Grand Duchy of Hesse

3278: 511: 1634:, which was often based on the yield of the year's harvest, with a modern system of taxation. There had been plans for this since 1816. A first step in the process was also implemented during the reforms of 1821. However, this was only a limited reform, since only the ground rents paid to the state were removable. The removal of "private" ground rents, including those paid to churches, religious orders, and Standesherren, failed to pass the first chamber of the parliament. Furthermore, in order to remove the ground rent from their land, farmers were initially required to pay a fee which was eighteen times their annual rent and most farmers could not afford this. The process of abolition would drag on into the second half of the 19th century. 3243: 88: 3877: 525: 5415: 4336: 1927: 4028: 2954: 1684: 2071:, were convicted to a symbolic few days imprisonment for this, there was a massive increase in membership of the National Association, which so overwhelmed the prosecutors, that the whole persecution was discontinued in 1861. In summer 1861, the National Association had 937 members in Hesse – the highest number outside Prussia. In 1862, the liberal Hessian Progress Party stood in the Landstände elections and won a landslide victory with 32 of the 50 seats in the lower chamber. Dalwigk's attempt to organise a "Reform Association" to oppose the Progress Party and the National Association was a failure, as was his attempt to get the 74: 136: 4317: 550: 2008:, the north German customs union dominated by Prussia. In 1851, the Prussians terminated the existing customs treaty from the end of 1853. Austria then attempted to establish a customs union with the German middle states. Dalwigk signed up for this project, against all economic logic, since the grand duchy's exports to Austria were only 3% of its exports to Prussia. Massive protests followed. Even in the Landestände, which was now dominated by pro-Dalwigk conservatives, he found only a minority in favour of this policy. On 14 May 1852, the government went so far as to dissolve the city council of 3892: 10589: 2084: 9355: 4284: 4920: 4352: 1119: 3349: 2798: 3173: 2513: 3558: 2176: 5253: 5427: 3096: 4848: 1130: 151: 3783: 3014: 10274: 4908: 5505: 1539:. In the latter areas, the state first had to forge agreements with the individual lords, in order to integrate their judicial powers into the state's court system. In some cases this took until the middle of the 1820s. The "Edict concerning Standesherren's Legal Relationships in the Grand Duchy of Hesse" of 27 March 1820 served as the frame of reference for these agreements. According to this edict, the individual Standesherren retained their personnel sovereignty in the 4723: 9739: 1811: 699: 3211: 2990:, a strict conservative, had worked closely with von Dalwigk and was fiercely opposed to the liberals. The Darmstadt government sought to gain a higher level of control over the Roman Catholic church and the bishop led opposition to this. A whole bundle of laws were put forward by the government in 1875 to achieve this. The bishop sought to maintain the highest possible level of autonomy by all means at his disposal, but in 1876 he had to close the 2497: 5358: 1357: 1977:

Revolution for "extraordinary" elections to the Landstände. These led to the election of the 14th (extraordinary) Landstände, in which pro-government representatives had a majority, and marked the beginning of comprehensive efforts to dismantle the achievements of the revolution. Even after the introduction of limited suffrage in October 1850, the Landstände still had many democratic and liberal members and the crisis regarding the

1475:, and even armed rebellions against the government in some parts of the grand duchy. The grand duke and his administration gave in to the pressure and a new constitution was promulgated on 17 December 1820. The new constitution contained most of what the opponents of the first constitution had wanted, but the grand duke saved face since the constitution was formally granted by him. Louis I was honoured as a great lawgiver, with the 2297:, the brother-in-law of Grand Duke Louis III, this was a relatively mild treaty. Bismarck had originally intended to annex the whole of Upper Hesse. Instead, Hesse lost only 82 km and gained nearly 10 km when Prussia gave the grand duchy various enclaves within Hessian territory that had previously belonged to states which Prussia had annexed outright. All of these new territories were located in Upper Hesse, aside from 2332: 2965: 3313: 707: 3676:, with some legal provisos. Due to the rising population, stagnating agricultural sector, and slow pace of industrialisation, there was continuous poverty among the lower class. From the 1840s several thousand people left the grand duchy every year (records do not exist for earlier periods). The government supported emigration in order to reduce the potential for social conflict. The local 1670: 4017: 1300:, when Napoleon returned from exile, Austria, Prussia, and the Grand Duchy of Hesse concluded a treaty on 30 June 1816, which regulated the region and went into more detail that the treaty signed at Vienna in the previous year. There were further border agreements and exchanges of small areas of territory with the Electorate of Hesse and the Kingdom of Bavaria. The 3864:). This was allowed despite the reservations of the Hessian government and the Landstände, and the faculty of Roman Catholic theology at the University of Giessen was closed, after the retirement of the final professor. After the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, the conflict between Church and State erupted from around 1874, feeding into the 1918:. So much "democracy" was novel even for liberal politicians and the interior ministry urged people to act responsibly with their right to vote. Two elections were held under the new electoral system, in 1849 and 1850. Both times, the democrats received a strong majority in the lower chamber, which they used to block the enactment of a state budget. 4070:. The last coins of the city of Friedberg were minted in late summer 1806 (although the grand duchy had annexed the city in 1804). Henceforth, only the grand duchy had the right to mint coinage within its territory and the only mint was the one at Darmstadt. This mint also produced coinage for the Duchy of Nassau and for Hesse-Homburg. 3520:. In addition to this there were the territories received during secularisation and mediatisation in 1803, the treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, and the former French areas received at the Vienna Congress in 1816. In the territorial expansion between 1803 and 1816, Hesse initially inherited and retained their particular 1384:). Louis I balked at this and was quoted as saying that a parliament "in a sovereign state not necessary, not useful, and in some respects dangerous." In fact, the process of constitutional reform was mainly undertaken by the civil service rather than the grand duke himself. The members of the civil service who led the reforms were: 7992: 2930:

created a National Housing Inspectorate ("Landeswohnungsinspektion", which monitored the state of the housing market and reported it on it. This made the grand duchy the leading state of the German Empire with respect to housing policy. Von Heyl also established the "Action Society for the Construction of Affordanble Housing" (

5378:. At the instigation of Georg Moller, a heritage management regulation was brought into effect in the grand duchy on 22 January 1818, which dealt with care for buildings and archaeological remains and was a precursor of modern heritage protection laws. Among other things Moller was responsible for the preservation of the 1531:("local courts", responsible for judicial functions). This process took place over several years, since at first the state could make new rules about administration and justice only where it had unrestricted authority over these matters. The areas in which the grand duchy's sovereignty was unrestricted were called 1506:. Preliminary work on reforming this system began by 1816, and from 1821, the court system and the administrative system were separated at the lowest level in Starkenburg and Upper Hesse provinces. In Rheinhessen, this had already been done around twenty years earlier, while the area was under French control. 3919:

was widespread and led to violence against Jews, in moments of crisis, like the famine of 1817/18 and the Revolution of 1848. By contrast, when the state wanted to strengthen its grasp on its Jewish subjects, it moved more quickly. Thus, an ordinance was passed in 1804 requiring Jewish subjects to be

3844:

The appointment of the first bishop was delayed due to disagreements about the appointment procedure. In 1827, Hesse and the Church agreed that the grand duchy could review the list of candidates for election and veto those that were not acceptable to it. The foundational document for the new diocese

2012:

with armed police. All of this did not help Dalwigk at all. In the end, Austria and Prussia came to an agreement between themselves on customs and Austria gave up on the idea of a customs union with the German middle states. The whole affair created an enduring enemy to Dalwigk, however: the Prussian

1654:

privileges, proved difficult, as a result of "damage to multiple interests". Even in this area, different conditions applied in different parts of the grand duchy. In Rhine-Hesse, the guilds had been abolished during French rule, while in the provinces on the right bank of the Rhine, guild privileges

4942:

The first private initiative for the construction of a railroad network, which was to include a Frankfurt–Darmstadt–Heidelberg line and a branch line to Mainz, failed in 1838, when the company undertaking the project could not raise sufficient capital. The state refused to invest in the project. The

4274:

On 17 August 1868, the North German Confederation published a new ordinance on weights and measures, which came into force on 1 January 1872 and introduced the metric system. Only one of the three provinces of the grand duchy was part of the North German Confederation (Upper Hesse), but to avoid the

3663:

The special position of the knights was established by the Grand Duke in 1807. Several of these nobles initially had control of their own local courts, the last of which were taken over by the state in the 1830s. The knights also had their own representatives in the Landstände. From 1820 until 1872,

3659:

family held an equivalent status to the Standesherren. In total, about a quarter of the grand duchy's area and population belonged to the Standesherren. The privileges of the Standesheren declined over the nineteenth century and they finally lost their seats in the upper chamber of the Landstände in

3655:. According to the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine of 1806, Stedesherren had special rights and possessed sovereignty over the areas that they ruled. Initially, there were nineteen Standesherren in the grand duchy, but by the end of the nineteenth century this had declined to seventeen. The 3431:

The Lower Chamber contained the elected representatives. The electoral law changed significantly over time. For a brief period after 1848, representatives were chosen by a direct vote of all (male) citizens, which was very progressive. In the reactionary period following the revolution, the indirect

2487:

in 1872. After this, Louis III completely stepped back from government, handing over public duties to the crown prince and princess. This led to the development of a glorified image of him and, at the death of "Uncle Louis" in 1877, it was largely forgotten that his rule had consisted of a series of

2231:

and the forces of the German Confederation faced off against Prussia. The Hessian troops were ready to march, but it took more than two weeks to gather the rest of the 8th Army in Frankfurt. Eventually, the army marched through Upper Hesse to the northeast. When the outcome of the war was decided by

3700:

followed this example. High points were the year 1846 when more than 6,000 people emigrated, and 1853, when 8,375 people did so, including many of those opposed to the reactionary policies of von Dalwigk. This was roughly 1% of the population. The grand duchy's population sank between 1850 and 1855

4096:

Under the law of 30 July 1848, the grand duchy's debt payments were made with banknotes called "Ground rent certificates". According to this law, notes were issued in 1848 in denominations of 1, 5, and 10 guilder, and in denominations of 35 and 70 guilder in 1849. However, forgeries of these notes

2994:

in Mainz and the church was not able to open it again until 1887. After Ketteler's death in 1877, the bishop's seat remained vacant until 1886, as a result of the conflict between the state and the Catholic church, since the state vetoed all candidates for the position that were put forward by the

1100:

was inherited by the Grand Duke of Hesse in 1866, but had to be ceded to Prussia later that same year. The Biedenkopf district and the Hessian Hinterland were also annexed by Prussia in 1866. These territories were combined with Electoral Hesse, the Duchy of Nassau, and Frankfurt to create the new

3726:

denominations, but there was also resistance to this. The state did not manage to settle this issue in a uniform manner. Thus, in the most progressive province, Rhine-Hesse, the clergy agreed a union in 1817, but bureaucratic obstacles meant that the state did not bring that agreement to fruition

2444:

for the negotiations about Hesse's entrance into the new German union. The treaty on the grand duchy's admission to the Confederation was signed on 15 November 1870, without Hesse receiving any reserved powers, unlike the other negotiating states. The Landstände ratified the treaty on 20 December

1853:

to abdicate. The political tension grew so great that the government no longer waited for citizens' committees and other societies to take banned political actions before persecuting them. Within a few days, the situation had become so dire that, on 5 March 1848, Grand Duke Louis II named his son

4866:

Before railroads, the Rhine was the most important transportation route in the grand duchy. The French occupiers in the Napoleonic period had given it a central administration which was based in Mainz. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, these tasks were given to a new organisation, also based in

1200:

Before this territorial expansion, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt had around 210,000 inhabitants in its territories on the right bank of the Rhine. After 1806, the population was around 546,000. At the same time, the Grand Duchy reached its greatest territorial extent, around 9,300 km.

3444:

Theoretically, laws were issued by the grand duke, in close consultation with the Landstände. The Landstände had no sovereign power of their own. A law came about when the grand duke (in fact, his ministers) submitted a proposed law to the Landstände. After advice from the Landstände, the draft

2929:

and president of the upper chamber of the Hessian Landstände from 1874 to 1912. There he was responsible for the "Law on Housing Support for the Less Wealthy" of 1902, which provided simplified possibilities for finance. This improved on an earlier law passed in 1893. Additionally, the 1902 law

1257:

concluded a treaty, which granted the grand duchy further areas under French control, which had been taken from Electoral Hesse in 1806. Although the treaty was agreed in May, it was only signed by Napoleon on 17 October 1810. The Hessian certificate of possession is dated 10 November 1810. The

3739:

and many Lutheran and Calvinist churches remained separate. In 1832, a single Protestant church organisation for the whole of Hesse was established with its seat in Darmstadt. The existing united church in Mainz and the individual united church and school councils in Giessen and Darmstadt were

1869:

However, the rural population's demands that the Standesherren be stripped of their privileges and for serfdom to be abolished without requiring them to pay compensation were not fulfilled. As a result, on 8 March, a massive demonstration gathered before the residences of the Standesherren and

2700:

An ordinance of 1874 reorganised the top state offices. This also abolished the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, since external relations were now controlled by the German Empire. Hitherto, the Minister for Foreign Affairs had also served as Minister of the Grand Ducal House, a job which was now

1976:

In this role, Dalwigk organised a coup d'état against the Landstände in autumn 1850. On 7 October 1850, he issued an edict setting aside the existing voting system, removing the sitting Landstände from power, and ordering a return to an electoral law like the one that existed before the March

645:

in return. A constitution was proclaimed in 1820 and a long process of legal reforms was begun, with the aim of unifying the disparate territories under the grand duke's control. The political history of the grand duchy during this period was characterised by conflict between the conservative

1955:

as director of the ministry of the interior on 30 June 1850, transferred him provisionally to the ministry of foreign affairs and the Grand Ducal House on 8 August 1850, and finally named him president of the council of ministers on 25 September 1852. Louis III, who "imitated the image of a

1497:

After its territorial augmentation, the grand duchy consisted of numerous territories with different administrative systems. To regularise this, it was urgently necessary to integrate the various regions. At the lower levels, the administrative system of these regions was still based on the

6095:

Durch die höchste Verordnung vom 4ten November 1816 ist der Wille Seiner Königlichen Hoheit des Großherzogs ausgesprochen worden, daß der unvollkommene Zustand der bürgerlichen Gesetzgebung verbessert und durch Gleichförmigkeit derselben das Band zwischen alten und neuen Unterthanen des

855:

to the established industrial centres in Germany and overseas. While Upper Hesse was also the largest province by population at the start of the 19th century, by the end of the grand duchy in 1918 it had become the smallest. The only significant institution which was based here was the

1778:

was allowed to be founded in 1833, but local societies that had originally been planned were not, and the society's charter stated that the society must not occupy itself with "contemporary history and discussion of the political circumstances of more recent times." Above all,

2751:

In 1911, the voting system for the lower chamber of the Landstände was modernised. Census suffrage was abolished, but all voters over fifty years old received two votes. Around 20% of the population was entitled to vote. This relatively low proportion was due to the fact that

3800:

carried out at the end of the Holy Roman Empire, the Roman Catholic church was largely reliant on funds supplied by the state. The new organisation of the Catholic church in the grand duchy was the result of long negotiations which had already been underway long before the

2368:. Subsequently, Dalwigk's government attempted to prevent or at least to delay the integration of the rest of Hesse into the confederation. The only justification he would accept for southern Hesse joining the confederation was if France were to start a war with Prussia. 1870:

stormed some of them. After this, the Standesherren agreed to the abolition of serfdom without compensation. In doing this, however, the farmers exceeded the limits of what the bourgeoise were willing to accept, since they were not willing to countenance interventions in

2772:

Until the end of the monarchy (and afterwards), officials were recruited mostly from old local families of officials and sometimes graduates of the University of Giessen. This ensured the continued existence of a liberal internal policy, unlike the neighbouring Prussian

3995:

associated with them. In the following years, the government in Darmstadt made a series of attempts to make deals with its neighbours to reduce tolls, all of which failed due to fears about the loss of sovereignty. Thus, in 1828, the grand duchy signed a treaty for a

5540:. Since the rules of the Prussian state railways applied to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company, compound place names in the names of railway stations were written without the hyphen, even though the name of the place that they served was written with one, as with 2668:

of Russia. These links were reflected in the presence of British, Russian, and Prussian envoys in the tiny Hessian capital of Darmstadt. The limited practical significance of this was shown by the inability of this Europe-wide network to prevent the outbreak of the

1201:

Almost simultaneously, there was a radical change in the state's internal politics. With two edicts on 1 October 1806, the Grand Duke revoked the financial privileges of the landed nobility on a large scale (the landed nobility became subject to taxation) and their

1841:, chief minister from 1821 to 1848, inaugurated the "System du Thil", which entailed the complete suppression of all political discussion. Crop failures and rapidly rising prices for basic foodstuffs created a crisis in the grand duchy. Then on 24 February 1848, a 2200:

advocated "armed neutrality" in the brewing conflict between Austria and Prussia, von Dalwigk entered the war on the Austrian side immediately after hostilities broke out in June 1866. Initially, the Landstände refused to grant the government the right to issue

4160:, which had already been used in Rhine-Hesse province during its occupation by France, a compromise was devised. Eckhardt was principally concerned that the population would not use the reformed system in their day-to-day lives. He also thought that the 3602:

in 1862. Upper Hesse and Starkenburg were separated by foreign territory – the Electorate of Hesse and Free City of Frankfurt before 1866 and then the Kingdom of Prussia. This internal segmentation shaped the economic development of the grand duchy.

3914:

in the grand duchy took decades. While there were some very progressive theoretical approaches, such as a report by the young councillor Karl du Thil in 1809, advocating legal equality for Jews, only very small steps were taken in practice. Latent

1375:

As a result of these territorial acquisitions, the grand duchy was composed of numerous disparate components. A constitution was therefore urgently needed in order to unite the various territories of the new state. Furthermore, article 13 of the

6065: 2460:

As a result of documents discovered in France which revealed Dalwigk's political intrigues with the French, his position finally became unsustainable. However, it was only when Louis III was directly instructed to fire Dalwigk during a visit to

2037:

under Prussian leadership – the opposite goal from Dalwigk. He advised the local councils to prosecute all known members of the Association, using the ban on all political associations as justification. After some prominent Hessians, including

2555:

The largest reform of law and justice in the 19th century, in which projects that the grand duchy had failed to accomplish since 1803, like the legal unification of the whole country, were brought to completion by imperial laws, like the:

3990:

The relatively small area of the grand duchy and its neighbours posed a significant economic problem. This became clear in the winter famine of 1817/18, when grain deliveries were hindered by the borders between the German states and the

2552:. This was effected by a military convention which was signed on 13 June 1871 and came into force on 1 January 1872. The Hessian ministry of war was abolished. The result of this was that higher command positions were filled by Prussians. 5399:

The grand duchy's "Law on Cultural Heritage Management" of 16 July 1902 was the first modern, codified heritage management law in Germany. This became the model for similar laws outside the grand duchy and remained in effect until 1986.

4878:

began to travel on the Rhine. In 1828, the Cologne steamboat company transported 18,600 passengers on the Rhine. In 1826, the grand duchy granted a concession for a "Steamboat company of the Rhine and Main" and from 1828, the steamboat

3515:

From the beginning the grand duchy faced the problem of bringing its various disparate parts together. Even the core region, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, consisted of two separate parts: the "Old Hessian" region and the Upper

5529:, unlike standard German. Examples of this can still be seen in places that once fell within the boundaries of the grand duchy. A standardised spelling system for all Prussian official purposes was introduced on 1 January 1903 by the 4823:

for 5), followed by the first letter of the individual province, so the plate of a car registered in Rhine-Hesse province would begin "VR". The plates had black letters on a white background. These plates continued in use until 1945.

3461:

The government of the grand duchy was rearranged on 12 October 1803, being divided into ministerial departments for the first time: In 1821, an edict established that the government, now known as the State-Ministry or Whole-Ministry

4943:

grand duchy had no real railway policy. Later on, it invested in individual projects with a half stake or even on it own, without any overarching plan. Thus, the first railway connection in the grand duchy, the extension of the

3618:

Even before the establishment of the grand duchy, Hesse-Darmstadt had a standing army. This was expanded after 1816. Following the military convention with Prussia on 13 June 1871, the Hessian forces were incorporated into the

8961: 5535: 2236:

on 3 July 1866, the Hessian forces had still not encountered the enemy. On 6 July 1866, Prince Alexander halted his advance and returned home, but not quickly enough. On 13 July 1866, he was intercepted by Prussian troops at

4419: 5530: 3532:(although partially using German terminology). The process of unifying and modernising divergent systems took almost the whole of the nineteenth century. A clear end point is 1 January 1900 when the extremely fragmented 2154:

against Prussia (and thus also against Great Britain). This agreement with a foreign initiative, directed against a German power, brought von Dalwigk into even greater disrepute with the Nationalists. In the face of the

3664:

they had twenty representatives in the Lower chamber. After that, they instead had two representatives in the upper chamber. Only the richest families in Hesse could vote for these (probably around two dozen families).

4482:

The presence of the two banks in Darmstadt meant that the grand duchy had fewer restrictions on public companies for poor financial performance, since the banks could act more freely than in neighbouring Frankfurt or

5007:, which continued to expand the network into Upper Hesse. In 1897, the Hessian Ludwig Railway was nationalised, merged with the Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways, and then both were placed under the control of the 4709:. The first gasworks in the grand duchy was opened in Mainz in 1853. It was followed by another at Darmstadt in 1855 on 14 March, celebrated by specially lighting up the opera house, and a third at Giessen in 1856. 3381:

which linked the subjects of the grand duchy to the grand duke and his government. It was created by the Hessian constitution of 1820 and survived until the November Revolution in 1918, when it was succeeded by the

5496:, drinking water fountains, bath houses, parks, pumps, and a laundry. The whole structure still exists today, providing an extraordinary ensemble of the artistic and architectural style of the grand duchy in 1910. 1731:

In Upper Hesse province, a revolt broke out in September 1830, whose members expressed a general dissatisfaction with the state. Characteristically, the territories of the Standesherren were particularly affected:

3029:, a project, which his mother, Grand Duchess Alice, had first conceived, but had not brought to fruition due to her early death. The colony and its four art and craft exhibition halls on Mathildenhöhe have been a 2457:, the grand duchy was represented by crown prince Louis. Grand Duke Louis III accepted the event on account of the changed circumstances, but with a heavy heart and he remained very distant from the development. 1874:. Von Gagern brought this protest to a close with military force, but accepted the farmers' demands. This marked the end of the "hot phase" of the revolution in the grand duchy, which thus lasted only two weeks. 5015:, which had its headquarters in Mainz). The Main-Neckar Railway followed in 1902. From this point, the vast majority of most of the grand duchy's railway network was under the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company. 3610:) at 31 July 1848. This reform was reversed in 1852 during the reactionary period, when the earlier division into three provinces was restored. This structure endured beyond the end of the grand duchy in 1918. 1569:

remained either the seat of the Landrat or the Landgericht. Five further Landratsbezirke and six more Landgerichten were created over the following years as a result of the negotiations with the Standesherren.

5520:

Until the beginning of the 20th century, the grand duchy retained different spelling rules from the neighbouring states of Prussian and Bavaria, which continues to have an impact today. This system meant that

4783:

law was passed in 1821, based on article 27 of the constitution. After the conclusion of the customs union with Prussia in 1830, there were further laws on the construction and maintenance of "national roads"

4385:

occurred relatively late and was relatively restrained. In 1847 there were 24 steam engines in the grand duchy; in 1854 there were 83, and in 1862 there were 240, with a total combined strength of only 2,227

5589:

The mediatised houses were more fortunate, since they were granted a 1/3 tax deduction owing to the privileged status awarded to them in the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine (Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:

2836:) in 1872. This society ran a market for women who worked at home ("the Alice Bazaar") and the Alice-School, a school that trained women for employment, which is now the Alice-Eleonoren-Schule in Darmstadt. 8579: 2528:

and the largest one to have no reserved powers. Its 853,000 inhabitants in 1875 were 2% of the Empire's total population. This small size alone pushed the grand duchy into insignificance. In addition, the

1621:

In Upper Hesse and Starkenburg, the local council had oversight of the mayors, while in Rhinehessen, where this local district did not exist, the mayors were chosen directly by the provincial governments.

1578:

A modern system of civic administration, modelled on the French system, was also introduced in 1821. The outmoded cooperative parish associations were replaced by a system of civic and parish citizenship.

2134:. This link changed the political climate in the grand duchy. Social questions became topical. In 1863, a workers' education society was established and in 1864 the Building Society for Workers' Housing ( 3860:(1850–1877) played an important role in the social debate within the Catholic Church well beyond the borders of the diocese. In 1851, he founded a "Theological School at the Diocesan Seminary of Mainz" ( 6059: 3497:

The Ministry External Affairs and the Grand Ducal House. The external affairs portion of the ministry was closed in 1874 and the responsibilities to the house were transferred to the Minister-President.

1265:. Baden placed its territories at French disposal and France gave them back to the grand duchy with a treaty signed on 11 November 1810. The Hessian certificate of possession is dated 13 November 1810. 3383: 3357: 1763:

After the revolution of 1830 was over, the government regained the upper hand and decided that if they could not suppress the rising appetites for reform, they would at least try to control them. The

2907: 3813:

with the Catholic Church in 1817, the other states of southwestern Germany began negotiations in 1818 in Frankfurt am Main to come up with a solution for their territories, which resulted in the

6007:

This statement became famous but it appears to derive not from Louis himself but from a document prepared for him by his chief minister, Ludwig Adolf von Grolmann. Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:

4760:

network. In 1852, the telegraph line running along the Rhine-Neckar Railroad was made available for private telegraph messages and in 1853 a separate "telegraph office" was opened in Darmstadt.

3449:("Government Gazette of Grand Ducal Hesse"). Usually, laws came into force fourteen days after this proclamation. In addition, the grand duke had the power to issue emergency decrees (including 3749: 1521: 3420:, and ten Hessian citizens, whom the grand duke could grant a seat to, in recognition of special service. In order to take up a seat in the Upper Chamber, one had to be over 25 years of age. 9035: 8315:(Ordinance on the equivalence of the measurements used in Germany for weighing silver, gold, jewels, and medicine with the new weights of the Grand Duchy of Hesse on 8 January 1819); Brand, 1588:

The mayoralties were administered by an elected local board, consisting of the mayor, deputies, and parish councillors. Male residents elected three men and one of them was chosen as mayor:

3436:

was adopted in 1856. An additional electoral reform in 1872 reduced the number of representatives elected by the landed nobility and transferred those representatives to the Upper Chamber.

2598: 1945: 1930: 1585:(mayors) were established for individual settlements and parish associations with at least 400 inhabitants. In 1831 there were 1092 parishes in the grand duchy, administered by 732 mayors. 8418:(Law on the introduction of the ordinance on weights and measures issued for the North German Confederation in the parts of the grand duchy outside the North German Confederation); Brand, 2898:

A major problem facing the rapidly growing population was the shortage of housing. Around the turn of the century, the population of the grand duchy passed one million people. A series of

5314: 4371: 4302: 4146: 8313:

Verordnung betreffend die Vergleichung des in Deutschland gebräuchlichen Silber-, Gold-, Juwelen- und Apothekergewichts mit dem neuen großherzoglich hessischen Gewicht vom 8. Januar 1819

5197: 3934:: "Non-Christians have national citizenship, if the law conferred it on them or if it is granted to them either explicitly or implicitly through a grant of the national administration." 2349:

The war did not lead to the dismissal of Dalwigk. Grand Duke Louis III remained committed to him, although his anti-Prussian policy and his very person were now a burden to the country.

5294: 1709:, Prussia and Austria. On the other hand, the government continually persecuted the opposition (although without much long-term success in the courts), since they feared a revolution. 10234: 9256: 5275: 1862:(in fact, Louis III became sole ruler, since Louis II was ill and died a few months later on 16 June 1848). The next day, Karl du Thil was dismissed and replaced as chief minister by 1240: 4591: 2440:, the grand duchy fought alongside the North German Confederation, which it joined partway through the war on 20 October 1870. Despite Bismarck's hatred of him, Dalwigk travelled to 1889:

The new organisation of the administration saw the three provinces and all of the districts abolished and replaced by a single level of local administration midway between them, the

678:

in 1871. As a small state within the empire, the grand duchy had limits placed on its autonomy, but significant religious, social, and cultural reforms were carried out. During the

4681: 5003:, linked the railway network of the grand duchy to France from 1853. This was a boon for the grand duchy's export market. Finally, in 1876 the state founded its own company, the 3423:

This system was interrupted in 1849, when the Upper Chamber was reformed to contain 25 representatives, elected by census suffrage. However, the old system was restored in 1850.

1331:" in order to match William I. However, Austria and Prussia refused to grant this. Instead, William gestured to this claimed title by changing the name of the grand duchy to the 4344: 4102: 4036: 3006:, because he considered the plans "hideous and too pretentious, a disfigurement of the city and a disgrace for the government." The Grand Duke sought out the Berlin architect 1768: 782: 6546:

Gesetz, die definitive Übertragung der Polizeigerichtsbarkeit, einschließlich der Forstgerichtsbarkeit, in den Provinzen Starkenburg und Oberhessen an die Gerichte betreffend

9161: 6219: 2705: 2538: 2253: 8416:

Gesetz, die Einführung der für den Norddeutschen Bund erlassenen Maß- und Gewichtsordnung in den nicht zum Norddeutschen Bund gehörigen Teilen des Großherzogtums betreffend

4999:, which developed into one of largest private railways in Germany. It maintained a thick network of lines in Rhine-Hesse, Starkenburg, and beyond. Their original line, the 4054:

and the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine removed the minting rights of the states that had been abolished. In the Hessian region, the right to mint was lost by the

9704: 8529: 3406: 2902:

were established – in 1905 there were around forty. The most important was the "Ernest Louis Society: Hessian Central Society for the Construction of Affordable Housing" (

2583: 2283: 4529: 4424: 4156:

was tasked with designing a unified national system for the whole grand duchy. This new system was implemented on 1 July 1818. Instead of introducing the modern, French

2609: 1394: 6279:

Article 104 of the Verfassung des Großherzogtums Hessen stated: "exceptional trade and business privileges should not exist, unless in accordance with a specific law" (

4101:

and brought into circulation in Hesse, leading to a new emission of paper money in 1864, consisting of over 4.3 million guiler (law of 26 April 1864). In addition, the

4629: 4271:

wurde es Privatleuten, die kein Gewerbe oder keinen Handel betrieben, freigestellt, jedes beliebige Maßsystem zu verwenden (also auch die althergebrachten Einheiten).

3068: 2814: 7036: 5613: 6451: 662:, the government was forced to grant wide-ranging reforms, including the full abolition of serfdom and universal manhood suffrage, but the reactionary government of 5305: 4461: 2466: 1783:

were considered highly suspicious, even though a demonstration of sporting activities was presented in Darmstadt at the dedication of the Ludwig Monument in 1844.

663: 4360: 4267:

In der Praxis setzte sich das neue System – trotz seines Kompromisscharakters – nur langsam durch und die Obrigkeit musste weitere Zugeständnisse machen. Mit dem

4143:. This led to very many different measures of area. Sometimes there were different systems of measurement for different professions, such as bakers and butchers. 3594:

Starkenburg and the majority of Rhine Hesse were separated by the Rhine river and at first there was no permanent crossing between them. The first bridge was the

1981:

in 1852 showed how effective this opposition could still be. However, increased pressure on individual representatives (many of whom gave up and emigrated to the

1607:

This system ensured that, if the authorities did not like a particular candidate, they could prevent them from taking office. Thus, for example, the entrepreneur

804:

in the south, as well as a number of much smaller exclaves. The northern and southern sections were separated by a narrow stretch of territory, which belonged to

6300: 3975: 3896: 2572: 2257: 2021:. He advised the Prussian government to refuse to grant a new customs treaty to the grand duchy, unless Dalwigk resigned. However, this advice was not followed. 8807: 3445:

authorised by the Landstände would be sanctioned by the grand duke. This was the actual act which brought the law into force. Then it would be published in the

3401:

The Upper Chamber consisted of the princes of the grand ducal house, the heads of the Standesherr families, the Hereditary Marshal (since 1432, the head of the

10859: 10227: 9249: 9120: 8762:

Eckhart Franz, "„Habe Ehrfurcht vor dem Alten und Mut, das Neue frisch zu wagen!“ Die Denkmalpflege im kulturpolitischen Konzept Großherzog Ernst Ludwigs." in

4291: 2413:, his first visit to the grand duchy since the war, which was interpreted as a gesture of reconciliation, "Dalwigk was conveniently away visiting relatives in 2298: 2050: 4545: 3277: 10468: 3760: 2559: 1608: 1446: 1002: 9027: 8791: 8767: 5339: 2978:

was of great significance in the first years of the German Empire. After some delay, the grand duchy brought the Prussian measures into force. The duchy's

2391: 1433: 1420: 1222: 2813:, the society organised a secular health service. At its foundation, the society already had 33 local branches and 2,500 members. This developed into the 1956:

paternalistic ruler projected by his grandfather, without achieving his significance," and Dalwigk shared a conservative outlook and were both opposed to

1907:

A new electoral law was not passed until 1849. Under this law, all members of both chambers of the Landstände were now to be elected – the lower house by

1757: 10854: 8928: 4512: 3970:

The economic policy of the grand duchy from the beginning was to overcome the structures inherited from the 18th century and to modernise. The remaining

3959: 3924: 3818: 3744:

of Hesse was organisationally unified, although the two denominations retained separate churches and confessions in many places. In 1874, a charter with

2224:, he had no actual military experience. The ultimate military disaster was not attributed to him in the end. Mobilisation in Hesse began on 16 May 1866. 10758: 10435: 10190: 5320: 1304:

of possession are dated 8 July 1816, but were only published on 11 July. After this consolidation, the grand duchy had a population of roughly 630,000.

8915: 6103:. Großherzogliche Invalidenanstalt, Darmstadt 1818, pp. 103–108 (originally published in Großherzoglich Hessischer Zeitung No. 145 of 4 December 1817). 4570: 3184: 2477: 1017: 879:, which faced similar structural problems to the Vogelsberg). Intensive agriculture was possible and profitable in many areas of these plains, such as 759: 7800:(Ordinance dealing with changes in the organisation of the military offices following the military convention of 13 June 1871) of 23 December 1871 in 1407: 1036: 10849: 10839: 10220: 9242: 8945:

Handbuch der Hessischen Geschichte. Vol. 4.2: Hessen im Deutschen Bund und im neuen Deutschen Reich (1806) 1815–1945. Die hessischen Staaten bis 1945

7435: 6847: 3321: 1886:

and therefore had to resign from his role as a minister in the grand duchy. Nevertheless, a series of reforms delivered most of the "March demands".

1476: 1361: 17: 7865:(Regulation on the execution of the organisation of the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior) of 12 May 1852 in 1502:

system which had become obsolete centuries earlier. As well as being the lowest level administrative subdivision, the Ämter were also the courts of

1055: 9697: 9053: 4668: 4448: 4321: 2245:, 800 Hessian soldiers were killed or wounded – 15% of all their deployed forces. Their continued retreat southwards led to a second defeat at the 1540: 1510: 1205:(feudal estates) were abolished, which transformed Hesse-Darmstadt "from a mosaic of patrimonial fragments into a centralized, absolute monarchy". 2934:), which built a total of 250 houses with 450 inhabitants in Worms within a few years. Most of these houses are now the very upmarket district of 2760:

of the grand duchy meant that relatively few men were over the voting age. The upper chamber was revised, so that was now a representative of the

9023: 8940: 8880: 7563: 5471: 4164:

system used by metric measurements resulted in units that were not sufficiently far apart for day-to-day use. The compromise was as follows: the

4453: 4326: 2691:

Under these circumstances, the grand duchy retained only the power to concentrate on internal politics, especially social and cultural affairs.

2150:

Von Dalwigk still supported Austria and sought to prevent the creation of a Lesser Germany. In Paris, he sounded out interest in an alliance of

1185:

in an edict on 13 August 1806. Along with the promotion to the rank of grand duchy, Hesse was also rewarded with territorial gains, such as the

9112: 9057: 8987: 8898: 8540: 8432: 8345:

Ministerialverordnung die gleichförmige Einrichtung und öffentliche Beaufsichtigung der Waagen und Fasseichen betreffend vom 14. September 1818

6575:

Gesetz, die Einführung des mündlichen und öffentlichen Strafverfahrens mit Schwurgericht in den Provinzen Starkenburg und Oberhessen betreffend

4868: 2061: 1831: 1687: 7797:

Verordnung, die in Folge der Militärconvention vom 13. Juni 1871 in der Organisation der Militärbehörden eintretenden Veränderungen betreffend

7057:

Verordnung, die in Folge der Militärconvention vom 13. Juni 1871 in der Organisation der Militärbehörden eintretenden Veränderungen betreffend

4802: 4275:

grand duchy being divided into two regions with different systems, a law was passed introducing the metric system throughout the grand duchy.

3947:

were appointed by the Ministry of the Interior and Justice. Unlike the Christian churches, the Religious Society received no state subsidies.

2401:, who had actually implemented Dalwigk's delaying policy in military matters, was fired, but Dalwigk was allowed to remain in post. When King 998:

The two main regions of the grand duchy were separated by the Free City of Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse (parts of Prussia after 1866)

4734: 3052:. Grand Duke Ernest Louis was nominally an infantry general, but he did not exercise an active command. He did visit the headquarters of the 2863: 2039: 1218: 1080: 135: 851:

brought only low yields, while there was no industry at all. This led to increasing poverty over the course of the 19th century and massive

7522:

Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt von UNESCO ausgezeichnet. Ensemble markiert Wendepunkt in Architektur und Kunst an der Schwelle zum 20. Jahrhundert

5486: 5439: 3735:) and received its own church council in Mainz. In the other two provinces, similar agreements were only agreed at the level of individual 3362: 2935: 2163:, von Dalwigk proved to have chosen the wrong horse once again. He compounded this error in the following year when he took Hesse into the 5652:

Louis III was named co-regent on 5 March 1848 and was de facto sole ruler thereafter, as Louis II stepped back from government completely.

2316:, inherited by the grand duke earlier in the year on the extinction of its ruling line, was among the territories that passed to Prussia. 10844: 9690: 2912: 2205:, but they backed down in the face of popular opposition, once the government reduced its request from 4 million guilder to 2.5 million. 87: 4135:

Until 1818, there were a large number of different systems of weights and measures in the individual components of the grand duchy. The

3754: 1561:

From the 50+ Ämter that had previously existed 24 Landratsbezirke and 27 Landgerichten were created. The new Landgerichte had their own

7465:

Gesetz, die Ausführung des Reichsgesetzes über die Beurkundung des Personenstandes und die Eheschließung vom 6. Februar 1875 betreffend

3325: 2856: 2649:

The grand duchy's most significant loss was concealed to some extent by dynastic connections: Crown Prince Louis was the son-in-law of

1285: 1051: 7086: 4767:

was expanded, from less than 800 km to 7260 km and the number of telephones connected to the network rose from 755 to 4267.

2918: 2768:) and a representative for each of the three legally recognised sectors of employment: trade and industry, craftwork, and agriculture. 10461: 3943:). The unification of the boards and property holdings of the individual Jewish societies was regulated and supervised by the state. 2352:

One consequence of the peace treaty of 1866 was that the whole area north of the Main river (the Province of Upper Hesse, as well as

2072: 2014: 1566: 1073: 7519: 5202: 4609:

was known for its leather production and "Offenbach leather" remains famous today. The city was also a centre for the production of

1655:

had only been abolished in a few places for a few industries. This abolition was expanded, but guild privileges continued to exist.

10243: 8481: 7468:(Law which implements the Imperial law on the certification of civil status and marriage of 6 February 1875) of 3 December 1875 in 5640: 2288: 2262: 1471:), but with no authority of its own. Although this led to the first elections in the grand duchy, it also caused massive protests, 1377: 1182: 4257:, 10 December 1819 introduced the measures of length, area, volume, and weight and established a unified system in the grand duchy 2870:), which maintained a national advice network and help centres with nurses. In 1912, the Centre joined with the aviation pioneer, 9099:

Verpflanzt, aber nicht entwurzelt: Die Auswanderung aus Hessen-Darmstadt (Provinz Rheinhessen) nach Wisconsin im 19. Jahrhundert

7947: 7827:("Law on the organisation of the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior") of 31 July 1848 in 6283: 4939:, the grand duchy's parliament passed a law, which enabled the expropriation of land for private companies building railroads. 4376: 4307: 3838: 3411: 2213: 2209: 2179: 1950: 1935: 1460:

In 1816, a three-man legal commission was established to craft a constitution and other necessary laws, composed of Floret and

9354: 7088:

Verordnung zur Ausführung des Deutschen Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes und des Einführungsgesetzes zum Gerichtsverfassungsgesetze

3071:. In 1919, the Grand Duke released the officials of Hesse from their oaths of service to him, but he never issued an explicit 2632:

The resulting restructuring of the laws of the country was limited and the new laws were largely concordant with the old ones.

1554:, which meant that the Standesherren chose the local councillors and judges. This remaining power was only removed during the 1535:, while the areas where the Standesherren and other nobles exercised their own judicial and administrative authority were the 1173:. The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was promoted to a grand duchy and Louis X thereafter styled himself Grand Duke Louis I ( 10527: 9203: 9043: 9004: 6303:, representative of the Roman Catholic Church in the first chamber of the Parliament, cited by Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 5239:

The highest authority over the railroads in the grand duchy was the Finance Ministry, which had a railroad office from 1891.

4184:(i.e. 25 cm). This new foot was divided into 12 inches, so each inch was roughly equivalent to 2 cm. All the other 3251: 2099: 1786:

The government initially maintained its relatively open policy towards the press, but reacted harshly to the distribution of

1526: 903:. Burgeoning industry developed in this region. The three major centres of the grand duchy were located here: the capital at 232: 3569:, the first permanent bridge between the portions of the grand duchy on the left and right banks of the Rhine, built in 1862 2465:, that he was forced to give in and dismiss him on 1 April 1871. The new chief minister was the former Minister of Justice, 847:

deposits. There were many streams and waterways in the area, but none of them were big enough to serve as transport routes.

10834: 10454: 8668: 7860: 7850: 6555: 6544: 5299: 3868:. Because the state vetoed all candidates, the bishop's seat remained vacant from the death of Kettler in 1877 until 1886. 3289: 2603: 2275:

The crown princes of Hesse and Prussia arranged a cease fire in the middle of July. Dalwigk rejected this in the hope that

2111: 2091: 8920:

Historisches Ortsverzeichnis für das Gebiet des ehem. Großherzogtums und Volksstaats Hessen: Darmstädter Archivschriften 2

1900:

A reform of the justice system was also carried out in the areas to the right of the Rhine, including the introduction of

1773: 1239:

as only valid law for the whole grand duchy. However, these discussions were terminated by the conservative government of

10730: 10620: 10615: 10407: 10300: 10295: 9825: 9820: 9489: 7862:

Verordnung, die Ausführung der Organisation der dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

5073: 5004: 4898: 1805: 1555: 1245: 1047: 8494:

4th edition. Volume 8, Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig/Vienna 1885–1892, p. 470–470.

4596: 3506:

The Ministry of War, which existed alongside these departments, but was independent from them. It was abolished in 1871.

3056:

in France several times. A total of 32,000 men from this unit died during the war. In summer 1918, Darmstadt was hit by

2719:) served both as administrative subdivisions of the state and as self-governing local areas. The old district councils ( 1618:

received the most votes in Darmstadt two times, but the mayoralty was assigned to the second or third place candidates.

9713: 9056:(1984). "Verwaltungs-Einteilung 1821–1955. Mit einem Anhang über die Verwaltungsgebietsreform in Hessen 1968–1981". In 7705:("Law on the composition of the chambers of the Landstände and the election of representatives") of 8 November 1872 in 5145: 3388: 3064: 2685: 2614: 679: 174: 4995:

Meanwhile, the construction of a railway in the third province, Rhine Hesse, was undertaken by a private company, the

3636:

The nobility of the grand duchy consisted of two classes with different privileges, the Standesherren (members of the

710:

Territory of the Grand Duchy of Hesse from 1866, with its three provinces: Upper Hesse, Starkenburg, and Rhenish Hesse

9069: 8952: 8730: 8280: 7686:("Law on the composition of the chambers of the Landstände and the election of representatives") 6 September 1856 in 6093: 5192: 4988: 4686: 3652: 3474:). The Ministry of War remained separate from this arrangement. The title was changed to "Directing State-Minister" ( 3299: 3242: 3003: 2999: 2957: 2761: 2677: 2530: 2446: 2431: 1753: 290: 73: 8738:

Sammlung der in der Grossherzogl. Hessischen Zeitung vom Jahre 1818 publicirten Verordnungen und höheren Verfügungen

8082:

Conventiones de rebus ecclesiasticis inter S. Sedem et civilem potestatem variis formis initae ex collectione romana

6535:

Gesetz, einige Abänderungen des civilgerichtlichen Verfahrens in den Provinzen Starkenburg und Oberhessen betreffend

6101:

Sammlung der in der Großherzoglich Hessischen Zeitung vom Jahr 1817 publicirten Verordnungen und höheren Verfügungen

4151: 2543: 10715: 10392: 10020: 9865: 9622: 7647:(Law on the composition of the chambers of the Landstände and the election of representatives) 3 September 1849 in 5922: 5008: 4928: 4902: 3765: 3529: 3405:

barons of Eisenach), the Catholic bishop responsible for Hesse (i.e. the Bishop of Mainz), a representative of the

2680:

was referred to in Berlin as the "Red Grand Duke", because the Prussian envoy had scandalously seen him speak with

2642: 2505: 629:. The country was promoted to the status of grand duchy and received considerable new territories, principally the 10588: 3937:

The Jewish communities of the grand duchy were joined in an association called the "Israelite Religious Society" (

1882:

After March 1848, there was a reshuffle of the ministries, since Heinrich von Gagern was elected president of the

1767:

partially switched its focus to cultural activities, which the government then began to monitor warily. Thus, the

1323:, began styling himself "Elector of Hesse and Grand Duke of Fulda", Louis sought the additional title "Elector of 5992:

Konstitutionalismus in Hessen vor 1848. Drei Wege zum Verfassungsstaat im Vormärz. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung

4466: 4107: 4041: 3830: 3791: 2987: 2777:, where the district councillors often came from the east of the kingdom and were politically conservative. Even 2594: 2156: 1146: 985: 587: 516: 10273: 8906:

Ewald, L. (1862). "Beiträge zur Landeskunde". In Grossherzogliche Centralstelle für die Landes-Statistik (ed.).

8615:(Law on the construction and maintenance of provincial roads in the Grand Duchy of Hesse) of 12 October 1830 in 5462:

and also allowed the artists to design their own houses. In addition to Olbrich, members of the colony included

4779:

was an important task, in order to bind the different parts of the grand duchy together. In pursuit of this, an

4745:

on postal services within the grand duchy. The state was responsible for an administrative office, tariffs, and

4123:, the new unified currency of the entire German Empire. The mint at Darmstadt produced the new coinage with the 3841:. The borders of diocese were exactly contiguous with those of the grand duchy and remain the same to this day. 2805:

In the social sphere, Grand Duchess Alice took the lead. With her help, the "Alice Women's Society for Nurses" (

2256:

shot himself on 11 December 1866 during investigations into the military disaster. The Hessian Minister of War,

150: 10554: 5995: 5000: 4458:, founded in 1853, which played a key role in financing the construction of railroads and other infrastructure. 4001: 3433: 3229: 1855: 1388: 1012:

and the Hessian Hinterland was linked to the rest of Upper Hesse by a corridor of land only 500 metres wide at

8690:

ed. Georg Wittenberger & Förderkreis Museen und Denkmalpflege Darmstadt-Dieburg. Darmstadt 1985, pp. 8–15.

5414: 3876: 1181:, with an extra 'e') and announced not only the promotion, but also the territories he had received under the 10864: 10829: 9537: 9532: 9418: 8534: 5976:

Quellen zu den Reformen in den Rheinbundstaaten: Vol. 6: Regierungsakten des Großherzogtums Hessen 1802–1820.

4634: 4403: 4051: 3857: 3264: 3197: 3117: 3053: 2983: 2658: 2380: 2376: 2127: 2107: 2087: 1960:

and democracy. For Dalwigk, "the democratic principle perilous for the state, since it necessarily leads to

1717: 787: 8140: 7845:("Law on the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior") of 28 April 1852 in 4871:. It took until 1821 for the members of this organisation to agree to a new system of shipping regulations. 4335: 3731:

1822. This union of the two confessions was called the United Evangelical Protestant Church in Rhine-Hesse (

9081:

Gerichte und Gerichtsbezirke seit etwa 1816/1822 im Gebiete des heutigen Landes Hessen bis zum 1. Juli 1968

8489: 7925: 7855:(Edict on the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior") of 12 May 1852 in 5823: 5807: 5451: 5375: 4534: 4021: 3680:, which were responsible for supporting the poor, happily sent them overseas. The main destination was the 3500:

The Ministry of Internal Affairs. This ministry included justice, until it became its own ministry in 1898.

3219: 3155: 3104: 3026: 2588: 2246: 1399: 1308: 1142: 607: 332: 278: 5764: 5434:

Grand Duke Ernest Louis was a great supporter of the arts and, unlike most other German monarchs, also of

4359:

A number of companies with global reach were founded in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, with the support of the

4027: 3797: 3128:, "all rights of state power" were invested in him and his person was "sacred and inviolable". He led the 3002:, in 1892 at the age of twenty-three saw a marked focus on cultural policy. He rejected plans for the new 2710: 1752:, which was unanimously approved by the Landstände. Under the command of the grand duke's brother, Prince 10707: 10477: 10384: 10086: 9738: 9600: 8347:(Ministerial Ordinance for the identical creation and public inspection of scales and Fasseiche); Brand, 7994:

Die Abschiebung der Wimpfener Ortsarmen nach Amerika im Jahr 1854/55 im Spiegel der amerikanischen Presse

7644:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der beiden Landständischen Kammern und die Wahlen der Abgeordneten betreffend

6593:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der beiden Landständischen Kammern und die Wahlen der Abgeordneten betreffend

5208: 3951: 3606:

After the 1848 revolution, the provinces and districts were replaced with eleven "government districts" (

2819: 2338: 2030: 1740:. In these areas, shops were burgled and the local government offices were destroyed. The toll office in 1461: 1320: 320: 191: 10532: 5618: 5603:

In Darmstadt and Gießen the equivalents of the Landgerichten were called "Stadtgericht" ("city courts").

5274:

became the grand duchy's manager of works in 1810 and was responsible for a series of public buildings:

2953: 10699: 10376: 10212: 10073: 9610: 9428: 9266: 9234: 9229: 8927:

Franz, Eckhart G.; Fleck, Peter; Kallenberg, Fritz (2003). "Großherzogtum Hessen (1800) 1806–1918". In

6517:

Gesetz, die Organisation des dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungs-Behörden betreffend

5703: 5467: 5310: 4816: 4082: 3470:), would be led by one of the ministers, who would be known as the President of the United Ministries ( 3080: 2782: 2365: 1926: 1908: 1170: 687: 626: 543: 185: 168: 9402: 8865:

Verordnungen und Gesetzestexte zum Maß- und Gewichtswesen im Großherzogtum Hessen-Darmstadt. 1817–1870

7824:

Gesetz, die Organisation der dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

6498:

Gesetz, die Organisation der dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

3538: 2622: 2279:

would enter the war against Prussia. On 31 July, Prussian troops occupied Darmstadt without a battle.

1296:, which Hesse had received in 1803 and which was now transferred to Prussia. During the turbulence of 674:

side, but received a relatively mild settlement from the Prussian victors. The grand duchy joined the

10869: 10725: 10402: 10155: 9637: 9132:

Schmitt, Hans A. (1983). "Germany Without Prussia: a Closer Look at the Confederation of the Rhine".

8212:(Ordinance on the limitations of free commerce contained in guild charters ) of 16 February 1866, in 7402:(Law on the correct position of churches and religious communities in the State) of 23 April 1875 in 5765:

Patent, die Deklaration der Hessen-Darmstädtischen Lande zu einem souveränen Großherzogtum betreffend

5549: 5280: 3884: 2926: 2839:

The country also engaged in health care. At the beginning of the twentieth century, its focus was on

2731: 2471: 2402: 2342: 2233: 1842: 1467:

The constitution which was promulgated by grand ducal edict in March 1820 provided for a parliament (

390: 10578: 9773: 9303: 4365: 1683: 1066: 10625: 10523: 10519: 10305: 10127: 10035: 9830: 9575: 9568: 9397: 8209:

Verordnung, der in den Zunftbriefen enthaltenen Beschränkungen des freien Gewerbebtriebs betreffend

7702:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der beiden Kammern der Stände und die Wahl der Abgeordneten betreffend

6947: 6932: 6917: 5447: 4951:

in 1840, was a project of the neighbouring states that just happened to pass into the grand duchy.

4263:

Further subsequent ordinances regulated details and resolved questions that had arisen in practice.

3517: 2774: 2564: 2221: 2183: 2131: 2103: 1565:, which covered almost the same areas as the Landratsbezirke did. In general, the old seats of the 1102: 831:

was the largest of the three provinces by area. Most of this territory was forested uplands of the

8610: 8592: 8572: 8287:= Faltblatt zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung (12. Oktober 2018 bis 17. Februar 2019). Darmstadt 2018. 8094: 7903:(Declaration on the legal relationships of the Freiherrn Riedesel zu Eisenach) of 13 July 1827 in 7898: 7888: 7840: 7822: 7795: 7767: 7749: 7700: 7681: 7663: 7642: 7463: 7447: 7425: 7409: 7397: 7385: 7209: 7191: 7169: 7151: 7133: 7055: 6723: 6679: 6661: 6609: 6591: 6573: 6533: 6515: 6496: 6248: 6188: 6139: 6114: 4962:

fairly early. This links were the product of joint railway projects with its neighbouring states:

3920:

listed in government registers and another in 1808 requiring Jews to adopt "German" family names.

1720:

succeeded as grand duke after the death of his father in 1830, he had a total debt of two million

1161:, this policy became untenable. At the last minute, Louis X switched sides and supplied troops to 10507: 9682: 9224: 8794:, "Entstehung und Bedeutung des Denkmalschutzgesetzes für das Großherzogtum Hessen von 1902." in 8770:, "Entstehung und Bedeutung des Denkmalschutzgesetzes für das Großherzogtum Hessen von 1902." in 8207: 7668:("Regulation on the calling of an extraordinary meeting of the Landstände") of 7 October 1850 in 7227: 6441: 6423: 5918: 5565: 5379: 5166: 5012: 4936: 4296: 3521: 3121: 2638: 2476:, a final attempt at resistance by Louis III, before he appointed Prussia's preferred candidate, 2410: 2303: 2055: 1998: 1258:

Babenhausen district was attached to Strakenburg province, the other territories to Upper Hesse.

1227: 259: 252: 6112: 4316: 1796:

calling for social revolution. The persecution of his fellow contributors continued until 1839.

10790: 10720: 10562: 10397: 10180: 10150: 10117: 9632: 9563: 7418:

No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 249–255. The law was repealed in 1889 (Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:

5522: 5048: 4996: 4924: 4912: 4894: 4880: 3901: 3129: 2866:, Grand Duchess Eleonore founded the "Grand Ducal Centre for the Care of Mothers and Infants" ( 2704:

In the same year, the middle level of the administration was also reformed on the model of the

2577: 2294: 1613: 1451: 958: 942: 813: 8673:(Law on the laying of railroads in the grand duchy by private individuals) of 18 June 1836 in 8080: 7900:

Declaration, die staatsrechtlichen Verhältnisse der Freiherrn Riedesel zu Eisenbach betreffend

7456:

No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 260 f. This law was repealed in 1895 (Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:

4406:, also in London, there were a hundred Hessian companies. In 1908, the air transport pioneer, 10694: 10663: 10371: 10343: 10109: 10015: 9957: 9585: 9558: 9423: 9376: 9032:

Handbuch der hessischen Geschichte 1: Bevölkerung, Wirtschaft und Staat in Hessen 1806 – 1945

8847:

Amtsblatt der Königlich Preußischen und Großherzoglich Hessischen Eisenbahndirektion in Mainz

5632: 5344: 4113: 4063: 3736: 3595: 3562: 3417: 3057: 2765: 2665: 2396: 1562: 1438: 1425: 1312: 1186: 857: 443: 93: 7997:. in Landeskunde – Landesgeschichte. Fachportal des Landesbildungsservers Baden-Württemberg. 7399:

Gesetz, die rechtliche Stellung der Kirchen und Religionsgemeinschaften im Staate betreffend

5541: 5481:. Between 1901 and 1914, four exhibitions of Jugendstil art took place at Mathildenhöhe. In 3577:

Starkenburg. Capital: Darmstadt. Territory: mainly right of the Rhine and south of the Main.

3331: 884: 10630: 10605: 10536: 10310: 10142: 9965: 9949: 9835: 9805: 9627: 9617: 9464: 9459: 9319: 9090:

Historisches Ortsverzeichnis für das Gebiet des ehem. Großherzogtums und Volksstaats Hessen

8612:

Gesetz die Erbauung und Erhaltung der Provinzialstraßen im Großherzogthum Hessen betreffend

7930:(Declaration about the legal status of the former Imperial knights) of 1 December 1807. in 7683:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der Kammern und die Wahl der Abgeordneten der Stände betreffend

6843: 6681:

Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der Kammern und die Wahl der Abgeordneten der Stände betreffend

5455: 5117: 4974: 4948: 4738: 4727: 4517: 4016: 3929: 3891: 3823: 3620: 3371: 3049: 2810: 2723:), which had only an advisory role, were replaced by communally elected district councils ( 2454: 2276: 2242: 2197: 2159:, this discredited him significantly. When Austria and Prussia came to an agreement at the 1994: 1883: 1278: 1262: 1158: 1022: 975: 875:

were totally different. They lay almost entirely on the banks of the Rhine (except for the

820:. About 25% of the land area was forested. The two sections had very different characters: 770: 727: 634: 178: 10446: 8867:. Verein für Geschichte, Denkmal- und Landschaftspflege e. V. Bad Ems, Bad Ems o. J. 5325: 2083: 8: 10774: 10558: 10515: 9973: 9789: 9469: 9392: 8782:). 3rd Edition, W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-555-40310-6, p. 9 n. 18. 8329:

Verordnung über die neuen Maße und Gewichte im Großherzogtum Hessen vom 10. Dezember 1819

5393: 5335: 5187: 5095: 4983: 4966: 4955: 4575: 4501: 4283: 4246:

There were exceptions to this general system for medicines, precious metals, and jewels.

4086: 4074: 3911: 3033: 2786: 2753: 2482: 2437: 2191: 2164: 1863: 1814: 1788: 1675: 1316: 1293: 1254: 1007: 992: 817: 667: 630: 603: 8686:

Horst Schneider: "Die Eisenbahnpolitik des Großherzogtums Hessen in ihren Anfängen." in

8577:(Law on the expropriation of private property for official purposes) of 27 May 1821, in 5485:, a unique collection of spa facilities, mostly designed by these artists, was created: 4139:

alone had forty different definitions and there were several hundred definitions of the

3718:

at the end of the 18th century, there were efforts to overcome the division between the

2917:

played a leading role. The "Ernest Louis Society" participated in the construction of a

2142:

and erected its first social housing complex, with 64 dwellings, between 1866 and 1868.

1866:. Von Gagern proclaimed that the new government would grant all of the "March demands". 1412: 10653: 10550: 10497: 10492: 10333: 10258: 9855: 9768: 9758: 9753: 9542: 9293: 9149: 9106: 8981: 8892: 6116:

Verordnung: Die Eintheilung des Landes in Landraths- und Landgerichtsbezirke betreffend

5183: 4979: 4959: 4120: 4059: 4032: 3910:

Despite progressive attempts in the last years of the landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt,

3850: 3806: 3802: 3648: 3599: 3483: 3018: 2892: 2844: 2757: 2160: 1481: 1366: 1274: 968: 931: 836: 747: 723: 301: 7605:

Artikel 4 Abs. 2 Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen vom 17. Dezember 1820

7593:

Artikel 4 Abs. 1 Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen vom 17. Dezember 1820

10573: 10542: 10263: 9933: 9860: 9763: 9451: 9298: 9199: 9065: 9039: 9000: 8948: 8868: 8670:

Gesetz, die Anlegung von Eisenbahnen im Großherzogtum durch Privatpersonen betreffend

7944: 7927:

Deklaration über die staatsrechtlichen Verhältnisse der ehemaligen Reichsritterschaft

7842:

Gesetz, die dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

6280: 4764: 4673: 4606: 4506: 4411: 4382: 3846: 3782: 3715: 3637: 3257: 3067:, Grand Duke Ernest Louis was removed from power on 9 November 1918 by the Darmstadt 2282:

After its defeat in the war, Hesse was forced to concede territory to Prussia in the

2228: 2018: 1749: 1728:

considered this outrageous and rejected the proposal with a resounding vote of 41:7.

1545: 1515: 1489:

The constitution was followed by a wide range of further reforms in the grand duchy.

1289: 1194: 1166: 1154: 908: 647: 618: 530: 247: 9219: 7852:

Edict, die dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend

6141:

Edict, die standesherrlichen Rechts-Verhältnisse im Großherzogthum Hessen betreffend

5508:

The "Rechtschreibgrenze" ("Correct Spelling Boundary"): traffic sign leaving "

4351: 4269:

Gesetz, die Anwendung des neuen Maß- und Gewichtssystems betreffend vom 3. Juni 1821

964:

The Electorate of Hesse (also part of Prussia from 1866) to the north and northeast;

930:

Rhenish Hesse (capital at Mainz): Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the

10053: 9888: 9605: 9141: 8361:

Verordnung die Verfertigung und den Gebrauch der neuen Maße und Gewichte betreffend

7628:

Artikel 54 der Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen vom 17 December 1820

5808:

Erklärung des Großherzogs vom 1. Oktober 1806 zur Aufhebung aller Steuerprivilegien

5636: 5476: 4852: 4832: 4756:

Around 1850, the grand duchy was connected up to the newly developed international

4395: 4067: 4055: 3834: 2899: 2512: 2384: 2139: 2009: 1915: 1890: 1871: 1818: 1737: 1702: 1647: 899:, which were the most important transportation routes until the development of the 764: 659: 219: 9920: 9520: 8285:

Instrumente aus dem Physikalischen Kabinett. 200 Jahre Metrisches System in Hessen

7772:(Ordinance on the organisation of the highest state offices) of 22 August 1874 in 7617:

Artikel 52 der Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen of 17 December 1820

6425:

Edict, die Mitregentschaft Seiner Königlichen Hoheit des Erbgroßherzogs betreffend

5459: 5450:

during his visits to England. In 1899, he invited seven young artists to form the

5419: 4874:

New regulations were all the more urgent because this was the time when the first

3524:. This meant that the provinces on the right bank of the Rhine, were divided into 3348: 2922: 2825: 1793: 1041: 10648: 10328: 10063: 10043: 10025: 9904: 9896: 9873: 9728: 9644: 9595: 9510: 9505: 9340: 9185: 9173: 8736:(Ordinance in consideration of extant architectural monuments) 22 Januar 1818 in 8545: 7951: 6287: 6069: 5896: 5865: 5824:

Erklärung des Großherzogs vom 1. Oktober 1806 über die Abschaffung der Landstände

5334:(now known as the 'Moller House'). Outside Darmstadt, he was responsible for the 5252: 5065: 4185: 3880: 3796:

Around 25% of the inhabitants of the grand duchy were Roman Catholic. Due to the

3557: 3450: 2797: 2670: 2450: 2387: 2320: 2175: 2138:) was established with the support of Louis and Alice. This society was based on 2066: 1836: 1713: 1692: 1664: 1336: 1236: 1174: 1138: 809: 671: 571: 359: 54: 7754:(Ordinance on the organisation of the highest state offices) of 28 May 1821, in 5553: 5426: 5068:, nationalised and transferred to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897. 4919: 4807: 4116:

from the grand duchy in 1855, allowing it to operate as a private coining bank.

3748:-synodal elements was issued for the church, which was modelled on the Prussian 3693: 3044:

Under the German Empire's military constitution, Hessian troops participated in

1985:) and, especially, the new electoral law of 1856 weakened even this opposition. 1380:

required each member state to establish their own "parliamentary constitution" (

1165:. Along with fifteen other states, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt left the 1118: 666:

rolled most of these back over the following decade. In 1866, Hesse entered the

10748: 10676: 10668: 10658: 10546: 10425: 10353: 10348: 10338: 10175: 9981: 9941: 9878: 9474: 8974:

Die Entwicklung der Verwaltung in Hessen-Darmstadt unter Ludewig I. (1790–1830)

8932: 8363:(Ordinance on the manufacture and use of the new weights and measures); Brand, 4944: 4780: 4657: 4189: 3955: 3685: 3453:) in urgent situations if the Landstände could not be gathered quickly enough. 3172: 3095: 2904:

Ernst-Ludwig-Verein. Hessischer Zentralverein zur Errichtung billiger Wohnungen

2880: 2859:

participated in "the Grand Duchess' Sales Days" to raise money for this cause.

2650: 2517: 2406: 2361: 2357: 2335: 2217: 2115: 2044: 2034: 1911: 1850: 1503: 1328: 1301: 1261:

In August 1810, there was a three-way agreement between France, Hesse, and the

1214: 1085: 954: 927:

Starkenburg (capital at Darmstadt): Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main.

9125:

Die geschichtlichen Grundlagen des bürgerlichen Rechts im Großherzogtum Hessen

6113:

Großherzoglich Hessisches Ministerium des Inneren und der Justiz, ed. (1821).

6046:

Eckhart G. Franz, "Großherzoglich Hessisch … 1806–1918." in Uwe Schulz (ed.),

4847: 4648: 1288:, which had a population of 140,000 people and included the important federal 1129: 10823: 10094: 10010: 10005: 9912: 9590: 9580: 9515: 9484: 8872: 7665:

Verordnung, betreffend die Berufung einer außerordentlichen Ständeversammlung

7229:

Edict, die Verfassung der evangelischen Kirche des Großherzogthums betreffend

6663:

Verordnung, betreffend die Berufung einer außerordentlichen Ständeversammlung

6224:

Statistisch-topographisch-historische Beschreibung des Großherzogthums Hessen

5491: 5463: 5331: 4820: 4693: 4617: 4226: 4157: 4090: 3997: 3681: 3590:

Rhine-Hesse (1816–1918). Capital: Mainz. Territory: mainly left of the Rhine.

3335: 3125: 3007: 2940: 2549: 2525: 2372: 2371:

Dalwigk also attempted to delay the integration of the Hessian army into the

2313: 2238: 2123: 2119: 1982: 1756:, the rebellion was suppressed by the army. Part of this suppression was the 1509:

The tasks that had previously been assigned to the Ämter were transferred to

1282: 1097: 872: 801: 675: 642: 195: 141: 79: 33: 6863: 6627: 5545: 4390:. One of the most important "industries" of the state was the production of 3013: 1725: 1202: 610:. Colloquially, the grand duchy continued to be known by its former name of 346: 10806: 10797: 10686: 10566: 10511: 10363: 8156: 7452:(Law on Religious Orders and Order-like Congregations) of 23 April 1875 in 6073: 5987: 5386: 5368: 5271: 5263: 5257: 4907: 4776: 4706: 4407: 4215: 4208: 4098: 4073:

The grand duchy was a member of the South German monetary union and minted

3916: 3745: 3741: 2871: 2848: 2847:

in 1900 and the Eleonore Sanitorium for Women (now the Eleonore Clinic) in

2840: 2741: 2501: 2353: 2151: 1745: 1741: 1297: 1122: 896: 735: 731: 586:

that existed from 1806 to 1918. The grand duchy originally formed from the

8796:

100 Jahre Denkmalschutzgesetz in Hessen. Geschichte – Bedeutung – Wirkung.

8772:

100 Jahre Denkmalschutzgesetz in Hessen. Geschichte – Bedeutung – Wirkung.

8764:

100 Jahre Denkmalschutzgesetz in Hessen. Geschichte – Bedeutung – Wirkung.

7449:

Gesetz, die religiösen Orden und ordensähnlichen Congregationen betreffend

5504: 4722: 3528:, while Rhine Hesse retained the French administrative structure based on 2828:, Alice established the "Society for the Development of Female Industry" ( 10597: 10282: 9479: 8936: 8238: 5570: 5482: 5443: 5361: 5290: 4788:) and provincial roads. Important road links built at this time include: 4775:

In the period before the arrival of the railroads, the construction of a

4750: 4581: 4439: 4387: 4165: 4089:. The grand duchy of Hesse also minted double thaler coins from 1839 and 3865: 3533: 3378: 3045: 3039: 2974: 2778: 2681: 2662: 1780: 1764: 1706: 1631: 1190: 1094:

within the grand duchy until 1866, when it was given to the grand duchy.

1062: 1013: 888: 868: 848: 828: 797: 793: 683: 579: 364: 237: 10242: 9264: 7430:(Law on the training and appointment of the clergy) of 23 April 1875 in 7211:

Gesetz die Landgemeinde-Ordnung für das Großherzogthum Hessen betreffend

5374:

Under the first and last grand dukes, there was a significant effort at

5120:). Control transferred to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897. 4550: 3116:

The constitution issued on 17 December 1820 by Grand Duke Louis I ended

2331: 1733: 1724:, which he expected the state to pay for. The liberal opposition in the 981: 10740: 10417: 9815: 9153: 8163:. 3rd Edition. Eigenverlag, Worms 2009. ISBN 978-3-8391-0201-5, p. 160. 7434:

No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 256–260. This law was also repealed in 1887 (

5435: 5409: 4954:

The province of Starkenburg received a central railway connection, the

4828: 4585: 4237: 4140: 4005: 3971: 3814: 3688:. In some cases the poor were actually forced to leave, as occurred in 3210: 3072: 2738: 2727:). At the same time, the number of districts was reduced from 18 to 12. 2654: 2441: 2309: 2005: 1978: 1957: 1901: 1810: 1643: 1472: 852: 844: 832: 743: 698: 655: 120: 8774:

Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2, pp. 13–22; Jan Nikolaus Viebrock:

4410:

built a workshop at the edge of Darmstadt's firing range which became

915:

which was the largest city and the most significant centre for trade.

5267: 5113: 5090:

Control transferred to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897.

4970: 4875: 4757: 4746: 4623: 4556: 4472: 4391: 4287: 4255:

Ordinance on the new weights and measures in the Grand Duchy of Hesse

4124: 3962:

was the first Jew to be employed at a public school – also in Worms.

3810: 3770:, which made church law in cooperation with the Landesherrn, was the 3723: 3375: 3353: 3284: 3190: 2832:), renamed the "Alice Society for Women's Education and Employment" ( 2496: 1965: 1961: 1859: 1031:

There were also a number of Hessian exclaves to the north and south:

957:, the Duchy of Nassau (part of Prussia after 1866), and the Prussian 904: 209: 9145: 8814:. 3rd Edition. Kommunal- und Schulbuchverlag, Wiesbaden 2005, p. 32. 8574:

Gesetz über die Abtretung von Privateigenthum für öffentliche Zwecke

8258:

Elwert, Marburg a.d. Lahn 2012, ISBN 978-3-942225-16-8, pp. 124–154.

7581:

Amtsblatt der Preußischen und Hessischen Eisenbahndirektion in Mainz

5446:). As a grandson of Queen Victoria, he had become familiar with the 5357: 4798:

Hirschhorn–Beerfelden, Starkenburg Province in 1822 (now the L 3119)

4402:

in 1851, 74 companies from the grand duchy were present, and at the

4180:) were retained, but the foot was defined as exactly a quarter of 1 3696:

and neighbouring communities were "exported" and around fifty other

3684:, but Hessians also travelled to southern Russia, and, in one case, 3573:

The first-order subdivisions of the grand duchy were the provinces:

1712:

A political crisis was already broiling in Hesse at the time of the

1360:

Louis I depicted with Hessian Constitution in his right hand on the

1356: 9527: 9278: 8918:(1976). "Einleitung". In Ruppel, Hans Georg; Müller, Karin (eds.). 7330:

Gesetz über die Beaufsichtigung von Mietwohnungen und Schlafstellen

7178:

No. 28 of 12 June 1874, pp. 247–250; Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,

7171:

Verordnung die Eintheilung des Großherzogthums in Kreise betreffend

5286: 4958:, early on and the province of Upper Hesse was connected up by the 4836: 4742: 4702: 4614: 3719: 3673: 3656: 3584: 3580:

Upper Hesse. Capital: Giessen. Territory: mainly north of the Main.

3525: 3402: 3179: 3076: 2991: 2979: 2884: 2852: 2202: 2004:

The first crisis with Prussia arose in 1852 in connection with the

1993:

In external politics, Dalwigk and Louis III supported Austria, the

1499: 1162: 876: 840: 751: 739: 622: 9712: 9062:

Geschichtlicher Atlas von Hessen : Text- und Erläuterungsband

8597:(Law on the construction of national roads) of 15 October 1830 in 7769:

Verordnung die Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörden betreffend

7193:

Gesetz betreffend die Städte-Ordnung für das Großherzogthum Hessen

7135:

Verordnung die Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörden betreffend

6557:

Gesetz, die Aufhebung der privilegierten Gerichtsstände betreffend

4192:

were then derived from this measurement, as in the metric system:

726:. The portion on the left bank was located in the modern state of 633:. After the French defeat in 1815, the grand duchy joined the new 10753: 10430: 10185: 7153:

Gesetz, betreffend die innere Verwaltung der Kreise und Provinzen

6061:

Verfassungsurkunde für das Großherzogtum Hessen 17. Dezember 1820

4640: 4610: 4564: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4415: 4340: 4161: 4078: 3689: 2964: 2414: 1721: 1150: 1091: 938: 900: 880: 805: 755: 638: 583: 7437:

Gesetz, die Vorbildung und Anstellung der Geistlichen betreffend

7427:

Gesetz, betreffend die Vorbildung und Anstellung der Geistlichen

6078:

Verfassungsdokumente von der Magna Carta bis ins 20. Jahrhundert

3312: 2889:

Postcard week of the Grand Duchess and Airmail in Rhein and Main

2843:. The Ernest Ludwig Sanitorium for lung diseases was opened at 1630:

The state was also interested in replacing the old agricultural

1520:("local council districts", responsible for administration) and 718:

stretched most of the way from the south of the modern state of

10503: 7570:. H. L. Schlapp, 2nd Edition, Darmstadt 1977, p. 149. 6450:

No. 8 of 6 March 1848, p. 63; Full list of the new government:

5526: 5390: 4399: 3992: 3849:, took up the post in 1830. At the same time, a Roman Catholic 3728: 3647:

Standesherren were the members of the nobility who had enjoyed

3030: 2462: 8999:. Wiesbaden: Hessische Landeszentrale für Politische Bildung. 7414:(Law on the abuse of spiritual authority) of 23 April 1875 in 4488:

Mainz remained a leading producer of luxury goods, furniture,

3416:(appointed for life by the grand duke), the chancellor of the 3021:, 8 November 1918, one day before the fall of the grand duchy. 2533:

assigned many of its former powers to Berlin. These included:

2390:

to issue a blatant threat to the grand duke. Minister of War,

1817:, chief minister during the Revolution of 1848 (lithograph by 617:

In 1806, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt seceded from the

32:

For the region sometimes known in English as Rhine-Hesse, see

10640: 10320: 4795:

Reinheim–Michelstadt–Obernburg, Starkenburg Province, in 1820

4733:

The right to manage the postal service was granted to Prince

4249:

The system was implemented by a number of legal regulations:

4181: 3979: 3944: 3566: 2745: 2130:, crown prince of Prussia, who was married to Alice's sister 1846: 1651: 1346: 1324: 1193:, the princes who had previously held these territories, the 912: 892: 719: 715: 706: 8849:

of 12 November 1910, No. 51. Bekanntmachung No. 792, p. 451.

7659: 7657: 7579:

Preußische und Hessische Eisenbahndirektion in Mainz (ed.):

6629:

Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels, Friedrich Carl Reinhard Freiherr von

5643:

acted similarly. All the other German monarchs did abdicate.

3733:

Vereinigte evangelisch-protestantische Kirche in Rheinhessen

3651:

under the Holy Roman Empire and had been represented in the

3124:, but the grand duke retained substantial authority. As the 1658: 1343:), which also helped to distinguish the two Hessian states. 686:

in 1918, the grand duchy was overthrown and replaced by the

10476: 8836:

of 6 December 1902, No. 68. Bekanntmachung No. 575, p. 616.

8734:

In Erwägung, daß die noch erhaltenen Denkmäler der Baukunst

7751:

Verordnung über die Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörde

7411:

Gesetz, den Mißbrauch der geistlichen Amtsgewalt betreffend

4653: 4523: 4204: 4173: 3829:

of 1821. With respect to the grand duchy, this created the

2208:

In anticipation of the Austro-Prussian War, command of the

1669: 1642:

The constitution declared that an economic system based on

891:

in Rhine-Hesse. There were two large navigable rivers, the

7637: 7635: 3862:

theologische Lehranstalt am bischöflichen Seminar zu Mainz

3025:

The most famous project of Grand Duke Ernest Louis is the

3010:

instead and the museum which he built was widely praised.

2868:

Großherzogliche Zentrale für Mütter- und Säuglingsfürsorge

2789:

found that "the law in Hesse is implemented very mildly."

2212:

of the confederation (around 35,000 men) was entrusted to

7654: 7390:(Law on the Elementary School System) of 16 June 1874 in 4935:

In 1836, only half a year after the establishment of the

4203:

1 cubic-inch of water therefore weighed 15.625

4136: 4050:

In 1803, following secularisation and mediatisation, the

2824:, which still operates in Darmstadt today. Together with 2420: 1748:

courthouse were also affected. The grand duke introduced

1235:

Between 1808 and 1810, there were plans to introduce the

1197:, retained a significant portion of their former powers. 742:, the grand duchy also contained upland regions like the 8823:

The two locations are actually only ca. 150 metres apart

8245:

Klinkhardt und Biermann, Braunschweig 1967, pp. 193–196.

7583:, 29 March 1919, No. 20. Bekanntmachung Nr. 225, p. 129. 5732: 4792:

Darmstadt–Dieburg, Starkenburg Province (now the L 3094)

3805:

in 1815, as in the rest of southwest Germany. After the

3740:

brought under its umbrella. After this, the Evangelical

2801:

Grand Duchess Alice, Photograph by Franz Backofen, 1871.

2657:, heir to the British throne, and of the Prussian heir, 2319:

Hesse was also required to pay three million guilder in

1213:

On 24 April 1809, Napoleon ordered the abolition of the

941:): North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the 714:

The portion of the grand duchy on the right bank of the

9196:

Arbeitersiedlungen: Arbeiterhäuser im Rhein-Neckar-Raum

7632: 7533: 7531: 7387:

Gesetz, das Volksschulwesen im Großherzogtum betreffend

7314:

Gesetzes über die Wohnungsfürsorge für Minderbemittelte

6826: 6824: 1046:

was sandwiched between the Electorate of Hesse and the

8594:

Gesetz die Erbauung der Staatskunststrassen betreffend

6973: 6971: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6740: 6738: 5720: 5708: 5195:(co-owned by Hesse-Darmstadt and Frankfurt, 1848–1869) 4753:

bore the name "Grand Ducal Hessian Post Office of..."

3982:

were gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1866.

3040:

First World War and end of the grand duchy (1914–1918)

2323:

and hand its telegraph network over to the Prussians.

2033:

was founded in 1859. Its goal was to create a liberal

1315:, was re-established by the Congress of Vienna as the 8483:

Hessen (Großherzogtum: Industrie, Handel und Verkehr)

4085:, the exchange rate of these coins was pegged to the 3923:

The constitution of 1820 placed equal status under a

2491: 2216:, brother of Grand Duke Louis III. Although he was a 2145: 1189:. However, although all this territory lay under his 730:. In addition to the great floodplains of the Rhine ( 8926: 7528: 6821: 2637:

The incorporation of the Hessian railroads into the

2425: 2106:, died in 1862. A few weeks later, the crown prince 1090:, which belonged to the Electorate of Hesse, was an 776: 9016:

Geschichte und Geographie der deutschen Eisenbahnen

8962:

Hessisches Landesamt für Geschichtliche Landeskunde

8431:Ferdinand Werner, "Schloss und Park in Herrnsheim" 8243:

Papiergeld. Ein Handbuch für Sammler und Liebhaber.

6968: 6850:of 11 December 1866; Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6803: 6735: 5833: 5531:

Prussian Ministry of Culture, Education, and Health

4119:In 1874/5, the Hessian coinage was replaced by the 3974:were abolished in 1810 and procedures for granting 3545:

The lowest level subdivision was the municipality (

2998:The beginning of the reign of the last Grand Duke, 2744:received a new constitution with a strong role for 2524:The grand duchy was the sixth-largest state of the 1799: 1492: 1486:in Darmstadt honouring him for "his" constitution. 781:The territory consisted of two separate areas: the 8908:Beiträge zur Statistik des Grossherzogthums Hessen 7493: 7491: 2932:Aktiengesellschaft zur Erbauung billiger Wohnungen 2227:On 14 June 1866, Prussian forces marched into the 1697:, President of the Council of Ministers, 1829–1848 923:The grand duchy was divided into three provinces: 4200:) was the basic equation for volume measurements. 3958:, the first Jewish mayor in Germany, and in 1874 3887:, the oldest Jewish community in the grand duchy. 3672:The constitution of 1820 guaranteed the right to 2764:(analogous to the existing representative of the 2625:of 1896, which came into force on 1 January 1900. 1701:The government in Darmstadt only implemented the 10821: 9230:Großherzogtum Hessen (Kreise und Gemeinden) 1910 9166:Allgemeine Statistik des Grossherzogthums Hessen 8997:Hessen-Darmstadts Beitrag für das heutige Hessen 7934:, vol. 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, pp. 25–35. 7316:of 7 August 1902; Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 4500:, as it had been when it was the capital of the 2925:in Darmstadt. Von Heyl was also a member of the 1705:in a moderate manner, to the displeasure of the 1268: 702:Territory of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, 1815–1866 9083:. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Ministerium der Justiz. 8766:Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2, pp. 23–28; 8147:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, p. 234 f. 7897:No. 60 of 22 December 1820, pp. 535 ff. (542); 7488: 6524:No. 38 of 3 August 1848, pp. 217–225 (222–225). 6148:, no. 17 of 29 March 1820, pp. 125–160 (142ff). 5814:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, pp. 37 f. 5019:Overview of the Hessian railway network in 1889 4819:for the grand duchy started with "V" (i.e. the 4812:), Rhine-Hesse Province (now the L 425 and 439) 4712: 3786:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, Bishop 1850–1877 2375:for as long as possible. This led crown prince 1319:. After Louis I's counterpart in Hesse-Kessel, 839:. Only a small portion was part of the fertile 8100:(Bull "To the Lord's Flock") 11 April 1827 in 7776:No. 42 of 1 September 1874, pp. 487–491 (490). 7598: 7586: 6611:Verkündung, die Wahlen zum Landtage betreffend 6250:Den Abkauf fiscalischer Grundrenten betreffend 5830:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, S. 39 f. 4869:Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine 3510: 2024: 1921: 10860:States and territories disestablished in 1918 10462: 10228: 9698: 9250: 7890:Verfassungs-Urkunde des Großherzogtums Hessen 7621: 7610: 6725:Verordnung die politischen Vereine betreffend 5978:Vol. 6, 2002, ISBN 3-486-56643-1, pp. 461 ff. 5623:however only existed in the period 1822–1826. 5319:with the Ludwig Column, the mausoleum in the 5186:(co-owned by Hesse-Darmstadt, Frankfurt, and 3978:were unified in the same year. The rights of 3478:) in 1829, "President of the Whole Ministry ( 2734:was also expanded by new regulations in 1874. 2170: 1893:("government district"). Each of these had a 1072:Another exclave, made up of half the town of 654:) and forces supporting political and social 10804: 10795: 9092:. Darmstadt: Historischer Verein für Hessen. 9087: 8922:. Darmstadt: Historischer Verein für Hessen. 4432:Key businesses in the grand duchy included: 4394:, with around two hundred workshops. At the 4196:2.5 inches = 15.625 cubic-inches ( 3938: 2730:The local self-government of the cities and 2364:of Rhine-Hesse Province) became part of the 1897:(district council) to represent the people. 1760:, named for the number of dead and wounded. 1027:, an exclave of the Prussian Rhine Province. 118: 46: 9160: 6096:Großherzogthums fester geknüpft werden soll 6050:Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0332-6, p. 184. 5998:(PDF; 398 kB); accessed on 1 May 2020. 5771:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, p. 1. 3552: 2516:Grand Duke Louis IV with his mother-in-law 2114:(1843–1878), the second eldest daughter of 1646:principles was the state's goal. Achieving 438:7,688.36 km (2,968.49 sq mi) 10855:States and territories established in 1806 10469: 10455: 10235: 10221: 9705: 9691: 9257: 9243: 9111:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9088:Ruppel, Hans Georg; Müller, Karin (1976). 8986:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8897:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8885:Das Staatsrecht des Großherzogthums Hessen 8798:Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2, p. 13. 8629: 8627: 8625: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 7975: 7973: 7283: 7281: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6341: 6339: 4260:A series of technical ordinances followed. 3583:Duchy of Westphalia (1803–1816). Capital: 3017:Final issue of the Grand Duchy of Hesse's 2834:Alice-Verein für Frauenbildung und -Erwerb 2312:in Strakenburg province. The territory of 1999:pan-German solution to the German Question 1988: 1347:The Constitution of 1820 and legal reforms 1208: 149: 134: 9198:. Worms: Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft. 9013: 8971: 8675:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8617:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8599:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8580:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8214:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 8102:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7905:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7895:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7867:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7857:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7847:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7829:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7802:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7774:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7756:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7707:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7690:No. 27 of 26 September 1856, pp. 261–274. 7688:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7670:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7649:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7470:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7454:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7442:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7432:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7416:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7404:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7392:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7234:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7216:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7198:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7176:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7158:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7140:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7129: 7127: 7093:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7062:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 7043:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6730:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6688:No. 27 of 26 September 1856, pp. 261–274. 6686:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6668:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6644: 6642: 6616:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6598:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6580:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6562:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6551:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6540:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6522:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6503:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6458:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6448:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6430:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6255:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6195:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 6146:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 5738: 5726: 5714: 4705:proved a great advance, particularly for 4418:built there was a notable exhibit at the 3845:was signed in 1829 and the first bishop, 3447:Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt 2830:Verein für Förderung weiblicher Industrie 2078: 1659:Impact of the July Revolution (1830–1848) 606:, which had formed from the neighbouring 10850:States of the Confederation of the Rhine 10840:States of the North German Confederation 10244:States of the North German Confederation 8834:Sammlung der herausgegebenen Amtsblätter 8308: 8306: 7709:No. 49 of 12 November 1871, pp. 385–398. 7651:No. 52 of 4 September 1849, pp. 435–450. 7142:No. 42 of 1 September 1874, pp. 487–491. 6618:No. 69 of 23 November 1849, pp. 575–577. 6600:No. 52 of 4 September 1849, pp. 435–450. 6582:No. 65 of 17 November 1848, pp. 405–468. 5641:Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont 5503: 5425: 5413: 5356: 5251: 4918: 4906: 4846: 4827:The first "Automobile post line" of the 4721: 4350: 4334: 4315: 4282: 4026: 4015: 3890: 3875: 3853:was added to the University of Giessen. 3781: 3556: 3536:systems in Germany were replaced by the 3493:The ministries of the grand duchy were: 3432:vote was restored in 1850, and then the 3347: 3322:Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3094: 3012: 2963: 2952: 2921:for the 1908 National Exhibition at the 2908:Cornelius Wilhelm von Heyl zu Herrnsheim 2796: 2785:, who was repeatedly arrested under the 2511: 2495: 2330: 2174: 2126:. This marriage made Louis an in-law of 2082: 1925: 1809: 1682: 1668: 1378:Constitution of the German Confederation 1355: 1253:On 11 May 1810, the grand duchy and the 1183:Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine 1128: 1117: 1016:, which was surrounded on both sides by 705: 697: 9131: 9119: 9096: 9052: 8622: 8619:No. 64 of 2 November 1830, pp. 357–360. 8438: 8104:No. 41 of 21 October 1829, pp. 460–464. 8055: 8013: 7970: 7472:No. 57 of 6 December 1875, pp. 811–814. 7278: 7045:No. 32 of 6 Ocktober 1871, pp. 342–349. 7010: 6564:No. 53 of 26 September 1848, pp. 317 f. 6336: 5839: 5525:in the grand duchy were written with a 4885:travelled between Frankfurt and Mainz. 4130: 2906:), in which the Wormser industrialist, 1650:, which also required the abolition of 1625: 1573: 1250:, which was opposed to social changes. 602:in 1816 to distinguish itself from the 14: 10822: 9193: 9022: 8879: 8216:No. 8 vom 26. February 1866, pp. 93 f. 7672:No. 49 of 9 October 1850, pp. 375–390. 7124: 7064:No. 43 of 30 December 1871, pp. 497 f. 6670:No. 49 of 9 October 1850, pp. 375–390. 6639: 6542:No. 45 of 29 August 1848, pp. 273–277; 5352: 4445:Machine manufacturing and iron casting 3439: 3384:Landtag of the People's State of Hesse 3358:Landstände of the Grand Duchy of Hesse 2421:Hesse in the German Empire (1870–1914) 1596:, this decision was made by the state. 1311:, which Napoleon had annexed into the 918: 10450: 10216: 9686: 9238: 8994: 8914: 8905: 8601:No. 62 of 23 October 1830, pp. 351 f. 8303: 8145:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 7932:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 7907:No 38 of 21 August 1827, pp. 371–373. 7831:, No. 38, 3 August 1848, pp. 217–225. 7804:No. 43 of 30 December 1871, pp. 497f. 7444:No. 22 of 15 July 1887, pp. 129–132). 6949:Friedensvertrag vom 3. September 1866 6934:Friedensvertrag vom 3. September 1866 6919:Friedensvertrag vom 3. September 1866 6553:No. 47 of 9 September 1848, pp. 289f; 6190:Gesetz die Gemeindeordnung betreffend 6106: 5828:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 5812:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 5769:Großherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen 5704:Willkommen bei Gemeindeverzeichnis.de 5418:Wedding tower and exhibition hall at 4420:International Aeronautical Exhibition 3750:Rhineland-Westphalia Church Ordinance 3701:from 853,300 inhabitants to 836,424. 3600:Mainz–Darmstadt–Aschaffenburg railway 1550:and Landgerichten established in the 1281:and received a portion of the former 1113: 1065:was sandwiched between Baden and the 430:7,682 km (2,966 sq mi) 422:8,345 km (3,222 sq mi) 414:9,300 km (3,600 sq mi) 9078: 7859:, No. 30, 20 May 1852, pp. 221–228; 7394:No. 32 of 16 June 1874, pp. 377–414. 7236:No. 2 of 26 January 1874, pp. 13–48. 7218:No. 31 of 16 June 1874, pp. 343–374. 7200:No. 30 of 16 June 1874, pp. 299–340. 7160:No. 29 of 16 June 1874, pp. 251–298. 6732:No. 47 of 3 October 1850, pp. 359 f. 6505:No. 38 of 3 August 1832, p. 217-225. 6257:No. 32 of 18 July 1821, pp. 395–399. 6197:No. 29 of 29 July 1821, pp. 355–376. 5112:State railway (joint-ownership with 4569:Verein für Chemische Industrie, now 4236:32 cubic-inches = 1 Hessischer 3290:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 2809:) was established. With advice from 2807:Alice-Frauenverein für Krankenpflege 2694: 2112:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 2092:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 1971: 1277:in 1815, the grand duchy joined the 140:The Grand Duchy of Hesse within the 9026:(2010). "Recht und Verfassung". In 8583:No. 15 of 6 June 1821, pp. 187–193. 8161:Warmaisa: 1000 Jahre Juden in Worms 7758:No. 14 of 1 June 1821, pp. 179–188. 5919:Final Act of the Congress of Vienna 5661:Art. 15 of the Constitution of 1820 5256:St.-Ludwigs-Kirche in Darmstadt by 5074:Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways 5005:Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways 4899:Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways 3940:Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft 3774:(the supreme religious authority). 3472:Präsident der vereinten Ministerien 3120:in the grand duchy, in favour of a 3054:Grand Ducal Hessian (25th) Division 2862:At the baptism of the Crown Prince 2754:women did not receive voting rights 2381:Grand Ducal Hessian (25th) Division 1637: 1048:Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont 907:, the largest industrial centre at 24: 10845:States of the German Confederation 9714:States of the German Confederation 9225:Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918 9036:Historischen Kommission für Hessen 8539:, "Eine Eisenbahn wird eröffnet," 8085:, Moguntiae 1870, pp. 209–222 7406:No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 247–249. 7117:See Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7104:See Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 5146:Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway 5001:Mainz-Worms(-Ludwigshafen) railway 4770: 4735:Karl Alexander von Thurn und Taxis 4372:First German Industrial Exhibition 4303:First German Industrial Exhibition 3598:at Mainz, which was built for the 2948: 2661:. His daughter was married to the 2492:A small state in the German Empire 2488:political conflicts and missteps. 2409:in 1868 for the dedication of the 2267:was replaced on 28 December 1866. 2146:Lead-up to the Austro-Prussian War 1341:Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein 796:in the north and the provinces of 576:Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein 48:Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein 25: 10881: 9220:Constitution of Hesse (in German) 9213: 8862: 8281:Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt 7568:Die Regenten von Hessen-Darmstadt 7095:No. 15 of 30 May 1879, pp. 197 f. 5193:Frankfurt-Offenbach Local Railway 4989:Frankfurt-Offenbach Local Railway 4842: 4717: 4660:from 1862, automobiles from 1899. 4542:Lackfrabrik Ludwig Marx (leather) 4429:at Frankfurt the following year. 3480:Präsident des Gesamt-Ministeriums 3326:Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich 3079:constitution and was renamed the 2968:Ernst-Ludwig-Haus, main entrance. 2874:(1868–1957), in his aircraft the 2762:Technical University of Darmstadt 2641:in 1896, under the company name, 2531:Constitution of the German Empire 2447:Proclamation of the German Empire 2432:Proclamation of the German Empire 2426:Proclamation of the German Empire 2075:to ban the National Association. 1333:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine 777:Physical geography and population 568:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine 43:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine 18:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine 10587: 10272: 9737: 9353: 8966:Geschichtlicher Atlas von Hessen 8845:Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (ed.): 8839: 8832:Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (ed.): 8826: 8817: 8812:Denkmalschutz in Rheinland-Pfalz 8801: 8785: 8756: 8743: 8724: 8715: 8706: 8693: 8680: 8662: 8649: 8640: 8604: 8586: 8566: 8553: 8523: 8510: 8497: 8475: 8462: 8425: 8409: 8396: 8383: 8370: 8354: 8338: 8322: 8290: 8274: 8261: 8248: 8232: 8219: 8201: 8188: 8175: 8166: 8150: 8141:Verordnung vom 17. Dezember 1808 8133: 8120: 8107: 8088: 8073: 8046: 8033: 8000: 7986: 7957: 7937: 7919: 7910: 7881: 7872: 7834: 7816: 7807: 7788: 7779: 7761: 7743: 7730: 7721: 7712: 7693: 7675: 7573: 7557: 7544: 7525:. Press release of 24 July 2021. 7513: 7500: 7475: 7378: 7365: 7352: 7339: 7323: 7307: 7294: 7265: 7252: 7239: 7221: 7203: 7185: 7163: 7145: 7111: 5655: 5646: 5626: 5009:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 4929:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 4903:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 3709: 3426: 3396: 3311: 3308:13 March 1892 – 9 November 1918 3276: 3241: 3209: 3171: 2792: 2701:entrusted to the Chief Minister. 2643:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 2506:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company 1800:The March Revolution (1848–1849) 1493:Legal and administrative reforms 1241:Friedrich August von Lichtenberg 548: 523: 509: 155:Grand Duchy of Hesse (1815–1866) 86: 72: 8856: 8677:No. 30 of 27 July 1836, p. 329. 7098: 7080: 7067: 7048: 7030: 6997: 6984: 6955: 6940: 6925: 6910: 6901: 6888: 6875: 6857: 6837: 6790: 6777: 6764: 6751: 6717: 6704: 6691: 6673: 6655: 6621: 6603: 6585: 6567: 6527: 6508: 6489: 6476: 6463: 6460:No. 10 of 14 March 1848, p. 69. 6435: 6417: 6404: 6391: 6378: 6365: 6352: 6323: 6310: 6293: 6273: 6260: 6242: 6229: 6213: 6206:Franz, Fleck & Kallenberg: 6200: 6182: 6173: 6166:Franz, Fleck & Kallenberg: 6160: 6151: 6132: 6123: 6087: 6053: 6040: 6027: 6014: 6001: 5981: 5968: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5911: 5902: 5899:) in Schmidt, pp. 34ff, n. 114. 5889: 5880: 5871: 5858: 5845: 5817: 5800: 5787: 5606: 5597: 5583: 5247: 4991:with the Free City of Frankfurt 4682:Lederwerke Doerr & Reinhart 4442:(chemicals and pharmaceuticals) 4278: 3792:Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz 3626: 3542:, which applied to the Empire. 2341:decorated for the reception of 2270: 2136:Bauverein für Arbeiterwohnungen 1944:Grand Duke Louis III appointed 1940:, Minister-President, 1852–1871 1806:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1603:, the Standesherren chose them. 1556:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1351: 588:Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt 517:Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt 10064:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf 8887:. Mohr, Freiburg, and Leipzig. 8780:Kommunale Schriften für Hessen 8749:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8699:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8655:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8633:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8559:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8550:33 (2017), pp. 111–126 (124f). 8516:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8503:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8468:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8455:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8225:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8194:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8181:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8126:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8113:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 8066:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8039:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8026:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 8006:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7979:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7963:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7869:, No. 31, 21 May 1852, p. 229. 7849:No. 27 of 3 May 1852, p. 201; 7550:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7537:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7506:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7481:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7371:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7287:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7271:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7258:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7245:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 7073:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7023:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 7003:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6990:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6977:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6961:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6894:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6881:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6830:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6814:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6796:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6783:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6770:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6757:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6744:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6710:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6697:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6648:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6482:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6410:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6397:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6384:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6371:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6358:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6345:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6329:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg, 6316:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 6080:, originally published in the 6033:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 5961:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg: 5868:) in Schmidt, p. 30ff, n. 100. 5774: 5757: 5744: 5697: 5688: 5675: 5289:church in Darmstadt since the 4601:(railway cars and automobiles) 4381:took place in Mainz. However, 4301:, originally displayed in the 4066:, and Erbach, and the city of 4002:Prussian-Hessian Customs Union 3777: 3318:25 November 1868 in Darmstadt 3216:26 December 1777 in Darmstadt 3069:Workers' and Soldiers' Council 2379:to resign as commander of the 2182:in his uniform as an Austrian 1389:August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome 949:The neighbouring states were: 808:after 1866 and before that to 13: 1: 8776:Hessisches Denkmalschutzrecht 8688:Die Bahn und ihre Geschichte. 7943:Art. 24 of the Constitution ( 6432:No. 7 of 5 March 1848, p. 61. 5685:, p. 693 (166 Quadratmeilen). 5668: 5403: 4923:Business headquarters of the 4857: 4592:Waggonfabrik Gebrüder Gastell 4404:1862 International Exhibition 4020:1 Kronenthaler of Grand Duke 3858:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler 3667: 3343: 3273:13 June 1877 – 13 March 1892 3167:(Landgrave Louis X from 1790) 3164:14 August 1806 – 6 April 1830 3111: 3090: 3075:. The grand duchy received a 2984:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler 2653:. He was a brother-in-law of 2293:. Due to the intervention of 2088:Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse 1825: 1269:The Congress of Vienna (1815) 1125:of the Grand Duchy, 1806–1808 864:Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse 9162:Wagner, Georg Wilhelm Justin 9127:. Giessen: Curt von Münchow. 8972:Karenberg, Dagobert (1964). 8490:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 8435:35 (2019), pp. 83–183 (127). 7520:Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission: 6636:; Accessed 13 February 2021. 5797:, p. 693 (166 square miles). 4831:was opened in 1906, between 4713:Transport and communications 4669:Lederwerke Cornelius Heyl AG 4628:Pharmaceutical companies of 4211:, the basic unit of weight. 3456: 3252:Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria 3238:5 March 1848 – 13 June 1877 3206:6 April 1830 – 16 June 1848 3105:Residential Palace Darmstadt 2972:In the cultural sphere, the 2326: 2247:Battle of Tauberbischofsheim 2232:the Prussian victory at the 1769:Historical Society for Hesse 1309:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 1133:Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1812 1001:The long northern region of 693: 608:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 7: 10835:States of the German Empire 10478:States of the German Empire 6220:Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner 6179:Ruppel & Müller, p. 10. 5559: 5499: 4888: 4817:Vehicle registration plates 4361:Hessian Chamber of Commerce 4320:Former headquarters of the 4011: 4004:was folded into the larger 3704: 3692:. In 1846, 672 people from 3631: 3613: 3511:Administrative subdivisions 3476:Dirigierende Staatsminister 3294:13 March 1892 in Darmstadt 2855:. From 1908, Grand Duchess 2706:Prussian District Ordinance 2582:of 1877 (consisting of the 2254:Karl August von Stockhausen 2157:Schleswig–Holstein question 2031:German National Association 2025:German National Association 1922:The Dalwigk Era (1850–1866) 1462:Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman 1321:William I, Elector of Hesse 1076:, was located inside Baden; 10: 10886: 9267:Confederation of the Rhine 9194:Werner, Ferdinand (2012). 9064:. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke. 9018:. Berlin: Wilhelm Baensch. 9014:von Mayer, Arthur (1891). 8740:, Darmstadt 1819, pp. 6 f. 7736:Franz, Fleck, Kallenberg: 6469:Franz, Fleck, Kallenberg, 6129:Ruppel & Müller, p. 7. 6082:Hessisches Regierungsblatt 5407: 5242: 4892: 4083:Dresden Coinage Convention 4081:coins. As a result of the 3965: 3871: 3789: 3407:Protestant Church in Hesse 3224:16 June 1848 in Darmstadt 2449:on 18 January 1871 in the 2429: 2366:North German Confederation 2284:Treaty of 3 September 1866 2189: 2171:Austro-Prussian War (1866) 1877: 1803: 1662: 1292:, as compensation for the 1171:Confederation of the Rhine 1108: 637:. Westphalia was taken by 627:Confederation of the Rhine 186:North German Confederation 169:Confederation of the Rhine 31: 10783: 10767: 10739: 10726:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 10685: 10639: 10596: 10585: 10485: 10416: 10403:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 10362: 10319: 10281: 10270: 10251: 10199: 10168: 10141: 10108: 10034: 10001: 9994: 9932: 9887: 9851: 9844: 9798: 9782: 9746: 9735: 9721: 9657: 9551: 9498: 9450: 9441: 9411: 9385: 9369: 9362: 9351: 9333: 9312: 9286: 9274: 9168:. Darmstadt: C. W. Leske. 6872:; Accessed 15 March 2021. 5767:" of 13 August 1806, in: 5430:Sprudelhof in Bad Nauheim 5140:Various private railways 4915:in Darmstadt (1875–1912). 4530:Verlag Philipp von Zabern 4290:stairs in the library of 4225:100 pounds = 1 3885:Jewish community of Worms 3370:The Landstände (national 3248:9 June 1806 in Darmstadt 3185:Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 3027:Darmstadt Artists' Colony 3004:Landesmuseum in Darmstadt 2781:, later president of the 2308:, which was south of the 2180:Prince Alexander of Hesse 1395:Karl Christian Eigenbrodt 1382:Landständische Verfassung 991:The Bavarian province of 488: 484: 474: 464: 453: 449: 442: 434: 426: 418: 409: 404: 400: 387: 377: 373: 352: 342: 338: 326: 316:• 1821–1829 (first) 314: 310: 300: 296: 284: 274:• 1806–1830 (first) 272: 268: 258: 246: 225: 215: 205: 160: 148: 133: 113: 102: 68: 63: 41: 10533:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 9186:Digitised by Hathi Trust 9097:Schmahl, Helmut (2000). 8256:Das hessische Münzwesen. 6684:of 6 September 1856, in 6560:of 22 September 1848 in 6266:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 6235:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 6020:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5793:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5780:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5750:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5681:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: 5576: 5448:Arts and Crafts Movement 4937:first railway in Germany 3985: 3553:First-order subdivisions 3522:administrative divisions 3518:County of Katzenelnbogen 2775:Province of Hesse-Nassau 2715:of 1872. The districts ( 2383:and caused the Prussian 2222:lieutenant field marshal 2220:general and an Austrian 2184:lieutenant field marshal 2104:Maximilian II of Bavaria 1103:Province of Hesse-Nassau 937:Upper Hesse (capital at 843:, where there were also 328:• 1906–1918 (last) 286:• 1892–1918 (last) 27:German state (1806–1918) 9079:Reus, Heribert (1984). 7893:of 17 December 1820 in 7060:of 23 December 1871 in 6907:Schmidt, p. 46, n. 152. 6596:of 3 September 1849 in 6099:of 1 December 1817, in 6048:Die Geschichte Hessens. 5566:List of rulers of Hesse 5542:Groß Gerau station 5454:. He had the architect 5338:and the restoration of 5266:(1784–1852), a leading 5209:Friedberg–Hanau railway 5198:Hanau-Frankfurt Railway 5167:Prussian state railways 5013:Prussian state railways 4982:with Frankfurt and the 4345:Bank für Süddeutschland 4103:Bank für Süddeutschland 4037:Bank für Süddeutschland 3839:Archdiocese of Freiburg 3759:of 1835. Henceforth, a 3642:ritterschaftlichen Adel 3539:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 3503:The Ministry of Finance 3122:constitutional monarchy 3081:People's State of Hesse 2958:Hessisches Landesmuseum 2891:, which raised 100,000 2783:People's State of Hesse 2639:Prussian state railways 2599:Criminal procedure code 2537:The integration of the 2504:on a locomotive of the 1989:Zollverein crisis, 1852 1914:and the upper house by 1209:Developments after 1806 688:People's State of Hesse 598:). It assumed the name 544:People's State of Hesse 253:Constitutional Monarchy 108:God, Honour, Fatherland 10805: 10796: 10791:German colonial empire 10721:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 10398:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 8995:Lange, Thomas (1993). 8910:. Darmstadt: Jonghaus. 6865:Wachter, Friedrich von 6666:of 7 October 1850 in 6578:of 28 October 1848 in 5921:, 9 June 1815, p. 96 ( 5517: 5431: 5423: 5371: 5306:Luisenplatz, Darmstadt 5260: 5049:Hessian Ludwig Railway 4997:Hessian Ludwig Railway 4932: 4925:Hessian Ludwig Railway 4916: 4913:Hessian Ludwig Railway 4895:Hessian Ludwig Railway 4863: 4763:During the 1890s, the 4730: 4462:Bank for South Germany 4356: 4348: 4332: 4313: 4214:32 loth = 1 4058:, the noble houses of 4047: 4024: 3976:commercial concessions 3939: 3907: 3888: 3787: 3570: 3367: 3108: 3022: 2969: 2961: 2802: 2688:on several occasions. 2676:Louis IV's successor, 2521: 2509: 2467:Friedrich von Lindelof 2346: 2295:Alexander II of Russia 2187: 2167:on the Austrian side. 2095: 2079:Dynastic reorientation 2013:representative in the 1941: 1822: 1698: 1680: 1372: 1340: 1232:into the grand duchy. 1178: 1134: 1126: 1067:Kingdom of Württemberg 988:with Baden until 1905; 959:Province of Westphalia 943:Free City of Frankfurt 814:Free City of Frankfurt 711: 703: 664:Reinhard von Dalwigick 595: 575: 119: 47: 9134:German Studies Review 9121:Schmidt, Arthur Benno 7232:of 6 January 1874 in 7138:of 22 August 1874 in 6728:of 2 October 1850 in 6549:of 24 August 1848 in 6538:of 20 August 1848 in 6301:Carl Joseph von Wrede 6157:Ruppel/Müller, p. 10. 6144:of 27 March 1820, in 6068:28 March 2022 at the 5633:Ludwig III of Bavaria 5614:Landgericht Schönberg 5507: 5458:design a workshop at 5429: 5417: 5360: 5255: 5011:(a subsidiary of the 4922: 4910: 4850: 4737:in 1807. Until 1867, 4725: 4354: 4338: 4319: 4286: 4030: 4019: 3925:statutory reservation 3897:Main Synagogue, Mainz 3894: 3879: 3785: 3560: 3434:three-class franchise 3418:University of Giessen 3351: 3283:12 September 1837 in 3098: 3016: 2967: 2956: 2851:in 1905, both in the 2800: 2766:University of Giessen 2758:demographic structure 2573:Imperial Justice Code 2515: 2499: 2334: 2258:Friedrich von Wachter 2178: 2086: 1929: 1813: 1686: 1672: 1359: 1313:Kingdom of Westphalia 1187:Electorate of Cologne 1179:Großherzog Ludewig I. 1132: 1121: 858:University of Giessen 709: 701: 641:, but Hesse received 216:Common languages 106:Gott, Ehre, Vaterland 10865:Former grand duchies 10830:Grand Duchy of Hesse 10768:Imperial Territories 10621:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 10616:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 10537:Starostwo of Draheim 10301:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 10296:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 9826:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 9821:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 9538:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 9533:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 9182:Statistik des Ganzen 9101:. Frankfurt am Main. 9038:. pp. 335–371. 9028:Speitkamp, Winifried 8968:. Marburg 1960–1978. 8751:Großherzogtum Hessen 8701:Großherzogtum Hessen 8657:Großherzogtum Hessen 8635:Großherzogtum Hessen 8561:Großherzogtum Hessen 8518:Großherzogtum Hessen 8505:Großherzogtum Hessen 8470:Großherzogtum Hessen 8457:Großherzogtum Hessen 8227:Großherzogtum Hessen 8196:Großherzogtum Hessen 8183:Großherzogtum Hessen 8128:Großherzogtum Hessen 8115:Großherzogtum Hessen 8068:Großherzogtum Hessen 8041:Großherzogtum Hessen 8028:Großherzogtum Hessen 8008:Großherzogtum Hessen 7981:Großherzogtum Hessen 7965:Großherzogtum Hessen 7950:30 June 2020 at the 7738:Großherzogtum Hessen 7552:Großherzogtum Hessen 7539:Großherzogtum Hessen 7508:Großherzogtum Hessen 7483:Großherzogtum Hessen 7458:Großherzogtum Hessen 7420:Großherzogtum Hessen 7373:Großherzogtum Hessen 7318:Großherzogtum Hessen 7289:Großherzogtum Hessen 7273:Großherzogtum Hessen 7260:Großherzogtum Hessen 7247:Großherzogtum Hessen 7180:Großherzogtum Hessen 7119:Großherzogtum Hessen 7106:Großherzogtum Hessen 7075:Großherzogtum Hessen 7025:Großherzogtum Hessen 7005:Großherzogtum Hessen 6992:Großherzogtum Hessen 6979:Großherzogtum Hessen 6963:Großherzogtum Hessen 6896:Großherzogtum Hessen 6883:Großherzogtum Hessen 6852:Großherzogtum Hessen 6832:Großherzogtum Hessen 6816:Großherzogtum Hessen 6798:Großherzogtum Hessen 6785:Großherzogtum Hessen 6772:Großherzogtum Hessen 6759:Großherzogtum Hessen 6746:Großherzogtum Hessen 6712:Großherzogtum Hessen 6699:Großherzogtum Hessen 6650:Großherzogtum Hessen 6484:Großherzogtum Hessen 6471:Großherzogtum Hessen 6428:of 5 March 1848, in 6412:Großherzogtum Hessen 6399:Großherzogtum Hessen 6386:Großherzogtum Hessen 6373:Großherzogtum Hessen 6360:Großherzogtum Hessen 6347:Großherzogtum Hessen 6331:Großherzogtum Hessen 6318:Großherzogtum Hessen 6305:Großherzogtum Hessen 6286:30 June 2020 at the 6268:Großherzogtum Hessen 6253:of 11 July 1821, in 6237:Großherzogtum Hessen 6208:Großherzogtum Hessen 6193:of 30 June 1821, in 6168:Großherzogtum Hessen 6035:Großherzogtum Hessen 6022:Großherzogtum Hessen 6009:Großherzogtum Hessen 5963:Großherzogtum Hessen 5853:Recht und Verfassung 5795:Großherzogtum Hessen 5782:Großherzogtum Hessen 5752:Großherzogtum Hessen 5683:Großherzogtum Hessen 5592:Großherzogtum Hessen 5523:compound place names 5456:Joseph Maria Olbrich 4949:Mainz-Kastel station 4911:Main station of the 4739:Thurn-und-Taxis Post 4728:Thurn-und-Taxis Post 4292:Herrnsheimer Schloss 4131:Weights and measures 3621:Imperial German Army 3356:(1888), seat of the 3107:) of the Grand Dukes 3050:Imperial German Army 2811:Florence Nightingale 2684:, the leader of the 2610:Bankruptcy ordinance 2595:Civil procedure code 2455:Palace of Versailles 2252:The Hessian General 2243:Battle of Frohnhofen 2234:Battle of Königgrätz 2051:Carl Johann Hoffmann 1995:German Confederation 1946:Reinhard von Dalwigk 1931:Reinhard von Dalwigk 1884:Frankfurt Parliament 1626:Abolition of serfdom 1574:Civic administration 1279:German Confederation 1263:Grand Duchy of Baden 1159:Battle of Austerlitz 1058:were inside Waldeck; 976:Grand Duchy of Baden 771:Grand Duchy of Baden 754:. In the south, the 728:Rhineland-Palatinate 635:German Confederation 596:Großherzogtum Hessen 592:Grand Duchy of Hesse 179:German Confederation 10731:Waldeck and Pyrmont 10408:Waldeck and Pyrmont 10026:Waldeck and Pyrmont 9175:Provinz Starkenburg 8947:. Marburg: Elwert. 8254:Niklot Klüßendorf, 7214:of 15 June 1874 in 7196:of 13 June 1874 in 7174:of 11 June 1874 in 7041:of 13 June 1871 in 6870:Hessische Biografie 6634:Hessische Biografie 6520:of 31 July 1848 in 6501:of 31 July 1848 in 6446:of 6 March 1848 in 5550:Hohensülzen station 5512:" and stating that 5394:World Heritage Site 5376:heritage protection 5353:Heritage management 5336:Staatstheater Mainz 5096:Main-Neckar Railway 4984:Electorate of Hesse 4967:Main-Neckar Railway 4956:Main-Neckar Railway 4509:(Erdal shoe polish) 4502:Electorate of Mainz 4343:bank note from the 4087:North German thaler 4035:bank note from the 4000:with Prussia. This 3952:Ferdinand Eberstadt 3912:Jewish emancipation 3716:Protestant churches 3623:on 1 January 1872. 3440:Legislative process 3220:Wilhelmine of Baden 3065:November Revolution 3034:World Heritage Site 2787:Anti-Socialist Laws 2560:Imperial Penal Code 2438:Franco-Prussian War 2405:of Prussia came to 2241:. In the following 2192:Austro-Prussian War 2165:Austro-Prussian War 2102:, a sister of King 1864:Heinrich von Gagern 1815:Heinrich von Gagern 1789:The Hessian Courier 1676:The Hessian Courier 1609:Ernst Emil Hoffmann 1601:Souveränitätslanden 1552:Souveränitätslanden 1537:Souveränitätslanden 1447:Peter Joseph Floret 1317:Electorate of Hesse 1294:Duchy of Westphalia 1153:protection against 1149:, initially sought 1003:Biedenkopf district 919:Political geography 818:Electorate of Hesse 680:November Revolution 668:Austro-Prussian War 631:Duchy of Westphalia 604:Electorate of Hesse 600:Hesse und bei Rhein 379:• Established 10555:Schleswig-Holstein 8929:Heinemeyer, Walter 8808:Ernst-Rainer Hönes 8792:Winfried Speitkamp 8768:Winfried Speitkamp 8097:Ad Dominici Gregis 7967:, pp. 767, 801 ff. 7440:of 5 July 1887 in 7360:Arbeitersiedlungen 7347:Arbeitersiedlungen 7334:Arbeitersiedlungen 7302:Arbeitersiedlungen 7091:of 14 May 1879 in 7038:Militär-Convention 5518: 5514:Hessisch-Bös-Gesäß 5510:Preußisch-Bösgesäß 5432: 5424: 5372: 5340:Schloss Biedenkopf 5276:St Ludwig's Church 5261: 5184:Main-Weser Railway 4980:Main-Weser Railway 4960:Main-Weser Railway 4933: 4917: 4867:Mainz, called the 4864: 4786:Staatskunststraßen 4731: 4507:Werner & Mertz 4357: 4355:Opel-Werbung, 1911 4349: 4333: 4314: 4147:Christian Eckhardt 4048: 4025: 3908: 3889: 3807:Kingdom of Bavaria 3803:Congress of Vienna 3788: 3649:imperial immediacy 3608:Regierungsbezirken 3571: 3484:Minister-President 3468:Gesamt-Ministerium 3464:Staats-Ministerium 3368: 3352:The Ständehaus in 3332:Schloß Wolfsgarten 3330:9 October 1937 in 3109: 3023: 2970: 2962: 2900:building societies 2803: 2737:Also in 1874, the 2522: 2510: 2392:Eduard von Grolman 2347: 2188: 2161:Gastein Convention 2098:The Grand Duchess 2096: 2073:Federal Convention 2015:Federal Convention 1942: 1823: 1699: 1681: 1563:judicial districts 1434:Heinrich Karl Jaup 1421:Ludwig Minnigerode 1373: 1275:Congress of Vienna 1223:Schiffenberg Abbey 1135: 1127: 1114:1806 establishment 984:was governed as a 969:Kingdom of Bavaria 932:Congress of Vienna 837:Hessian Hinterland 769:extended into the 748:Hessian Hinterland 712: 704: 302:Minister-President 10817: 10816: 10444: 10443: 10388: 10380: 10210: 10209: 10164: 10163: 10090: 10077: 9990: 9989: 9934:Ernestine duchies 9680: 9679: 9653: 9652: 9437: 9436: 9349: 9348: 9205:978-3-88462-330-5 9045:978-3-942225-01-4 9006:978-3-927127-12-8 8916:Franz, Eckhart G. 8646:Hoffmann, p. 154. 8530:Reinhard Dietrich 7878:Cosack, pp. 15 f. 6946:Art. XIV, Abs. 2 6453:Dienstnachrichten 5468:Hans Christiansen 5438:, especially the 5389:, which is now a 5237: 5236: 4765:telephone network 4607:Offenbach am Main 4412:Griesheim Airport 4383:industrialisation 3960:Samson Rothschild 3847:Joseph Vitus Burg 3833:, which became a 3819:Provida solersque 3638:mediatised houses 3488:Ministerpräsident 3341: 3340: 3085:Volksstaat Hessen 2960:, Darmstadt, 1906 2695:Political reforms 2520:and his children. 2345:of Prussia, 1868. 2249:on 24 July 1866. 2229:Duchy of Holstein 2019:Otto von Bismarck 1972:Internal politics 1750:summary execution 1307:The neighbouring 1290:Fortress of Mainz 1195:mediatised houses 1167:Holy Roman Empire 1155:Napoleonic France 995:to the southwest; 909:Offenbach am Main 648:mediatised houses 619:Holy Roman Empire 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 536: 535: 531:Holy Roman Empire 391:German Revolution 16:(Redirected from 10877: 10870:Former countries 10810: 10801: 10716:Schaumburg-Lippe 10711: 10703: 10673: 10591: 10570: 10540: 10471: 10464: 10457: 10448: 10447: 10393:Schaumburg-Lippe 10386: 10378: 10276: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10214: 10213: 10134: 10133: 10124: 10123: 10101: 10100: 10088: 10083: 10082: 10075: 10070: 10069: 10060: 10059: 10054:Reuss-Lobenstein 10050: 10049: 10021:Schaumburg-Lippe 9999: 9998: 9978: 9970: 9962: 9954: 9946: 9925: 9917: 9909: 9901: 9889:Anhalt (Ascania) 9870: 9849: 9848: 9741: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9684: 9683: 9623:Schaumburg-Lippe 9448: 9447: 9367: 9366: 9357: 9284: 9283: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9236: 9235: 9209: 9169: 9157: 9128: 9116: 9110: 9102: 9093: 9084: 9075: 9049: 9019: 9010: 8991: 8985: 8977: 8958: 8923: 8911: 8902: 8896: 8888: 8876: 8850: 8843: 8837: 8830: 8824: 8821: 8815: 8805: 8799: 8789: 8783: 8760: 8754: 8747: 8741: 8728: 8722: 8719: 8713: 8712:Mayer, pp. 60 f. 8710: 8704: 8697: 8691: 8684: 8678: 8666: 8660: 8653: 8647: 8644: 8638: 8631: 8620: 8608: 8602: 8590: 8584: 8570: 8564: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8538: 8527: 8521: 8514: 8508: 8501: 8495: 8479: 8473: 8466: 8460: 8453: 8436: 8429: 8423: 8413: 8407: 8400: 8394: 8387: 8381: 8374: 8368: 8358: 8352: 8342: 8336: 8326: 8320: 8310: 8301: 8294: 8288: 8278: 8272: 8265: 8259: 8252: 8246: 8236: 8230: 8223: 8217: 8205: 8199: 8192: 8186: 8179: 8173: 8170: 8164: 8154: 8148: 8137: 8131: 8124: 8118: 8111: 8105: 8092: 8086: 8079:Vincenzo Nussi, 8077: 8071: 8064: 8053: 8050: 8044: 8037: 8031: 8024: 8011: 8004: 7998: 7990: 7984: 7977: 7968: 7961: 7955: 7941: 7935: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7908: 7885: 7879: 7876: 7870: 7838: 7832: 7820: 7814: 7811: 7805: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7777: 7765: 7759: 7747: 7741: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7710: 7697: 7691: 7679: 7673: 7661: 7652: 7639: 7630: 7625: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7577: 7571: 7561: 7555: 7548: 7542: 7535: 7526: 7517: 7511: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7486: 7479: 7473: 7382: 7376: 7369: 7363: 7356: 7350: 7343: 7337: 7327: 7321: 7311: 7305: 7298: 7292: 7285: 7276: 7269: 7263: 7256: 7250: 7243: 7237: 7225: 7219: 7207: 7201: 7189: 7183: 7167: 7161: 7149: 7143: 7131: 7122: 7115: 7109: 7102: 7096: 7084: 7078: 7071: 7065: 7052: 7046: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7008: 7001: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6966: 6959: 6953: 6944: 6938: 6929: 6923: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6899: 6892: 6886: 6879: 6873: 6861: 6855: 6841: 6835: 6828: 6819: 6812: 6801: 6794: 6788: 6781: 6775: 6768: 6762: 6755: 6749: 6742: 6733: 6721: 6715: 6708: 6702: 6695: 6689: 6677: 6671: 6659: 6653: 6646: 6637: 6625: 6619: 6607: 6601: 6589: 6583: 6571: 6565: 6531: 6525: 6512: 6506: 6493: 6487: 6480: 6474: 6467: 6461: 6439: 6433: 6421: 6415: 6408: 6402: 6395: 6389: 6382: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6334: 6327: 6321: 6314: 6308: 6297: 6291: 6277: 6271: 6264: 6258: 6246: 6240: 6233: 6227: 6217: 6211: 6204: 6198: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6171: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6149: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6104: 6091: 6085: 6084:1820, p. 535 ff. 6057: 6051: 6044: 6038: 6031: 6025: 6018: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5985: 5979: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5952:Hoffmann, S. 31. 5950: 5944: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5869: 5862: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5821: 5815: 5804: 5798: 5791: 5785: 5778: 5772: 5761: 5755: 5748: 5742: 5741:, pp. 54 f. 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5679: 5662: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5644: 5637:Anif declaration 5630: 5624: 5622: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5587: 5539: 5495: 5480: 5348: 5329: 5318: 5303: 5295:National Theatre 5284: 5206: 5025: 5024: 4862: 4859: 4811: 4690: 4677: 4638: 4600: 4579: 4571:Prefere Paraform 4554: 4538: 4521: 4471:, which printed 4470: 4457: 4428: 4396:Great Exhibition 4380: 4369: 4330: 4312:at Mainz in 1842 4311: 4300: 4155: 4127:"H" until 1882. 4111: 4097:were created in 4056:Diocese of Fulda 4045: 3954:became mayor of 3942: 3933: 3905: 3895:Interior of the 3831:Diocese of Mainz 3827: 3772:summus episcopus 3769: 3758: 3451:substantive laws 3415: 3392: 3366: 3315: 3280: 3256:13 June 1877 in 3245: 3213: 3189:6 April 1830 in 3178:14 June 1753 in 3175: 3168: 3135: 3134: 2944: 2919:worker's village 2916: 2887:to organise the 2823: 2756:and because the 2714: 2618: 2607: 2592: 2584:Jurisdiction Act 2581: 2568: 2547: 2539:Hessian military 2486: 2478:Karl von Hofmann 2475: 2400: 2385:Adjutant general 2307: 2292: 2266: 2214:Prince Alexander 2094:in December 1860 2070: 2059: 2048: 1954: 1939: 1891:Regierungsbezirk 1872:private property 1840: 1819:Eduard von Heuss 1792:, a pamphlet by 1777: 1703:Karlsbad Decrees 1696: 1648:economic freedom 1638:Economic reforms 1617: 1549: 1530: 1519: 1485: 1455: 1442: 1429: 1416: 1403: 1370: 1249: 1231: 1157:, but after the 1089: 1045: 1026: 1018:Wetzler district 1011: 791: 768: 760:Wimpfen district 660:1848 revolutions 552: 551: 540: 539: 527: 526: 513: 512: 506: 505: 490: 489: 153: 138: 128: 124: 90: 76: 58: 50: 39: 38: 21: 10885: 10884: 10880: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10875: 10874: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10779: 10775:Alsace–Lorraine 10763: 10735: 10709: 10701: 10681: 10671: 10635: 10631:Weimar-Eisenach 10611:Hesse-Darmstadt 10592: 10583: 10535:and the former 10531:(including the 10530: 10501: 10481: 10475: 10445: 10440: 10412: 10358: 10315: 10311:Weimar-Eisenach 10291:Hesse-Darmstadt 10277: 10268: 10247: 10241: 10211: 10206: 10195: 10160: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10121: 10120: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10080: 10079: 10067: 10066: 10057: 10056: 10047: 10046: 10044:Reuss-Ebersdorf 10030: 9986: 9976: 9968: 9966:Gotha-Altenburg 9960: 9952: 9950:Coburg-Saalfeld 9944: 9928: 9923: 9915: 9907: 9899: 9883: 9868: 9840: 9836:Weimar-Eisenach 9811:Hesse-Darmstadt 9794: 9778: 9742: 9733: 9717: 9711: 9681: 9676: 9649: 9547: 9494: 9490:Weimar-Eisenach 9465:Gotha-Altenburg 9460:Coburg-Saalfeld 9443: 9433: 9407: 9381: 9358: 9345: 9329: 9308: 9276: 9270: 9263: 9216: 9206: 9146:10.2307/1429433 9104: 9103: 9072: 9054:Reuling, Ulrich 9046: 9007: 8979: 8978: 8955: 8933:Berding, Helmut 8890: 8889: 8863:Brand, Ulrich. 8859: 8854: 8853: 8844: 8840: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8818: 8806: 8802: 8790: 8786: 8761: 8757: 8748: 8744: 8729: 8725: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8698: 8694: 8685: 8681: 8667: 8663: 8654: 8650: 8645: 8641: 8632: 8623: 8609: 8605: 8591: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8558: 8554: 8543: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8515: 8511: 8502: 8498: 8480: 8476: 8467: 8463: 8454: 8439: 8430: 8426: 8414: 8410: 8401: 8397: 8388: 8384: 8375: 8371: 8359: 8355: 8343: 8339: 8327: 8323: 8311: 8304: 8295: 8291: 8279: 8275: 8266: 8262: 8253: 8249: 8237: 8233: 8224: 8220: 8206: 8202: 8193: 8189: 8180: 8176: 8172:Cosack, p. 143. 8171: 8167: 8155: 8151: 8138: 8134: 8125: 8121: 8112: 8108: 8093: 8089: 8078: 8074: 8065: 8056: 8052:Cosack, p. 142. 8051: 8047: 8038: 8034: 8025: 8014: 8005: 8001: 7991: 7987: 7978: 7971: 7962: 7958: 7952:Wayback Machine 7942: 7938: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7873: 7839: 7835: 7821: 7817: 7812: 7808: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7766: 7762: 7748: 7744: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7698: 7694: 7680: 7676: 7662: 7655: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7578: 7574: 7562: 7558: 7549: 7545: 7536: 7529: 7518: 7514: 7505: 7501: 7497:Cosack, p. 137. 7496: 7489: 7480: 7476: 7461: 7445: 7423: 7407: 7395: 7383: 7379: 7370: 7366: 7357: 7353: 7344: 7340: 7328: 7324: 7312: 7308: 7299: 7295: 7286: 7279: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7253: 7244: 7240: 7226: 7222: 7208: 7204: 7190: 7186: 7168: 7164: 7150: 7146: 7132: 7125: 7116: 7112: 7103: 7099: 7085: 7081: 7072: 7068: 7053: 7049: 7035: 7031: 7022: 7011: 7002: 6998: 6989: 6985: 6976: 6969: 6960: 6956: 6945: 6941: 6930: 6926: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6893: 6889: 6880: 6876: 6862: 6858: 6848:Wormser Zeitung 6842: 6838: 6829: 6822: 6813: 6804: 6795: 6791: 6782: 6778: 6769: 6765: 6756: 6752: 6743: 6736: 6722: 6718: 6709: 6705: 6696: 6692: 6678: 6674: 6660: 6656: 6647: 6640: 6626: 6622: 6608: 6604: 6590: 6586: 6572: 6568: 6554: 6543: 6532: 6528: 6513: 6509: 6494: 6490: 6481: 6477: 6468: 6464: 6440: 6436: 6422: 6418: 6409: 6405: 6396: 6392: 6383: 6379: 6370: 6366: 6357: 6353: 6344: 6337: 6328: 6324: 6315: 6311: 6298: 6294: 6288:Wayback Machine 6278: 6274: 6265: 6261: 6247: 6243: 6234: 6230: 6218: 6214: 6205: 6201: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6111: 6107: 6092: 6088: 6070:Wayback Machine 6058: 6054: 6045: 6041: 6032: 6028: 6019: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5986: 5982: 5973: 5969: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943:Schmidt, p. 44. 5942: 5938: 5934:Schmidt, p. 39. 5933: 5929: 5916: 5912: 5908:Schmidt, p. 38. 5907: 5903: 5894: 5890: 5886:Schmidt, p. 33. 5885: 5881: 5877:Schmidt, S. 30. 5876: 5872: 5863: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5822: 5818: 5805: 5801: 5792: 5788: 5779: 5775: 5762: 5758: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5562: 5533: 5502: 5489: 5474: 5452:Artists' Colony 5412: 5406: 5385:(gatehouse) at 5367:(gatehouse) at 5355: 5342: 5323: 5308: 5297: 5278: 5250: 5245: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5066:Private railway 5028:Railway company 4905: 4893:Main articles: 4891: 4882:Stadt Frankfurt 4860: 4845: 4805: 4773: 4771:Street vehicles 4720: 4715: 4707:street lighting 4684: 4671: 4658:sewing machines 4632: 4594: 4573: 4548: 4532: 4515: 4464: 4451: 4422: 4374: 4370:. In 1842, the 4363: 4324: 4305: 4294: 4281: 4186:units of volume 4149: 4133: 4105: 4039: 4014: 3988: 3968: 3927: 3899: 3874: 3837:diocese of the 3821: 3809:sealed its own 3794: 3780: 3763: 3752: 3742:National Church 3712: 3707: 3670: 3634: 3629: 3616: 3555: 3513: 3459: 3442: 3429: 3409: 3399: 3386: 3360: 3346: 3324: 3307: 3272: 3237: 3205: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3114: 3101:Residenzschloss 3093: 3048:as part of the 3042: 2951: 2949:Cultural policy 2938: 2910: 2895:for the cause. 2817: 2795: 2742:national church 2708: 2697: 2671:First World War 2612: 2601: 2586: 2575: 2562: 2541: 2494: 2480: 2469: 2451:Hall of Mirrors 2434: 2428: 2423: 2411:Luther Monument 2394: 2388:Adolf von Bonin 2329: 2321:war indemnities 2301: 2286: 2273: 2260: 2194: 2173: 2148: 2081: 2064: 2053: 2042: 2027: 1991: 1974: 1948: 1933: 1924: 1916:census suffrage 1880: 1834: 1828: 1808: 1802: 1771: 1758:Södel Bloodbath 1714:July Revolution 1690: 1667: 1665:July Revolution 1661: 1640: 1628: 1611: 1576: 1543: 1541:Landratsbezirke 1524: 1513: 1511:Landratsbezirke 1495: 1479: 1477:Ludwigsmonument 1449: 1436: 1423: 1410: 1397: 1364: 1362:Ludwigsmonument 1354: 1349: 1271: 1243: 1237:Napoleonic Code 1225: 1217:, amalgamating 1211: 1169:and joined the 1147:Hesse-Darmstadt 1145:, Landgrave of 1139:Napoleonic Wars 1116: 1111: 1083: 1061:The exclave of 1039: 1035:The exclave of 1020: 1005: 921: 810:Duchy of Nassau 785: 779: 762: 696: 612:Hesse-Darmstadt 590:in 1806 as the 549: 524: 510: 477: 467: 457: 456: 411: 396:9 November 1918 393: 380: 369: 360:Napoleonic Wars 333:Christian Ewald 329: 317: 287: 275: 242: 201: 156: 144: 129: 127:"Song of Hesse" 126: 125: 109: 98: 97: 96: 91: 83: 82: 77: 59: 52: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10883: 10873: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10802: 10793: 10787: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10745: 10743: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10705: 10697: 10691: 10689: 10687:Principalities 10683: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10674: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10645: 10643: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10602: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10495: 10489: 10487: 10483: 10482: 10474: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10451: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10422: 10420: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10382: 10374: 10368: 10366: 10364:Principalities 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10325: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10287: 10285: 10279: 10278: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10240: 10239: 10232: 10225: 10217: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10135: 10125: 10114: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10092: 10084: 10071: 10061: 10051: 10040: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9995:Principalities 9992: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9974:Hildburghausen 9971: 9963: 9955: 9947: 9938: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9918: 9910: 9902: 9893: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9863: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9743: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9718: 9710: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9687: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9614: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9555: 9553: 9552:Principalities 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9470:Hildburghausen 9467: 9462: 9456: 9454: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9415: 9413: 9412:Principalities 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9364: 9363:States created 9360: 9359: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9290: 9288: 9281: 9272: 9271: 9265:States of the 9262: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9215: 9214:External links 9212: 9211: 9210: 9204: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9178: 9158: 9129: 9117: 9094: 9085: 9076: 9070: 9050: 9044: 9024:Polley, Rainer 9020: 9011: 9005: 8992: 8969: 8959: 8953: 8941:Philippi, Hans 8924: 8912: 8903: 8881:Cosack, Konrad 8877: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8838: 8825: 8816: 8800: 8784: 8755: 8742: 8723: 8714: 8705: 8692: 8679: 8661: 8648: 8639: 8621: 8603: 8585: 8565: 8552: 8522: 8509: 8496: 8474: 8461: 8437: 8424: 8408: 8395: 8382: 8369: 8353: 8337: 8321: 8302: 8289: 8273: 8260: 8247: 8231: 8218: 8200: 8187: 8174: 8165: 8149: 8132: 8119: 8106: 8087: 8072: 8054: 8045: 8032: 8012: 7999: 7985: 7969: 7956: 7936: 7918: 7909: 7880: 7871: 7833: 7815: 7806: 7787: 7785:Cosack, p. 30. 7778: 7760: 7742: 7729: 7727:Cosack, p. 56. 7720: 7718:Cosack, p. 55. 7711: 7692: 7674: 7653: 7631: 7620: 7609: 7597: 7585: 7572: 7556: 7543: 7527: 7512: 7499: 7487: 7474: 7377: 7364: 7351: 7338: 7322: 7306: 7293: 7277: 7264: 7251: 7238: 7220: 7202: 7184: 7162: 7144: 7123: 7110: 7108:, pp. 866–869. 7097: 7079: 7066: 7047: 7029: 7009: 6996: 6983: 6967: 6954: 6939: 6924: 6909: 6900: 6887: 6874: 6856: 6836: 6820: 6802: 6789: 6776: 6763: 6750: 6734: 6716: 6703: 6690: 6672: 6654: 6638: 6620: 6602: 6584: 6566: 6526: 6507: 6488: 6475: 6462: 6434: 6416: 6403: 6390: 6377: 6364: 6351: 6335: 6322: 6309: 6292: 6272: 6259: 6241: 6228: 6226:. Leske, 1831. 6212: 6199: 6181: 6172: 6159: 6150: 6131: 6122: 6119:. p. 403. 6105: 6086: 6052: 6039: 6026: 6013: 6000: 5980: 5967: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5910: 5901: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5857: 5844: 5832: 5816: 5799: 5786: 5773: 5756: 5743: 5739:von Mayer 1891 5731: 5727:von Mayer 1891 5719: 5715:von Mayer 1891 5707: 5696: 5687: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5625: 5605: 5596: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5558: 5501: 5498: 5408:Main article: 5405: 5402: 5354: 5351: 5321:Rosenhöhe Park 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5040:Company closed 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4977: 4945:Taunus Railway 4890: 4887: 4851:Rhine steamer 4844: 4843:Rhine shipping 4841: 4814: 4813: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4772: 4769: 4719: 4718:Communications 4716: 4714: 4711: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4691: 4679: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4630:Friedrich Koch 4621: 4618:synthetic dyes 4604: 4603: 4602: 4589: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4543: 4540: 4527: 4526:wine producer) 4510: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4459: 4449:Darmstadt Bank 4446: 4443: 4322:Darmstadt Bank 4280: 4277: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4240:= ½ Liter 4234: 4223: 4222:) = 500 g 4201: 4132: 4129: 4013: 4010: 3987: 3984: 3967: 3964: 3873: 3870: 3798:secularisation 3790:Main article: 3779: 3776: 3761:national synod 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3669: 3666: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3615: 3612: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3554: 3551: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3458: 3455: 3441: 3438: 3428: 3425: 3398: 3395: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3319: 3316: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3239: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3207: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3169: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3113: 3110: 3092: 3089: 3041: 3038: 2950: 2947: 2881:LZ 10 Schwaben 2864:George Donatus 2815:Alice Hospital 2794: 2791: 2770: 2769: 2749: 2735: 2732:municipalities 2728: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2651:Queen Victoria 2647: 2646: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2623:Civil Law Book 2620: 2570: 2553: 2518:Queen Victoria 2493: 2490: 2430:Main article: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2362:Mainz district 2358:Mainz-Kostheim 2328: 2325: 2272: 2269: 2190:Main article: 2172: 2169: 2147: 2144: 2140:British models 2116:Queen Victoria 2080: 2077: 2035:Lesser Germany 2026: 2023: 1990: 1987: 1973: 1970: 1923: 1920: 1912:equal suffrage 1879: 1876: 1851:Louis-Philippe 1830:In the 1840s, 1827: 1824: 1804:Main article: 1801: 1798: 1716:in 1830: when 1673:Title page of 1663:Main article: 1660: 1657: 1639: 1636: 1627: 1624: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1575: 1572: 1504:first instance 1494: 1491: 1458: 1457: 1444: 1431: 1418: 1405: 1392: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1270: 1267: 1215:Teutonic Order 1210: 1207: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1059: 1029: 1028: 999: 996: 989: 979: 972: 965: 962: 955:Rhine Province 947: 946: 935: 928: 920: 917: 866: 865: 826: 825: 778: 775: 695: 692: 656:liberalisation 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 546: 537: 534: 533: 528: 520: 519: 514: 502: 501: 496: 486: 485: 482: 481: 478: 475: 472: 471: 468: 465: 462: 461: 458: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 440: 439: 436: 432: 431: 428: 424: 423: 420: 416: 415: 412: 407: 406: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 388: 385: 384: 383:13 August 1806 381: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 368: 367: 362: 356: 354: 353:Historical era 350: 349: 344: 340: 339: 336: 335: 330: 327: 324: 323: 318: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 298: 297: 294: 293: 288: 285: 282: 281: 276: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 256: 255: 250: 244: 243: 241: 240: 235: 229: 227: 223: 222: 220:Hessian German 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 200: 199: 189: 188:(1867/70–1871) 182: 172: 164: 162: 158: 157: 154: 146: 145: 139: 131: 130: 111: 110: 107: 100: 99: 92: 85: 84: 78: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 61: 60: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10882: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10766: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10706: 10704: 10702:(Junior Line) 10698: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10678: 10675: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10638: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10598:Grand Duchies 10595: 10590: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10538: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10479: 10472: 10467: 10465: 10460: 10458: 10453: 10452: 10449: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10383: 10381: 10379:(Junior Line) 10375: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10283:Grand Duchies 10280: 10275: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10245: 10238: 10233: 10231: 10226: 10224: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10157: 10156:Sondershausen 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10129: 10126: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10096: 10095:Reuss-Schleiz 10093: 10091: 10085: 10078: 10076:(Junior Line) 10072: 10065: 10062: 10055: 10052: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10011:Liechtenstein 10009: 10007: 10006:Hesse-Homburg 10004: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9983: 9980: 9975: 9972: 9967: 9964: 9959: 9956: 9951: 9948: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9922: 9919: 9914: 9911: 9906: 9903: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9799:Grand duchies 9797: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9740: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9720: 9715: 9708: 9703: 9701: 9696: 9694: 9689: 9688: 9685: 9672: 9669: 9666: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9656: 9646: 9643: 9639: 9638:Sondershausen 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9586:Lippe-Detmold 9584: 9582: 9581:Liechtenstein 9579: 9577: 9574: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9499:Other duchies 9497: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9452:Saxon duchies 9449: 9446: 9440: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9419:Aschaffenburg 9417: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9386:Grand Duchies 9384: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9361: 9356: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9313:Grand Duchies 9311: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9275:Rank elevated 9273: 9268: 9260: 9255: 9253: 9248: 9246: 9241: 9240: 9237: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9164:(1829–1831). 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9108: 9100: 9095: 9091: 9086: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9071:3-921254-95-7 9067: 9063: 9059: 9058:Schwind, Fred 9055: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9012: 9008: 9002: 8998: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8975: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8960: 8956: 8954:3-7708-1238-7 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8860: 8848: 8842: 8835: 8829: 8820: 8813: 8809: 8804: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8752: 8746: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8727: 8718: 8709: 8702: 8696: 8689: 8683: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8665: 8658: 8652: 8643: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8607: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8589: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8569: 8562: 8556: 8547: 8542: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8519: 8513: 8506: 8500: 8493: 8491: 8486: 8484: 8478: 8471: 8465: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8434: 8428: 8421: 8417: 8412: 8405: 8399: 8392: 8386: 8379: 8373: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8350: 8346: 8341: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8319:, pp. 18–20). 8318: 8314: 8309: 8307: 8299: 8293: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8270: 8264: 8257: 8251: 8244: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8222: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8204: 8197: 8191: 8184: 8178: 8169: 8162: 8158: 8153: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8129: 8123: 8116: 8110: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8049: 8042: 8036: 8029: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8003: 7996: 7995: 7989: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7966: 7960: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7940: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7922: 7916:Cosack, S. 2. 7913: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7884: 7875: 7868: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7819: 7810: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7791: 7782: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7764: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7746: 7739: 7733: 7724: 7715: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7699:Art. 2 No. 7 7696: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7678: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7638: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7613: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7569: 7565: 7564:Manfred Knodt 7560: 7553: 7547: 7540: 7534: 7532: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7503: 7494: 7492: 7484: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7368: 7361: 7355: 7348: 7342: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7303: 7297: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7274: 7268: 7261: 7255: 7248: 7242: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7224: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7206: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7188: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7148: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7120: 7114: 7107: 7101: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7083: 7076: 7070: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7033: 7026: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7006: 7000: 6993: 6987: 6980: 6974: 6972: 6964: 6958: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6920: 6913: 6904: 6897: 6891: 6884: 6878: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6860: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6799: 6793: 6786: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6747: 6741: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6720: 6713: 6707: 6700: 6694: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6676: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6658: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6624: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6606: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6588: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6570: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6530: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6466: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6438: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6420: 6413: 6407: 6400: 6394: 6387: 6381: 6374: 6368: 6361: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6319: 6313: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6269: 6263: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6245: 6238: 6232: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6209: 6203: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6185: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6154: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6118: 6117: 6109: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6043: 6036: 6030: 6023: 6017: 6010: 6004: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5974:Uta Ziegler, 5971: 5964: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5931: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5905: 5898: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5867: 5861: 5854: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5790: 5783: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5754:, S. 686–690. 5753: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5729:, p. 54. 5728: 5723: 5717:, p. 55. 5716: 5711: 5705: 5700: 5694:Mayer, p. 53. 5691: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5658: 5649: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5600: 5594:, pp. 709 f.) 5593: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5473: 5472:Ludwig Habich 5469: 5465: 5464:Peter Behrens 5461: 5460:Mathildenhöhe 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5428: 5421: 5420:Mathildenhöhe 5416: 5411: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5332:masonic lodge 5327: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5254: 5240: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5037:Establishment 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4872: 4870: 4856: 4855: 4849: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4821:Roman numeral 4818: 4809: 4804: 4801:Mainz–Worms ( 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4781:expropriation 4778: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4726:Stamp of the 4724: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4694:Soluble glass 4692: 4688: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4362: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4270: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4227:Hundredweight 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4158:metric system 4153: 4148: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4091:Vereinsthaler 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4018: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3998:customs union 3994: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710:Protestantism 3702: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682:United States 3679: 3675: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3653:imperial diet 3650: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3624: 3622: 3611: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3437: 3435: 3427:Lower Chamber 3424: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3397:Upper chamber 3394: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3126:head of state 3123: 3119: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3008:Alfred Messel 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2923:Mathildenhöhe 2920: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2878:and with the 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826:Luise Büchner 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2793:Social policy 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2585: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2550:Prussian Army 2545: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2526:German Empire 2519: 2514: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445:1870. At the 2443: 2439: 2433: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373:Prussian Army 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2314:Hesse-Homburg 2311: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239:Aschaffenburg 2235: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2152:middle powers 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:Isle of Wight 2121: 2120:Osborne House 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2090:and his wife 2089: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1983:United States 1980: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1833: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1794:Georg Büchner 1791: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1666: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1583:Bürgermeister 1580: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:Dominiallande 1528: 1523: 1522:Landgerichten 1517: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1408:Claus Kröncke 1406: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1283:Mont-Tonnerre 1280: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1255:French Empire 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1131: 1124: 1120: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1098:Hesse-Homburg 1095: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1038: 1037:Vöhl district 1034: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1004: 1000: 997: 994: 990: 987: 983: 980: 978:to the south; 977: 973: 970: 966: 963: 960: 956: 953:The Prussian 952: 951: 950: 944: 940: 936: 933: 929: 926: 925: 924: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881:fruit growing 878: 874: 873:Rhenish Hesse 870: 863: 862: 861: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 823: 822: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 802:Rhenish Hesse 799: 795: 789: 784: 774: 772: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 708: 700: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 676:German Empire 673: 669: 665: 661: 658:. During the 657: 653: 652:Standesherren 649: 644: 643:Rhenish Hesse 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 547: 545: 542: 541: 538: 532: 529: 522: 521: 518: 515: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 487: 483: 479: 473: 469: 463: 459: 452: 448: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 403: 399: 395: 392: 386: 382: 376: 372: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 355: 351: 348: 345: 341: 337: 334: 331: 325: 322: 319: 313: 309: 305: 303: 299: 295: 292: 289: 283: 280: 277: 271: 267: 263: 261: 257: 254: 251: 249: 245: 239: 236: 234: 233:Protestantism 231: 230: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 197: 196:German Empire 193: 192:Federal State 190: 187: 184:State of the 183: 180: 176: 173: 170: 167:State of the 166: 165: 163: 159: 152: 147: 143: 142:German Empire 137: 132: 123: 122: 116: 112: 105: 101: 95: 89: 81: 75: 67: 62: 56: 49: 40: 35: 34:Rhenish Hesse 30: 19: 10807:Mitteleuropa 10798:Mittelafrika 10710:(Elder Line) 10708:Reuss-Greiz 10672:(until 1876) 10664:Coburg-Gotha 10610: 10567:West Prussia 10524:Hohenzollern 10520:Hesse-Nassau 10512:East Prussia 10387:(Elder Line) 10385:Reuss-Greiz 10344:Coburg-Gotha 10290: 10132:(until 1850) 10122:(until 1850) 10110:Hohenzollern 10099:(until 1848) 10089:(Elder Line) 10087:Reuss-Greiz 10058:(until 1824) 10048:(until 1824) 9977:(until 1826) 9969:(until 1826) 9958:Coburg-Gotha 9953:(until 1826) 9924:(until 1847) 9916:(until 1863) 9908:(until 1863) 9810: 9790:Hesse-Kassel 9559:Hohenzollern 9442:Pre-existing 9324: 9195: 9181: 9174: 9165: 9137: 9133: 9124: 9098: 9089: 9080: 9061: 9031: 9015: 8996: 8976:. Darmstadt. 8973: 8965: 8944: 8937:Moraw, Peter 8919: 8907: 8884: 8864: 8857:Bibliography 8846: 8841: 8833: 8828: 8819: 8811: 8803: 8795: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8758: 8750: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8721:Mayer, p. 59 8717: 8708: 8700: 8695: 8687: 8682: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659:, pp. 876 f. 8656: 8651: 8642: 8634: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8560: 8555: 8541:Der Wormsgau 8525: 8517: 8512: 8504: 8499: 8488: 8482: 8477: 8469: 8464: 8456: 8433:Der Wormsgau 8427: 8422:, pp. 41–44. 8420:Verordnungen 8419: 8415: 8411: 8404:Verordnungen 8403: 8398: 8391:Verordnungen 8390: 8385: 8378:Verordnungen 8377: 8372: 8367:, pp. 13–18. 8365:Verordnungen 8364: 8360: 8356: 8349:Verordnungen 8348: 8344: 8340: 8333:Verordnungen 8332: 8328: 8324: 8317:Verordnungen 8316: 8312: 8298:Verordnungen 8297: 8292: 8284: 8276: 8269:Verordnungen 8268: 8263: 8255: 8250: 8242: 8234: 8226: 8221: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8195: 8190: 8182: 8177: 8168: 8160: 8157:Fritz Reuter 8152: 8144: 8135: 8127: 8122: 8114: 8109: 8101: 8096: 8090: 8081: 8075: 8067: 8048: 8040: 8035: 8027: 8007: 8002: 7993: 7988: 7980: 7964: 7959: 7939: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7912: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7887:Art. 52.2.3 7883: 7874: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7809: 7801: 7796: 7790: 7781: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7737: 7732: 7723: 7714: 7706: 7701: 7695: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7669: 7664: 7648: 7643: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7612: 7604: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7575: 7567: 7559: 7551: 7546: 7538: 7521: 7515: 7507: 7502: 7482: 7477: 7469: 7464: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7372: 7367: 7359: 7354: 7346: 7341: 7336:, pp. 110 f. 7333: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7304:, pp. 110 f. 7301: 7296: 7288: 7272: 7267: 7259: 7254: 7246: 7241: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7139: 7134: 7118: 7113: 7105: 7100: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7074: 7069: 7061: 7056: 7050: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7024: 7004: 6999: 6991: 6986: 6978: 6962: 6957: 6948: 6942: 6933: 6927: 6918: 6912: 6903: 6895: 6890: 6882: 6877: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6851: 6839: 6834:, pp. 839 f. 6831: 6815: 6797: 6792: 6784: 6779: 6774:, pp. 834 f. 6771: 6766: 6758: 6753: 6745: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714:, pp. 828 f. 6711: 6706: 6698: 6693: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6649: 6633: 6632:, in LAGIS, 6628: 6623: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6545: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6486:, pp. 809 f. 6483: 6478: 6470: 6465: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6411: 6406: 6398: 6393: 6385: 6380: 6375:, pp. 798 f. 6372: 6367: 6362:, pp. 784 f. 6359: 6354: 6346: 6330: 6325: 6320:, pp. 766 f. 6317: 6312: 6304: 6295: 6275: 6267: 6262: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6236: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6202: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6175: 6167: 6162: 6153: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6125: 6115: 6108: 6100: 6094: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6074:Horst Dreier 6060: 6055: 6047: 6042: 6034: 6029: 6021: 6016: 6008: 6003: 5991: 5988:Ewald Grothe 5983: 5975: 5970: 5962: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5913: 5904: 5891: 5882: 5873: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5840:Schmitt 1983 5835: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5802: 5794: 5789: 5781: 5776: 5768: 5759: 5751: 5746: 5734: 5722: 5710: 5699: 5690: 5682: 5677: 5657: 5648: 5628: 5608: 5599: 5591: 5585: 5554:Hohen-Sülzen 5519: 5516:is 1 km away 5513: 5509: 5433: 5422:in Darmstadt 5398: 5387:Lorsch Abbey 5382: 5373: 5369:Lorsch Abbey 5364: 5272:city planner 5264:Georg Moller 5262: 5258:Georg Moller 5248:Architecture 5238: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211:(sections). 5190:, 1849–1869) 5188:Hesse-Kessel 4994: 4953: 4941: 4934: 4881: 4873: 4865: 4853: 4826: 4815: 4785: 4777:road network 4774: 4762: 4755: 4751:post offices 4732: 4701: 4639:, producing 4582:acetic acids 4431: 4408:August Euler 4358: 4331:in Darmstadt 4279:Corporations 4273: 4268: 4266: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4230: 4219: 4197: 4177: 4169: 4145: 4134: 4118: 4099:Philadelphia 4095: 4072: 4052:Final recess 4049: 3989: 3969: 3949: 3936: 3922: 3917:antisemitism 3909: 3861: 3855: 3843: 3817: 3795: 3771: 3746:presbyterian 3732: 3713: 3697: 3694:Groß-Zimmern 3677: 3671: 3662: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3627:Demographics 3617: 3607: 3605: 3593: 3572: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3514: 3492: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3446: 3443: 3430: 3422: 3400: 3369: 3304:Ernst Ludwig 3303: 3300:Ernest Louis 3268: 3233: 3201: 3159: 3115: 3100: 3084: 3062: 3060:airstrikes. 3043: 3036:since 2021. 3024: 3000:Ernest Louis 2997: 2973: 2971: 2931: 2903: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2875: 2872:August Euler 2867: 2861: 2849:Winterkasten 2841:tuberculosis 2838: 2833: 2829: 2806: 2804: 2771: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2690: 2678:Ernest Louis 2675: 2648: 2523: 2502:coat of arms 2459: 2435: 2370: 2354:Mainz-Kastel 2351: 2348: 2318: 2281: 2274: 2271:Peace treaty 2251: 2226: 2207: 2195: 2149: 2135: 2097: 2062:Emil Pirazzi 2028: 2003: 1992: 1975: 1943: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1868: 1849:forced King 1832:Karl du Thil 1829: 1787: 1785: 1781:sports clubs 1762: 1742:Heldenbergen 1730: 1711: 1707:great powers 1700: 1688:Karl du Thil 1674: 1641: 1629: 1620: 1606: 1600: 1594:Dominialland 1593: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1560: 1551: 1536: 1532: 1508: 1496: 1488: 1468: 1466: 1459: 1381: 1374: 1371:in Darmstadt 1352:Constitution 1332: 1327:and Duke of 1306: 1298:Hundred Days 1272: 1260: 1252: 1234: 1212: 1199: 1136: 1123:Coat of arms 1096: 1079: 1056:Höringhausen 1030: 971:to the east; 961:to the west; 948: 922: 867: 827: 780: 732:Hessian Ried 713: 651: 616: 611: 599: 591: 567: 565: 499:Succeeded by 498: 493: 476:• 1910 466:• 1889 321:Carl Grolman 291:Ernest Louis 114: 104:Motto: 103: 94:Coat of arms 29: 10741:City-states 10700:Reuss-Gera 10579:Württemberg 10508:Brandenburg 10500:as a whole 10480:(1871–1918) 10418:City-states 10377:Reuss-Gera 10246:(1866–1871) 10169:Free cities 10143:Schwarzburg 10128:Sigmaringen 10081:(from 1848) 10074:Reuss-Gera 10068:(1824-1848) 9961:(from 1826) 9945:(from 1826) 9900:(from 1863) 9869:(from 1839) 9783:Electorates 9774:Württemberg 9716:(1815–1866) 9628:Schwarzburg 9569:Sigmaringen 9304:Württemberg 9269:(1806–1813) 9140:(4): 9–39. 9034:. Marburg: 8544: [ 8533: [ 8393:, S. 20–22. 8380:, S. 22–25. 8351:, pp. 12 f. 8335:, pp. 8–11. 8239:Albert Pick 7813:See Schmidt 7249:, S. 880 f. 6514:Art. 14–25 6299:Quote from 5917:Article 47 5617: [ 5571:Hessenlager 5534: [ 5490: [ 5483:Bad Nauheim 5475: [ 5444:Art Nouveau 5380:Carolingian 5362:Carolingian 5343: [ 5324: [ 5315:Luisenplatz 5309: [ 5298: [ 5291:Reformation 5285:(the first 5279: [ 5201: [ 4931:, in Mainz. 4861: 1830 4806: [ 4685: [ 4672: [ 4649:Rüsselsheim 4633: [ 4595: [ 4574: [ 4549: [ 4539:(publisher) 4533: [ 4516: [ 4475:until 1902. 4465: [ 4452: [ 4423: [ 4388:horse power 4375: [ 4364: [ 4325: [ 4306: [ 4295: [ 4150: [ 4112:received a 4106: [ 4093:from 1857. 4040: [ 3928: [ 3900: [ 3866:Kulturkampf 3822: [ 3778:Catholicism 3764: [ 3753: [ 3644:(knights). 3534:private law 3490:) in 1852. 3482:) in 1849, 3410: [ 3387: [ 3379:legislature 3361: [ 3147:Marriage(s) 3063:During the 3046:World War I 2975:Kulturkampf 2939: [ 2911: [ 2876:Gelber Hund 2818: [ 2779:Carl Ulrich 2721:Bezirksräte 2709: [ 2682:Carl Ulrich 2663:Tsesarevich 2613: [ 2602: [ 2587: [ 2576: [ 2563: [ 2542: [ 2481: [ 2470: [ 2395: [ 2302: [ 2287: [ 2261: [ 2065: [ 2054: [ 2043: [ 2040:August Metz 1949: [ 1934: [ 1902:jury courts 1835: [ 1772: [ 1765:bourgeoisie 1691: [ 1632:ground rent 1612: [ 1544: [ 1525: [ 1514: [ 1480: [ 1473:tax strikes 1456:(1776–1836) 1450: [ 1443:(1781–1860) 1437: [ 1430:(1773–1839) 1424: [ 1417:(1771–1843) 1411: [ 1404:(1769–1839) 1398: [ 1391:(1753–1833) 1365: [ 1244: [ 1226: [ 1219:Kloppenheim 1191:sovereignty 1137:During the 1084: [ 1081:Amt Dorheim 1040: [ 1021: [ 1014:Heuchelheim 1006: [ 986:condominium 889:viticulture 869:Starkenburg 849:Agriculture 829:Upper Hesse 824:Upper Hesse 798:Starkenburg 794:Upper Hesse 786: [ 763: [ 724:Frankenberg 684:World War I 621:and joined 582:in western 580:grand duchy 494:Preceded by 455:• 1806 343:Legislature 238:Catholicism 198:(1871–1918) 181:(1815–1866) 171:(1806–1813) 10824:Categories 10563:Westphalia 10151:Rudolstadt 9816:Luxembourg 9673:until 1811 9667:until 1809 9664:until 1810 9633:Rudolstadt 9606:Lobenstein 9429:Regensburg 9377:Westphalia 8731:Verordnung 8229:, p. 768f. 7332:; Werner: 6307:, p. 766). 5669:References 5546:Groß-Gerau 5487:Sprudelhof 5440:Judendstil 5436:modern art 5410:Jugendstil 5404:Jugendstil 5330:, and the 4876:steamboats 4829:Reichspost 4747:post roads 4696:production 4586:methylated 4513:Kupferberg 4473:bank notes 4436:Darmstadt 4392:cigarettes 4238:Pint glass 4114:concession 4006:Zollverein 3972:monopolies 3815:papal bull 3668:Emigration 3640:) and the 3374:) was the 3344:Landstände 3234:Ludwig III 3118:absolutism 3112:Grand Duke 3091:Government 3077:republican 3073:abdication 2945:in Worms. 2936:Kiautschau 2739:Protestant 2655:Edward VII 2608:, and the 2442:Versailles 2310:Main river 2299:Rumpenheim 2006:Zollverein 1979:Zollverein 1958:liberalism 1895:Bezirksrat 1843:revolution 1826:Revolution 1726:Landstände 1469:Landstände 1286:department 1203:Landstände 993:Palatinate 885:Bergstraße 853:emigration 845:brown coal 833:Vogelsberg 816:, and the 750:, and the 744:Vogelsberg 444:Population 347:Landstände 260:Grand Duke 248:Government 121:Hessenlied 10677:Meiningen 10669:Lauenburg 10659:Altenburg 10654:Brunswick 10626:Oldenburg 10547:Rhineland 10528:Pomerania 10354:Meiningen 10349:Lauenburg 10339:Altenburg 10334:Brunswick 10306:Oldenburg 10203:partially 10181:Frankfurt 10118:Hechingen 9982:Meiningen 9942:Altenburg 9879:Lauenburg 9856:Brunswick 9831:Oldenburg 9670:from 1809 9661:from 1810 9596:Ebersdorf 9564:Hechingen 9543:Oldenburg 9475:Meiningen 9398:Frankfurt 9107:cite book 8982:cite book 8893:cite book 8873:1436-4603 8753:, p. 777. 8703:, p. 797. 8637:, p. 770. 8563:, p. 864. 8520:, p. 728. 8507:, p. 876. 8472:, p. 877. 8459:, p. 833. 8331:; Brand, 8198:, p. 718. 8185:, p. 717. 8130:, p. 811. 8117:, p. 726. 8070:, p. 771. 8043:, p. 772. 8030:, p. 832. 8010:, p. 803. 7983:, p. 802. 7740:, p. 696. 7554:, p. 883. 7541:, p. 882. 7510:, p. 871. 7485:, p. 856. 7460:, p. 856) 7422:, p. 856) 7375:, p. 878. 7362:, p. 111. 7349:, p. 109. 7320:, p. 878. 7291:, p. 879. 7275:, p. 859. 7262:, p. 853. 7182:, p. 851. 7121:, p. 880. 7077:, p. 853. 7027:, p. 848. 7007:, p. 845. 6994:, p. 844. 6981:, p. 843. 6965:, p. 842. 6898:, p. 840. 6885:, S. 840. 6854:, p. 841. 6818:, p. 839. 6800:, p. 838. 6787:, p. 837. 6761:, p. 835. 6748:, p. 834. 6701:, p. 830. 6652:, p. 827. 6495:Art. 1–3 6473:, p. 810. 6414:, p. 801. 6401:, p. 791. 6388:, p. 789. 6349:, p. 784. 6333:, p. 782. 6270:, S. 764. 6239:, p. 763. 6210:, p. 763. 6170:, p. 762. 6037:, p. 703. 6024:, p. 701. 6011:, p. 701. 5965:, p. 740. 5895:Text (in 5864:Text (in 5855:, p. 344. 5784:, p. 685. 5268:architect 5114:Frankfurt 4971:Frankfurt 4854:Concordia 4833:Friedberg 4803:Gaustraße 4758:telegraph 4678:(leather) 4624:Oppenheim 4588:products) 4557:parquetry 4288:Cast iron 4207:= 1 4198:Kubikzoll 4125:mint mark 4068:Friedberg 4008:in 1834. 3950:In 1848, 3835:suffragan 3811:concordat 3724:Calvinist 3698:Gemeinden 3678:Gemeinden 3596:Südbrücke 3563:Südbrücke 3457:Executive 3376:bicameral 3354:Darmstadt 3285:Bessungen 3269:Ludwig IV 3230:Louis III 3202:Ludwig II 3191:Darmstadt 3130:executive 2927:Reichstag 2725:Kreistage 2659:Frederick 2548:into the 2403:William I 2343:William I 2327:Aftermath 2203:war bonds 2128:Frederick 2010:Friedberg 1966:communism 1962:socialism 1909:universal 1860:co-regent 1856:Louis III 1738:Ortenberg 1105:in 1868. 1101:Prussian 905:Darmstadt 694:Geography 594:(German: 480:1,282,051 226:Religion 210:Darmstadt 64:1806–1918 10486:Kingdoms 10252:Kingdoms 9905:Bernburg 9861:Holstein 9747:Kingdoms 9576:Isenburg 9528:Arenberg 9511:Bernburg 9485:Eisenach 9403:Würzburg 9370:Kingdoms 9287:Kingdoms 9279:Napoleon 9180:Vol. 4: 9172:Vol. 1: 9123:(1893). 8943:(eds.). 8883:(1894). 8778:(= 7948:Archived 7358:Werner, 7345:Werner, 7300:Werner, 6931:Art. XI 6916:Art. II 6284:Archived 6066:Archived 5851:Polley: 5560:See also 5500:Language 5383:Torhalle 5365:Torhalle 5287:Catholic 4927:and the 4889:Railways 4837:Ranstadt 4743:monopoly 4703:Gasworks 4615:alizarin 4483:Prussia. 4440:E. Merck 4060:Isenburg 4012:Currency 3881:Synagoge 3737:parishes 3720:Lutheran 3705:Religion 3674:emigrate 3657:Riedesel 3632:Nobility 3614:Military 3585:Arnsberg 3547:Gemeinde 3403:Riedesel 3265:Louis IV 3198:Louis II 3180:Prenzlau 3160:Ludwig I 3141:Portrait 2995:Church. 2992:seminary 2982:bishop, 2980:Catholic 2885:zeppelin 2857:Eleonore 2853:Odenwald 2845:Sandbach 2666:Nicholas 2569:of 1872; 2377:Louis IV 2210:8th Army 2132:Victoria 2110:married 2108:Louis IV 2100:Mathilde 1997:, and a 1744:and the 1734:Büdingen 1718:Louis II 1163:Napoleon 1151:Prussian 1052:Eimelrod 1050:, while 982:Kürnbach 895:and the 877:Odenwald 841:Wetterau 835:and the 783:province 756:exclaves 752:Odenwald 740:Wetterau 672:Austrian 623:Napoleon 578:) was a 10754:Hamburg 10641:Duchies 10559:Silesia 10516:Hanover 10498:Prussia 10493:Bavaria 10431:Hamburg 10321:Duchies 10259:Prussia 10186:Hamburg 9866:Limburg 9845:Duchies 9769:Hanover 9759:Bavaria 9754:Prussia 9729:Austria 9722:Empires 9645:Waldeck 9611:Schleiz 9334:Duchies 9294:Bavaria 9154:1429433 9060:(ed.). 9030:(ed.). 8406:, p. 7. 8402:Brand: 8389:Brand: 8376:Brand, 8300:, p. 4. 8296:Brand, 8283:(ed.): 8271:, p. 1. 8267:Brand, 7641:Art. 3 6846:in the 5293:), the 5243:Culture 4741:held a 4641:quinine 4611:aniline 4565:Mombach 4498:leather 4494:lacquer 4490:varnish 4416:biplane 4341:guilder 4231:Zentner 4162:decimal 4079:kreuzer 4075:guilder 4022:Louis I 3966:Economy 3883:of the 3872:Judaism 3856:Bishop 3851:faculty 3714:In the 3690:Wimpfen 3686:Algeria 3530:cantons 3372:estates 3258:Seeheim 3156:Louis I 3019:gazette 2500:Double 2453:at the 2436:In the 2415:Livonia 2360:in the 2339:station 2218:Russian 2122:on the 1878:Reforms 1858:as his 1722:guilder 1644:liberal 1599:In the 1592:In the 1567:Amtsmen 1302:patents 1273:At the 1143:Louis X 1109:History 1092:enclave 1074:Helmhof 1063:Wimpfen 939:Giessen 901:railway 883:on the 806:Prussia 758:of the 670:on the 639:Prussia 625:'s new 584:Germany 470:968,000 460:546,000 389:• 279:Louis I 206:Capital 194:of the 177:of the 115:Anthem: 10759:Lübeck 10749:Bremen 10649:Anhalt 10574:Saxony 10551:Saxony 10504:Berlin 10436:Lübeck 10426:Bremen 10329:Anhalt 10264:Saxony 10191:Lübeck 10176:Bremen 9921:Köthen 9913:Dessau 9897:Anhalt 9874:Nassau 9764:Saxony 9521:Köthen 9516:Dessau 9506:Anhalt 9480:Weimar 9444:states 9341:Nassau 9299:Saxony 9202: 9152: 9068: 9042: 9003: 8951: 8871: 8139:No. 7 8095:Bulle 7945:Quelle 6844:Report 6443:Decret 6281:Source 5996:online 5923:Online 5897:French 5866:French 5826:. In: 5639:) and 5527:hyphen 5470:, and 5391:UNESCO 5125:Other 5043:Notes 4901:, and 4749:. The 4665:Worms 4414:. The 4400:London 4347:, 1870 4190:weight 4172:) and 4046:, 1875 3980:guilds 3945:Rabbis 3729:Easter 3727:until 3660:1918. 3526:Ämtern 3336:Langen 3150:Death 3058:allied 3031:UNESCO 2746:synods 2717:Kreise 2463:Berlin 2277:France 2196:While 1337:German 1175:German 911:, and 812:, the 746:, the 738:, and 682:after 572:German 306: 264: 161:Status 117: 55:German 51: 10784:Other 10695:Lippe 10606:Baden 10543:Posen 10372:Lippe 10036:Reuss 10016:Lippe 9806:Baden 9601:Greiz 9591:Reuss 9424:Leyen 9325:Hesse 9320:Baden 9150:JSTOR 8548:] 8537:] 6868:, in 6138:§ 41 5810:" in 5635:(see 5621:] 5577:Notes 5538:] 5494:] 5479:] 5347:] 5328:] 5317:] 5302:] 5283:] 5217:Total 5205:] 5180:1920 5177:1850 5159:1920 5156:1840 5118:Baden 5109:1902 5106:1843 5087:1897 5084:1876 5062:1897 5059:1853 4975:Baden 4969:with 4810:] 4689:] 4676:] 4637:] 4599:] 4578:] 4553:] 4546:Bembé 4537:] 4520:] 4469:] 4456:] 4427:] 4379:] 4368:] 4329:] 4310:] 4299:] 4220:Pfund 4216:Pound 4182:metre 4154:] 4110:] 4064:Solms 4044:] 3993:tolls 3986:Tolls 3956:Worms 3932:] 3904:] 3826:] 3768:] 3757:] 3567:Mainz 3414:] 3391:] 3365:] 3144:Birth 2988:Mainz 2943:] 2915:] 2893:marks 2822:] 2713:] 2617:] 2606:] 2591:] 2580:] 2567:] 2546:] 2485:] 2474:] 2407:Worms 2399:] 2336:Worms 2306:] 2291:] 2265:] 2198:Baden 2069:] 2058:] 2047:] 1953:] 1938:] 1847:Paris 1839:] 1776:] 1746:Nidda 1695:] 1652:guild 1616:] 1548:] 1529:] 1518:] 1484:] 1454:] 1441:] 1428:] 1415:] 1402:] 1369:] 1329:Worms 1325:Mainz 1248:] 1230:] 1088:] 1044:] 1025:] 1010:] 913:Mainz 893:Rhine 790:] 767:] 720:Hesse 716:Rhine 175:State 9618:Salm 9393:Berg 9200:ISBN 9113:link 9066:ISBN 9040:ISBN 9001:ISBN 8988:link 8949:ISBN 8899:link 8869:ISSN 8487:In: 7794:§ 1 7054:§ 1 5612:The 5548:and 5270:and 5207:and 5171:111 5116:and 5078:183 5053:507 4973:and 4835:and 4654:Opel 4613:and 4584:and 4524:sekt 4496:and 4253:The 4209:loth 4188:and 4178:Zoll 4174:inch 4166:foot 4121:mark 4077:and 4033:mark 4031:100 3722:and 3561:The 3138:Name 3099:The 2356:and 2060:and 2029:The 1964:and 1754:Emil 1736:and 1221:and 1054:und 974:The 967:The 897:Main 887:and 871:and 800:and 736:Main 566:The 435:1910 427:1866 419:1815 410:1806 405:Area 80:Flag 9277:by 9142:doi 8143:in 7156:in 6614:in 6456:in 6072:in 5552:in 5544:in 5227:100 5222:919 5174:12 5150:22 5128:47 5100:49 5081:20 5056:55 4947:to 4398:in 4339:10 4170:Fuß 4141:rod 4137:ell 3565:at 3549:). 3466:or 3087:). 2986:of 2686:SPD 2417:." 2118:at 1845:in 1500:Amt 792:of 734:), 722:to 365:WWI 10826:: 10565:, 10561:, 10557:, 10553:, 10549:, 10545:, 10541:, 10526:, 10522:, 10518:, 10514:, 10510:, 10506:, 9148:. 9136:. 9109:}} 9105:{{ 8984:}} 8980:{{ 8964:, 8939:; 8935:; 8931:; 8895:}} 8891:{{ 8810:: 8624:^ 8546:de 8535:de 8440:^ 8305:^ 8241:, 8159:, 8057:^ 8015:^ 7972:^ 7954:). 7656:^ 7634:^ 7566:, 7530:^ 7490:^ 7462:* 7446:* 7424:* 7408:* 7396:* 7384:* 7280:^ 7126:^ 7012:^ 6970:^ 6823:^ 6805:^ 6737:^ 6641:^ 6338:^ 6290:). 6222:, 6076:. 5994:. 5990:, 5619:de 5556:. 5536:de 5492:de 5477:de 5466:, 5396:. 5349:. 5345:de 5326:de 5313:; 5311:de 5304:, 5300:de 5281:de 5231:– 5203:de 5153:2 5137:– 5134:– 5131:5 5103:5 5031:km 4897:, 4858:c. 4839:. 4808:de 4687:de 4674:de 4656:, 4635:de 4597:de 4576:de 4551:de 4535:de 4518:de 4492:, 4467:de 4454:de 4425:de 4377:de 4366:de 4327:de 4308:de 4297:de 4152:de 4108:de 4062:, 4042:de 3930:de 3902:de 3824:de 3766:de 3755:de 3412:de 3393:. 3389:de 3363:de 3334:, 3132:. 2941:de 2913:de 2820:de 2711:de 2673:. 2615:de 2604:de 2597:, 2593:, 2589:de 2578:de 2565:de 2544:de 2483:de 2472:de 2397:de 2304:de 2289:de 2263:de 2067:de 2056:de 2049:, 2045:de 2017:, 2001:. 1968:. 1951:de 1936:de 1904:. 1837:de 1774:de 1693:de 1614:de 1558:. 1546:de 1527:de 1516:de 1482:de 1464:. 1452:de 1439:de 1426:de 1413:de 1400:de 1367:de 1339:: 1246:de 1228:de 1177:: 1141:, 1086:de 1042:de 1023:de 1008:de 860:. 788:de 773:. 765:de 690:. 614:. 574:: 10569:) 10539:) 10502:( 10470:e 10463:t 10456:v 10236:e 10229:t 10222:v 9706:e 9699:t 9692:v 9258:e 9251:t 9244:v 9208:. 9188:) 9184:( 9156:. 9144:: 9138:6 9115:) 9074:. 9048:. 9009:. 8990:) 8957:. 8901:) 8875:. 8492:. 8485:. 7607:. 7595:. 6952:. 6937:. 6922:. 6063:. 5925:) 5842:. 5806:" 5763:" 5442:( 5034:% 4784:( 4643:. 4620:. 4580:( 4559:) 4555:( 4522:( 4233:) 4229:( 4218:( 4205:g 4176:( 4168:( 3906:. 3587:. 3486:( 3462:( 3306:) 3302:( 3271:) 3267:( 3236:) 3232:( 3204:) 3200:( 3162:) 3158:( 3103:( 3083:( 2748:. 2645:. 2619:) 2508:. 2186:. 1821:) 1679:. 1335:( 1069:; 945:. 934:. 650:( 570:( 57:) 53:( 36:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Grand Duchy of Hesse

Index