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for "ecclesiastical, political defence" purposes, and for any purpose during "emergencies." He was permitted to veto, or even stop debate on, any bill. If he recommended the passage of a bill, but only one chamber cooperated, he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber. The legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence. The president of the
Council of State was appointed by the viceroy; the Legislative Assembly elected its president, but the election required the viceroy's approval.
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406:. From 1858, to reflect the governor-general's new additional role as the monarch's representative in response to the fealty relationships vis the princely states, the additional title of Viceroy was granted, such that the new office was entitled "Viceroy and Governor-General of India". This was usually shortened to "Viceroy of India".
444:, though the practice was to have them serve five-year terms. A governor-general could have their commission rescinded; and if one was removed, or left, a provisional governor-general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen. The first governor-general in India (of Bengal) was
799:
In 1919, an Indian legislature, consisting of a
Council of State and a Legislative Assembly, took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy's Council. The viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation. He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature's consent
795:
made several changes to the council's composition. Three members were to be appointed by the
Secretary of State for India, and two by the Sovereign. The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869. The viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional 'six to twelve' members (changed
942:
augmented in the centre with the 'Star of India' surmounted by a crown. This flag was not the viceroy's personal flag; it was also used by governors, lieutenant governors, chief commissioners and other
British officers in India. When at sea, only the viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast, while
817:
and in the statutes of knightly orders. In usage, "viceroy" is employed where the governor-general's position as the monarch's representative is in view. The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India. It was meant to indicate new responsibilities, especially ritualistic
779:
The
Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the council. The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the governor-general. As provided under the Act, there were to be four members of the Council appointed by the Court of
1081:. Though construction began in 1912, it did not conclude until 1929; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931. The final cost exceeded £877,000 (over £35 million in modern terms)—more than twice the figure originally allocated. Today the residence, now known by the Hindi name of '
771:
provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India
Company's Court of Directors. The governor-general was to be assisted by an executive council of four members and was given a casting vote but no veto. The decision of the council was binding on the governor-general.
812:
converted the title into "governor-general of India", effective from 22 April 1834. The title "viceroy and governor-general" was first used in the queen's proclamation appointing
Viscount Canning in 1858. It was never conferred by an act of parliament but was used in
838:, meaning 'queen'). The Vicereine was referred to as 'Her Excellency' and was also addressed as 'Your Excellency'. Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India. However, the only British sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was
533:
replaced the governor-general and
Council of Fort William with the governor-general and Council of India. The power to elect the governor-general was retained by the Court of Directors, but the choice became subject to the sovereign's approval via the
613:. The act provided that the other governors under the East India Company could not declare war, make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the governor-general or by the company's Court of Directors.
775:
In 1784, the council was reduced to three members; the governor-general continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote. In 1786, the power of the governor-general was increased even further, as
Council decisions ceased to be binding.
697:
to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government. The chamber usually met only once a year, with the viceroy presiding, but it appointed a standing committee, which met more often.
1975:
437:, was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of their powers. After 1947, the sovereign continued to appoint the governor-general but thereafter did so on the advice of the government of the newly independent Dominion of India.
829:
and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India. He was referred to as 'His
Excellency' and addressed as 'Your Excellency'. From 1858 to 1947, the governor-general was known as the viceroy of India (from the French
783:
In 1858, the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to appoint members of the council. Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the sovereign, and the other three members by the
796:
to 'ten to sixteen' in 1892, and to 'sixty' in 1909). The five individuals appointed by the sovereign or the Indian secretary headed the executive departments, while those appointed by the viceroy debated and voted on legislation.
556:, remained governor-general of India for ten months after independence, but the two nations were otherwise headed by native governors-general. India became a secular republic in 1950; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956.
713:
became the only Indian governor-general. The governor-general's role was almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day-to-day basis by the Indian cabinet. After the nation became a republic in 1950, the
763:
The governor-general was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers. The governor-general, while exercising many functions, was referred to as the "Governor-General in Council."
428:
Until 1858, the governor-general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company, to whom he was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British Government; the
1968:
642:, to whom they were directly responsible; lieutenant governors, chief commissioners, and administrators, however, were appointed by and were subordinate to the viceroy. The viceroy also oversaw the most powerful
1057:
in 1912. Thereafter, the lieutenant governor of Bengal, who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House, was upgraded to a full governor and transferred to Government House. Now, it serves as the residence of the
620:, which granted him "superintendence, direction and control of the whole civil and military Government" of all of British India. The act also granted legislative powers to the governor-general and council.
1961:
549:
vested the power to appoint the governor-general in the sovereign. The governor-general, in turn, had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India, subject to the sovereign's approval.
1864:
347:
officials in India. Complete authority over all of British territory in the Indian subcontinent was granted in 1833, and the official came to be known as the "Governor-General of India".
630:
After 1858, the governor-general (now usually known as the viceroy) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the sovereign's representative. India was divided into numerous
956:
780:
Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated.
2318:
1320:
From 15 August 1947 to 26 January 1950, the flag of the Governor-General of India was dark blue with the Lion and Crown crest in the center and INDIA in golden letters below
980:
394:, and others. However, much of India was not ruled directly by the British Government; outside the provinces of British India, there were hundreds of nominally independent
946:
From 1947 to 1950, the governor-general of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest (a lion standing on the Crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold
594:. The Regulating Act, however, granted the governor-general additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence. The other presidencies of the East India Company (
1374:
968:
606:) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the governor-general and Council of Fort William.
616:
While the governor-general thus became the controller of foreign policy in India, he was not the explicit head of British India. That status came only with the
552:
India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947, but governors-general continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written.
1984:
992:
425:, but the office of governor-general continued to exist in each country separately until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956, respectively.
2440:
2064:
1627:
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1884:
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The Marquis of Dalhousie's Administration of British India: Annexation of Pegu, Nagpor, and Oudh, and a general review of Lord Dalhousie's rule in India
1909:
1869:
950:. The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm governors-general. This last flag was the personal flag of the governor-general only.
510:. In 1773, motivated by corruption in the company, the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the
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1053:, known as Government House in Calcutta, between 1799 and 1803. The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to
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The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858
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ones, but it conferred no new statutory authority. The governor-general regularly used the title in communications with the
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was constructed. In 1854, the lieutenant governor of Bengal took up residence there. Now, the Belvedere Estate houses the
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1570:(2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
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After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi, the viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy's House, designed by Sir
1914:
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1809:
1791:
1766:
1707:
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876:. Frequently, a viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank, as with the granting of a
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or "native states", whose relationship was not with the British Government or the United Kingdom, but rather one of
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each summer to escape the heat, and the government of India moved with them. The Viceregal Lodge now houses the
545:, the British East India Company's territories in India were put under the direct control of the sovereign. The
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Until 1833, the title of the position was "governor-general of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal". The
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the previous year, the territories and assets of the East India Company came under the direct control of the
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is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire, which included both the provinces and the
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in Shimla was also used by several viceroys, although the original building was destroyed by fire in 1981.
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Viceregal Lodge, Delhi, where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed (1912–31), now the main building of the
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924: – as well as some provisional governors-general, had no honorific titles at all.
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Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers (1999) "Government Buildings – India"
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mountbattenofburma.com – Tribute & Memorial website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
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Upon independence in August 1947, the title of viceroy was abolished. The representative of
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The powers of the governor-general, in respect of foreign affairs, were increased by the
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30:"Viceroy of India" redirects here. For viceroys and governors of Portuguese India, see
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Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India; Warren Hastings
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The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume V: The Indian Empire, 1858–1918
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served as the Governor-General's residence during most of the nineteenth century.
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Badge of the viceroy and governor-general (1904–1947) depicted with Tudor Crown
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was an institution established in 1920 by a royal proclamation of King-Emperor
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343:. The officer had direct control only over his presidency but supervised other
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Throughout the British administration, governors-general retreated to the
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Badge of the viceroy of India (1876–1904) depicted with St. Edward's Crown
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1041:, who is reputed to have said that 'India should be governed from a
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Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and dominions
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in his robes as viceroy of India, a post he held from 1899 to 1905.
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897:
885:
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748:, built in 1888, was the summer residence of the viceroy of India
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370:) headed the central government of India, which administered the
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526:. The first governor-general and Council were named in the Act.
402:
directly with the British monarch as sovereign successor to the
1100:
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523:
452:, and the first governor-general of the Dominion of India was
1588:, vol. 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298,
1054:
916:. Only the first and last governors-general –
498:(founded in 1600), which nominally acted as the agent of the
37:
For a list of the office holders during the British Raj, see
938:
From around 1885, the viceroy of India was allowed to fly a
709:, became known once again as the governor-general. In 1948,
678:. The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the
913:
909:
857:
was founded in 1861, the viceroy was made its grand master
752:
448:, the first official governor-general of British India was
409:
The title of Viceroy was abandoned when British India was
986:
Standard of the viceroy and governor-general (1885–1947)
590:
The governor-general originally had power only over the
1427:
H. Verney Lovett, "The Indian Governments, 1858–1918",
486:, the first governor general of India from 1834 – 1835
1350:"Lord William Bentinck | British government official"
1402:
Speeches & Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921
1129:
335:. The office was created in 1773, with the title of
1308:. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 110.
1505:Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921
1538:
2458:
1305:Military Flags of India: From the Earliest Times
1019:The governor-general of Fort William resided in
554:Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
44:For previous similar titles from 1680–1758, see
1635:
518:were appointed to rule over the Presidency of
1969:
1621:
1577:. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press
1491:Raj: the Making and Unmaking of British India
2319:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2314:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
1644:Governors of the Presidency of Fort William
627:became the first governor general of India.
1431:(Cambridge University Press, 1932), p. 226.
1027:, until the early nineteenth century, when
943:other officials flew it from the foremast.
249:(21 February 1947 — 15 August 1947; as the
1976:
1962:
1628:
1614:
1568:The British Conquest and Dominion of India
1482:("British Empire" and "Viceroy"), London:
998:Standard of the governor-general (1947–50)
1575:The Viceroy and Governor-General of India
1301:
872:Most governors-general and viceroys were
718:continued to perform the same functions.
1007:
892:. Of those viceroys who were not peers,
751:
735:
574:
563:
478:
463:
259:(21 June 1948 — 26 January 1950; as the
1929:Governors-general of the Union of India
1801:Governors-general and viceroys of India
1559:Cambridge History of the British Empire
1265:"Flag of the Governor General of India"
14:
2459:
1516:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia.
46:List of governors of Bengal Presidency
2472:India and the Commonwealth of Nations
1957:
1609:
1580:
366:. The governor-general (now also the
313:viceroy and governor-general of India
311:(1833 to 1950, from 1858 to 1947 the
261:Governor-General of Dominion of India
56:Viceroy and Governor-General of India
32:List of governors of Portuguese India
1493:London: Little, Brown & Company
1389:
927:
592:Presidency of Fort William in Bengal
586:as Crown Representative in the 1940s
502:. Early British administrators were
27:Representative of the Indian monarch
331:in 1947, the representative of the
24:
1532:
1367:
1240:List of governors-general of India
1121:List of governors-general of India
1105:Indian Institute of Advanced Study
803:
638:. Governors were appointed by the
39:List of governors-general of India
25:
2488:
1557:; also published as vol 5 of the
1451:
2338:United Kingdom lieutenancy areas
2065:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1737:
1732:
1727:
1444:(Greenwood Press, 1986), p. 126.
1174:
1160:
1146:
1132:
991:
979:
967:
955:
861:. The viceroy was also made the
825:The governor-general was styled
471:, the first governor-general of
442:at the pleasure of the sovereign
319:) was the representative of the
76:
61:
2333:Other viceregal representatives
1545:. Saunders, Otley, and Company.
1514:Oldenburg, P. (2004). "India."
1415:"Queen Victoria's Proclamation"
2279:British Indian Ocean Territory
2200:Realm of New Zealand countries
1434:
1421:
1407:
1381:. 20 July 2011. Archived from
1342:
1325:
1302:Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (2011).
1295:
1257:
912:' because he was the son of a
13:
1:
2137:Canadian lieutenant governors
1503:Keith, A. B. (editor) (1922)
1250:
869:upon its foundation in 1877.
494:were governed by the British
321:monarch of the United Kingdom
149:Monarch of the United Kingdom
2256:British Overseas Territories
1400:, Keith, Arthur Berriedale,
1397:Government of India Act 1833
1235:Indian independence movement
1066:, and is referred to by its
1003:
820:Imperial Legislative Council
810:Government of India Act 1833
786:secretary of state for India
559:
547:Government of India Act 1858
440:The governor-general served
431:Secretary of State for India
295:Governor-General of Pakistan
7:
2274:British Antarctic Territory
1442:The India Office, 1880–1910
1404:, see section 41 of the Act
1125:
922:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
888:and later a marquessate to
732:Viceroy's Executive Council
257:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
10:
2493:
2467:Governors-general of India
2094:Australian state governors
1748:Governors-general of India
1637:Governors-general of India
1539:Arnold, Sir Edwin (1865).
1484:Cambridge University Press
1118:
931:
867:Order of the Indian Empire
855:Order of the Star of India
725:
721:
459:
372:provinces of British India
341:Presidency of Fort William
297:(in territory that became
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29:
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1991:
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1195:Commander-in-Chief, India
1033:National Library of India
516:Supreme Council of Bengal
514:. A governor-general and
413:into the two independent
323:in their capacity as the
309:governor-general of India
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177:At His Majesty's pleasure
170:
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18:Governor-general of India
2324:Turks and Caicos Islands
1273:National Maritime Museum
793:Indian Councils Act 1861
543:Indian Rebellion of 1857
350:In 1858, because of the
325:Emperor/Empress of India
315:, commonly shortened to
1509:Oxford University Press
1489:James, Lawrence (1997)
1480:Encyclopædia Britannica
1354:Encyclopædia Britannica
1277:Royal Museums Greenwich
1114:
1097:(now Rashtrapati Niwas)
1062:of the Indian state of
1049:', constructed a grand
846:in 1911 with his wife,
504:presidents or governors
2284:British Virgin Islands
1375:"Imperial Impressions"
1016:
890:Freeman Freeman-Thomas
815:warrants of precedence
760:
749:
674:(Gaekwar) Maharaja of
587:
572:
512:Regulating Act of 1773
487:
476:
2055:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1573:Rudhra, A. B. (1940)
1486:, 1911, 11th edition,
1210:History of Bangladesh
1168:United Kingdom portal
1011:
902:Lord William Bentinck
755:
739:
625:Lord William Bentinck
578:
567:
484:Lord William Bentinck
482:
467:
450:Lord William Bentinck
362:was succeeded by the
360:company rule in India
229:Lord William Bentinck
2180:Prince Edward Island
1999:Counsellors of State
1440:Arnold P. Kaminsky,
1230:Indian Civil Service
934:Star of India (flag)
904:was entitled to the
865:grand master of the
684:Central India Agency
358:; as a consequence,
274:26 January 1950
82:Standard during the
67:Standard during the
2441:Trinidad and Tobago
2010:Antigua and Barbuda
1549:Dodwell H. H., ed.
1220:History of Pakistan
842:, who attended the
769:Regulating Act 1773
758:University of Delhi
492:Indian subcontinent
329:Indian independence
276: (74 years ago)
2477:Westminster system
2228:Crown Dependencies
1586:A History of India
1473:(2 vols), Oxford:
1469:, (editor) (1910)
1245:Partition of India
1109:Peterhoff building
1087:president of India
1085:', is used by the
1083:Rashtrapati Bhavan
1017:
761:
750:
716:president of India
711:C. Rajagopalachari
691:Chamber of Princes
652:Maharaja of Mysore
648:Nizam of Hyderabad
640:British government
588:
584:Chamber of Princes
573:
496:East India Company
490:Many parts of the
488:
477:
475:from 1773 to 1785.
433:, a member of the
345:East India Company
142:East India Company
2454:
2453:
2344:
2343:
2127:Western Australia
2005:Governors-general
1951:
1950:
1595:978-0-14-013836-8
1315:978-81-7646-742-1
928:Flag and insignia
703:India's sovereign
668:Jammu and Kashmir
508:Bengal Presidency
305:
304:
201:20 October 1773 (
84:Dominion of India
16:(Redirected from
2484:
2391:Irish Free State
2294:Falkland Islands
2150:British Columbia
2090:
2089:
2050:Papua New Guinea
2001:(United Kingdom)
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187:, renewable
172:Term length
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827:Excellency
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185:Five years
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2015:Australia
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896:was a
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524:Bengal
400:homage
390:, the
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376:Bengal
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1693:Minto
1668:Shore
1070:name
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874:peers
836:reine
746:Simla
658:) of
419:India
233:India
209:India
92:Style
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