
1925:Cai Jing
1871:Kou Zhun
1835:Wang Wei
1823:Li Linfu
1701:Yu Shiji
1676:Yang Xiu
1656:Li Delin
1626:Sima Yan
1591:Sima Shi
1556:Jiang Ji
1536:Chen Qun
1497:Fan Jian
1492:Dong Jue
1482:Dong Yun
1451:Zhang Ti
1439:Sun Chen
1403:Sun Shao
1353:Wang Yun
1328:Cao Song
1318:Chen Fan
1308:Liang Ji
1298:Dou Xian
1233:Cao Shen
1195:Zhao Gao
1163:Lü Buwei
1145:Zhang Yi
1130:Baili Xi
1076:Tian Dan
1032:Wu state
1016:Yan Ying
1004:Qi state
944:Gan Xuan
781:ci xiang
710:da si tu
647:shizhong
554:Zǎixiàng
275:Xiàngguó
112:zǎixiàng
4560:Offices
4539:Empress
4517:Emperor
4500:Dynasty
4420:2718206
4353:Sources
4165:Vol. 1.
4151:Vol. 6.
3684:Qin Hui
3620:Zhao Pu
3605:Li Deyu
3490:Yang Su
3475:Cao Wei
3471:Sima Yi
3456:Shu Han
3389:Xiao He
3375:Gallery
3348:Yikuang
3329:Yikuang
3295:Guangxu
3276:Tongzhi
3251:Wenqing
3148:Qinggui
3124:Jiaqing
2889:Wu Bing
2866:Ma Sili
2803:regimes
2712:Li Biao
2492:Xia Yan
2477:Xia Yan
2467:Xia Yan
2454:Xia Yan
2286:Li Xian
2276:Li Xian
2260:Li Xian
2200:Cao Nai
2195:Yang Pu
2148:Xie Jin
2037:Xia Yan
1950:Qin Hui
1938:Li Gang
1865:Zhao Pu
1859:Fan Zhi
1841:Li Deyu
1706:Li Yuan
1666:Yang Su
1616:Deng Ai
1601:Sima Fu
1571:Gao Rou
1566:Sima Yi
1546:Cui Lin
1521:Hua Xin
1509:Cao Wei
1459:Shu Han
1433:Sun Jun
1409:Gu Yong
1378:Cao Cao
1373:Zhu Jun
1358:Ma Midi
1293:Yuan An
1282:Deng Yu
1245:Zhou Bo
1224:Chen Xi
1220:Xiao He
1091:Hui Shi
1028:Wu Zixu
936:Wu Xian
927:Wu Xian
818:, from
773:jijunsi
767:In the
734:Cao Cao
669:In the
665:History
616:emperor
593:dynasty
541:Chinese
438:Zǎihéng
397:Chinese
380:Tsai-fu
143:Chinese
63:Chinese
36:Liu Bei
4613:Taixue
4512:Titles
4418:
4387:
4364:
4338:
4313:
4288:
4268:QQ.com
4036:
4005:
3986:(1–2).
3915:
3324:Ronglu
3319:Shiduo
3309:Shiduo
3138:Heshen
3094:Fuheng
3060:Fupeng
3045:Marsai
2518:Xu Jie
2502:Xu Jie
2449:Li Shi
2399:Mao Ji
2327:Liu Ji
2311:Liu Ji
2306:Wan An
2255:Xu Bin
2242:Gao Gu
2049:Xu Jie
1781:Cen Xi
1661:Su Wei
1586:Sun Li
1516:Jia Xu
1477:Fei Yi
1427:Zhu Ju
1421:Bu Zhi
1415:Lu Xun
1384:Cao Pi
1348:He Jin
1338:Liu Yu
1313:Dou Wu
1288:Wu Han
1158:Fan Ju
1124:Yue Yi
1115:Su Qin
1082:Li Kui
1022:Fan Li
953:Fu Yue
918:Yi Zhi
901:Yi Yin
824:taishi
752:: the
612:edicts
551::
549:pinyin
543::
489:内阁总理大臣
475:內閣總理大臣
4900:Ranks
4653:Yamen
4551:Harem
4505:Cycle
4416:JSTOR
3951:陈克礼.
3314:Yixin
3304:Yixin
3285:Yixin
3266:Yixin
3261:Muyin
3246:Yixin
3197:Wenfu
3158:Tojin
3089:Necin
3084:Ortai
3065:Ortai
3055:Ortai
2332:Xu Pu
1721:Li Mi
1441:(258)
1303:Li Gu
1184:Li Si
1106:Li Mu
1058:Wu Qi
1037:Bo Pi
963:Ji Zi
887:Name
366:Zǎifǔ
44:Ruist
4985:Qing
4980:Yuan
4975:Liao
4970:Tang
4873:Qing
4676:King
4658:Tusi
4522:List
4385:ISBN
4336:ISBN
4311:ISBN
4286:ISBN
4091:2011
4034:ISBN
4003:ISBN
3965:2023
3913:ISBN
3133:Agui
3114:Agui
2972:The
1791:and
1228:Zhao
828:Buqa
659:puye
657:and
583:and
535:The
38:and
4965:Han
4408:doi
3341:era
3297:era
3278:era
3224:era
3175:era
3126:era
3077:era
3033:era
1132:of
1117:of
1108:of
1099:of
1084:of
1045:of
1030:of
1002:of
967:箕子
957:傅說
947:甘盤
939:巫賢
931:巫咸
921:伊陟
913:仲虺
905:伊尹
857:.
683:Qin
653:),
602:of
5002::
4414:.
4404:12
4402:.
4266:,
4202:,
4127:,
4065:,
4028:.
3984:34
3982:.
3955:.
3936:.
2009:.
1787:,
830:.
764:.
701:.
673:,
595:.
579:,
575:,
571:,
567:,
561:,
547:;
545:宰相
4767:)
4763:(
4470:e
4463:t
4456:v
4422:.
4410::
4393:.
4344:.
4319:.
4294:.
4270:.
4242:.
4208:.
4187:.
4131:.
4093:.
4042:.
4011:.
3967:.
3940:.
3921:.
3371:.
3014:e
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3000:v
2118:e
2111:t
2104:v
1795:)
1777:)
1767:)
1745:)
1268:)
864:)
860:(
649:(
539:(
407:衡
404:宰
335:辅
332:宰
316:輔
313:宰
244:国
241:相
225:國
222:相
153:相
150:丞
73:相
70:宰
20:)
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