Gabapentin - Knowledge

673: 650: 1868: 1208: 2225: 2282:-like high, improved sociability, and reduced alcohol or cocaine cravings. Also known on the streets as "Gabbies", gabapentin was reported in 2017 to be increasingly abused and misused for these euphoric effects. About 1 percent of the responders to an Internet poll and 22 percent of those attending addiction facilities had a history of abuse of gabapentin. Gabapentin misuse, toxicity, and use in suicide attempts among adults in the US increased from 2013 to 2017. 42: 1821: 8721: 16457: 5627: 5582: 1323:. A large Swedish study suggests that gabapentinoids are associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviour, unintentional overdoses, head/body injuries, and road traffic incidents and offences. On the other hand, a study published by the Harvard Data Science Review found that gabapentin was associated with a significantly reduced rate of suicide. 1098:, there is increasing evidence that gabapentinoids are effective in controlling some of the symptoms during opiate detoxification. A clinical study in Iran, where heroin dependence is a significant social and public health problem, showed gabapentin produced positive results during an inpatient therapy program, particularly by reducing opioid-induced 2117:, in a November 2005 article entitled "Curb Your Cravings For This Stock", wrote "If the venture works out for patients and the investing public, it'll be a rare success for Peizer, who's promoted a series of disappointing small-cap medical or technology stocks ... since his days at Drexel". Journalist 1698:

bioavailability of gabapentin is approximately 80% at 100 mg administered three times daily once every 8 hours, but decreases to 60% at 300 mg, 47% at 400 mg, 34% at 800 mg, 33% at 1,200 mg, and 27% at 1,600 mg, all with the same dosing schedule. Drugs that increase

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After Kentucky's implementation of stricter legislation regarding opioid prescriptions in 2012, there was an increase in gabapentin-only and multi-drug use in 2012–2015. The majority of these cases were from overdose in suspected suicide attempts. These rates were also accompanied by increases in

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The period from 2008 to 2018 saw a significant increase in the consumption of gabapentinoids. A study published in Nature Communications in 2023 highlights this trend, demonstrating a notable escalation in sales of gabapentinoids. The study, which analyzed healthcare data across 65 countries/

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followed in December 1993, for use as an adjuvant (effective when added to other antiseizure drugs) medication to control partial seizures in adults; that indication was extended to children in 2000. Subsequently, gabapentin was approved in the United States for the treatment of

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Gabapentin shows substantial benefit (at least 50% pain relief or a patient global impression of change (PGIC) "very much improved") for neuropathic pain (postherpetic neuralgia or peripheral diabetic neuropathy) in 30–40% of subjects treated as compared to those treated with

2002:(which subsequently was acquired by Pfizer) agreed to plead guilty for activities of its Parke-Davis subsidiary, and to pay $ 430 million in fines to settle civil and criminal charges regarding the marketing of Neurontin for off-label purposes. The 2004 settlement was 2109:. It concluded that Gabasync is ineffective: "The PROMETA protocol, consisting of flumazenil, gabapentin and hydroxyzine, appears to be no more effective than placebo in reducing methamphetamine use, retaining patients in treatment or reducing methamphetamine craving." 1921:

of gabapentin first became available in the United States in 2004. An extended-release formulation of gabapentin for once-daily administration, under the brand name Gralise, was approved in the United States for the treatment postherpetic neuralgia in January 2011.

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effects. The vast majority of people abusing gabapentin are current or former abusers of opioids or sedatives. In these persons, gabapentin can boost the opioid "high" as well as decrease commonly experienced opioid-withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety.

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Although some small, non-controlled studies in the 1990s—mostly sponsored by gabapentin's manufacturer—suggested that treatment for bipolar disorder with gabapentin may be promising, the preponderance of evidence suggests that it is not effective.

1812:, with the reported average value of 5 to 7 hours. Because of its short elimination half-life, gabapentin must be administered 3 to 4 times per day to maintain therapeutic levels. Gabapentin XR (brand name Gralise) is taken once a day. 12328: 1988:

Subsequent to the corporate acquisition of the original patent holder, the pharmaceutical company Pfizer admitted that there had been violations of FDA guidelines regarding the promotion of unproven off-label uses for gabapentin in the

928:. There is concern regarding gabapentin's off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for its efficacy in multiple conditions, its proven side effects and its potential for misuse and physical/psychological dependency. 1400:. In some cases, users experience withdrawal seizures after chronic or semi-chronic use in the absence of periodic cycles or breaks during repeating and consecutive use. All these symptoms subside when gabapentin is re-instated or 5644:

Rahman AA, Dell'Aniello S, Moodie EE, Durand M, Coulombe J, Boivin JF, et al. (January 2024). "Gabapentinoids and Risk for Severe Exacerbation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease : A Population-Based Cohort Study".

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and isolation of gabapentin with high yield and purity starts with conversion of 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic anhydride to 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid monoamide and is followed by a 'Hofmann' rearrangement in an aqueous solution of

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It is also used to treat chronic pain-associated nerve inflammation in horses and dogs. Side effects include tiredness and loss of coordination, but these effects generally go away within 24 hours of starting the medication.

5600:"FDA warns about serious breathing problems with seizure and nerve pain medicines gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant) and pregabalin (Lyrica, Lyrica CR) When used with CNS depressants or in patients with lung problems" 1087:: it does not contribute to the achievement of abstinence, and the data on the relapse of heavy drinking and percent of days abstinent do not robustly favor gabapentin; it only decreases the percent days of heavy drinking. 2091:

salesman who has since been indicted for securities fraud relative to another company. Hythiam charges up to $ 15,000 per patient to license its use (of which half goes to the prescribing physician, and half to Hythiam).

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Faryar KA, Webb AN, Bhandari B, Price TG, Bosse GM (June 2019). "Trending gabapentin exposures in Kentucky after legislation requiring use of the state prescription drug monitoring program for all opioid prescriptions".

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phenomenon) — similar to, albeit less intense than most benzodiazepines. Agitation, confusion and disorientation are the most frequently reported, followed by gastrointestinal complaints and sweating, and more rare

1768:. As with intestinal absorption mediated by an amino acid transporter, the transport of gabapentin across the blood–brain barrier by LAT1 is saturable. Gabapentin does not bind to other drug transporters such as 4090:

Ahmed S, Stanciu CN, Kotapati PV, Ahmed R, Bhivandkar S, Khan AM, et al. (August 2019). "Effectiveness of Gabapentin in Reducing Cravings and Withdrawal in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review".

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The gabapentin label contains a warning of an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. According to an insurance claims database study, gabapentin use is associated with about 40% increased risk of

1610:= 1 mM), but not BCAT-2. At very high concentrations gabapentin can suppress the growth of cancer cells, presumably by effecting mitochondrial catabolism, however the precise mechanism remains elusive. 10166: 4593:

Winkelmann J, Allen RP, Högl B, Inoue Y, Oertel W, Salminen AV, et al. (July 2018). "Treatment of restless legs syndrome: Evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice (Revised 2017)".

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Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic neuropathic pain by various medical authorities. This is a general recommendation applicable to all neuropathic pain syndromes except for

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van Haaften KA, Forsythe LR, Stelow EA, Bain MJ (November 2017). "Effects of a single preappointment dose of gabapentin on signs of stress in cats during transportation and veterinary examination".

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Stahl SM, Porreca F, Taylor CP, Cheung R, Thorpe AJ, Clair A (June 2013). "The diverse therapeutic actions of pregabalin: is a single mechanism responsible for several pharmacological activities?".

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and was first described in 1975 by Satzinger and Hartenstein. Under the brand name Neurontin, it was first approved in May 1993, for the treatment of epilepsy in the United Kingdom. Approval by the

2083:. It was marketed as PROMETA. While the individual drugs had been approved by the FDA, their off-label use for addiction treatment has not. Gabasync was marketed by Hythiam, Inc. which is owned by 2020:

sued Pfizer Inc., alleging that the pharmaceutical company had misled Kaiser by recommending Neurontin as an off-label treatment for certain conditions (including bipolar disorder, migraines, and

1262:, fever, swollen glands that do not go away, eyes or skin turning yellow, unusual bruises or bleeding, unexpected muscle pain or weakness, rash, long-lasting stomach pain which may indicate an 1246:

and visual disturbances as compared against a placebo. Gabapentin is associated with a weight gain of 2.2 kg (4.9 lb) after 1.5 months of use. Case studies indicate that it may cause

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Shan D, Zou L, Liu X, Shen Y, Cai Y, Zhang J (June 2020). "Efficacy and safety of gabapentin and pregabalin in patients with vasomotor symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Gibbons, R., Hur, K., Lavigne, J., Wang, J., & Mann, J. J. (2019). Medications and Suicide: High Dimensional Empirical Bayes Screening (iDEAS). Harvard Data Science Review, 1(2).

1347:. Gabapentin and opioids are commonly prescribed or abused together, and research indicates that the breathing suppression they cause is additive. For example, gabapentin use before 272: 10159: 6958: 2476: 5493:"Associations between gabapentinoids and suicidal behaviour, unintentional overdoses, injuries, road traffic incidents, and violent crime: population based cohort study in Sweden" 7742: 5413:

Patorno E, Bohn RL, Wahl PM, Avorn J, Patrick AR, Liu J, et al. (April 2010). "Anticonvulsant medications and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, or violent death".

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Goldlust A, Su TZ, Welty DF, Taylor CP, Oxender DL (September 1995). "Effects of anticonvulsant drug gabapentin on the enzymes in metabolic pathways of glutamate and GABA".

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Bockbrader HN, Wesche D, Miller R, Chapel S, Janiczek N, Burger P (October 2010). "A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pregabalin and gabapentin".

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Levandovskiy IA, Sharapa DI, Shamota TV, Rodionov VN, Shubina TE (February 2011). "Conformationally restricted GABA analogs: from rigid carbocycles to cage hydrocarbons".

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Martinez GM, Olabisi J, Ruekert L, Hasan S (July 2019). "A Call for Caution in Prescribing Gabapentin to Individuals With Concurrent Polysubstance Abuse: A Case Report".

1424:, uncontrollable jerking motions, and anxiety. A very high amount taken is associated with breathing suppression, coma, and possibly death, particularly if combined with 7465: 6884: 3147: 6979: 5999:

Davies A, Hendrich J, Van Minh AT, Wratten J, Douglas L, Dolphin AC (May 2007). "Functional biology of the alpha(2)delta subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels".

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Kim JB, Jung JM, Park MH, Lee EJ, Kwon DY (November 2017). "Negative myoclonus induced by gabapentin and pregabalin: A case series and systematic literature review".

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In cats, gabapentin can be used as an analgesic in multi-modal pain management, anxiety medication to reduce stress during travel or vet visits, and anticonvulsant.

1477:δ and its interactions with other proteins. Gabapentin prevents delivery of the calcium channels to the cell membrane, reduces the activation of the channels by the α 12348: 7357: 2514: 2168:

Gabapentin was originally marketed under the brand name Neurontin. Since it became generic, it has been marketed worldwide using over 300 different brand names. An

16435: 16386: 6928: 2509:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15151: 14996: 7550: 11916: 5556:"FDA warns about serious breathing problems with seizure and nerve pain medicines gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant) and pregabalin (Lyrica, Lyrica CR)" 2007: 1420:

Through excessive ingestion, accidental or otherwise, persons may experience overdose symptoms including drowsiness, sedation, blurred vision, slurred speech,

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Kjellsson MC, Ouellet D, Corrigan B, Karlsson MO (October 2011). "Modeling sleep data for a new drug in development using markov mixed-effects models".

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Withdrawal symptoms typically occur 1–2 days after abruptly stopping gabapentin (almost unambiguously due to extended use and during a very short-term

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In a controlled trial of breast cancer survivors with anxiety, and in a trial for social phobia, gabapentin significantly reduced anxiety levels.

839:. It is moderately effective: about 30–40% of those given gabapentin for diabetic neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia have a meaningful benefit. 12338: 10198: 16337: 14958: 13703: 13648: 13643: 13608: 13331: 13311: 13089: 11896: 3723:"Pharmacological treatment of painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 2235: 1599:, even at low nanomolar concentrations. However, this activation is unlikely to be the dominant mechanism of gabapentin's therapeutic effects. 15819: 15582: 15512: 14441: 14298: 14173: 13917: 13765: 13728: 13628: 13623: 13523: 13508: 13503: 13468: 12909: 965: 81: 15138: 14561: 14536: 14451: 14098: 14088: 13678: 13668: 13638: 13633: 13598: 13553: 13498: 13488: 13483: 12869: 10569: 9837: 9822: 9752: 8591: 1450: 753: 6768: 5348:

Desai A, Kherallah Y, Szabo C, Marawar R (March 2019). "Gabapentin or pregabalin induced myoclonus: A case series and literature review".

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regions, found that the consumption rate of gabapentinoids had doubled over the decade, driven by their use in wide range of indications.

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Leith WM, Lambert WE, Boehnlein JK, Freeman MD (January 2019). "The association between gabapentin and suicidality in bipolar patients".

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formulation of gabapentin for once-daily administration was introduced in 2011, for postherpetic neuralgia under the brand name Gralise.

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Dooley DJ, Taylor CP, Donevan S, Feltner D (February 2007). "Ca2+ channel alpha2delta ligands: novel modulators of neurotransmission".

5164:"Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 3623:"Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 2003: 1603: 956:

In regard to the specific diagnoses, a systematic review has found evidence for gabapentin to provide pain relief for some people with

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Dickens D, Webb SD, Antonyuk S, Giannoudis A, Owen A, Rädisch S, et al. (June 2013). "Transport of gabapentin by LAT1 (SLC7A5)".

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in the United States since 2004. In 2022, it was the tenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 40

14546: 14526: 13922: 13902: 8782: 7750: 3919:"Efficacy and Tolerability of Gabapentin in Adults with Sleep Disturbance in Medical Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 3820:

Mula M, Pini S, Cassano GB (June 2007). "The role of anticonvulsant drugs in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence".

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On its own, gabapentin appears to not have a substantial addictive power. In human and animal experiments, it shows limited to no

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Vettorato E, Corletto F (September 2011). "Gabapentin as part of multi-modal analgesia in two cats suffering multiple injuries".

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Goa KL, Sorkin EM (September 1993). "Gabapentin. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in epilepsy".

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Ma J, Björnsson ES, Chalasani N (February 2024). "The Safe Use of Analgesics in Patients with Cirrhosis: A Narrative Review".

5027:"A Meta-Analysis on the Use of Gabapentinoids for the Treatment of Acute Postoperative Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty" 3348:"Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale" 2308:

Veterinarians may prescribe gabapentin as an anticonvulsant and pain reliever in dogs. It has beneficial effects for treating

16372: 14862: 13004: 12323: 11866: 10511: 10110: 9473: 9417: 8194: 6733: 6656: 6626: 6599: 6572: 5846: 5789: 3280: 3053: 3029: 2995: 1368: 3518:"Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain - consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society" 2684:"1 Recommendations | Neuropathic pain in adults: pharmacological management in non-specialist settings | Guidance" 2147:

and government approval when bringing to market Prometa; the addiction drug proved to be completely ineffective. Journalist

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del Amo EM, Urtti A, Yliperttula M (October 2008). "Pharmacokinetic role of L-type amino acid transporters LAT1 and LAT2".

2293:, play a role in the physical dependence some users experience. Its misuse predominantly coincides with the usage of other 1676: 1129:

in both menopausal women and people with breast cancer. However, antidepressants have similar efficacy, and treatment with

2506: 15175: 12949: 12318: 6126:"Gabapentin Can Suppress Cell Proliferation Independent of the Cytosolic Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transferase 1 (BCAT1)" 2041: 1960:

statewide. Gabapentin is scheduled V drug in other states such as West Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Utah, and Virginia.

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in people with primary insomnia. It also improves sleep quality by elevating sleep efficiency and decreasing spontaneous

870: 4286:"Gabapentin Effect on Pain Associated with Heroin Withdrawal in Iranian Crack: a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial" 16507: 16104: 13409: 13044: 12418: 11699: 10876: 6936: 5612: 2502: 2290: 1998:

While off-label prescriptions are common for a number of drugs, marketing of off-label uses of a drug is not. In 2004,

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delta ligands, gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use".

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Otero-Romero S, Sastre-Garriga J, Comi G, Hartung HP, Soelberg Sørensen P, Thompson AJ, et al. (October 2016).

3674:"Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 14374: 13034: 12939: 12854: 12799: 12608: 12440: 12428: 10127: 9434: 2095:

In November 2011, the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (financed by Hythiam and carried out at

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Müller CE (November 2009). "Prodrug approaches for enhancing the bioavailability of drugs with low solubility".

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Lo HS, Yang CM, Lo HG, Lee CY, Ting H, Tzang BS (2010). "Treatment effects of gabapentin for primary insomnia".

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Tran KT, Hranicky D, Lark T, Jacob NJ (June 2005). "Gabapentin withdrawal syndrome in the presence of a taper".

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Tran KT, Hranicky D, Lark T, Jacob NJ (June 2005). "Gabapentin withdrawal syndrome in the presence of a taper".

739: 13319: 13074: 13059: 13039: 13014: 12999: 12959: 12899: 12849: 12485: 9547: 1168: 9313: 7347: 6836:"Once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin for the management of postherpetic neuralgia: an update for clinicians" 5262:

Yang Y, Wang X (January 2016). "Sexual dysfunction related to antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy".

2320:, and post-operative pain), and anxiety, lip-licking behaviour, storm phobia, fear-based agression. 2024:). In 2010, a federal jury in Massachusetts ruled in Kaiser's favor, finding that Pfizer violated the federal 1090:

Gabapentin is ineffective in cocaine dependence and methamphetamine use, and it does not increase the rate of

470: 15632: 15362: 13253: 13202: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12819: 12530: 11375: 10693: 10243: 8775: 2507:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" 2017: 1843:. Specifically, it is a derivative of GABA with a pentyl disubstitution at 3 position, hence, the name - gaba 1122:, torsional nystagmus, and infantile nystagmus; however, it does not work in periodic alternating nystagmus. 7568: 16431: 13079: 13069: 13024: 13009: 12989: 12979: 12954: 12934: 12864: 12824: 12814: 12804: 9882: 9304: 5745:

Bonnet U, Scherbaum N (December 2017). "How addictive are gabapentin and pregabalin? A systematic review".

5607: 5561: 2510: 2208: 1606:(BCAT), slowing down the synthesis of glutamate. In particular it inhibits BCAT-1 at high concentrations (K 1521:. Most of the pharmacological properties of gabapentin are explained by its binding to just one isoform – α 668: 521: 8736: 3430:

Johannessen SI, Ben-Menachem E (2006). "Management of focal-onset seizures: an update on drug treatment".

3177:"Trends in First Gabapentin and Pregabalin Prescriptions in Primary Care in the United Kingdom, 1993-2017" 1367:

or other chronic pain was associated with a 35–58% increased risk for severe exacerbation of pre-existing

16411: 13175: 13111: 13054: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12904: 12894: 12844: 12839: 12829: 12809: 12789: 12748: 12199: 10672: 9867: 8965: 7375: 5055: 2013: 629: 7507:"Pfizer Inc. v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc.: Petition for certiorari denied on December 9, 2013" 7439: 2560:"Neurontin- gabapentin capsule Neurontin- gabapentin tablet, film coated Neurontin- gabapentin solution" 16502: 16447: 13283: 13258: 12984: 12944: 12914: 12859: 11273: 7005:

Mayor S (October 2018). "Pregabalin and gabapentin become controlled drugs to cut deaths from misuse".

4548:"Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and consensus paper" 4011:

Muncie HL, Yasinian Y, Oge' L (November 2013). "Outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome".

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are also common. A 2017 meta-analysis found that gabapentin also increased the risk of difficulties in

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Ling W, Shoptaw S, Hillhouse M, Bholat MA, Charuvastra C, Heinzerling K, et al. (February 2012).

5391: 5215:"Clinical review: Drugs commonly associated with weight change: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 590: 16397: 15971: 15294: 15192: 14876: 14388: 13288: 12535: 12269: 12214: 11347: 10958: 10731: 10504: 10324: 10217: 9852: 9466: 7788:"Gabapentinoid consumption in 65 countries and regions from 2008 to 2018: a longitudinal trend study" 1953: 1664: 1019:

There is a small amount of research on the use of gabapentin for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

964:. Gabapentin is approved for the former indication in the US. In addition to these two neuropathies, 8666:"Effects of Gabapentin on the Treatment of Behavioral Disorders in Dogs: A Retrospective Evaluation" 7615:"Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of the PROMETA™ protocol for methamphetamine dependence" 1655:= 17–20 mM), however this effect is so weak it is not clinically relevant at prescribed doses. 16482: 16299: 16217: 16118: 16035: 15904: 15327: 15224: 15056: 14825: 11906: 10794: 10650: 10401: 9275: 8768: 7223: 7074: 6809: 3572:

Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, McNicol E, Baron R, Dworkin RH, et al. (February 2015).

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within the range of clinical dosing. In vitro gabapentin has been found to very weakly inhibit the

1481:δ subunit, decreases signaling leading to neurotransmitters release, and disrupts interactions of α 1331:

Serious breathing suppression, potentially fatal, may occur when gabapentin is taken together with

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Reinares M, Rosa AR, Franco C, Goikolea JM, Fountoulakis K, Siamouli M, et al. (March 2013).

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Shanthanna H, Gilron I, Rajarathinam M, AlAmri R, Kamath S, Thabane L, et al. (August 2017).

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Aazh H, El Refaie A, Humphriss R (December 2011). "Gabapentin for tinnitus: a systematic review".

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Shanthanna H, Gilron I, Rajarathinam M, AlAmri R, Kamath S, Thabane L, et al. (August 2017).

2195:, which is related in structure to gabapentin, as a successor to gabapentin. Another similar drug 16497: 16245: 16181: 15517: 13423: 12588: 12555: 12545: 12495: 12490: 12115: 11434: 11429: 10580: 10115: 9422: 9184: 9142: 9021: 7933:

Baillie JK, Power I (January 2006). "The mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain".

7352: 7307:"A systematic review on the role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of acute bipolar depression" 2139: 2113: 1991: 1983: 1905: 1741: 1502: 1023: 201: 63: 17: 12578: 8583: 7787: 5213:

Domecq JP, Prutsky G, Leppin A, Sonbol MB, Altayar O, Undavalli C, et al. (February 2015).

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Goodman CW, Brett AS (May 2019). "A Clinical Overview of Off-label Use of Gabapentinoid Drugs".

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Gabapentin is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter glutamate and competitively inhibits

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by 30–60%. A Canadian study showed that use of gabapentin and other gabapentinoids, whether for

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Evoy KE, Morrison MD, Saklad SR (March 2017). "Abuse and Misuse of Pregabalin and Gabapentin".

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Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, Gronseth GS, Ondo WG, Dewey RB, et al. (November 2011).

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Behnam B, Semnani V, Saghafi N, Ghorbani R, Dianak Shori M, Ghooshchian Choobmasjedi S (2012).

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Hong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, et al. (March 2022).

1914: 1777: 1745: 1565: 1356: 1275: 1145: 1049: 1027: 957: 858: 832: 611: 346: 11997: 6646: 3270: 2985: 2597:"Neurontin, Gralise (gabapentin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more" 2477:"Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017" 1622: 570: 16013: 15914: 12550: 12505: 12465: 11921: 11163: 10999: 10885: 10480: 9011: 7406: 6562: 6410:"Selective expression of the large neutral amino acid transporter at the blood-brain barrier" 4680: 3019: 2044:

prevailed in their similar Neurontin-related claims against Pfizer. Pfizer appealed, but the

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Gabapentin is approved for the treatment of focal seizures; however, it is not effective for

461: 7860: 6980:"Pregabalin and gabapentin: proposal to schedule under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001" 4374:

McLean RJ, Gottlob I (August 2009). "The pharmacological treatment of nystagmus: a review".

3116: 1094:. While some studies indicate that gabapentin does not significantly reduce the symptoms of 900:

uses. They have paid out millions of dollars to settle lawsuits regarding these activities.

16487: 15607: 14138: 14073: 14053: 13278: 13170: 12583: 12540: 12480: 12408: 12381: 11901: 11876: 11846: 11841: 11667: 11468: 10630: 10497: 9779: 9459: 9193: 8820: 7882: 7802: 7685: 6421: 3734: 3312:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 17 October 2022. 3305:"Review finds little evidence to support gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia" 2721:

Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, et al. (September 2010).

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said to Peizer in 2007: "Depending and who you talk to, you're either a revolutionary or a

1320: 1251: 950: 937: 530: 425: 366: 169: 10532: 7532: 7146:"Gabapentin will be a Schedule V controlled substance in Tennessee effective July 1, 2018" 5091: 4935:"A Systematic Review of the Clinical Use of Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Bipolar Disorder" 510: 8: 16477: 16258: 14396: 13800: 13248: 13185: 12753: 12689: 12423: 12125: 12047: 11494: 11478: 11424: 11308: 10605: 10267: 10182: 8844: 7466:"Pfizer Appeal Targets Fraudulent Drug Marketing Claims Brought Under Civil RICO Statute" 7348:"Huge penalty in drug fraud, Pfizer settles felony case in Neurontin off-label promotion" 5695:

Mersfelder TL, Nichols WH (March 2016). "Gabapentin: Abuse, Dependence, and Withdrawal".

4235:

Sood A, Ebbert JO, Wyatt KD, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Sood R, et al. (March 2010).

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Successful Psychopharmacology: Evidence-Based Treatment Solutions for Achieving Remission

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is highly expressed at the blood–brain barrier and transports gabapentin across into the

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Mehta AR, Kennard C (June 2012). "The pharmacological treatment of acquired nystagmus".

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increases to 3 to 4 hours at higher doses. Food does not significantly affect the T

1083:

and associated craving. The evidence in favor of gabapentin is weak in the treatment of

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Moore A, Derry S, Wiffen P (February 2018). "Gabapentin for Chronic Neuropathic Pain".

3757: 3698: 3673: 3672:

Enke O, New HA, New CH, Mathieson S, McLachlan AJ, Latimer J, et al. (July 2018).

3649: 3622: 3598: 3574:"Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3573: 3544: 3498: 3455: 3372: 3347: 3321: 3251: 3203: 3128: 3021:

The Other End of the Stethoscope: The Physician's Perspective on the Health Care Crisis

2966: 2863: 2839:"Emerging roles for α2δ subunits in calcium channel function and synaptic connectivity" 2838: 2809: 2776: 2752: 2660: 2122: 1918: 1881: 1876: 1549: 1157: 1141: 1119: 1080: 877: 341:

27–60% (inversely proportional to dose; a high fat meal also increases bioavailability)

143: 4890:

Sadeghi R, Ondo WG (December 2010). "Pharmacological management of essential tremor".

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and is prescribed as one of the first-line options. It is an established treatment of

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Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, Rice AS, Tölle TR, Phillips T, et al. (June 2017).

2744: 2739: 2723:"EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision" 2722: 2664: 2652: 2648: 2458: 2417: 2413: 1897: 1855:

groups are not in the same relative positions as they are in the GABA; they are more

1703:

can increase its oral bioavailability; when gabapentin was co-administered with oral

1348: 1279: 1258:

that disappear after discontinuing gabapentin or replacing it with other medication.

1227: 1176: 1095: 1091: 601: 297: 105: 8408: 8280: 8212:"Gabapentin and Pregabalin for Pain - Is Increased Prescribing a Cause for Concern?" 7989: 7666: 7291: 7092:"Important Notice: Gabapentin Becomes a Schedule 5 Controlled Substance in Kentucky" 7034: 6394: 6254: 5947: 5824: 5774: 5758: 5724: 5477: 5377: 5334: 5291: 4919: 4778: 4623: 4579: 4473: 4446: 4403: 3849: 3459: 3255: 3239: 3132: 2756: 2243: 16095: 15592: 15507: 15307: 15026: 14815: 14153: 13180: 12763: 12679: 12460: 12403: 12391: 12090: 11969: 11911: 11871: 11828: 11729: 11632: 11593: 11576: 11514: 11411: 10798: 10640: 10409: 10309: 10175: 9586: 9095: 8687: 8677: 8636: 8626: 8535: 8515: 8480: 8443: 8435: 8388: 8342: 8303: 8260: 8223: 8151: 8121: 8073: 8065: 8024: 8016: 7969: 7818: 7810: 7634: 7626: 7595: 7318: 7269: 7261: 7014: 6855: 6847: 6791: 6783: 6749: 6681: 6533: 6523: 6476: 6439: 6429: 6374: 6334: 6326: 6284: 6234: 6182: 6145: 6137: 6095: 6055: 6047: 6008: 5973: 5927: 5877: 5868:

Sills GJ (February 2006). "The mechanisms of action of gabapentin and pregabalin".

5804: 5754: 5704: 5654: 5512: 5504: 5457: 5422: 5357: 5314: 5271: 5234: 5226: 5185: 5175: 5134: 5126: 5087: 5038: 4997: 4956: 4946: 4899: 4862: 4854: 4813: 4805: 4758: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4658: 4650: 4603: 4559: 4512: 4489: 4469: 4426: 4383: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4297: 4256: 4248: 4207: 4199: 4155: 4147: 4100: 4062: 4054: 3997: 3977: 3940: 3930: 3903: 3881: 3829: 3789: 3752: 3742: 3693: 3685: 3644: 3634: 3593: 3585: 3539: 3529: 3502: 3482: 3439: 3404: 3367: 3359: 3313: 3235: 3198: 3188: 3112: 2948: 2902: 2858: 2850: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2734: 2644: 2448: 2409: 2317: 2169: 2144: 2063:, a treatment consisting of a combination of gabapentin and two other medications ( 2049: 2021: 1901: 1684: 1672: 1364: 1308: 1235: 1164: 1153: 925: 921: 913: 827:. It is a commonly used medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by 824: 820: 685: 328: 240: 8392: 8347: 8330: 6910: 5931: 5275: 4203: 3516:

Moulin DE, Clark AJ, Gilron I, Ware MA, Watson CP, Sessle BJ, et al. (2007).

3075: 3045: 2374: 91: 16461: 16347: 16342: 16312: 16141: 16136: 15739: 15704: 15694: 15659: 15266: 15241: 14708: 14401: 14283: 13438: 13400: 13268: 13217: 13155: 12654: 12629: 12475: 12259: 12173: 12095: 12085: 11856: 11851: 11734: 11672: 11649: 11293: 11283: 10713: 10680: 10658: 10634: 10387: 9985: 9977: 9967: 9764: 9495: 8329:

Reynolds K, Kaufman R, Korenoski A, Fennimore L, Shulman J, Lynch M (July 2020).

8155: 7764: 7488: 6615:

Benzon H, Rathmell JP, Wu CL, Turk DC, Argoff CE, Hurley RW (11 September 2013).

6480: 5461: 5180: 4858: 4547: 4136:"A meta-analysis of the efficacy of gabapentin for treating alcohol use disorder" 3981: 3833: 3747: 3722: 3639: 3486: 2279: 2247: 2148: 2072: 1847:, in such a way as to form a six-membered ring. After formation of the ring, the 1707:, the oral bioavailability of a 600 mg dose of gabapentin increased by 50%. 1700: 1688: 1470: 1296: 1149: 1064: 1057: 450: 356: 336: 9486: 6141: 1532: 1315:. Another study has shown an approximately doubled rate of suicide attempts and 16322: 16278: 15869: 15769: 15679: 15353: 15209: 15152: 14997: 14953: 14908: 14653: 14643: 14263: 14183: 13780: 13683: 13165: 13131: 13106: 12696: 12413: 12239: 12229: 12143: 12052: 11992: 11936: 11689: 11644: 11544: 10931: 10921: 10744: 10735: 10709: 10701: 10686: 10453: 10275: 10121: 9957: 9799: 9713: 9561: 9535: 9428: 9203: 8939: 8879: 8813: 8791: 8020: 7814: 7786:

Chan AY, Yuen AS, Tsai DH, Lau WC, Jani YH, Hsia Y, et al. (August 2023).

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Evidence finds little or no benefit and significant risk in those with chronic

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in people with bipolar disorder who are taking gabapentin versus those taking

1191:

due to possible accumulation and toxicity. It is unclear if it is safe during

920:

in the US and the UK, for example, for the treatment of non-neuropathic pain,

16471: 16332: 16225: 16171: 16156: 15942: 15879: 15612: 15557: 15552: 15542: 15497: 15317: 15251: 15103: 14913: 14898: 14743: 14436: 14318: 14158: 14038: 14017: 13992: 13912: 13533: 13528: 13238: 13212: 13207: 13121: 12684: 12644: 12264: 12244: 12153: 12080: 12007: 12002: 11987: 11783: 11583: 11566: 11534: 11313: 11254: 11119: 11051: 11033: 11004: 10971: 10953: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10784: 10748: 10725: 10602: 10584: 10439: 10337: 10333: 10295: 10291: 10230: 10226: 10190: 10066: 9951: 9928: 9746: 9708: 9687: 9394: 9323: 9318: 9233: 9208: 9147: 9137: 8854: 8849: 8331:"Trends in gabapentin and baclofen exposures reported to U.S. poison centers" 8005:"Modifications of antiepileptic drugs for improved tolerability and efficacy" 7907: 7846: 6851: 6434: 6409: 5708: 5631: 5586: 5115:"Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults" 4762: 4563: 3935: 3918: 3473:

Rheims S, Ryvlin P (July 2014). "Pharmacotherapy for tonic-clonic seizures".

2100: 2084: 1836: 1757: 1618: 1614: 1486: 1267: 1196: 1188: 992: 977: 909: 661: 220: 11982: 8613:

Di Cesare F, Negro V, Ravasio G, Villa R, Draghi S, Cagnardi P (June 2023).

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Henney JE (August 2006). "Safeguarding patient welfare: who's in charge?".

2962: 2914: 2872: 2818: 2800: 2748: 2462: 2421: 2313: 2118: 1941: 1760:, gabapentin requires active transport across the blood–brain barrier. The 1753: 1542: 1393: 1352: 1263: 1103: 1099: 969: 235: 33: 8307: 8069: 6107: 5841:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 677–8. 5426: 5042: 3534: 3517: 2656: 1867: 1824:

Chemical structures of GABA and gabapentin, with commonalities highlighted

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that are the result of an underlying illness, but comes with some risk of

876:

Gabapentin was first approved for use in 1993. It has been available as a

16003: 15957: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15749: 15734: 15729: 15684: 15663: 15655: 15567: 15562: 15547: 15532: 15467: 15412: 14988: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14948: 14933: 14923: 14903: 14805: 14788: 14778: 14768: 14758: 14753: 14723: 14698: 14693: 14673: 14658: 14623: 14608: 14571: 14506: 14466: 14456: 14313: 14308: 14293: 14278: 14218: 14083: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13967: 13962: 13843: 13790: 13785: 13770: 13613: 13588: 13578: 13568: 13558: 13548: 13463: 13458: 13448: 13361: 12573: 12520: 12366: 12204: 12072: 12027: 11949: 11926: 11659: 11617: 11325: 11188: 11114: 11069: 10916: 10697: 10654: 10626: 10551: 10423: 10383: 10341: 10303: 10287: 10211: 10046: 10031: 10021: 9999: 9941: 9898: 9876: 9697: 9683: 9631: 9606: 9601: 9374: 9369: 9255: 9213: 9159: 9130: 9105: 9100: 9075: 8955: 8950: 8914: 8894: 8839: 8829: 8615:"Gabapentin: Clinical Use and Pharmacokinetics in Dogs, Cats, and Horses" 8228: 8211: 5230: 4252: 4104: 4058: 2278:

Gabapentin when taken in excess, can induce euphoria, a sense of calm, a

2068: 2037: 1893: 1829: 1560:

at micromolar concentrations. They may be the endogenous ligands of the α

1389: 1271: 1223: 1048:

Gabapentin is effective in treating sleep disorders such as insomnia and

885: 850: 99: 10854: 8760: 8682: 8631: 7861:"Pfizer Completes Transaction to Combine Its Upjohn Business with Mylan" 6036:"Gabapentin Is a Potent Activator of KCNQ3 and KCNQ5 Potassium Channels" 3689: 490: 16307: 16235: 16230: 16166: 16161: 16151: 16146: 16126: 15947: 15936: 15932: 15899: 15784: 15779: 15754: 15744: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15650: 15640: 15622: 15617: 15587: 15577: 15537: 15502: 15457: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15422: 15387: 15312: 15256: 15233: 15201: 15128: 15088: 15046: 15036: 15011: 14983: 14943: 14928: 14848: 14843: 14783: 14763: 14748: 14738: 14603: 14593: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14501: 14461: 14416: 14411: 14323: 14303: 14243: 14233: 14163: 14143: 14128: 14118: 14108: 14093: 14078: 14058: 14048: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13972: 13952: 13932: 13858: 13848: 13833: 13823: 13775: 13723: 13658: 13583: 13573: 13563: 13543: 13518: 13513: 13493: 13473: 13443: 12649: 12386: 12120: 12012: 11485: 11330: 11278: 10908: 10828: 10752: 10666: 10609: 10592: 10521: 10447: 10391: 10347: 10319: 10299: 10283: 10252: 10207: 10174: 10061: 9989: 9936: 9913: 9908: 9891: 9831: 9789: 9656: 9611: 9596: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9482: 9399: 9389: 9379: 9338: 9333: 9283: 9265: 9260: 9243: 9223: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9154: 9120: 9110: 8994: 8984: 8974: 8919: 8889: 8869: 8052:

Smith BH, Higgins C, Baldacchino A, Kidd B, Bannister J (August 2012).

7599: 7511: 6685: 4986:"Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a review of the evidence" 4951: 4702:"Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease" 2199:

has been unsuccessfully tried by Pfizer as a treatment for insomnia. A

2196: 2192: 2127: 2064: 1852: 1840: 1784: 1644: 1581: 1529: 1421: 1340: 1304: 1247: 1219: 1137: 1084: 842: 715: 501: 215: 8439: 7018: 6528: 6330: 5508: 4607: 4151: 3917:

Liu GJ, Karim MR, Xu LL, Wang SL, Yang C, Ding L, et al. (2017).

1820: 1187:

Gabapentin should be used carefully and at lower doses in people with

16327: 16273: 16189: 16072: 16062: 15993: 15922: 15884: 15859: 15849: 15774: 15724: 15669: 15645: 15572: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15432: 15427: 15417: 15402: 15261: 15133: 15113: 15093: 15083: 15041: 15021: 14938: 14733: 14648: 14638: 14618: 14556: 14541: 14531: 14491: 14476: 14446: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14347: 14288: 14238: 14228: 14223: 14208: 14198: 14178: 14168: 14148: 14123: 13753: 13718: 13698: 13663: 13653: 13618: 13603: 13160: 13116: 12664: 12659: 12234: 12219: 12194: 12042: 12037: 12022: 12017: 11977: 11954: 11891: 11748: 11721: 11605: 11463: 11446: 11419: 11335: 11298: 11288: 11261: 11232: 11193: 11180: 11158: 11129: 10926: 10774: 10770: 10705: 10555: 10435: 10431: 10413: 10378: 10313: 10234: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10076: 10056: 9981: 9903: 9846: 9736: 9718: 9693: 9666: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9581: 9515: 9451: 9359: 9250: 9198: 9115: 9080: 9060: 9026: 9016: 8979: 8945: 8924: 8909: 8904: 8874: 8864: 8859: 8804: 5658: 4545: 3886: 3869: 3721:

Phillips TJ, Cherry CL, Cox S, Marshall SJ, Rice AS (December 2010).

2088: 1791: 1668: 1591:

Gabapentin is a potent activator of voltage-gated potassium channels

1569: 1535: 1408: 1316: 1255: 1243: 1239: 1215: 1192: 1126: 917: 897: 893: 846: 436: 379: 189: 85: 10474: 9838: 9823: 6512:"Gabapentin enacarbil - clinical efficacy in restless legs syndrome" 4749:

Anand S (March 2013). "Gabapentin for pruritus in palliative care".

1940:

Effective April 2019, the United Kingdom reclassified the drug as a

1118:

Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment of the acquired

15998: 15804: 15799: 15759: 15674: 15522: 15397: 15335: 14718: 14683: 14588: 14203: 14133: 14103: 14063: 13957: 13748: 13708: 13688: 12163: 12057: 11959: 11682: 11613: 11571: 11561: 11529: 11524: 11489: 11303: 11210: 11170: 11146: 11099: 10994: 10963: 10818: 10802: 10762: 10717: 10644: 10596: 10543: 10443: 10427: 10405: 10395: 10256: 10199: 10071: 10051: 9971: 9784: 9728: 9671: 9661: 9626: 9616: 9591: 9520: 9354: 9328: 9085: 9065: 8899: 8884: 8751: 2564: 2437:"Misuse and abuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: cause for concern?" 2133: 2060: 1704: 1514: 1506: 1490: 1469:(L-type, N-type, P/Q type, and R-type). Gabapentin is not a direct 1397: 1360: 1312: 1172: 1130: 996: 781:

InChI=1S/C9H17NO2/c10-7-9(6-8(11)12)4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-7,10H2,(H,11,12)

550: 481: 127: 7489:"US high court leaves intact $ 142 million verdict against Pfizer" 7430:"Pfizer Told to Pay $ 142.1 Million for Neurontin Marketing Fraud" 6885:"Yabba Dabba Gabapentin: Are Gralise and Horizant Worth the Cost?" 6707:

Kumar A, Soudagar SR, Nijasure AM, Panda NB, Gautam P, Thakur GR.

6671: 5643: 5491:

Molero Y, Larsson H, D'Onofrio BM, Sharp DJ, Fazel S (June 2019).

5161: 4043:"Gabapentin Therapy in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review" 3870:"Gabapentin and Pregabalin for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders" 3620: 1473:: it exerts its actions by disrupting the regulatory function of α 738: 617: 41: 16067: 15889: 15689: 15214: 14613: 14551: 14213: 14193: 13889: 13760: 12274: 11793: 11776: 11771: 11756: 11704: 11694: 11677: 11549: 11390: 11385: 11318: 11244: 11064: 10984: 10788: 10766: 10676: 10622: 10535: 10041: 9678: 9507: 8931: 8328: 7743:"Texas' Prometa program for treating meth addicts draws skeptics" 6929:"Pregabalin and gabapentin will become controlled drugs in April" 6408:

Boado RJ, Li JY, Nagaya M, Zhang C, Pardridge WM (October 1999).

5630:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5585:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4417:

Thurtell MJ, Leigh RJ (February 2012). "Treatment of nystagmus".

2200: 2176: 2080: 1635: 1292: 1068: 985: 862: 854: 50: 7959: 5914:

Calandre EP, Rico-Villademoros F, Slim M (November 2016). "Alpha

4933:

Ng QX, Han MX, Teoh SE, Yaow CY, Lim YL, Chee KT (August 2021).

3571: 1465:

subunit (the channel-forming protein) of high voltage activated

15893: 15157:

Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel

15006: 15002:

Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel

14678: 14598: 14481: 14471: 14253: 14022: 12224: 12158: 11627: 11473: 11453: 11215: 11139: 11104: 11043: 10563: 10547: 10539: 10419: 10240: 10081: 9808: 8745: 6588:

Wyllie E, Cascino GD, Gidal BE, Goodkin HP (17 February 2012).

6312: 5490: 2180: 2075:

addiction, though it had also been claimed to be effective for

2071:) as well as therapy, is an ineffective treatment promoted for 1761: 1680: 1588:-amino acids is likely to be responsible for this discrepancy. 1556:δ with similar affinity to gabapentin and are present in human 1429: 1385: 1332: 1231: 1079:

Gabapentin is moderately effective in reducing the symptoms of

1008: 973: 889: 581: 384: 6509: 6124:

Grankvist N, Lagerborg KA, Jain M, Nilsson R (December 2018).

5112: 4134:

Kranzler HR, Feinn R, Morris P, Hartwell EE (September 2019).

3076:"Gabapentin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022" 2937:-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors, Neurexins, and Thrombospondins" 16373: 14863: 14633: 14486: 11360: 11198: 11151: 11014: 10559: 8505: 8424:"Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review" 8101:

Shebak S, Varipapa R, Snyder A, Whitham MD, Milam TR (2014).

7769:"Hythiam, Shire, Genentech; Talk is proving cheap at Hythiam" 7250:"Examination of the evidence for off-label use of gabapentin" 7049:"Pregabalin and gabapentin to be controlled as Class C drugs" 6769:"Examination of the evidence for off-label use of gabapentin" 6274: 6123: 5998: 5913: 5787: 5113:

Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC (June 2013).

2151:

opined: "most of what Peizer says is dubious-sounding hype".

1956:. Effective 1 July 2017, Kentucky classified gabapentin as a 1848: 1805: 1801: 1773: 1765: 1596: 1592: 1568:

the effects of gabapentin. Accordingly, while gabapentin has

1259: 729: 561: 15281: 6224: 5447: 4283: 634: 16209:

Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

16131: 15176: 14834: 14796: 14579: 12249: 11766: 11380: 11249: 11237: 11205: 11023: 10946: 10941: 10662: 8141: 8100: 8051: 4984:

Tran DQ, Duong S, Bertini P, Finlayson RJ (February 2010).

4840: 4324: 4133: 2096: 1952:

Gabapentin is not a controlled substance under the federal

1344: 541: 16105: 13410: 8612: 7724:"The Rise and Fall of a "Miracle Cure" for Drug Addiction" 7612: 7304: 6903: 6510:

Agarwal P, Griffith A, Costantino HR, Vaish N (May 2010).

6315:"Molecular determinants of blood-brain barrier permeation" 6313:

Geldenhuys WJ, Mohammad AS, Adkins CE, Lockman PR (2015).

5963: 5788:

Bonnet U, Richter EL, Isbruch K, Scherbaum N (June 2018).

5347: 4325:

Nielsen S, Gowing L, Sabioni P, Le Foll B (January 2019).

3345: 2983: 12349:

Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

12032: 11458: 11225: 9760: 6587: 5790:"On the addictive power of gabapentinoids: a mini-review" 5212: 4983: 4089: 3720: 2941:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

1000: 953:, where it may be used as a second- or third-line agent. 14375: 8663: 8184: 5024: 4592: 2892: 15066: 14886: 8377: 7586:"Prometa under fire in Washington drug court program". 6742: 6591:

Wyllie's Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice

6564:

Pharmacology, An Issue of Anesthesiology Clinics E-Book

6172: 3429: 2720: 1022:

Gabapentin is effective for the long-term treatment of

9548: 8508:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

6706: 5077: 5031:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume

4234: 4188:"Gabapentin for the treatment of alcohol use disorder" 4010: 2933:"Analgesia with Gabapentin and Pregabalin May Involve 1152:) and itching of other causes. It may be an option in 16445: 15363: 10244: 7376:"US jury's Neurontin ruling to cost Pfizer $ 141 mln" 6085: 5025:

Hamilton TW, Strickland LH, Pandit HG (August 2016).

4751:

The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care

3515: 3394: 3298: 3296: 3148:"Pfizer to pay $ 325 million in Neurontin settlement" 2399: 2297:

drugs, namely opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.

1343:, or by people with underlying lung problems such as 9883: 9843:

Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors

9828:

Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

8185:

Trestman RL, Appelbaum KL, Metzner JL (April 2015).

7369: 7367: 7311:

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

6614: 6466: 5412: 5219:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

3867: 1617:, and in spite of its name, it does not bind to the 853:. Serious side effects include an increased risk of 10204:

Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

9868: 8002: 4040: 3671: 3174: 2777:"Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults" 2774: 1211:

Gabapentin Orion 100 mg, bottle and pills in Sweden

1148:. Gabapentin alleviates itching in kidney failure ( 892:, used a number of illegal techniques to encourage 469: 8250: 7839: 6608: 6594:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 423. 6407: 5054: 3303: 3293: 2554: 2552: 2367: 1790:Gabapentin is generally safe in people with liver 1163:Gabapentin does not appear to provide benefit for 16398: 15972: 10325: 10218: 9853: 8470: 7427: 7364: 6581: 5694: 4699: 4185: 2689:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2010:brought successfully under the False Claims Act. 1687:of gabapentin is dose-dependent, with diminished 1613:Despite the fact that gabapentin is a structural 1584:range, and competition for binding by endogenous 1461:δ is an auxiliary protein connected to the main α 896:in the United States to prescribe gabapentin for 16469: 16036: 8664:Kirby-Madden T, Waring CT, Herron M (May 2024). 8421: 7683: 7080:. Drug Enforcement Administration. January 2023. 5550: 5548: 4791: 3779: 3175:Montastruc F, Loo SY, Renoux C (November 2018). 1106:. There is insufficient evidence for its use in 449: 16436:Transient receptor potential channel modulators 10519: 9813:Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 8293: 7785: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7486: 7397:"Pfizer faces $ 142M in damages for drug fraud" 6640: 6638: 6360: 6358: 6308: 6306: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 5959: 5957: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5839:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 5744: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 4700:Hercz D, Jiang SH, Webster AC (December 2020). 4636: 4181: 4179: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3170: 3168: 2984:Pitkänen A, Schwartzkroin PA, Moshé SL (2005). 2926: 2924: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2289:Withdrawal symptoms, often resembling those of 1972: 1299:and violent death as compared with a reference 424: 11897:Legal history of cannabis in the United States 8103:"Gabapentin abuse and overdose: a case report" 7551:"Prometa Founder's Spotty Background Explored" 7391: 7389: 6715: 6033: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5304: 4685:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 4502: 4036: 4034: 3916: 2529: 2234:deal primarily with US and do not represent a 2026:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations 1721:) of approximately 1.7 hours, while the T 1710:Gabapentin at a low dose of 100 mg has a 1501:δ protein, gabapentin binds with similar high 869:. Gabapentin acts by decreasing activity of a 16378:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels 14868:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel 13377: 10870: 10505: 10455: 10160: 9467: 8776: 8499: 8464: 8287: 8135: 8045: 8003:Landmark CJ, Johannessen SI (February 2008). 7996: 7953: 7926: 7705:"Unproven meth, cocaine 'remedy' hits market" 6827: 6665: 6081: 6079: 5545: 4932: 4505:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4416: 4373: 4186:Mason BJ, Quello S, Shadan F (January 2018). 2770: 2768: 2766: 2232:The examples and perspective in this section 2143:criticized Peizer after the company bypassed 968:guideline notes gabapentin effectiveness for 966:European Federation of Neurological Societies 15286:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel 10897: 8584:"Gabapentin for Dogs: Uses and Side Effects" 8209: 7932: 7519: 7463: 6635: 6503: 6460: 6401: 6355: 6303: 6261: 6201: 6166: 6027: 5992: 5954: 5896: 5852: 5681: 5394:. National Health Service. 16 September 2021 5341: 5298: 5255: 5206: 4693: 4586: 4539: 4496: 4459: 4453: 4410: 4277: 4176: 4127: 4093:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 4083: 4047:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 3961: 3910: 3856: 3808: 3773: 3560: 3509: 3472: 3466: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3225: 3219: 3165: 2930: 2921: 2879: 2836: 2825: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 1374: 865:. Lower doses are recommended in those with 131: 15184:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel 9753: 8422:Smith RV, Havens JR, Walsh SL (July 2016). 8294:Bonnet U, Scherbaum N (February 2018). "". 7386: 7229:. Virginia Department of Health Professions 7041: 6876: 6651:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 219–220. 6175:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 5731: 5119:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4889: 4706:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4331:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4327:"Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence" 4031: 3967: 3868:Greenblatt HK, Greenblatt DJ (March 2018). 3013: 3011: 2781:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2339: 2337: 2046:U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit 1623: 16110:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel 14402:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine) 13415:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels 13391: 13384: 13370: 12625:Arguments for and against drug prohibition 10877: 10863: 10512: 10498: 10167: 10153: 9474: 9460: 8783: 8769: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8187:Oxford Textbook of Correctional Psychiatry 7763: 7684:Schuster H, Peterson R (7 December 2007). 7660: 7658: 7459: 7457: 7178:Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH) 6621:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1006. 6567:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 98–. 6076: 4643:Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 4290:Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 3098: 3096: 2763: 2250:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 2006:in U.S. history up to that point, and the 1892:Gabapentin was designed by researchers at 1604:branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase 671: 648: 509: 320: Rx-only, schedule 5 in select states 49: 40: 10884: 8790: 8691: 8681: 8640: 8630: 8447: 8346: 8227: 8077: 8028: 7822: 7721: 7702: 7638: 7428:Van Voris B, Lawrence J (26 March 2010). 7322: 7273: 6911:"Gabapentin controlled release – Depomed" 6859: 6795: 6721: 6537: 6527: 6443: 6433: 6338: 6149: 6059: 5541:https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.6fdaa9de 5516: 5450:International Clinical Psychopharmacology 5238: 5189: 5179: 5138: 5001: 4960: 4950: 4866: 4817: 4725: 4662: 4350: 4301: 4260: 4211: 4159: 4066: 4041:Berlin RK, Butler PM, Perloff MD (2015). 3944: 3934: 3885: 3874:Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development 3756: 3746: 3697: 3648: 3638: 3597: 3543: 3533: 3371: 3332: 3262: 3202: 3192: 2952: 2862: 2808: 2738: 2705: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2452: 2266:Learn how and when to remove this message 1691:and delayed peak levels at higher doses. 1326: 1040:, gabapentin has produced mixed results. 884:million prescriptions. During the 1990s, 529: 14380:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels 12599:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S. 12296: 8189:. Oxford University Press. p. 167. 7935:Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 6554: 5261: 4792:Schneider SA, Deuschl G (January 2014). 3008: 2434: 2334: 1866: 1819: 1307:. The risk is increased for people with 1206: 980:may work better than either drug alone. 15074:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel 14894:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel 12635:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 11690:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids 9496: 8542: 8296:Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie 8058:The British Journal of General Practice 7740: 7734: 7696: 7677: 7655: 7454: 7373: 6882: 6840:Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 6728:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 13–. 6644: 6119: 6117: 6034:Manville RW, Abbott GW (October 2018). 4192:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 3145: 3117:10.7326/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00013 3093: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2345:"International listings for Gabapentin" 1133:more effectively prevents hot flashes. 644: 489: 104: 14: 16470: 12526:Office of National Drug Control Policy 12314:International drug control conventions 9553:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators 9536: 9481: 8577: 8575: 7664: 7530: 7345: 6959:"Re: Pregabalin and Gabapentin advice" 6833: 6722:Johnson DS, Li JJ (26 February 2013). 6516:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 6364: 4419:Current Treatment Options in Neurology 3822:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 3102: 3004:from the original on 8 September 2017. 2619: 2501: 2481:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) 2428: 1963: 1925: 1904:GABA that could more easily cross the 1699:the transit time of gabapentin in the 1404:off gradually at an appropriate rate. 1125:Gabapentin decreases the frequency of 972:. A combination of gabapentin with an 662: 303: 15368:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels 13365: 12717: 12295: 11867:List of cannabis rights organizations 11814: 10896: 10858: 10493: 10479: 10478: 10249:Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors 10148: 9455: 8764: 8749: 7561: 7382:from the original on 19 October 2015. 7241: 7004: 6760: 6709:"Process For Synthesis Of Gabapentin" 5867: 5615:from the original on 22 December 2019 5570:from the original on 22 December 2019 4748: 3268: 2990:. Burlington: Elsevier. p. 539. 2607:from the original on 16 December 2014 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2048:upheld the verdict, and in 2013, the 1497:. Out of the four known isoforms of α 1369:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1060:after prolonged use at higher doses. 908:Gabapentin is recommended for use in 610: 589: 569: 315: 122: 90: 15303:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate 9888:Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 8594:from the original on 6 December 2022 8473:Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 8210:Goodman CW, Brett AS (August 2017). 7247: 6766: 6560: 6114: 5307:Journal of the Neurological Sciences 4637:Berger TG, Steinhoff M (June 2011). 3289:from the original on 6 January 2016. 3017: 2671: 2218: 2191:Parke-Davis developed a drug called 2175:In the US, Neurontin is marketed by 1737:of gabapentin by approximately 10%. 1182: 616: 239: 14397:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine) 9873:Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants 8572: 8216:The New England Journal of Medicine 8009:Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry 7667:"Curb Your Cravings For This Stock" 7569:"United States V. Terren S. Peizer" 7487:Lawrence Hurley (9 December 2013). 3056:from the original on 30 August 2024 2837:Risher WC, Eroglu C (August 2020). 2214: 1776:(SLC22A5). It is not significantly 1658: 1440: 1282:are rare but serious side effects. 943: 819:medication primarily used to treat 549: 440: 76:CI-945; GOE-3450; DM-1796 (Gralise) 24: 12419:Law Enforcement Action Partnership 10578:voltage-dependent calcium channels 7588:Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 7360:from the original on 23 June 2006. 7199:"Controlled Substances Amendments" 6001:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 5966:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 5920:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 5653:(Online ahead of print): 144–154. 4237:"Gabapentin for smoking cessation" 2931:Taylor CP, Harris EW (July 2020). 2895:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2580: 2517:from the original on 3 August 2023 1783:Gabapentin undergoes little or no 1467:voltage-dependent calcium channels 1074: 25: 16519: 16403:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels 15977:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel 12436:Students for Sensible Drug Policy 10745:Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) 10330:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants 10223:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants 9858:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants 8712: 8581: 7553:. 3 November 2006. Archived from 7531:Pelley S, ed. (7 December 2007). 6935:. 17 October 2018. Archived from 4376:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 3475:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2375:"Gabapentin Use During Pregnancy" 2300: 1935: 1910:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1729:of gabapentin and increases the C 999:. Gabapentin is not effective in 266: 154: 16455: 16041:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel 12441:Transform Drug Policy Foundation 12335:Other treaties addressing drugs 11815: 8750: 8719: 8657: 8606: 8485:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00638.x 8415: 8371: 8322: 8244: 8203: 8178: 8094: 8054:"Substance misuse of gabapentin" 7900: 7875: 7853: 7779: 7757: 7715: 7631:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03619.x 7606: 7579: 7543: 7499: 7480: 7421: 7339: 7298: 7254:Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 7216: 7191: 7166: 7138: 7113: 7099:Kentucky State Board of Pharmacy 7084: 7067: 6998: 6972: 6951: 6921: 6776:Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 6700: 6239:10.2165/11536200-000000000-00000 5747:European Neuropsychopharmacology 5625: 5580: 5350:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 4904:10.2165/11538180-000000000-00000 3444:10.2165/00003495-200666130-00004 3409:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00200.x 2740:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x 2649:10.2165/00003495-199346030-00007 2414:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00200.x 2223: 2186: 1947: 702: 696: 13274:Regulation of therapeutic goods 13198:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 12759:Opium production in Afghanistan 8144:Journal of Psychiatric Practice 7722:Humphreys K (24 January 2012). 7464:Jason Husgen (3 October 2013). 7405:. 25 March 2010. Archived from 5870:Current Opinion in Pharmacology 5831: 5781: 5759:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.430 5637: 5592: 5533: 5484: 5441: 5406: 5384: 5155: 5106: 5092:10.1044/1059-0889(2011/10-0041) 5071: 5018: 4990:Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 4977: 4926: 4883: 4834: 4785: 4742: 4630: 4474:10.1136/practneurol-2011-000181 4367: 4318: 4241:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 4228: 4004: 3714: 3665: 3614: 3423: 3388: 3240:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0086 3139: 3068: 3038: 2987:Models of Seizures and Epilepsy 2977: 2843:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2154: 2036:to just under $ 142.1 million. 1958:schedule V controlled substance 1930: 1548:, which resemble gabapentin in 1435: 1238:(swelling of extremities), and 1202: 903: 786:Key:UGJMXCAKCUNAIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13859:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA) 13222:of tobacco or other substances 10694:positive allosteric modulators 4718:10.1002/14651858.CD011393.pub2 4343:10.1002/14651858.CD008940.pub3 3522:Pain Research & Management 2793:10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4 2495: 2469: 2393: 2163: 2028:(RICO) Act and was liable for 2008:first off-label promotion case 1756:concentration. Due to its low 1752:is approximately 9–14% of its 1748:. Gabapentin concentration in 1355:surgery increased the risk of 1169:complex regional pain syndrome 705: 690: 292: 279: 13: 1: 16432:Receptor/signaling modulators 13834:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID) 13254:Needle and syringe programmes 13203:Long-term effects of cannabis 12604:Psilocybin mushrooms legality 12531:School district drug policies 8393:10.1080/15563650.2018.1538518 8348:10.1080/15563650.2019.1687902 7741:Ramshaw E (20 January 2008). 7703:Kari Huus (5 February 2007). 6887:. GoodRx, Inc. Archived from 5932:10.1080/14737175.2016.1202764 5697:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 5276:10.1517/14740338.2016.1112376 5264:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 5080:American Journal of Audiology 4204:10.1080/13543784.2018.1417383 3590:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70251-0 3275:. W. W. Norton. p. 124. 3024:. AuthorHouse. pp. 63–. 2727:European Journal of Neurology 2327: 2018:Kaiser Foundation Health Plan 1639:, and does not modulate GABA 361:Not significantly metabolized 288:(Other controlled substances) 12324:1971 Psychotropic Substances 10673:Dopamine reuptake inhibitors 8156:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000403 7686:"Prescription For Addiction" 7665:Alpert B (7 November 2005). 7533:"Prescription For Addiction" 6618:Practical Management of Pain 6481:10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.10.022 6367:Chemistry & Biodiversity 6100:10.1016/0920-1211(95)00028-9 5608:Food and Drug Administration 5562:Food and Drug Administration 5462:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000242 5392:"Side effects of gabapentin" 5181:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002369 4859:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318236f0fd 4639:"Pruritus and renal failure" 3982:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181cda242 3834:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318059361a 3748:10.1371/journal.pone.0014433 3640:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002369 3487:10.1517/14656566.2014.915029 3269:Sobel SV (5 November 2012). 2286:abuse and recreational use. 2209:Food and Drug Administration 1942:class C controlled substance 1862: 1835:of GABA. Therefore, it is a 1815: 1808:. It has a relatively short 1007:and neuropathic pain due to 811:, sold under the brand name 7: 13112:Pharmaceutical distribution 12749:Coca production in Colombia 12200:Counterculture of the 1960s 10825:Orexin receptor antagonists 7374:Berkrot B (25 March 2010). 6834:Irving G (September 2012). 6142:10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01031 5647:Annals of Internal Medicine 3105:Annals of Internal Medicine 2312:, different kinds of pain ( 2246:, discuss the issue on the 2207:) was approved by the U.S. 2055: 2052:declined to hear the case. 2014:Kaiser Foundation Hospitals 1628:Tooltip γ-aminobutyric acid 1415: 931: 916:. Gabapentin is prescribed 10: 16524: 15395:Antiarrhythmics (class I): 13284:Substance abuse prevention 13259:Opioid replacement therapy 10641:Dopamine receptor agonists 8021:10.1177/1177391X0800200001 7871:– via Business Wire. 7863:. Pfizer. 16 November 2020 7847:"Gralise Approval History" 7815:10.1038/s41467-023-40637-8 7266:10.18553/jmcp.2003.9.6.559 7224:"Scheduling of Gabapentin" 6788:10.18553/jmcp.2003.9.6.559 6750:"Drug Profile: Gabapentin" 6674:Future Medicinal Chemistry 6187:10.1016/j.ejps.2008.06.015 6013:10.1016/j.tips.2007.03.005 5978:10.1016/j.tips.2006.12.006 5882:10.1016/j.coph.2005.11.003 5362:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.09.019 4657:(inactive 6 August 2024). 4655:10.1016/j.sder.2011.04.005 4517:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.011 3970:Clinical Neuropharmacology 3364:10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6 3318:10.3310/nihrevidence_54173 2907:10.1016/j.tips.2013.04.001 2855:10.1016/j.conb.2020.04.007 2513:(published 4 April 2023). 2183:was spun off from Pfizer. 1981: 1887: 1285: 1014: 871:subset of calcium channels 680:Chemical and physical data 16508:Drugs developed by Pfizer 16425: 16396: 16371: 16364: 16298: 16291: 16244: 16216: 16202: 16180: 16117: 16103: 16094: 16048: 16034: 16012: 15984: 15970: 15913: 15905:Tricyclic antidepressants 15375: 15361: 15352: 15326: 15293: 15279: 15223: 15191: 15174: 15055: 14914:Glibenclamide (glyburide) 14875: 14861: 14824: 14387: 14373: 14364: 14332: 13422: 13399: 13297: 13289:Supervised injection site 13231: 13146: 12772: 12739: 12728: 12724: 12718: 12713: 12617: 12579:Anabolic steroid legality 12566: 12451: 12359: 12344:Convention Against Doping 12339:Law of the Sea Convention 12306: 12302: 12291: 12270:Urban legends about drugs 12182: 12134: 12071: 11968: 11935: 11827: 11823: 11810: 11747: 11720: 11658: 11604: 11505: 11410: 11401: 11346: 11179: 11042: 10907: 10903: 10892: 10838: 10795:NMDA receptor antagonists 10651:Dopamine releasing agents 10528: 10487: 10402:NMDA receptor antagonists 10356: 10266: 10189: 10105: 10009: 9950: 9927: 9798: 9745: 9727: 9534: 9494: 9412: 9347: 9303: 9296: 9274: 9183: 9050: 9039: 9003: 8964: 8812: 8803: 8758: 8520:10.2460/javma.251.10.1175 8265:10.1007/s40265-017-0700-x 7974:10.1007/s11095-011-0490-x 7324:10.1017/S1461145712000491 7125:West Virginia Legislature 6883:Orrange S (31 May 2013). 6725:The Art of Drug Synthesis 6648:Drug Discovery: A History 6289:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.022 6227:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 5319:10.1016/j.jns.2017.09.019 5131:10.1002/14651858.CD010609 5003:10.1007/s12630-009-9237-0 4810:10.1007/s13311-013-0230-5 4794:"The treatment of tremor" 4431:10.1007/s11940-011-0154-5 4388:10.1517/14656560902978446 4013:American Family Physician 3146:Stempel J (2 June 2014). 2454:10.1007/s40263-014-0164-4 2291:benzodiazepine withdrawal 1954:Controlled Substances Act 1740:Gabapentin can cross the 1455:δ calcium channel subunit 1375:Withdrawal and dependence 1171:, post-surgical pain, or 794: 769: 749: 727: 714: 684: 679: 660: 628: 600: 580: 560: 540: 520: 500: 480: 460: 435: 415: 395: 390: 378: 365: 355: 345: 335: 327: 256: 251: 226: 214: 200: 188: 168: 142: 112: 98: 80: 72: 62: 57: 48: 39: 27:Anticonvulsant medication 16493:Calcium channel blockers 13085:Turks and Caicos Islands 12594:Methamphetamine legality 11907:Marijuana Policy Project 10898:Major recreational drugs 8559:Plumb's Veterinary Drugs 7346:Tansey B (14 May 2004). 7075:"Gabapentin (Neurontin)" 6852:10.1177/2040622312452905 6435:10.1073/pnas.96.21.12079 6277:Biochemical Pharmacology 5709:10.1177/1060028015620800 4763:10.1177/1049909112445464 4564:10.1177/1352458516643600 3936:10.3389/fneur.2017.00316 2435:Schifano F (June 2014). 2099:) were published in the 1871:Synthesis of gabapentin. 1778:bound to plasma proteins 1675:process mediated via an 1621:, does not convert into 1566:competitively antagonize 1113: 1043: 15518:Eslicarbazepine acetate 11862:Cannabis rights leaders 9505:Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor 9143:Eslicarbazepine acetate 7962:Pharmaceutical Research 7671:The Wall Street Journal 7470:Healthcare Law Insights 7353:San Francisco Chronicle 6561:Kaye AD (5 June 2017). 3794:10.1001/jama.2017.21547 3194:10.1001/jama.2018.12358 3018:Reed D (2 March 2012). 2954:10.1124/jpet.120.266056 2511:Diário Oficial da União 2140:The Dallas Morning News 1992:Franklin v. Parke-Davis 1984:Franklin v. Parke-Davis 1974:Franklin v. Parke-Davis 1735:area-under-curve levels 1576:δ subunit, its potency 1024:social anxiety disorder 15262:Rottlerin (mallotoxin) 13393:Ion channel modulators 12670:Politics of drug abuse 11638:Mandragora officinarum 10759:nACh receptor agonists 9545:Tooltip GABAA receptor 7594:(3). 21 January 2008. 7402:Bloomberg Businessweek 7203:Utah State Legislature 6379:10.1002/cbdv.200900114 6052:10.1124/mol.118.112953 6040:Molecular Pharmacology 5809:10.24869/psyd.2018.142 3923:Frontiers in Neurology 3228:JAMA Internal Medicine 2032:in damages, which was 1915:postherpetic neuralgia 1872: 1828:Gabapentin is a 3,3-di 1825: 1746:central nervous system 1677:amino acid transporter 1357:respiratory depression 1327:Respiratory depression 1276:respiratory depression 1222:are the most frequent 1212: 1146:restless legs syndrome 1050:restless legs syndrome 958:postherpetic neuralgia 859:respiratory depression 833:postherpetic neuralgia 13619:Ryodipine (riodipine) 13030:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12329:1988 Drug Trafficking 11922:Cannabis and religion 10886:Recreational drug use 10845:Recreational drug use 10781:Nitric oxide prodrugs 8308:10.1055/s-0043-122392 8070:10.3399/bjgp12X653516 7795:Nature Communications 7557:on 23 September 2015. 5427:10.1001/jama.2010.410 5043:10.2106/jbjs.15.01202 3578:The Lancet. Neurology 3046:"The Top 300 of 2022" 2042:employer health plans 2034:automatically trebled 1870: 1823: 1810:elimination half-life 1649:GABA aminotransferase 1632:GABA receptor agonist 1210: 15608:Valproate semisodium 14139:Carboxyamidotriazole 14074:Gabapentin enacarbil 14054:Arbaclofen placarbil 13279:Responsible drug use 13090:United Arab Emirates 12409:Drug Policy Alliance 12297:Legality of drug use 11902:Legality of cannabis 11877:Cannabis Social Club 11847:Cannabis cultivation 11842:Cannabis consumption 11673:Cannabis (Marijuana) 11495:Psilocybin mushrooms 10268:Ion channel blockers 9780:Gabapentin enacarbil 8588:American Kennel Club 8229:10.1056/NEJMp1704633 8110:J Subst Abus Alcohol 7767:(13 November 2007). 6815:on 17 September 2010 6319:Therapeutic Delivery 5797:Psychiatria Danubina 5611:. 19 December 2019. 5566:. 19 December 2019. 5231:10.1210/jc.2014-3421 5059:on 29 September 2020 4105:10.4088/PCC.19r02465 4059:10.4088/PCC.15r01821 3352:Molecular Psychiatry 2244:improve this section 2205:gabapentin enacarbil 1564:δ subunit, and they 1252:erectile dysfunction 1063:Gabapentin enhances 1028:preoperative anxiety 951:trigeminal neuralgia 938:generalized epilepsy 849:are the most common 815:among others, is an 16259:1,10-Phenanthroline 14816:Spooky toxin (SsTx) 13801:Tetrahydropalmatine 13337:Tobacco consumption 13307:Alcohol consumption 13249:Drug rehabilitation 13186:Effects of cannabis 12910:Indian Ocean region 12690:Philippine drug war 12319:1961 Narcotic Drugs 11000:nail polish remover 10520:Drugs which induce 8845:Methylphenobarbital 8683:10.3390/ani14101462 8632:10.3390/ani13122045 8381:Clinical Toxicology 8335:Clinical Toxicology 7807:2023NatCo..14.5005C 7753:on 27 October 2010. 7747:Dallas Morning News 7174:"Pharmacy Division" 6426:1999PNAS...9612079B 6420:(21): 12079–12084. 4462:Practical Neurology 3739:2010PLoSO...514433P 3690:10.1503/cmaj.171333 3535:10.1155/2007/730785 2355:on 16 February 2016 1964:Off-label promotion 1926:Society and culture 1906:blood–brain barrier 1750:cerebrospinal fluid 1742:blood–brain barrier 1683:. As a result, the 1558:cerebrospinal fluid 1136:Gabapentin reduces 1108:cannabis dependence 1058:withdrawal symptoms 962:diabetic neuropathy 829:diabetic neuropathy 761:O=C(O)CC1(CN)CCCCC1 275:(Prescription only) 36: 16269:7,8-Benzoquinoline 16264:4,7-Phenanthroline 16254:1,7-Phenanthroline 15630:Local anesthetics: 15162:ML-297 (VU0456810) 14669:Diallyl trisulfide 14664:Dextropropoxyphene 14567:Tetraethylammonium 14274:Pinaverium bromide 14044:4-Methylpregabalin 13193:Drug-related crime 12870:Dominican Republic 12780:Illegal drug trade 12255:Religion and drugs 12210:Drug paraphernalia 12190:Chasing the dragon 12149:Fashion cigarettes 11730:Calea zacatechichi 11425:Psychoactive toads 11135:Mitragyna speciosa 11087:Dextropropoxyphene 11029:Nonbenzodiazepines 10937:Alcoholic beverage 10722:nonbenzodiazepines 10132:Never to phase III 9439:Never to phase III 7914:. 16 November 2020 7728:Washington Monthly 7600:10.1002/adaw.20121 7409:on 19 October 2015 6986:. 10 November 2017 6968:. 14 January 2016. 6686:10.4155/fmc.10.287 6645:Sneader W (2005). 4952:10.3390/ph14090834 4596:Movement Disorders 4552:Multiple Sclerosis 4511:(6): 564–579.e12. 4253:10.1093/ntr/ntp195 2693:. 20 November 2013 2601:Medscape Reference 2123:snake oil salesman 2004:one of the largest 1884:prepared in situ. 1882:sodium hypobromite 1877:chemical synthesis 1873: 1826: 1572:affinity for the α 1550:chemical structure 1213: 1158:orthostatic tremor 1142:multiple sclerosis 1120:pendular nystagmus 1081:alcohol withdrawal 1005:sensory neuropathy 888:, a subsidiary of 878:generic medication 863:allergic reactions 32: 16503:Gamma-Amino acids 16443: 16442: 16421: 16420: 16360: 16359: 16356: 16355: 16318:Meclofenamic acid 16287: 16286: 16198: 16197: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16085: 16030: 16029: 15966: 15965: 15840:RG7893 (GDC-0287) 15603:Valproate pivoxil 15493:Acetylpheneturide 15348: 15347: 15344: 15343: 15275: 15274: 15247:Meclofenamic acid 15210:Ethanol (alcohol) 15170: 15169: 15119:Minoxidil sulfate 14857: 14856: 14360: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14259:Otilonium bromide 14184:Ethanol (alcohol) 13948:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC 13684:Phenylalkylamines 13359: 13358: 13353: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13264:Pharmacovigilance 13244:Drug legalization 13142: 13141: 12709: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12640:Cognitive liberty 12584:Cannabis legality 12372:Decriminalization 12287: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12169:Smoking fetishism 11806: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11743: 11742: 11623:Atropa belladonna 10990:contact adhesives 10932:Ethanol (alcohol) 10852: 10851: 10710:ethanol (alcohol) 10533:μ-Opioid receptor 10481:Recreational uses 10472: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10374:Botulinum toxin A 10364:Alpha lipoic acid 10310:Local anesthetics 10183:pharmacotherapies 10142: 10141: 9714:Ethanol (alcohol) 9622:Ethyl loflazepate 9449: 9448: 9408: 9407: 9292: 9291: 9276:Potassium openers 9194:Oxazolidinediones 9126:Valproate pivoxil 9091:Acetylpheneturide 9035: 9034: 8990:Valproate pivoxil 8966:GABA-T inhibitors 8936:potassium bromide 8514:(10): 1175–1181. 8440:10.1111/add.13324 8196:978-0-19-936057-4 7968:(10): 2610–2627. 7055:. 15 October 2018 7019:10.1136/bmj.k4364 6735:978-1-118-67846-6 6658:978-0-470-01552-0 6628:978-0-323-17080-2 6601:978-1-4511-5348-4 6574:978-0-323-52998-3 6529:10.2147/NDT.S5712 6373:(11): 2071–2083. 6331:10.4155/tde.15.32 6283:(11): 1672–1683. 6136:(49): 6762–6766. 6088:Epilepsy Research 5926:(11): 1263–1277. 5847:978-0-9626523-7-0 5753:(12): 1185–1215. 5509:10.1136/bmj.l2147 5421:(14): 1401–1409. 5037:(16): 1340–1350. 4898:(17): 2215–2228. 4853:(19): 1752–1755. 4798:Neurotherapeutics 4608:10.1002/mds.27260 4558:(11): 1386–1396. 4382:(11): 1805–1816. 4152:10.1111/add.14655 3684:(26): E786–E793. 3481:(10): 1417–1426. 3438:(13): 1701–1725. 3397:Bipolar Disorders 3282:978-0-393-70857-8 3187:(20): 2149–2151. 3031:978-1-4685-4410-7 2997:978-0-08-045702-4 2505:(31 March 2023). 2402:Bipolar Disorders 2381:. 2 December 2019 2276: 2275: 2268: 2030:US$ 47.36 million 1587: 1545: 1538: 1349:joint replacement 1280:suicidal ideation 1264:inflamed pancreas 1183:Contraindications 1177:episodic migraine 1096:opiate withdrawal 1092:smoking cessation 922:anxiety disorders 806: 805: 740:Interactive image 630:CompTox Dashboard 319: 307: 295: 283: 270: 158: 125: 68:Neurontin, others 16:(Redirected from 16515: 16460: 16459: 16458: 16451: 16404: 16400: 16379: 16375: 16369: 16368: 16296: 16295: 16214: 16213: 16210: 16206: 16115: 16114: 16111: 16107: 16101: 16100: 16046: 16045: 16042: 16038: 15982: 15981: 15978: 15974: 15593:Sodium valproate 15508:Chlorphenacemide 15490:Anticonvulsants: 15373: 15372: 15369: 15365: 15359: 15358: 15308:Arachidonic acid 15291: 15290: 15287: 15283: 15189: 15188: 15185: 15181: 15158: 15154: 15075: 15071: 15027:Dextromethorphan 15003: 14999: 14895: 14891: 14873: 14872: 14869: 14865: 14385: 14384: 14381: 14377: 14371: 14370: 14343:L-type-selective 14154:Dimeditiapramine 14116:Others/unsorted: 13898:T-type-selective 13885:R-type-selective 13867:P-type-selective 13819:ω-Conotoxin GVIA 13809:N-type-selective 13439:Dihydropyridines 13433:L-type-selective 13420: 13419: 13416: 13412: 13406: 13405: 13386: 13379: 13372: 13363: 13362: 13181:Drug harmfulness 13176:Driving impaired 12995:Papua New Guinea 12764:Rolling meth lab 12737: 12736: 12726: 12725: 12715: 12714: 12680:Mexican drug war 12589:Cocaine legality 12574:Alcohol legality 12404:Demand reduction 12392:Supply reduction 12304: 12303: 12293: 12292: 11970:Drinking culture 11912:Medical cannabis 11872:Cannabis smoking 11829:Cannabis culture 11825: 11824: 11812: 11811: 11788:recreational use 11633:Hyoscyamus niger 11594:Salvia divinorum 11577:Amanita muscaria 11539:recreational use 11519:recreational use 11408: 11407: 10976:recreational use 10905: 10904: 10894: 10893: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10856: 10855: 10514: 10507: 10500: 10491: 10490: 10476: 10475: 10457: 10454:Sodium oxybate ( 10410:dextromethorphan 10331: 10327: 10250: 10246: 10224: 10220: 10205: 10201: 10176:Neuropathic pain 10169: 10162: 10155: 10146: 10145: 9978:Alpha-2 agonists 9968:Alpha-1 blockers 9961: 9889: 9885: 9874: 9870: 9859: 9855: 9844: 9840: 9829: 9825: 9814: 9810: 9768: 9762: 9759: 9587:Chlordiazepoxide 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9506: 9502: 9476: 9469: 9462: 9453: 9452: 9301: 9300: 9185:Calcium blockers 9096:Chlorphenacemide 9048: 9047: 9022:GAT-1 inhibitors 8810: 8809: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8762: 8761: 8747: 8746: 8723: 8722: 8706: 8705: 8695: 8685: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8644: 8634: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8579: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8551: 8540: 8539: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8451: 8434:(7): 1160–1174. 8419: 8413: 8412: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8350: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8231: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8131:on 2 March 2019. 8130: 8124:. Archived from 8107: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8081: 8064:(601): 406–407. 8049: 8043: 8042: 8032: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7826: 7792: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7773:Biotech Notebook 7761: 7755: 7754: 7749:. Archived from 7738: 7732: 7731: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7662: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7528: 7517: 7516: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7438:. Archived from 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7393: 7384: 7383: 7371: 7362: 7361: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7326: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7277: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7228: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7150: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7096: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6963: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6863: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6814: 6808:. Archived from 6799: 6773: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6642: 6633: 6632: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6541: 6531: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6447: 6437: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6362: 6353: 6352: 6342: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6272: 6259: 6258: 6222: 6199: 6198: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6153: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6063: 6046:(4): 1155–1163. 6031: 6025: 6024: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5911: 5894: 5893: 5865: 5850: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5794: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5742: 5729: 5728: 5692: 5679: 5678: 5659:10.7326/M23-0849 5641: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5604: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5552: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5242: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5183: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5058: 5053:. Archived from 5022: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4964: 4954: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4870: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4821: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4729: 4712:(12): CD011393. 4697: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4676: 4666: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4602:(7): 1077–1091. 4590: 4584: 4583: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4354: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4215: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4163: 4146:(9): 1547–1555. 4131: 4125: 4124: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3938: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3889: 3887:10.1002/cpdd.446 3865: 3854: 3853: 3817: 3806: 3805: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3760: 3750: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3652: 3642: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3601: 3569: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3537: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3375: 3358:(3): 1339–1349. 3343: 3330: 3329: 3307: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3196: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3015: 3006: 3005: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2956: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2890: 2877: 2876: 2866: 2834: 2823: 2822: 2812: 2772: 2761: 2760: 2742: 2733:(9): 1113–1e88. 2718: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2680: 2669: 2668: 2632: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2593: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2556: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2456: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2351:. Archived from 2341: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2215:Recreational use 2170:extended-release 2145:clinical studies 2050:US Supreme Court 2031: 2022:neuropathic pain 1902:neurotransmitter 1857:conformationally 1685:pharmacokinetics 1673:active transport 1659:Pharmacokinetics 1629: 1625: 1585: 1543: 1536: 1445:Gabapentin is a 1441:Pharmacodynamics 1365:neuropathic pain 1309:bipolar disorder 1278:, and increased 1236:peripheral edema 1165:bipolar disorder 1026:and in reducing 944:Neuropathic pain 926:bipolar disorder 914:neuropathic pain 883: 825:neuropathic pain 821:partial seizures 802: 801: 742: 722: 707: 704: 698: 692: 675: 664: 653: 652: 638: 636: 620: 614: 593: 573: 553: 533: 513: 493: 473: 453: 443: 442: 428: 370: 317: 314: 305: 302: 294: 291: 281: 278: 268: 265: 243: 156: 153: 135: 124: 121: 108: 94: 53: 44: 37: 35: 31: 21: 16523: 16522: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16514: 16513: 16512: 16483:Anticonvulsants 16468: 16467: 16466: 16456: 16454: 16446: 16444: 16439: 16417: 16402: 16392: 16377: 16352: 16348:Trifluoperazine 16343:Tolfenamic acid 16313:Flufenamic acid 16283: 16240: 16208: 16194: 16176: 16142:Flufenamic acid 16137:Ethacrynic acid 16109: 16082: 16040: 16026: 16008: 15976: 15962: 15909: 15740:Metabutoxycaine 15705:Diphenhydramine 15695:Cyclomethycaine 15660:Levobupivacaine 15367: 15340: 15322: 15285: 15271: 15267:Tolfenamic acid 15242:Flufenamic acid 15237: 15219: 15205: 15183: 15180: 15166: 15156: 15073: 15070: 15051: 15001: 14893: 14890: 14867: 14853: 14838: 14820: 14800: 14709:Norpropoxyphene 14586:11.1)-specific: 14585: 14379: 14352: 14328: 14284:Rhynchophylline 14034: 13414: 13395: 13390: 13360: 13355: 13354: 13341: 13299: 13293: 13269:Reagent testing 13227: 13218:Passive smoking 13148: 13138: 12768: 12754:Drug precursors 12741: 12732: 12730: 12720: 12701: 12655:Drug possession 12630:Cannabis rights 12613: 12609:Salvia legality 12562: 12453: 12447: 12355: 12298: 12279: 12260:Self-medication 12178: 12174:Tobacco smoking 12136:Smoking culture 12130: 12067: 11964: 11931: 11887:Cannabis vaping 11857:Cannabis rights 11852:Cannabis edible 11819: 11798: 11739: 11735:Silene capensis 11716: 11654: 11650:Diphenhydramine 11600: 11501: 11397: 11342: 11294:Methylphenidate 11284:Methamphetamine 11175: 11038: 10922:Benzodiazepines 10899: 10888: 10883: 10853: 10848: 10834: 10714:alcoholic drink 10702:benzodiazepines 10690: 10681:methylphenidate 10659:methamphetamine 10619: 10573: 10524: 10518: 10483: 10473: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10352: 10329: 10276:Anticonvulsants 10262: 10248: 10222: 10203: 10185: 10173: 10143: 10138: 10137: 10122:Clinical trials 10101: 10005: 9986:dexmedetomidine 9958:Antiadrenergics 9955: 9954: 9946: 9923: 9887: 9872: 9857: 9842: 9827: 9812: 9800:Antidepressants 9794: 9757: 9750: 9749: 9741: 9723: 9562:Benzodiazepines 9552: 9544: 9540: 9530: 9504: 9500: 9490: 9480: 9450: 9445: 9444: 9429:Clinical trials 9404: 9343: 9288: 9270: 9179: 9052:Sodium blockers 9042: 9031: 8999: 8960: 8880:Benzodiazepines 8817: 8799: 8792:Anticonvulsants 8789: 8754: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8709: 8662: 8658: 8611: 8607: 8597: 8595: 8580: 8573: 8563: 8561: 8553: 8552: 8543: 8504: 8500: 8469: 8465: 8420: 8416: 8376: 8372: 8327: 8323: 8292: 8288: 8249: 8245: 8208: 8204: 8197: 8183: 8179: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8050: 8046: 8001: 7997: 7958: 7954: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7762: 7758: 7739: 7735: 7720: 7716: 7701: 7697: 7682: 7678: 7663: 7656: 7611: 7607: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7575:. 1 March 2023. 7573:www.justice.gov 7567: 7566: 7562: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7529: 7520: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7485: 7481: 7462: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7426: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7395: 7394: 7387: 7372: 7365: 7356:. p. C-1. 7344: 7340: 7303: 7299: 7248:Mack A (2003). 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7207: 7205: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7180: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6939:on 16 June 2019 6927: 6926: 6922: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6891:on 23 June 2018 6881: 6877: 6832: 6828: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6771: 6767:Mack A (2003). 6765: 6761: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6720: 6716: 6705: 6701: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6508: 6504: 6465: 6461: 6406: 6402: 6363: 6356: 6311: 6304: 6273: 6262: 6233:(10): 661–669. 6223: 6202: 6171: 6167: 6122: 6115: 6084: 6077: 6032: 6028: 5997: 5993: 5962: 5955: 5917: 5912: 5897: 5866: 5853: 5836: 5832: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5743: 5732: 5693: 5682: 5642: 5638: 5626: 5618: 5616: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5581: 5573: 5571: 5554: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5489: 5485: 5446: 5442: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5346: 5342: 5303: 5299: 5260: 5256: 5211: 5207: 5174:(8): e1002369. 5160: 5156: 5125:(6): CD010609. 5111: 5107: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5023: 5019: 4982: 4978: 4939:Pharmaceuticals 4931: 4927: 4888: 4884: 4839: 4835: 4790: 4786: 4747: 4743: 4698: 4694: 4678: 4677: 4635: 4631: 4591: 4587: 4544: 4540: 4501: 4497: 4458: 4454: 4415: 4411: 4372: 4368: 4337:(1): CD008940. 4323: 4319: 4282: 4278: 4233: 4229: 4184: 4177: 4132: 4128: 4088: 4084: 4039: 4032: 4009: 4005: 3966: 3962: 3915: 3911: 3866: 3857: 3818: 3809: 3778: 3774: 3719: 3715: 3670: 3666: 3633:(8): e1002369. 3619: 3615: 3570: 3561: 3514: 3510: 3471: 3467: 3428: 3424: 3393: 3389: 3344: 3333: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3283: 3267: 3263: 3224: 3220: 3173: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3144: 3140: 3101: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3016: 3009: 2998: 2982: 2978: 2929: 2922: 2891: 2880: 2835: 2826: 2787:(6): CD007938. 2773: 2764: 2719: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2682: 2681: 2672: 2633: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2568:. 11 April 2019 2558: 2557: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2433: 2429: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2303: 2272: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2241: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2189: 2166: 2157: 2149:Adam Feuerstein 2073:methamphetamine 2058: 2040:and a group of 2029: 1986: 1978: 1966: 1950: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1919:generic version 1890: 1865: 1839:, as well as a 1818: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1701:small intestine 1689:bioavailability 1661: 1654: 1627: 1609: 1575: 1563: 1555: 1524: 1518: 1510: 1500: 1495:thrombospondins 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471:channel blocker 1464: 1460: 1454: 1443: 1438: 1418: 1377: 1337:benzodiazepines 1329: 1297:suicide attempt 1288: 1205: 1189:kidney problems 1185: 1150:uremic pruritus 1116: 1077: 1075:Drug dependence 1065:slow-wave sleep 1054:discontinuation 1046: 1017: 946: 934: 906: 881: 797: 795: 790: 787: 782: 777: 776: 765: 762: 757: 756: 745: 720: 710: 701: 695: 656: 632: 624: 596: 576: 556: 536: 516: 496: 476: 456: 439: 431: 411: 408: 403: 402: 368: 347:Protein binding 337:Bioavailability 329:Pharmacokinetic 323: 247: 203: 191: 180: 171: 164: 145: 138: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16521: 16511: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16498:GABA analogues 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16465: 16464: 16441: 16440: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16419: 16418: 16416: 16415: 16407: 16405: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16390: 16382: 16380: 16366: 16362: 16361: 16358: 16357: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16323:Mefenamic acid 16320: 16315: 16310: 16304: 16302: 16293: 16289: 16288: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16281: 16279:Phenanthridine 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16250: 16248: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16222: 16220: 16211: 16200: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16192: 16186: 16184: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16123: 16121: 16112: 16098: 16092: 16091: 16088: 16087: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16054: 16052: 16043: 16032: 16031: 16028: 16027: 16025: 16024: 16018: 16016: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15990: 15988: 15979: 15968: 15967: 15964: 15963: 15961: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15927:Atracotoxins ( 15925: 15919: 15917: 15911: 15910: 15908: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15887: 15882: 15873: 15872: 15870:Zetekitoxin AB 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15843: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15788: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15770:Proxymetacaine 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15680:Chloroprocaine 15677: 15672: 15667: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15626: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15486: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15391: 15390: 15381: 15379: 15370: 15356: 15350: 15349: 15346: 15345: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15338: 15332: 15330: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15299: 15297: 15288: 15277: 15276: 15273: 15272: 15270: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15235: 15229: 15227: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15217: 15212: 15203: 15197: 15195: 15186: 15178: 15172: 15171: 15168: 15167: 15165: 15164: 15147: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15068: 15061: 15059: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 14992: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14954:Glyclopyramide 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14909:Chlorpropamide 14906: 14901: 14888: 14881: 14879: 14870: 14859: 14858: 14855: 14854: 14852: 14851: 14846: 14836: 14830: 14828: 14822: 14821: 14819: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14798: 14792: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14654:Clarithromycin 14651: 14646: 14644:Chlorpromazine 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14583: 14575: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14393: 14391: 14382: 14368: 14362: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14354: 14353: 14351: 14350: 14338: 14336: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14264:Paramethadione 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14039:gabapentinoids 14032: 14026: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940:Non-selective: 13936: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13893: 13892: 13880: 13879: 13877:ω-Agatoxin IVB 13874: 13872:ω-Agatoxin IVA 13862: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13829:Huwentoxin XVI 13826: 13821: 13816: 13804: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13781:Cyproheptadine 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13539:Levniguldipine 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13479:Dexniguldipine 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13428: 13426: 13417: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13389: 13388: 13381: 13374: 13366: 13357: 13356: 13351: 13350: 13347: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13328: 13327: 13322: 13314: 13309: 13303: 13301: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13235: 13233: 13232:Harm reduction 13229: 13228: 13226: 13225: 13224: 13223: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13166:Date rape drug 13163: 13158: 13152: 13150: 13144: 13143: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13132:Liquor license 13129: 13124: 13119: 13109: 13107:Darknet market 13104: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12776: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12745: 12743: 12734: 12722: 12721: 12711: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12697:Zero tolerance 12694: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12621: 12619: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12560: 12559: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12471:Czech Republic 12468: 12463: 12457: 12455: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12424:Liberalization 12421: 12416: 12414:Harm reduction 12411: 12406: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12363: 12361: 12357: 12356: 12354: 12353: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12333: 12332: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12310: 12308: 12300: 12299: 12289: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12240:Party and play 12237: 12232: 12230:Needle sharing 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12186: 12184: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12144:Cigarette card 12140: 12138: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12077: 12075: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12053:Tailgate party 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12003:Drinking games 12000: 11995: 11993:Binge drinking 11990: 11985: 11980: 11974: 11972: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11941: 11939: 11937:Coffee culture 11933: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11833: 11831: 11821: 11820: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11791: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11774: 11764: 11759: 11753: 11751: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11726: 11724: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11687: 11686: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11664: 11662: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11647: 11645:Dimenhydrinate 11642: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11610: 11608: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11586: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11545:alkyl nitrites 11542: 11527: 11522: 11511: 11509: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11469:Peruvian torch 11461: 11456: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11416: 11414: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11388: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11358: 11352: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11333: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11259: 11258: 11257: 11252: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11230: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11208: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11191: 11185: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11173: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11132: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11117: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11102: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11084: 11083: 11082: 11074: 11073: 11072: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11057: 11048: 11046: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11036: 11034:Quinazolinones 11031: 11026: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10961: 10956: 10954:Gabapentinoids 10951: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10913: 10911: 10901: 10900: 10890: 10889: 10882: 10881: 10874: 10867: 10859: 10850: 10849: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10822: 10792: 10785:alkyl nitrites 10778: 10756: 10742: 10736:sodium oxybate 10729: 10726:quinazolinones 10688: 10684: 10670: 10648: 10638: 10617: 10613: 10600: 10585:gabapentinoids 10571: 10567: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10517: 10516: 10509: 10502: 10494: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10460: 10451: 10417: 10399: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10360: 10358: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10350: 10345: 10322: 10317: 10307: 10272: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10260: 10238: 10215: 10195: 10193: 10191:Monoaminergics 10187: 10186: 10172: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10149: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10119: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10013: 10011: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9993: 9975: 9964: 9962: 9952:Sympatholytics 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9933: 9931: 9929:Antipsychotics 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9880: 9865: 9850: 9835: 9820: 9804: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9771: 9769: 9755: 9747:Gabapentinoids 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9733: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9691: 9681: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9557: 9555: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9510: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9479: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9456: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9437: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9309: 9307: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9241: 9234:Gabapentinoids 9226: 9221: 9206: 9204:Paramethadione 9201: 9189: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9123: 9118: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9056: 9054: 9045: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9012:GABAR agonists 9007: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977:(and related): 8970: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8940:sodium bromide 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8872: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8825: 8823: 8815: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8788: 8787: 8780: 8773: 8765: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8725: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8713:External links 8711: 8708: 8707: 8656: 8605: 8571: 8541: 8498: 8479:(5): 518–520. 8463: 8414: 8387:(6): 398–403. 8370: 8341:(7): 763–772. 8321: 8286: 8259:(4): 403–426. 8243: 8222:(5): 411–414. 8202: 8195: 8177: 8150:(4): 308–312. 8134: 8093: 8044: 7995: 7952: 7925: 7899: 7874: 7852: 7838: 7778: 7756: 7733: 7714: 7695: 7676: 7654: 7625:(2): 361–369. 7605: 7578: 7560: 7542: 7518: 7498: 7479: 7474:Hugh Blackwell 7453: 7442:on 13 May 2013 7435:Bloomberg News 7420: 7385: 7363: 7338: 7317:(2): 485–496. 7297: 7260:(6): 559–568. 7240: 7215: 7190: 7165: 7137: 7112: 7083: 7066: 7040: 6997: 6971: 6950: 6920: 6902: 6875: 6846:(5): 211–218. 6826: 6782:(6): 559–568. 6759: 6741: 6734: 6714: 6699: 6680:(2): 223–241. 6664: 6657: 6634: 6627: 6607: 6600: 6580: 6573: 6553: 6502: 6459: 6400: 6354: 6325:(8): 961–971. 6302: 6260: 6200: 6181:(3): 161–174. 6165: 6113: 6075: 6026: 6007:(5): 220–228. 5991: 5953: 5915: 5895: 5876:(1): 108–113. 5851: 5830: 5803:(2): 142–149. 5780: 5730: 5703:(3): 229–233. 5680: 5636: 5591: 5544: 5532: 5483: 5440: 5405: 5383: 5340: 5297: 5254: 5225:(2): 363–370. 5205: 5154: 5105: 5086:(2): 151–158. 5070: 5017: 4996:(2): 149–166. 4976: 4925: 4882: 4833: 4804:(1): 128–138. 4784: 4757:(2): 192–196. 4741: 4692: 4629: 4585: 4538: 4495: 4468:(3): 147–153. 4452: 4409: 4366: 4317: 4296:(3): 979–983. 4276: 4247:(3): 300–304. 4227: 4198:(1): 113–124. 4175: 4126: 4082: 4030: 4019:(9): 589–595. 4003: 3960: 3909: 3880:(3): 228–232. 3855: 3828:(3): 263–272. 3807: 3788:(8): 818–819. 3772: 3733:(12): e14433. 3713: 3664: 3613: 3584:(2): 162–173. 3559: 3508: 3465: 3422: 3387: 3331: 3292: 3281: 3261: 3234:(5): 695–701. 3218: 3164: 3138: 3111:(4): 305–307. 3092: 3067: 3037: 3030: 3007: 2996: 2976: 2947:(1): 161–174. 2920: 2901:(6): 332–339. 2878: 2824: 2762: 2704: 2670: 2643:(3): 409–427. 2618: 2579: 2528: 2494: 2483:. 21 June 2022 2468: 2447:(6): 491–496. 2427: 2392: 2366: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2302: 2301:Veterinary use 2299: 2295:CNS depressant 2274: 2273: 2238:of the subject 2236:worldwide view 2231: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2188: 2185: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2079:on alcohol or 2057: 2054: 2000:Warner-Lambert 1982:Main article: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1949: 1946: 1937: 1936:United Kingdom 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1889: 1886: 1875:A process for 1864: 1861: 1817: 1814: 1797:Gabapentin is 1770:P-glycoprotein 1744:and enter the 1730: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1679:, presumably, 1663:Gabapentin is 1660: 1657: 1652: 1619:GABA receptors 1607: 1580:is in the low 1573: 1561: 1553: 1522: 1516: 1508: 1498: 1487:NMDA receptors 1482: 1478: 1474: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1417: 1414: 1376: 1373: 1328: 1325: 1301:anticonvulsant 1287: 1284: 1268:hallucinations 1204: 1201: 1184: 1181: 1115: 1112: 1076: 1073: 1045: 1042: 1038:panic disorder 1016: 1013: 945: 942: 933: 930: 910:focal seizures 905: 902: 867:kidney disease 817:anticonvulsant 804: 803: 792: 791: 789: 788: 785: 783: 780: 772: 771: 770: 767: 766: 764: 763: 760: 752: 751: 750: 747: 746: 744: 743: 735: 733: 725: 724: 718: 712: 711: 708: 699: 693: 688: 682: 681: 677: 676: 666: 658: 657: 655: 654: 641: 639: 626: 625: 623: 622: 606: 604: 598: 597: 595: 594: 586: 584: 578: 577: 575: 574: 566: 564: 558: 557: 555: 554: 546: 544: 538: 537: 535: 534: 526: 524: 518: 517: 515: 514: 506: 504: 498: 497: 495: 494: 486: 484: 478: 477: 475: 474: 466: 464: 458: 457: 455: 454: 446: 444: 433: 432: 430: 429: 421: 419: 413: 412: 410: 409: 406: 398: 397: 396: 393: 392: 388: 387: 382: 376: 375: 372: 363: 362: 359: 353: 352: 349: 343: 342: 339: 333: 332: 325: 324: 322: 321: 312: 300: 289: 276: 262: 260: 254: 253: 249: 248: 246: 245: 232: 230: 224: 223: 218: 212: 211: 206: 204:administration 198: 197: 194: 186: 185: 174: 166: 165: 163: 162: 160: 150: 148: 140: 139: 137: 136: 118: 116: 110: 109: 102: 96: 95: 88: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 66: 60: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16520: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16475: 16473: 16463: 16453: 16452: 16449: 16438: 16437: 16433: 16430: 16424: 16413: 16409: 16408: 16406: 16401: 16395: 16388: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16376: 16370: 16367: 16363: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16333:Niflumic acid 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16301: 16297: 16294: 16290: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16247: 16243: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16226:Glibenclamide 16224: 16223: 16221: 16219: 16215: 16212: 16207: 16201: 16191: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16183: 16179: 16173: 16172:Niflumic acid 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16157:Glibenclamide 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16124: 16122: 16120: 16116: 16113: 16108: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16093: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16051: 16047: 16044: 16039: 16033: 16023: 16020: 16019: 16017: 16015: 16011: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15991: 15989: 15987: 15983: 15980: 15975: 15969: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15953:Grayanotoxins 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15943:Batrachotoxin 15941: 15938: 15934: 15930: 15929:ω-Atracotoxin 15926: 15924: 15921: 15920: 15918: 15916: 15912: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15895: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15880:Buprenorphine 15878: 15875: 15874: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15845: 15844: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15613:Valproic acid 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15558:Oxitriptyline 15556: 15554: 15553:Oxcarbazepine 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15543:Licarbazepine 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15498:Carbamazepine 15496: 15494: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15389: 15386: 15385:Antianginals: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15378: 15374: 15371: 15366: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15351: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15329: 15325: 15319: 15318:Norfluoxetine 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15296: 15292: 15289: 15284: 15278: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15252:Niflumic acid 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15226: 15222: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15194: 15190: 15187: 15182: 15173: 15163: 15160: 15155: 15149: 15148: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15104:Levcromakalim 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15072: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15054: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15000: 14994: 14993: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14899:Acetohexamide 14897: 14892: 14883: 14882: 14880: 14878: 14874: 14871: 14866: 14860: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14832: 14831: 14829: 14827: 14823: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14794: 14793: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14744:Roxithromycin 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14581: 14577: 14576: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14437:Charybdotoxin 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14394: 14392: 14390: 14386: 14383: 14378: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14363: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14331: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14319:Trimethadione 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14159:Diproteverine 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14114: 14113: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14036: 14028: 14027: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14018:Ruthenium red 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13993:Levetiracetam 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13943:ω-Agatoxin TK 13941: 13938: 13937: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13913:Niflumic acid 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13895: 13894: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13882: 13881: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13864: 13863: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13806: 13805: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13534:Levamlodipine 13532: 13530: 13529:Lercanidipine 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13436: 13434: 13430: 13429: 13427: 13425: 13421: 13418: 13413: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13387: 13382: 13380: 13375: 13373: 13368: 13367: 13364: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13298:Countries by 13296: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13239:Drug checking 13237: 13236: 13234: 13230: 13221: 13220: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13208:Neurotoxicity 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13145: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13122:Cannabis shop 13120: 13118: 13115: 13114: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13095:United States 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12950:Latin America 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12738: 12735: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12712: 12698: 12695: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12685:Plan Colombia 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12645:Designer drug 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12616: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12567:Drug legality 12565: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12516:United States 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12450: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12430: 12429:Latin America 12427: 12426: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12400: 12399:Policy reform 12397: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12358: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12315: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12307:International 12305: 12301: 12294: 12290: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12265:Sex and drugs 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12245:Poly drug use 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12154:Cloud-chasing 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12081:Psychonautics 12079: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12070: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12008:Drinking song 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11998:Diethyl ether 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11988:Beer festival 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11934: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11813: 11809: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11784:Nitrous oxide 11782: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11607: 11603: 11595: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11540: 11536: 11535:Nitrous oxide 11533: 11532: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11507:Dissociatives 11504: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11487: 11484: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11403:Hallucinogens 11400: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11263: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11234: 11231: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11221:Energy drinks 11219: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11172: 11169: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11160: 11157: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11145: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11120:Hydromorphone 11118: 11116: 11113: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11063: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11053: 11052:Buprenorphine 11050: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11005:Paint thinner 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10982: 10977: 10973: 10972:Nitrous oxide 10970: 10969: 10967: 10966: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10880: 10875: 10873: 10868: 10866: 10861: 10860: 10857: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10837: 10830: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10816: 10815:phencyclidine 10812: 10811:nitrous oxide 10808: 10807:methoxetamine 10804: 10800: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10750: 10749:dexamethasone 10746: 10743: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10692: 10685: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10614: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10603:AMPA receptor 10601: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10523: 10515: 10510: 10508: 10503: 10501: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10459: 10452: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10440:buprenorphine 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10349: 10346: 10343: 10339: 10338:nortriptyline 10335: 10334:amitriptyline 10328: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10296:oxcarbazepine 10293: 10292:carbamazepine 10289: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10265: 10258: 10254: 10247: 10242: 10239: 10236: 10232: 10231:nortriptyline 10228: 10227:amitriptyline 10221: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10163: 10158: 10156: 10151: 10150: 10147: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10067:Phenaglycodol 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10001: 9997: 9996:Beta blockers 9994: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9926: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9881: 9878: 9871: 9866: 9863: 9856: 9851: 9848: 9841: 9836: 9833: 9826: 9821: 9818: 9811: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9766: 9763: 9748: 9744: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9726: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9709:Chlormezanone 9707: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9688:phenobarbital 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9551: 9543: 9533: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9503: 9493: 9488: 9484: 9477: 9472: 9470: 9465: 9463: 9458: 9457: 9454: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9395:Levetiracetam 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9324:Ethoxzolamide 9322: 9320: 9319:Acetazolamide 9317: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9305:CA inhibitors 9302: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9209:Trimethadione 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9148:Oxcarbazepine 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9138:Carbamazepine 9136: 9134: 9132: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9038: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9018: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8855:Phenobarbital 8853: 8851: 8850:Pentobarbital 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8781: 8779: 8774: 8772: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8757: 8753: 8748: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8609: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8576: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8302:(2): 82–105. 8301: 8298:(in German). 8297: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7862: 7856: 7848: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7659: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7460: 7458: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7368: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7225: 7219: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7154: 7147: 7141: 7126: 7122: 7121:"WV Code 212" 7116: 7100: 7093: 7087: 7076: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6967: 6960: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6718: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6641: 6639: 6630: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6584: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6475:(2): 99–106. 6474: 6470: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6359: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6118: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6080: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5958: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5837:R.C. Baselt, 5834: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5633: 5632:public domain 5614: 5610: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5588: 5587:public domain 5569: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5542: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5393: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5168:PLOS Medicine 5165: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4649:(2): 99–100. 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627:PLOS Medicine 3624: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310:NIHR Evidence 3306: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3169: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2801:10044/1/52908 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2692: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2270: 2267: 2259: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2230: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187:Related drugs 2184: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2101:peer-reviewed 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085:Terren Peizer 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1948:United States 1945: 1943: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1859:constrained. 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837:GABA analogue 1834: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758:lipophilicity 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1615:GABA analogue 1611: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1533:α-amino acids 1531: 1526: 1520: 1512: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1472: 1468: 1456: 1448: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254:, as well as 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1200: 1198: 1197:breastfeeding 1194: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1175:, or prevent 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993:low back pain 989: 987: 981: 979: 978:nortriptyline 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 952: 941: 939: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 800: 793: 784: 779: 778: 775: 768: 759: 758: 755: 748: 741: 737: 736: 734: 731: 726: 719: 717: 713: 689: 687: 683: 678: 674: 670: 667: 665: 663:ECHA InfoCard 659: 651: 647: 646:DTXSID0020074 643: 642: 640: 631: 627: 619: 618:RCSB PDB 613: 608: 607: 605: 603: 599: 592: 588: 587: 585: 583: 579: 572: 568: 567: 565: 563: 559: 552: 548: 547: 545: 543: 539: 532: 528: 527: 525: 523: 519: 512: 508: 507: 505: 503: 499: 492: 488: 487: 485: 483: 479: 472: 468: 467: 465: 463: 459: 452: 448: 447: 445: 438: 434: 427: 423: 422: 420: 418: 414: 407:2-acetic acid 405: 404: 401: 394: 389: 386: 383: 381: 377: 373: 371: 364: 360: 358: 354: 350: 348: 344: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 313: 311: 301: 299: 290: 287: 277: 274: 264: 263: 261: 259: 255: 250: 242: 237: 234: 233: 231: 229: 225: 222: 221:Gabapentinoid 219: 217: 213: 210: 207: 205: 199: 195: 193: 187: 183: 182:Psychological 178: 175: 173: 167: 161: 152: 151: 149: 147: 141: 134: 129: 120: 119: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 65: 61: 58:Clinical data 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 30: 19: 16428: 16427: 16338:Talniflumate 15876: 15865:Tetrodotoxin 15855:Neosaxitoxin 15846: 15791: 15765:Propoxycaine 15700:Dimethocaine 15633: 15629: 15598:Valnoctamide 15528:Fosphenytoin 15489: 15463:Procainamide 15453:Pilsicainide 15408:Disopyramide 15394: 15384: 15232: 15200: 15150: 15064: 15032:Ethosuximide 15017:Cloperastine 14995: 14964:Metahexamide 14959:Glycyclamide 14919:Glibornuride 14884: 14833: 14795: 14774:Thioridazine 14729:Promethazine 14714:Orphenadrine 14704:Ketoconazole 14689:Erythromycin 14578: 14341: 14269:Phensuximide 14249:Ochratoxin A 14189:Ethosuximide 14115: 14068: 14037:-selective ( 14029: 13939: 13896: 13883: 13865: 13814:ω-Conotoxins 13807: 13757: 13739:Norverapamil 13704:Dexverapamil 13682: 13656:derivatives: 13652: 13649:Vatanidipine 13644:Trombodipine 13609:Palonidipine 13594:Nitrendipine 13549:Mepirodipine 13454:Azelnidipine 13437: 13431: 13325:Lifetime use 13127:Liquor store 13045:South Africa 12675:War on drugs 12501:Soviet Union 12377:Legalization 12215:Drug tourism 12063:Wine tasting 11983:Beer culture 11945:Coffee break 11882:Cannabis tea 11817:Drug culture 11660:Cannabinoids 11589:Salvinorin A 11555:amyl nitrite 11412:Psychedelics 11164:/paracetamol 11077:Desomorphine 10917:Barbiturates 10841: 10840: 10698:barbiturates 10627:cannabinoids 10588: 10576:-containing 10384:Cannabinoids 10369:Benfotiamine 10279: 10180:fibromyalgia 10037:Lorpiprazole 10027:Fabomotizole 10017:Benzoctamine 9919:Vortioxetine 9895: 9862:clomipramine 9817:escitalopram 9774: 9704:Carisoprodol 9684:Barbiturates 9675: 9560: 9526:Tandospirone 9385:Fenfluramine 9365:Brivaracetam 9314:Sulfonamides 9312: 9247: 9238: 9232: 9229:Phensuximide 9219:Ethosuximide 9214:Succinimides 9212: 9192: 9151: 9131:Carboxamides 9129: 9109: 9084: 9071:Fosphenytoin 9059: 9020: 9010: 8973: 8928: 8878: 8863: 8835:Barbexaclone 8830:Barbiturates 8828: 8752:Medical uses 8735: 8734: 8733:profile for 8730: 8676:(10): 1462. 8673: 8669: 8659: 8625:(12): 2045. 8622: 8618: 8608: 8596:. Retrieved 8587: 8562:. Retrieved 8558: 8555:"Gabapentin" 8511: 8507: 8501: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8338: 8334: 8324: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8219: 8215: 8205: 8186: 8180: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8126:the original 8113: 8109: 8096: 8061: 8057: 8047: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7941:(1): 33–39. 7938: 7934: 7928: 7916:. Retrieved 7911: 7902: 7890:. Retrieved 7886: 7877: 7865:. Retrieved 7855: 7849:. Drugs.com. 7841: 7798: 7794: 7781: 7775:. TheStreet. 7772: 7765:Feuerstein A 7759: 7751:the original 7746: 7736: 7727: 7717: 7708: 7698: 7689: 7679: 7670: 7622: 7618: 7608: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7572: 7563: 7555:the original 7545: 7536: 7510: 7501: 7492: 7482: 7469: 7444:. Retrieved 7440:the original 7433: 7423: 7411:. Retrieved 7407:the original 7400: 7351: 7341: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7231:. Retrieved 7218: 7206:. Retrieved 7202: 7193: 7181:. Retrieved 7177: 7168: 7156:. Retrieved 7152: 7140: 7128:. Retrieved 7124: 7115: 7103:. Retrieved 7101:. March 2017 7098: 7086: 7069: 7057:. Retrieved 7052: 7043: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6988:. Retrieved 6983: 6974: 6965: 6953: 6941:. Retrieved 6937:the original 6933:NursingNotes 6932: 6923: 6915:Adis Insight 6914: 6905: 6893:. Retrieved 6889:the original 6878: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6817:. Retrieved 6810:the original 6779: 6775: 6762: 6754:Adis Insight 6753: 6744: 6724: 6717: 6702: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6647: 6617: 6610: 6590: 6583: 6563: 6556: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6370: 6366: 6322: 6318: 6280: 6276: 6230: 6226: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6133: 6130:Biochemistry 6129: 6091: 6087: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5972:(2): 75–82. 5969: 5965: 5923: 5919: 5873: 5869: 5838: 5833: 5800: 5796: 5783: 5750: 5746: 5700: 5696: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5617:. Retrieved 5606: 5594: 5572:. Retrieved 5559: 5535: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5456:(1): 27–32. 5453: 5449: 5443: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5396:. Retrieved 5386: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5270:(1): 31–42. 5267: 5263: 5257: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5061:. Retrieved 5056:the original 5034: 5030: 5020: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4681:cite journal 4646: 4642: 4632: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4425:(1): 60–72. 4422: 4418: 4412: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4195: 4191: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4050: 4046: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3976:(2): 84–90. 3973: 3969: 3963: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3877: 3873: 3825: 3821: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3581: 3577: 3528:(1): 13–21. 3525: 3521: 3511: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3403:(3): 302–4. 3400: 3396: 3390: 3355: 3351: 3309: 3271: 3264: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3184: 3180: 3155:. Retrieved 3151: 3141: 3108: 3104: 3083:. Retrieved 3079: 3070: 3058:. Retrieved 3049: 3040: 3020: 2986: 2979: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2898: 2894: 2846: 2842: 2784: 2780: 2730: 2726: 2695:. Retrieved 2687: 2640: 2636: 2609:. Retrieved 2600: 2570:. Retrieved 2563: 2519:. Retrieved 2497: 2485:. Retrieved 2480: 2471: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2408:(3): 302–4. 2405: 2401: 2395: 2383:. Retrieved 2378: 2369: 2357:. Retrieved 2353:the original 2348: 2322: 2307: 2304: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2262: 2253: 2233: 2190: 2174: 2167: 2158: 2155:Usage trends 2138: 2132: 2126: 2119:Scott Pelley 2112: 2111: 2104: 2094: 2059: 2012: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1951: 1939: 1931:Legal status 1891: 1874: 1844: 1841:γ-amino acid 1827: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1754:blood plasma 1739: 1709: 1693: 1662: 1634: 1612: 1601: 1590: 1577: 1527: 1444: 1436:Pharmacology 1419: 1406: 1394:hypertension 1378: 1353:laparoscopic 1330: 1289: 1224:side effects 1214: 1203:Side effects 1186: 1162: 1135: 1124: 1117: 1104:drug craving 1100:hyperalgesia 1089: 1078: 1062: 1047: 1035: 1032: 1021: 1018: 1003:-associated 990: 982: 970:central pain 955: 947: 935: 907: 904:Medical uses 875: 851:side effects 841: 837:central pain 812: 808: 807: 796: 374:5 to 7 hours 367:Elimination 351:Less than 3% 258:Legal status 252:Legal status 114:License data 29: 16488:Anxiolytics 16004:Triamterene 15958:Poneratoxin 15948:Ciguatoxins 15835:Raxatrigine 15830:Ralfinamide 15825:PF-05089771 15820:PF-04531083 15792:Analgesics: 15750:Piperocaine 15735:Meprylcaine 15730:Mepivacaine 15685:Cinchocaine 15664:Ropivacaine 15656:Bupivacaine 15583:Sipatrigine 15568:Pheneturide 15563:Phenacemide 15548:Mephenytoin 15533:Lamotrigine 15513:Elpetrigine 15468:Propafenone 15413:Dronedarone 14989:Tolbutamide 14979:Repaglinide 14974:Nateglinide 14969:Mitiglinide 14949:Glisoxepide 14934:Glimepiride 14924:Glicaramide 14904:Carbutamide 14806:Linopirdine 14789:Vernakalant 14779:Tolterodine 14769:Terfenadine 14759:Tamulotoxin 14754:Solifenacin 14724:PNU-282,987 14699:Haloperidol 14694:Gigactonine 14674:Domperidone 14659:Darifenacin 14624:Bedaquiline 14609:Azaspiracid 14572:Vernakalant 14507:Linopirdine 14467:Dronedarone 14457:Dendrotoxin 14442:Clamikalant 14314:Tolperisone 14309:Tetrandrine 14299:Sipatrigine 14294:Silperisone 14279:Prenylamine 14219:Lidoflazine 14174:Elpetrigine 14084:Mirogabalin 13988:Lamotrigine 13983:Flunarizine 13978:Efonidipine 13968:Cinnarizine 13963:Cilnidipine 13918:NNC 55-0396 13844:Ralfinamide 13791:Fantofarone 13786:Dronedarone 13771:Budiodarone 13766:Brinazarone 13729:Levemopamil 13629:Sornidipine 13624:Sagandipine 13614:Pranidipine 13589:Nisoldipine 13579:Nilvadipine 13569:Niguldipine 13559:Nicardipine 13524:Lemildipine 13509:Iganidipine 13504:Furnidipine 13469:Cronidipine 13464:Clevidipine 13459:Barnidipine 13449:Aranidipine 13332:Opiates use 13312:Cocaine use 13147:Issues with 13065:Switzerland 13050:South Korea 13020:Puerto Rico 13005:Philippines 12875:El Salvador 12785:Afghanistan 12521:Just Say No 12511:Switzerland 12486:Netherlands 12452:Drug policy 12382:Prohibition 12367:Drug policy 12360:State level 12205:Dance party 12116:Microdosing 12073:Psychedelia 12028:Oktoberfest 11950:Coffeehouse 11927:Stoner film 11618:Scopolamine 11348:Entactogens 11326:Theobromine 11189:Amphetamine 11115:Hydrocodone 11105:Diamorphine 10909:Depressants 10655:amphetamine 10606:antagonists 10552:hydrocodone 10424:hydrocodone 10342:desipramine 10304:lamotrigine 10288:mirogabalin 10212:milnacipran 10118:from market 10047:Mepiprazole 10032:Hydroxyzine 10022:Cycloserine 10000:propranolol 9942:Flupentixol 9899:Agomelatine 9877:mirtazapine 9698:meprobamate 9632:Fludiazepam 9607:Clotiazepam 9602:Clorazepate 9483:Anxiolytics 9425:from market 9375:Carisbamate 9370:Cannabidiol 9256:Lamotrigine 9160:Lamotrigine 9111:Fatty acids 9106:Pheneturide 9101:Phenacemide 9076:Mephenytoin 8975:Fatty acids 8956:Stiripentol 8951:Paraldehyde 8915:Nimetazepam 8895:Clorazepate 8840:Metharbital 7883:"Neurontin" 7801:(1): 5005. 7539:. CBS News. 7378:. Reuters. 6522:: 151–158. 6094:(1): 1–11. 5619:22 December 5574:21 December 5356:: 225–234. 2849:: 162–169. 2697:14 December 2572:21 December 2385:21 December 2318:neuropathic 2256:August 2024 2164:Brand names 2087:, a former 2069:hydroxyzine 2038:Aetna, Inc. 1917:in 2002. A 1894:Parke-Davis 1830:substituted 1772:(ABCB1) or 1719:peak levels 1630:or another 1546:-isoleucine 1390:tachycardia 1341:depressants 1339:, or other 1272:anaphylaxis 1179:in adults. 1127:hot flashes 886:Parke-Davis 723: g·mol 669:100.056.415 571:CHEBI:42797 391:Identifiers 100:MedlinePlus 73:Other names 64:Trade names 16478:Analgesics 16472:Categories 16308:Bumetanide 16246:Activators 16236:Piretanide 16231:Lonidamine 16182:Activators 16167:Mibefradil 16162:Mefloquine 16152:Furosemide 16147:Fluoxetine 16127:Crofelemer 16014:Activators 15937:Versutoxin 15933:Robustoxin 15915:Activators 15900:Safinamide 15850:Conotoxins 15785:Trimecaine 15780:Tetracaine 15755:Prilocaine 15745:Orthocaine 15720:Iontocaine 15715:Hexylcaine 15710:Etidocaine 15651:Benzocaine 15641:Amylocaine 15623:Zonisamide 15618:Valpromide 15588:Topiramate 15578:Rufinamide 15538:Lacosamide 15503:Cenobamate 15458:Prajmaline 15448:Moricizine 15443:Mexiletine 15438:Lorcainide 15423:Flecainide 15388:Ranolazine 15328:Activators 15313:Fluoxetine 15257:Nimesulide 15239:-specific: 15225:Activators 15207:-specific: 15159:-specific: 15139:Rilmakalim 15129:Nicorandil 15089:Cromakalim 15076:-specific: 15057:Activators 15047:Tipepidine 15037:Ifenprodil 15012:Caramiphen 15004:-specific: 14984:Tolazamide 14944:Gliquidone 14929:Gliclazide 14896:-specific: 14849:Retigabine 14844:Flupirtine 14841:-specific: 14826:Activators 14803:-specific: 14784:Vanoxerine 14764:Terodiline 14749:Sertindole 14739:Ranolazine 14604:Astemizole 14594:Amiodarone 14562:Terikalant 14537:Pinokalant 14522:Nifekalant 14517:Maurotoxin 14512:Lolitrem B 14502:Kaliotoxin 14462:Dofetilide 14452:Dalazatide 14447:Conotoxins 14417:Amiodarone 14412:Almokalant 14334:Activators 14324:Valperinol 14304:Terodiline 14244:Naftopidil 14234:Mesuximide 14164:Enpiperate 14144:Cycleanine 14129:Bevantolol 14119:Bencyclane 14109:Pregabalin 14099:PD-299,685 14094:PD-217,014 14089:PD-200,347 14079:Imagabalin 14069:Gabapentin 14059:Atagabalin 14049:Arbaclofen 14008:Mibefradil 14003:Loperamide 13998:Lomerizine 13973:Dotarizine 13953:Benidipine 13933:Zonisamide 13849:Safinamide 13824:Caroverine 13776:Celivarone 13724:Gallopamil 13679:Siratiazem 13669:Iprotiazem 13659:Clentiazem 13639:Tiamdipine 13634:Teludipine 13599:Olradipine 13584:Nimodipine 13574:Niludipine 13564:Nifedipine 13554:Mesudipine 13544:Manidipine 13519:Lacidipine 13514:Isradipine 13499:Flordipine 13494:Felodipine 13489:Elnadipine 13484:Elgodipine 13474:Darodipine 13444:Amlodipine 13320:Annual use 13171:Dependence 13035:Seychelles 12940:Kyrgyzstan 12855:Costa Rica 12800:Bangladesh 12773:Drug trade 12742:production 12731:production 12650:Drug court 12536:California 12454:by country 12387:Regulation 12121:Smart shop 12106:Literature 12101:Experience 12048:Sports bar 12013:Happy hour 11978:Bartending 11749:Club drugs 11722:Oneirogens 11606:Deliriants 11486:Psilocybin 11309:Polacrilex 11279:Mephedrone 11181:Stimulants 10983:Hazardous 10927:Carbamates 10829:suvorexant 10753:prednisone 10706:carbamates 10667:mephedrone 10610:perampanel 10593:pregabalin 10589:gabapentin 10448:tapentadol 10392:dronabinol 10348:Ziconotide 10320:Mexiletine 10300:lacosamide 10284:pregabalin 10280:gabapentin 10253:tapentadol 10208:duloxetine 10062:Oxaflozane 9990:guanfacine 9937:Quetiapine 9914:Vilazodone 9909:Tianeptine 9892:phenelzine 9832:duloxetine 9790:Pregabalin 9775:Gabapentin 9694:Carbamates 9657:Nordazepam 9612:Cloxazolam 9597:Clonazepam 9577:Bromazepam 9572:Alprazolam 9567:Adinazolam 9400:Perampanel 9390:Ganaxolone 9380:Etiracetam 9339:Zonisamide 9334:Topiramate 9284:Retigabine 9266:Zonisamide 9261:Topiramate 9244:Pregabalin 9239:Gabapentin 9224:Mesuximide 9175:Zonisamide 9170:Topiramate 9165:Rufinamide 9155:Lacosamide 9121:Valpromide 9061:Hydantoins 9043:modulators 8995:Vigabatrin 8985:Valpromide 8920:Nitrazepam 8890:Clonazepam 8870:Cenobamate 8865:Carbamates 8805:GABAergics 8737:Gabapentin 7537:60 Minutes 7512:SCOTUSBlog 7446:13 January 7413:13 January 5398:20 January 4945:(9): 834. 2359:9 February 2328:References 2197:atagabalin 2193:pregabalin 2128:60 Minutes 2077:dependence 2065:flumazenil 1853:carboxylic 1833:derivative 1799:eliminated 1785:metabolism 1780:(<1%). 1669:intestines 1651:enzymne (K 1645:metabolism 1582:micromolar 1530:endogenous 1422:somnolence 1305:topiramate 1248:anorgasmia 1220:somnolence 1138:spasticity 1085:alcoholism 898:unapproved 894:physicians 843:Sleepiness 809:Gabapentin 728:3D model ( 716:Molar mass 602:PDB ligand 531:6CW7F3G59X 502:ChemSpider 462:IUPHAR/BPS 426:60142-96-3 417:CAS Number 400:IUPAC name 357:Metabolism 216:Drug class 184:: Moderate 170:Dependence 133:Gabapentin 34:Gabapentin 16429:See also: 16328:Mepacrine 16274:Ivacaftor 16190:Carbachol 16073:Ibuprofen 16063:Amiloride 16022:Solnatide 15994:Amiloride 15923:Aconitine 15885:Evenamide 15860:Saxitoxin 15775:Risocaine 15725:Lidocaine 15670:Butacaine 15646:Articaine 15573:Phenytoin 15483:Tocainide 15478:Sparteine 15473:Quinidine 15433:Lorajmine 15428:Lidocaine 15418:Encainide 15403:Aprindine 15144:Sarakalim 15134:Pinacidil 15124:Naminidil 15114:Minoxidil 15109:Mazokalim 15094:Diazoxide 15084:Bimakalim 15079:Aprikalim 15042:Tertiapin 15022:Clozapine 14939:Glipizide 14734:Quinidine 14684:Ergtoxins 14649:Cisapride 14639:BRL-32872 14619:Azimilide 14582:(KCNH2, K 14557:Tedisamil 14542:Quinidine 14532:Paxilline 14497:Inakalant 14492:Ibutilide 14477:Hanatoxin 14432:Bunaftine 14427:Bretylium 14422:Azimilide 14407:Adekalant 14366:Potassium 14348:Bay K8644 14289:Sesamodil 14239:Monatepil 14229:Manoalide 14224:Magnesium 14209:Imepitoin 14199:Fendiline 14179:Ethadione 14169:Eperisone 14149:Dauricine 14124:Berbamine 14035:δ subunit 13839:PD-173212 13754:Verapamil 13744:Ronipamil 13734:Nexopamil 13719:Falipamil 13714:Etripamil 13699:Devapamil 13694:Dagapamil 13674:Nictiazem 13664:Diltiazem 13654:Diltiazem 13604:Oxodipine 13316:Cannabis 13161:Addiction 13117:Beer shop 13100:Venezuela 12965:Mauritius 12795:Australia 12733:and trade 12660:Drug test 12461:Australia 12235:Nootropic 12220:Entheogen 12195:Club drug 12043:Sommelier 12038:Pub crawl 12023:Nightclub 12018:Hip flask 11955:Latte art 11892:Head shop 11762:Quaaludes 11530:Inhalants 11479:San Pedro 11464:Mescaline 11447:Ayahuasca 11420:Bufotenin 11365:Benzofury 11356:2C series 11336:Chocolate 11299:Modafinil 11289:Methylone 11262:Ephedrine 11233:Cathinone 11194:Arecoline 11159:Oxycodone 11130:Methadone 10964:Inhalants 10842:See also: 10819:inhalants 10775:areca nut 10771:arecoline 10740:analogues 10718:inhalants 10629:) (e.g., 10587:) (e.g., 10574:δ subunit 10556:oxycodone 10542:) (e.g., 10436:methadone 10432:oxycodone 10414:methadone 10379:Bupropion 10314:lidocaine 10235:dosulepin 10128:Phase III 10116:Withdrawn 10097:Validolum 10092:Tofisopam 10087:Tiagabine 10077:Picamilon 10057:Opipramol 9982:clonidine 9904:Bupropion 9847:trazodone 9737:Zopiclone 9729:Hypnotics 9719:Etifoxine 9667:Pinazepam 9652:Medazepam 9647:Lorazepam 9642:Ketazolam 9637:Halazepam 9582:Camazepam 9516:Buspirone 9435:Phase III 9423:Withdrawn 9360:Beclamide 9251:Imepitoin 9199:Ethadione 9116:Valproate 9081:Phenytoin 9027:Tiagabine 9017:Progabide 8980:Valproate 8946:Imepitoin 8925:Temazepam 8910:Midazolam 8905:Lorazepam 8875:Felbamate 8860:Primidone 8582:Coile C. 8428:Addiction 8365:208537638 8172:195878855 8015:: 21–39. 7619:Addiction 7013:: k4364. 6819:15 August 6497:264888110 5675:266985259 5503:: l2147. 5313:: 36–39. 5063:22 August 4847:Neurology 4533:209462426 4140:Addiction 4121:201662179 3326:252983016 3085:30 August 3060:30 August 2971:216082872 2665:265753780 2603:. WebMD. 2521:16 August 2441:CNS Drugs 2379:Drugs.com 2349:Drugs.com 2248:talk page 2106:Addiction 2089:junk bond 1896:to be an 1863:Synthesis 1816:Chemistry 1792:cirrhosis 1717:(time to 1667:from the 1641:transport 1570:nanomolar 1491:neurexins 1409:rewarding 1317:self-harm 1256:myoclonus 1244:mentation 1240:nystagmus 1216:Dizziness 1193:pregnancy 1154:essential 918:off-label 847:dizziness 813:Neurontin 591:ChEMBL940 380:Excretion 369:half-life 202:Routes of 192:liability 190:Addiction 172:liability 144:Pregnancy 92:Monograph 86:Drugs.com 16462:Medicine 16414:instead. 16389:instead. 16300:Blockers 16292:Unsorted 16218:Blockers 16119:Blockers 16096:Chloride 16058:A-317567 16050:Blockers 15999:Benzamil 15986:Blockers 15815:NKTR-171 15810:GDC-0276 15805:Funapide 15800:DSP-2230 15795:AZD-3161 15760:Procaine 15675:Butamben 15523:Ethotoin 15398:Ajmaline 15377:Blockers 15336:Riluzole 15295:Blockers 15193:Blockers 15099:Emakalim 14877:Blockers 14719:Pimozide 14589:Ajmaline 14389:Blockers 14204:Fostedil 14134:Canadine 14104:Phenibut 14064:Baclofen 14013:NP078585 13958:Bepridil 13796:SR-33805 13749:Tiapamil 13709:Emopamil 13689:Anipamil 13424:Blockers 13300:drug use 13213:Overdose 13149:drug use 13075:Thailand 13060:Suriname 13040:Slovakia 13015:Portugal 13000:Paraguay 12960:Malaysia 12900:Honduras 12850:Colombia 12835:Cambodia 12556:Virginia 12546:Maryland 12541:Colorado 12496:Slovakia 12491:Portugal 12164:Smokeasy 12058:Wine bar 11960:Teahouse 11683:Hash oil 11614:Atropine 11572:Muscimol 11562:Ketamine 11525:Glaucine 11490:Psilocin 11304:Nicotine 11211:Caffeine 11171:Tramadol 11147:Morphine 11124:Dilaudid 11100:Fentanyl 11091:Darvocet 11081:Krokodil 11056:Suboxone 10995:Gasoline 10985:solvents 10968:Medical 10803:ketamine 10763:nicotine 10691:receptor 10645:levodopa 10635:cannabis 10623:agonists 10620:receptor 10597:phenibut 10581:blockers 10544:morphine 10536:agonists 10522:euphoria 10444:tramadol 10428:morphine 10406:ketamine 10396:nabilone 10388:cannabis 10257:tramadol 10072:Phenibut 10052:Nicotine 9972:prazosin 9785:Phenibut 9765:blockers 9672:Prazepam 9662:Oxazepam 9627:Etizolam 9617:Diazepam 9592:Clobazam 9521:Gepirone 9508:agonists 9355:Albutoin 9329:Sultiame 9066:Ethotoin 8900:Diazepam 8885:Clobazam 8702:38791679 8693:11117262 8651:37370556 8642:10295034 8592:Archived 8528:29099247 8493:21831060 8458:27265421 8409:59226292 8401:30676102 8357:31786961 8316:29179227 8281:24396685 8273:28144823 8238:28767350 8164:31291212 8116:: 1018. 8088:22867659 8039:19787095 7990:22241527 7982:21681607 7947:16425669 7908:"Brands" 7833:37591833 7824:10435503 7709:NBC News 7690:CBS News 7649:22082089 7380:Archived 7358:Archived 7333:22575611 7292:17085492 7284:14664664 7275:10437292 7208:12 April 7035:53520780 7027:30327316 6870:23342236 6806:14664664 6797:10437292 6694:21428817 6548:20505847 6489:37918778 6469:Am J Med 6454:10518579 6395:32513471 6387:19937841 6349:26305616 6297:23567998 6255:16398062 6247:20818832 6195:18656534 6160:30427175 6070:30021858 6021:17403543 5986:17222465 5948:33200190 5940:27345098 5890:16376147 5825:49344251 5817:29930223 5775:10345555 5767:28988943 5725:21108959 5717:26721643 5667:38224592 5613:Archived 5568:Archived 5527:31189556 5478:54130760 5470:30383553 5435:20388896 5378:53165515 5370:30381161 5335:32010921 5327:29111014 5292:39571068 5284:26559937 5249:25590213 5200:28809936 5149:23797675 5100:21940981 5051:27535436 5012:20054678 4971:34577534 4920:10662268 4912:21080739 4877:22013182 4828:24142589 4779:39737885 4771:22556282 4736:33283264 4673:21767770 4624:21669996 4616:29756335 4580:25028259 4572:27207462 4525:31870736 4482:22661344 4447:40370476 4439:22072056 4404:21477128 4396:19601699 4361:30687936 4312:24250527 4271:20081039 4222:29241365 4170:31077485 4113:31461226 4077:26835178 4025:24364635 3990:20124884 3955:28769860 3896:29579375 3850:38188832 3842:17502773 3802:29486015 3767:21203440 3727:PLOS ONE 3708:29970367 3659:28809936 3608:25575710 3554:17372630 3495:24798217 3460:46952737 3452:16978035 3417:15898970 3382:34819636 3287:Archived 3256:85497732 3248:30907944 3213:30480717 3133:39262014 3125:16908923 3080:ClinCalc 3054:Archived 3050:ClinCalc 3002:Archived 2963:32321743 2915:23642658 2873:32521436 2819:28597471 2757:14236933 2749:20402746 2605:Archived 2565:DailyMed 2515:Archived 2487:30 March 2463:24760436 2422:15898970 2310:epilepsy 2280:cannabis 2242:You may 2134:NBC News 2103:journal 2061:Gabasync 2056:Gabasync 1898:analogue 1705:morphine 1665:absorbed 1552:, bind α 1539:-leucine 1505:to two: 1503:affinity 1416:Overdose 1398:insomnia 1361:epilepsy 1313:epilepsy 1173:tinnitus 1131:estrogen 997:sciatica 932:Seizures 799:(verify) 482:DrugBank 286:Class C1 228:ATC code 209:By mouth 177:Physical 159: B1 146:category 128:DailyMed 16068:Aspirin 15890:Menthol 15877:Others: 15847:Toxins: 15690:Cocaine 15215:GAL-021 14835:KCNQ (K 14797:KCNQ (K 14614:AZD1305 14552:Sotalol 14547:ShK-186 14527:Notoxin 14214:JTV-519 14194:Fasudil 13923:ProTx I 13903:ABT-639 13890:SNX-482 13761:AH-1058 13758:Others: 13401:Calcium 12975:Nigeria 12970:Moldova 12890:Germany 12885:Finland 12880:Estonia 12820:Bolivia 12476:Germany 12275:Whoonga 12126:Therapy 11794:Poppers 11772:Ecstasy 11757:Cocaine 11705:APINACA 11695:JWH-018 11678:Hashish 11550:poppers 11386:Ecstasy 11319:Tobacco 11267:Ephedra 11245:Cocaine 11065:Codeine 11059:Subutex 11044:Opioids 10827:(e.g., 10797:(e.g., 10789:poppers 10783:(e.g., 10767:tobacco 10761:(e.g., 10747:(e.g., 10696:(e.g., 10677:cocaine 10675:(e.g., 10653:(e.g., 10643:(e.g., 10608:(e.g., 10540:opioids 10422:(e.g., 10420:Opioids 10404:(e.g., 10386:(e.g., 10332:(e.g., 10312:(e.g., 10278:(e.g., 10251:(e.g., 10225:(e.g., 10206:(e.g., 10042:Mebicar 9998:(e.g., 9980:(e.g., 9970:(e.g., 9896:Others: 9890:(e.g., 9875:(e.g., 9860:(e.g., 9845:(e.g., 9830:(e.g., 9815:(e.g., 9696:(e.g., 9686:(e.g., 9679:Alpidem 9676:Others: 9248:Others: 9152:Others: 9086:Ureides 9041:Channel 8932:Bromide 8929:Others: 8727:Scholia 8670:Animals 8619:Animals 8564:2 April 8536:7780988 8449:5573873 8122:8959463 8079:3404313 8030:2746576 7918:17 June 7912:Viatris 7892:17 June 7867:17 June 7803:Bibcode 7640:4122522 7493:Reuters 7233:28 June 7105:18 June 7059:2 April 6990:2 April 6943:16 June 6895:22 June 6861:3539268 6539:2874339 6422:Bibcode 6340:4675962 6151:6528808 6108:8565962 6061:6108572 5518:6559335 5240:5393509 5191:5557428 5140:6599858 4962:8469561 4868:3208950 4819:3899476 4727:8094883 4664:3692272 4490:1950738 4352:6360924 4303:3813133 4262:2825098 4213:5957503 4161:6682454 4068:4732322 3998:4046961 3946:5510619 3929:: 316. 3904:4321472 3758:3010990 3735:Bibcode 3699:6028270 3650:5557428 3599:4493167 3545:2670721 3503:6943460 3373:9095464 3204:6583557 3157:11 June 3152:Reuters 2864:7483897 2810:6452908 2657:7693432 2611:6 April 2314:chronic 2211:(FDA). 2201:prodrug 2177:Viatris 2114:Barrons 2081:cocaine 1900:of the 1888:History 1804:in the 1802:renally 1636:in vivo 1578:in vivo 1485:δ with 1449:of the 1430:opioids 1426:alcohol 1402:tapered 1381:rebound 1333:opioids 1321:lithium 1293:suicide 1286:Suicide 1228:Fatigue 1069:arousal 1015:Anxiety 986:placebo 855:suicide 721:171.240 686:Formula 491:DB00996 437:PubChem 310:Class C 296:: 244:) 238: ( 236:N02BF01 130:: 106:a694007 18:Gralise 16448:Portal 16365:Others 15354:Sodium 15007:Barium 14811:XE-991 14679:E-4031 14629:BeKm-1 14599:AmmTX3 14482:HgeTx1 14472:E-4031 14254:Osthol 14023:TROX-1 13908:ML-218 13080:Turkey 13070:Taiwan 13025:Russia 13010:Poland 12990:Panama 12980:Norway 12955:Latvia 12935:Kosovo 12865:Cyprus 12825:Brazil 12815:Bhutan 12805:Belize 12551:Oregon 12506:Sweden 12466:Canada 12225:Hippie 12159:Loosie 11628:Datura 11474:Peyote 11459:LSD-25 11216:Coffee 11140:Kratom 11109:Heroin 11094:Darvon 11011:Other 10738:) and 10564:kratom 10548:heroin 10357:Others 10241:Opioid 10111:WHO-EM 10082:Selank 10010:Others 9418:WHO-EM 9348:Others 9297:Others 9004:Others 8729:has a 8700: 8690: 8649: 8639: 8598:12 May 8534: 8526: 8491: 8456: 8446: 8407: 8399: 8363: 8355: 8314: 8279: 8271: 8236: 8193: 8170: 8162: 8120: 8086: 8076: 8037: 8027: 7988: 7980: 7945: 7887:Pfizer 7831: 7821: 7647: 7637: 7331: 7290: 7282: 7272: 7183:30 May 7158:30 May 7153:tn.gov 7130:30 May 7053:GOV.UK 7033: 7025: 6984:GOV.UK 6966:GOV.UK 6868: 6858: 6804: 6794: 6732: 6692: 6655: 6625: 6598: 6571: 6546: 6536: 6495: 6487: 6452: 6442: 6393: 6385: 6347: 6337: 6295: 6253: 6245: 6193: 6158: 6148: 6106: 6068: 6058: 6019: 5984: 5946: 5938: 5888: 5845: 5823: 5815: 5773: 5765: 5723: 5715: 5673: 5665: 5525: 5515: 5476: 5468: 5433: 5376: 5368: 5333: 5325: 5290: 5282: 5247: 5237: 5198: 5188: 5147: 5137: 5098: 5049: 5010: 4969: 4959: 4918: 4910: 4875: 4865: 4826: 4816: 4777: 4769: 4734: 4724: 4671: 4661: 4622: 4614: 4578: 4570: 4531: 4523: 4488: 4480: 4445: 4437: 4402: 4394: 4359: 4349: 4310: 4300: 4269: 4259: 4220: 4210: 4168: 4158: 4119: 4111: 4075: 4065: 4023: 3996: 3988: 3953: 3943: 3902: 3894: 3848: 3840: 3800: 3765: 3755: 3706: 3696: 3657: 3647: 3606: 3596: 3552: 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