Government of Vladimir Lenin

6588: 1460:("Comintern") opened in Moscow. It lacked a global coverage; of the 34 assembled delegates, 30 resided within the countries of the former Russian Empire, and most of the international delegates were not officially recognised by the socialist parties within their own nations. Accordingly, the Bolsheviks dominated proceedings, with Lenin subsequently authoring a series of regulations that meant that only socialist parties that endorsed the Bolsheviks' views were permitted to join Comintern. Comintern remained financially reliant on the Soviet government. During the first conference, Lenin spoke to the delegates, lambasting the parliamentary path to socialism espoused by revisionist Marxists like Kautsky and repeating his calls for a violent overthrow of Europe's bourgeoisie governments. While Zinoviev became the International's President, Lenin continued to wield great control over it. 1628:

sought to cultivate an image of himself as Lenin's closest intimate, and his deserving successor as Soviet leader, while the other senior Bolsheviks also circled for positions of power. In December 1922, as Lenin's health deteriorated, Stalin took responsibility for his regimen, and was tasked by the Politburo with controlling who had access to him. Lenin was however becoming increasingly critical of Stalin; while Lenin was insisting that the state should retain its monopoly on international trade during the summer of 1922, Stalin was leading a number of other Bolsheviks in unsuccessfully opposing this. There were personal arguments between the two as well; Stalin had upset Krupskaya by shouting at her during a phone conversation, which in turn greatly angered Lenin, who sent Stalin a letter expressing his annoyance.

781: 305:, the Socialist Revolutionaries were elected as the largest party, with the Bolsheviks coming second with approximately a quarter of the vote. According to Lenin biographer David Shub, this had been "the freest election in history" up till that time. During the vote, the Bolsheviks had achieved their best result in the cities, industrial areas, and military garrisons in the centre of Russia, while their anti-war message had proved particularly popular with soldiers and sailors. Lenin and other supporters felt that the vote had not been a fair reflection of the Russian people's democratic will, believing that the population had not had the time to acquaint themselves with the Bolsheviks' political program and noting that the candidacy lists had been drawn up before the 445:"To All Workers, Soldiers and Peasants. The Soviet authority will at once propose a democratic peace to all nations and an immediate armistice on all fronts. It will safeguard the transfer without compensation of all land – landlord, imperial, and monastery – to the peasants' committees; it will defend the soldiers' rights, introducing a complete democratisation of the army; it will establish workers' control over industry; it will ensure the convocation of the Constituent Assembly on the date set; it will supply the cities with bread and the villages with articles of first necessity; and it will secure to all nationalities inhabiting Russia the right of self-determination... Long live the revolution!" 540: 674:'s writings on the application of state force to ensure control, Lenin repeatedly emphasised the need for terror and violence to be used in order for the old order to be overthrown and for the revolution to succeed, describing such violence as "revolutionary justice". Speaking to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets in November 1917, he declared that "The state is an institution built up for the sake of exercising violence. Previously, this violence was exercised by a handful of moneybags over the entire people; now we want... to organise violence in the interests of the people." When suggestions were made that the government should abolish 739:

wider cause of international socialism. He therefore was inclined to accept peace with the Central Powers at any cost. Other Bolsheviks – in particular Bukharin and the Left Communists – viewed things differently, believing that peace with the Central Powers would be a betrayal of international socialism and that Russia should instead wage "a war of revolutionary defense" that they believed would provoke an uprising of the German proletariat against their nation's government. Lenin biographer Robert Service would characterise the communist's attempts to win over his fellows on this issue as "the fiercest struggle of his career".

1481:, a short book in which he articulated his criticism of far left elements within the British and German communist parties who refused to enter those nations' parliamentary systems and trade unions; instead he urged them to do so in order to advance the revolutionary cause. The conference had to be suspended for several days due to the ongoing war with Poland, before the Congress subsequently moved to Moscow, where it continued to hold sessions until August. However, Lenin's predicted world revolution failed to materialise, as the Hungarian Soviet Republic was overthrown and the German Marxist uprisings suppressed 937:. Although expecting there to be opposition from Russia's aristocracy and bourgeoisie, he believed that the sheer numerical superiority of the lower classes, coupled with the Bolsheviks' ability to effectively organise them, guaranteed a swift victory in any conflict. As such, he failed to anticipate the intensity of the violent opposition to Bolshevik rule in Russia. Russia's Civil War pitted the pro-Bolshevik Reds against the anti-Bolshevik Whites, but also encompassed ethnic conflicts on Russia's borderlands and conflict between both Red and White armies and local peasant groups throughout the former Empire. 777:, whereas the Russians countered that this was a violation of these nations' rights to self-determination and that a peaceful settlement must be established without any territorial annexations. There had been hopes among the Bolsheviks that the armistice negotiations could be dragged out indefinitely until such a time as proletarian revolution would break out throughout Europe. On 7 January 1918, Trotsky returned from Brest Litovsk to St. Petersburg, informing the government that the Central Powers had presented them with an ultimatum: either they accept Germany's territorial demands or the war would resume. 1111:, with Denikin himself fleeing to Europe. In December 1919, the Red Army retook Kiev. By January 1920, the Whites had been defeated in Russia itself, although fighting continued in the Empire's former neighbouring territories. Although Lenin had allowed these non-Russian nations to cede from the Empire, he and the Bolsheviks desired to incorporate them into their new socialist state. Intent on establishing a Soviet Republic in Ukraine, he was concerned that the Ukrainian Communist Party had lacked widespread support among ethnic Ukrainians, and so persuaded the party to accept 1600:", in which he discussed the personal qualities of his comrades, particularly Trotsky and Stalin. Here, he recommended that Stalin be removed from his position as General Secretary, deeming him inappropriate for the position. Instead he presented Trotsky as the best suited person for the position, describing him as "the most capable man in the present Central Committee"; he highlighted Trotsky's superior intellect but at the same time criticized his self-assurance and inclination toward excess administration. According to Stalin’s secretary, 336:, with Trotsky and his family living in the flat opposite; being based here allowed Lenin to devote himself to the revolutionary government. The stress of this position exacerbated Lenin's health problems, in particular his headaches and insomnia. In December, he and Nadezdha left Petrograd for a holiday at the tuberculosis sanatorium at Halila in Finland – now officially an independent nation-state – although returned to the city after a few days. In January 1918 he survived an assassination attempt made on him in the city; 325:, the Union of Railroad Employees, threatened to go on strike unless a pan-socialist coalition government was formed. However, the Bolsheviks did court the support of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, a group who had splintered from the main Socialist-Revolutionary Party and who were more sympathetic to the Bolshevik administration; on 9 December 1917 the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries became junior partners in a coalition with the Bolsheviks, being given five posts in the Sovnarkon cabinet. This resulted in what Lenin biographer 1617:"Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc." 890: 1676:

deceased leader, with speeches being made by Kalinin, Zinoviev and Stalin, but notably not Trotsky, who had been convalescing in the Caucasus. Lenin's funeral took place the following day, when his body was carried to Red Square, accompanied by martial music, where assembled crowds listened to a series of speeches before the corpse was carried into a vault, followed by the singing of the revolutionary hymn, "You fell in sacrifice." Despite the freezing temperatures, tens of thousands attended the funeral.

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the Treaty was deeply unpopular within Russia, from individuals from across the political spectrum. The Moscow Regional Bureau of the Bolshevik Party officially declared their opposition to the treaty, with Lenin recognising that adopting such a position was "the legal right of members of the party, and this is fully understandable". Several Bolsheviks and Left Social-Revolutionaries resigned from Sovnarkom in protest, but all subsequently returned to their posts on an unofficial basis.

563:, allowing smaller businesses to operate privately until a point where they had grown to a sufficiently large size where they could be successfully nationalised. Lenin also disagreed with the Workers Opposition on issues of economic organisation; in June 1918, Lenin expressed the need for a centralised economic control of industry, whereas the Workers Opposition promoted the idea of each factory being under the direct control of its workers, an approach that Lenin considered to be 1092:, shelling the Kremlin and seizing the city's central post office, however their uprising was soon put down by Trotsky and two Latvian battalions. The party's leaders and many of their members were arrested and imprisoned, although the Bolsheviks showed greater lenience toward them the Left SRs than they had done to many of their other critics. On 9 July, at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets, a ban was declared on the party being involved in any of the country's soviets. 827: 1211:

within his published articles and public speeches, although he regularly did so in his coded telegrams and confidential notes. Many middle-ranking Bolsheviks expressed disapproval of the Cheka's mass executions and feared the organisation's apparent unaccountability for its actions. The Party brought in attempts to restrain its activities in early 1919, stripping it of its powers of tribunal and execution, however this only applied in those few areas not under official

1287:, both of whom criticised the Russian state for being too centralised and bureaucratic. The Workers' Opposition, who had connections to the state's official trade unions, also expressed the concern that the government had lost the trust of Russia's working class. The 'trade union discussion' preoccupied much of the party's focus in this period; Trotsky angered the Workers' Opposition by suggesting that the trade unions be eliminated, seeing them as superfluous in a " 1344:", a term first developed by Bogdanov. Designed to allow for renewed economic growth, the NEP allowed for the restoration of some private enterprise within Russia, permitting the reintroduction of the wage system and allowing peasants to sell much of their produce on the open market. The policy also allowed for a return to privately owned small industry, although basic industry, transportation, and foreign trade all remained under state control. Lenin termed this " 647:, held in Moscow in July 1918, the SRs and Left SRs condemned the use of these armed detachments to procure grain. Realising that the Committees of Poor Peasants had turned upon the 'Middle Peasants' who were not kulaks and that they had contributed to the peasantry's increased alienation from the government, in December 1918 Lenin declared their abolition. He also called upon those workers who lacked discipline to be punished accordingly. 1073:, all of which were officially independent of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. Many senior Bolsheviks disliked Sovnarkom's encouragement of such nationalisms, viewing it as a violation of socialism's internationalist ethos. Lenin insisted to them that national and ethnic sensibilities needed to be respected, but reassured these Bolsheviks that the ultimate power wrested with Moscow and that these national governments were 555:

buying too many shares in heavy industry; this decree officially nationalised public utilities, railways, engineering, textiles, metallurgy, and mining, although often these were state owned in name only. Full-scale nationalisation would not take place until November 1920, when small-scale industrial enterprises were brought under state control. There was, however, division within the Bolsheviks; those who came to be known as the "

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position, hoping that they could continue to prolong the armistice. Growing impatient, on 10 February the Central Powers issued a second ultimatum, and while Lenin again urged acceptance, the Bolshevik Central Committee retained its original position, hoping to call Germany's bluff. On 18 February the German Army subsequently relaunched the offensive, advancing further into Russian-controlled territory and within a day conquering

1528: 50: 1162:. After forcing the Polish army back, Lenin urged the Russian Army to push into Poland itself, believing that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russian troops and thus spark European revolution. Although Trotsky and other Bolsheviks were sceptical, they eventually agreed to the invasion; however, the Polish proletariat failed to raise up against their government, and the Red Army was defeated at the 1651:. By May, he appeared to be making a slow recovery, as he began to regain his mobility, speech, and writing skills. On 18 October 1923, he made a final visit to Moscow and the Kremlin. In this final period of his life, Lenin was visited by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin, with the latter visiting him at his Gorki dacha on the day of his death. Lenin died at his Gorki home on 21 January 1924, having fallen into a 528:

all previous ranks, titles, and medals; to reorganise the system, soldiers were called upon to establish their own committees through which they could elect their own commanders. On 14 November, Lenin issued the Decree on Workers' Control, which called on the workers of a particular enterprise to establish an elected committee who would monitor that enterprise's management. On 1 December, Sovnarkom established a

1004:, the latter soon having 70,000 troops based in Siberia. Japan saw this as an opportunity for territorial expansion, desiring to bring Russia's Far Eastern Maritime Province under its own imperial control. While Japanese troops remained to play a part in the civil war, Western troops were soon ordered home, although Western governments continued to provide White armies with officers, technicians, and armaments. 1187: 1207:

it deemed to be an enemy of the government, without recourse to the Revolutionary Tribunals. Accordingly, throughout Soviet Russia the Cheka carried out executions, often in large numbers, with the Petrograd Cheka for instance shot 512 people to death over the course of a few days. The cycle of violence was not purely initiated by the Bolsheviks, who were targets of violence as well as its perpetrators.

1267:. The famine was exacerbated by the government's requisitioning efforts, as well as their decision to continue exporting large quantities of Russian grain rather than using it for domestic consumption. In 1920 and 1921, Russia witnessed a number of peasant uprisings against the government, sparked by local opposition to the requisitioning, but these were suppressed. Among the most significant was the 317:

the Constituent Assembly in Petrograd they were fired upon by soldiers, resulting in several deaths. Intent on discrediting the Assembly, the Bolsheviks presented it with a motion that would have stripped the Assembly of much of its legal powers; the Assembly members rejected this. The Bolshevik government claimed this as evidence that the Assembly was counter-revolutionary and disbanded it by force.

1572:, or a combination of these diseases. In May 1922, he then suffered his first stroke, temporarily losing his ability to speak and being paralysed on his right side. He convalesced at Gorky, and had largely recovered by July. He returned to Moscow in October 1922, although his condition again deteriorated the next month. In December 1922 he suffered his second stroke and returned to Gorky. 559:" desired the total nationalisation of all industry, agriculture, trade, finance, transport, and communication. Conversely, Lenin believed that this was impractical at that stage, arguing that the government should only nationalise Russia's large-scale capitalist enterprises, such as the banks, railways, larger landed estates, and larger factories and mines. He called for a process of 1668:

soviets began to assemble at his house, with the body being removed from his home at about 10am the following day, being carried aloft in a red coffin by Kamenev, Zinoviev, Stalin, Bukharin, Bubhov and Krasin. Transported by train to Moscow, mourners gathered at every station along the way, and upon arriving in the city, a funerary procession carried the coffin for five miles to the

724:" we unusually strengthen German imperialism, and the peace will have to be concluded anyway, but then the peace will be worse because it will be concluded by someone other than ourselves. No doubt the peace which we are now being forced to conclude is an indecent peace, but if war commences our government will be swept away and the peace will be concluded by another government." 1348:", although many Bolsheviks thought it to be a betrayal of socialist principles. Expressing the view that "the efficient peasant must be the central figure of our economic recovery", he argued that Russia's peasantry lacked socialist values and that it would take time for them to learn them, and that the introduction of socialist reforms to agriculture through the formation of 1524:

the Soviet administration, Lenin struggled against the state bureaucracy and the corruption within it, and became increasingly concerned by this in his final years. Condemning such bureaucratic attitudes, he suggested a total overhaul of the Russian system to deal with such problems, in one letter complaining that "we are being sucked into a foul bureaucratic swamp".

579:, arguing that the money used to keep it open could be better spent on campaigns to combat illiteracy. In April 1918, he called for the removal of Tsarist-era busts and monuments across the country and their replacement with socialist alternatives. To celebrate a year since the October Revolution, in November 1918 Lenin was present for the unveiling of a statue of 848:

meetings. Although Lenin was impressed by the architecture of the Kremlin, he had always disliked Moscow, a traditional Russian city which differed from the Europeanised style of Petrograd. He nevertheless would rarely leave central Moscow for the rest of his life, the only exceptions being trips back to Petrograd in 1919 and 1920 and his periods of recuperation.

868:. As he was driving through the suburbs, armed men stopped Lenin's car and ordered its occupants to get out; the thieves then drove off with the car. Lenin insisted that the incident had been a robbery, noting that if it had been politically motivated then the assailants would have killed him. In responding to the incident, Moscow was placed under de facto 1612:, calling for the recruitment of new, working-class staff as an antidote to this problem. In another article, "On Co-operation", he emphasized the need for the state to enhance literacy and numeracy in Russia and to encourage punctuality and conscientiousness within the populace, as well as calling for the peasants to join co-operatives. 638:, in which he called upon them to suppress a peasant insurrection by publicly hanging at least 100 "known kulaks, rich men, bloodsuckers". This policy resulted in vast social disorder and violence, with the armed detachments clashing with peasant groups, providing much fuel for the developing civil war, with Lenin biographer 532:(VSNKh) which had authority over industry, banking, agriculture, and trade. The factory committees were organised as being subordinate to the trade unions, who in turn were subordinate to the VSNKh; the state's centralized economic was therefore prioritised over local economic interests. In February 1918 Lenin signed the 1580:

of Stalin's leadership. The Bolsheviks continued to oppose the Mensheviks and their calls for a more democratic basis to socialism. In March 1923, while Lenin was ill, the Politburo ordered the expulsion of any Mensheviks from state institutions and enterprises, and their banishment to labor camps in

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to talk to the rebelling sailors, but they rejected his arguments and denounced the Bolshevik administration, calling for a return to rule by the soviets. On 2 March, Lenin and Trotsky issued an order in which they described the Kronstadt sailors as "tools of former Tsarist generals". Trotsky ordered

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was arrested, and after confessing to the shooting – and claiming that Lenin was a threat to socialism – she was executed. The attack received much coverage in the Russian press, with much good wishes expressed toward Lenin himself. The assassination attempt boosted Lenin's popularity and

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in his place. The Treaty resulted in massive territorial losses for Russia, with 26% of the former Empire's population, 37% of its agricultural harvest area, 28% of its industry, 26% of is railway tracks, and two-thirds of its coal and iron reserves being assigned over to German control. Accordingly,

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who was usually seen as the second-in-command; although Lenin and Trotsky had had differences in the past, after 1918 Lenin came to admire Trotsky's skills as an organizer and his ruthlessness in dealing with the Bolsheviks' enemies. Within this Bolshevik inner circle, it was Zinoviev and Kamenev who

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The previous Provisional Government had agreed for a Constituent Assembly to be elected in November 1917; after taking power, Lenin – aware that the Bolsheviks were unlikely to attain a majority – wanted to postpone this election, but other Bolsheviks disagreed, and thus the election took

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In Lenin's absence, Stalin – by now the General Secretary of the Communist Party – had begun consolidating his power by appointing his supporters to prominent positions, with Lenin being almost unique in recognising that Stalin was likely to dominate the party in future. Publicly, Stalin

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Between June and August 1922, a trial of the SR leaders was held in which they were found guilty of conspiring against the government. Lenin urged for their execution, although other Bolsheviks cautioned against this, suggesting that they be kept imprisoned indefinitely under the threat of execution

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during a local epidemic and died in September 1920. Her body was transported by train to Moscow, arriving there in October, where Lenin collected the coffin from the train station; observers noted that he was overcome by grief. Her corpse was buried beneath the Kremlin Wall. During his leadership of

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The Second Congress of the Communist International opened in Petrograd's Smolny Institute in June 1920, representing the last time that Lenin visited a city other than Moscow. There, he encouraged foreign delegates to emulate the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, and abandoned his longstanding viewpoint

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On 30 November they issued an order requisitioning the country's gold, and nationalised the banks, an act which Lenin saw as a major step toward establishing socialism. That same month witnessed a major overhaul of the Russian armed forces, as Sovnarkom implemented egalitarian measures by abolishing

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During this period, the party itself had witnessed massive growth; while it had 23,600 members in February 1917, this had grown to 250,000 by 1919, and it would again rise to 730,000 in March 1921. Lenin recognised that many of these new members were careerists seeking to advance their own positions

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ethnic chauvinism on behalf of Stalin and his supporters, instead calling for these nation-states to join Russia as semi-independent parts of a greater union, which he suggested by called the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. Stalin ultimately relented to this proposal, although changed

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was to eliminate the bourgeoisie as a class, an aim that was repeatedly called for within the Bolshevik press. However, it was not simply bourgeoise who were executed, but also many others who were deemed to oppose the Bolsheviks. The Cheka claimed the right to both sentence and execute anyone whom

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in order to prevent them from being rescued by advancing White troops. Although lacking proof, biographers and historians like Pipes Volkogonov have expressed the view that the killing itself was probably originally sanctioned by Lenin. For Lenin, the execution was axiomatic, and he highlighted the

1099:, while the White opposition were situated largely in the peripheries of the former Empire, in regions dominated by non-Russian ethnic groups. Significantly, the Bolsheviks held control of Russia's two largest cities, Moscow and Petrograd. Aiding the Red war effort was the fact that the Bolsheviks' 834:

Concerned that the German Army might nevertheless pose a continuing threat, in March 1918 Sovnarkom reluctantly relocated from Petrograd to Moscow, which at the time they believed would be a temporary measure. On 10 March, the government members travelled to Moscow by night train, with most of them

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and returned to their homes, where they intended to claim land. In November the Bolshevik government issued the Decree on the Press which closed down many opposition media outlets which were deemed counter-revolutionary; the decree was widely criticised, including by many Bolsheviks themselves, for

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convened in Petrograd in January 1918. However, the Bolsheviks publicly argued that the Constituent Assembly was counter-revolutionary because it sought to remove power from the soviets, an idea that the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries argued against. When campaigners marched in support of

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in January 1920. In April 1920, the Bolsheviks held a party to celebrate Lenin's fiftieth birthday, with widespread celebrations taking place across Russia and poems and biographies dedicated to him being published. All of this embarrassed and horrified Lenin himself. Between 1920 and 1926, twenty

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of Germany and Austria-Hungary. He believed that ongoing war would generate increasing resentment among war-weary Russian troops – to whom he had promised peace – and that both these troops and the advancing German Army posed a threat both to the future of his own government and to the

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On 29 October, Lenin released a Decree restricting the work day to eight hours. That same day he proclaimed the Decree on Popular Education which stipulated that the Bolshevik government would guarantee free, secular, universal education for all children in Russia. On 2 November, Lenin issued the

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Lenin was the most significant figure in this governance structure; as well as being the Chairman of Sovnarkom and sitting on the Council of Labor and Defense, he was on the Central Committee and Politburo of the Communist Party. The only individual to have anywhere near this influence was Lenin's

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called on Orthodox churches to sell unnecessary items to help feed the starving, an action endorsed by the government. In February 1922 Sovnarkom went further by calling on all valuables belonging to religious institutions to be forcibly appropriated and sold. Tikhon opposed the sale of any items

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Given that he rarely left Moscow, Lenin never witnessed this violence first hand. He sought to publicly distance himself from such violence, rarely signing his name to the Sovnarkom's repressive decrees. Similarly, he did not typically call for the shooting of counter-revolutionaries and traitors

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After the Treaty was signed, Lenin's Sovnarkom focused its attentions on attempting to foment proletarian revolution in Germany, issuing an array of anti-war and anti-government publications in the country, many of which were distributed to German troops fighting at the front. Angered, the German

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tearfully reading an official statement to delegates of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets at 11am, the same time that a team of physicians began a postmortem of the body. On 23 January, mourners from the Communist Party Central Committee, the Moscow party organisation, the trade unions and the

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for him. In total, 26 physicians would be hired to help Lenin during his final years; many of them were foreign, and had been hired at great expense. Some suggested that his sickness could have been caused by metal oxidation arising from the bullets that were lodged in his body; in April 1922 he

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to a level where they could then be socialised as state property. Lenin biographers have often characterised the introduction of the NEP as one of Lenin's most significant achievements, with Service suggesting that had it not been implemented then the Bolshevik government would have been quickly

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was readied for them to move in. Here, Lenin again lived with his sister and wife, in a first floor apartment that was adjacent to the room in which the Sovnarkom meetings were held. Based here, he adopted a pet cat, who both he and his wife doted on; he was known to carry the cat into Sovnarkom

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Over the next three days, around a million mourners from across the Soviet Union came to see the body, many queuing for hours in the freezing conditions, with the events being filmed by the government. On Saturday 26 January, the eleventh All-Union Congress of Soviets met to pay respects to the

1403:"The International World Revolution is near, although revolutions are never made to order. Imperialism cannot delay the world revolution. The imperialists will set fire to the entire world and will start a conflagration in which they themselves will perish if they dare to quell the Revolution." 788:

On 8 January, Lenin spoke to the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets, urging delegates to accept Germany's proposals – he argued that the territorial losses were acceptable if it ensured the survival of the Bolshevik-led government – however the majority of Bolsheviks rejected his

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In early 1918, Sovnarkom cancelled all foreign debts and refused to pay the interest owed on them. In April 1918, it nationalised foreign trade, establishing a state monopoly on imports and exports. In June 1918 Sovnarkom issued a decree "On Nationalisation", released to combat German investors

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Lenin again urged the Bolshevik Central Committee to accept the demands of the Central Powers, this time he won a small majority of seven votes to five; Bukharin and the Left Communists continued to express their opposition. On 23 February the Central Powers issued a new ultimatum: the Russian

1300:"ou must attempt first to build small bridges which shall lead to a land of small peasant holdings through State Capitalism to Socialism. Otherwise you will never lead tens of millions of people to Communism. This is what the objective forces of the development of the Revolution have taught." 1103:

stance appealed to many of the country's proletariat, while their redistribution of land appealed to much of the peasantry, and the ethnic Russian supremacism expressed by various White generals alienated certain ethnic minorities. Further hindering the White cause was the fact that they were

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Internationally, many socialist observers decried Lenin's regime and stated that what he was establishing could not be categorised as socialism; in particular, they highlighted the lack of widespread political participation, popular consultation, and industrial democracy, all traits that they

1050:, remaining its chairman until 1925. Recognising that they often had valuable military experience, Lenin agreed that officers who had previously been loyal to the Tsar could serve in the Red Army, although Trotsky established military councils to monitor the activities of such individuals. 603:

From July 1922, intellectuals deemed to be in opposition to the Bolshevik government were exiled to inhospitable regions or deported from Russia altogether. Lenin personally scrutinized the lists of those to be dealt with in this manner, who included engineers, archaeologists, publishers,

1215:; the Cheka therefore were able to continue their activities as before in large swathes of the country. By 1920, the Cheka had become the most powerful institution in Soviet Russia, exerting influence over all other state apparatus, to the extent that Pipes considered the country to be a 427:

rather than those who shared the Bolsheviks' ideological vision; in June 1921 he ordered a re-registration process of members in order to weed out perceived unreliable elements. In July 1918, at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of the Soviets, a constitution was approved that reformed the

575:, which would also have a publishing arm to produce Marxist studies. In August 1918, he instructed Russia's universities to increase the number of students whom they enrolled, instructing them to favour the children of workers and poorer peasants. He supported the closing down of the 1644:(USSR), which Lenin agreed to. Lenin sent Trotsky to speak on his behalf at a Central Committee plenum in December, where the plans for the USSR were sanctioned; these plans were then ratified on 30 December by the Congress of Soviets, resulting in the formation of the Soviet Union. 633:

to be shot. To ensure compliance, he issued the decree that "in every grain-growing district, 25-30 rich hostages should be taken who will answer with their lives for the collection and loading of all surpluses." A prominent example of Lenin's views on the matter was provided in the

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to revive its copper mining operations within Russia. Lenin hoped that by allowing foreign corporations to invest in Russia, it would exacerbate rivalries between the capitalist nations and hasten their downfall; for instance, he unsuccessfully attempted to rent the oil fields of

1219:. There are no surviving records to provide an accurate figure of how many perished due to the Red Terror, although the later estimates of historians have ranged from 50,000 to 140,000. The majority of these were either well-to-do citizens or members of the Tsarist administration. 1331:

In the face of famine and peasant uprisings, Lenin met with a number of peasant delegates to discuss the issues involved, concluding that the government's popularity was at its lowest point. Acknowledging Russia's economic woes, in February 1921 he suggested the introduction of a

616:, or wealthier peasants, who were hoarding their produce for their own uses. In May 1918 he issued a requisitioning order that established armed detachments who would confiscate grain from the kulaks for distribution in the cities, and in June called upon the formation of the 492:

Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, which stated that non-Russian ethnic groups living inside the Empire had the right to cede from Russian authority and establish their own independent nation-states. Many nations declared independence as a result of this:

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authored a pamphlet, "The Dictatorship of the Proletariat", in which he criticised what he saw as the anti-democratic nature of the Bolshevik regime, with Lenin publishing a vociferous reply in which he labeled Kautsky a "sycophant of the bourgeoisie". The German Marxist

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There were repeated calls for the Bolsheviks to welcome socialists from other parties to join Sovnarkom, however Lenin resolutely opposed this idea; in November 1917 a number of members from the Bolshevik Central Committee resigned in protest. Moreover, Russia's largest

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revolted against the Bolshevik government, demanding that all socialists be given freedom of press, that independent trade unions be given freedom of assembly, and that peasants be allowed free markets and not be the subject to forced requisitioning. Lenin sent

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Militantly atheist, the Communist Party wanted to demolish organised religion, with the new government declaring the separation of church and state, while the Bolshevik press denounced priests and other religious figures as counter-revolutionaries. During the

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In November 1917, Sovnarkom issued a decree abolishing the pre-existing legal system and its courts. The established system of law was replaced by "revolutionary conscience", which was to be the deciding factor regarding crime and punishment. In November,

262:

the Bolsheviks lambasted it as counter-revolutionary and shut it down. The Bolshevik government banned a number of centrist and right-wing parties, and restricted the activities of rival socialist groups, but entered into a governmental coalition with the

512:. Independent communist parties were established in each of these countries with the support of Sovnarkom, which held a Conference of Communist Organisations of the Occupied Territories in Moscow 1918. The government officially converted Russia from the 1336:(NEP) to the Politburo, eventually convincing most senior Bolsheviks of its necessity. He subsequently gained support for the move at the 10th Party Congress, held in March, with the NEP passing as law in April. Lenin explained the policy in a booklet, 983:

Western governments backed the White forces, feeling that the Treaty of Brest Litovsk was a betrayal to the Allied war effort and angry about the Bolsheviks' calls for world revolution. In December 1917, the British government began financing the White

1231:. By the end of 1920, 84 camps had been established across Soviet Russia, holding circa 50,000 prisoners; by October 1923, this had grown to 315 camps with approximately 70,000 inmates. Those interned in the camps were effectively used as a form of 1467:, at which Lenin was repeatedly criticised for the measures that his government had implemented. One point of criticism surrounded Lenin's granting of national to sovereignty for Finland; there, a soviet republic had failed to materialise, with 1119:– to be incorporated into the Ukrainian Communist Party. Although Ukraine and Russia were officially presented as two separate states at this period, the Ukrainian Soviet government was strongly influenced by Lenin's government in Russia. 247:, Lenin’s Sovnarkom introduced widespread reforms, such as confiscating land for redistribution among the peasantry, permitting non-Russian nations to declare themselves independent, improving labour rights, and increasing access to education. 1019:– who had been captured by the Russian Imperial Army, turned against the Soviet government while they were being transported from Siberia to North America as part of an agreement with the Allies. They established an alliance with the 1635:. Stalin had suggested that Georgia, as well as other neighbouring countries like Azerbaijan and Armenia, should be merged into the Russian state, despite the protestations of their national governments. Lenin saw this as an expression of 642:

describing it as a "civil-war-within-the-civil-war". The requisitioning efforts disincentived peasants from producing more grain than they could personally consume, and thus production slumped. The policy caused controversy; at the Fifth

678:, he strongly opposed the idea, declaring "Never! How can you safeguard a revolution without executions?" Fearing counter-revolutionary forces that would overthrow the revolutionary administration, Lenin ordered the establishment of the 992:, however they were defeated in February 1918. This Western support soon took a more active role in the conflict; by July 1918, 4000 troops provided by the United Kingdom, France, United States, Canada, Italy, and Serbia had landed in 843:; here, Lenin shared a small two-room apartment with his wife and sister Maria. Soon after, Lenin, Trotsky and other Bolshevik leaders moved into the Cavalry Corpus of the Great Kremlin Palace, a temporary measure until the Kremlin's 1475:

that capitalism was a necessary stage in societal development, instead encouraging those nations under colonial occupation to transform their pre-capitalist societies straight into socialist ones. For this conference, he authored

620:

to aid the requisitioning effort. In April 1918 he issued the declaration of "Merciless war against these kulaks! Death to them!". With a booming black market supplementing the official state-sanctioned economy, he also called on

1340:, in which he stated that the NEP represented return to the Bolsheviks' original economic plans, but which had been derailed by the civil war, in which they had been forced to resort to an economic policy which he now called " 851:

In August 1918, after a speech to workers at the Moscow Corn Exchange, Lenin was shot and badly injured. Two bullets had pierced his body, and he was rushed to the Kremlin, where he was seen by doctors. An SR supporter named

570:

Lenin also took an interest in cultural matters, and in November 1917 he drafted a memorandum declaring that Petrograd's libraries should extend their opening hours. In May 1918 he produced a plan for the establishment of a

287:. This punitive treaty – highly unpopular within Russia – established a cessation of hostilities but granted considerable territorial concessions to Germany, who took control of large areas of the former Empire. 340:, who was with Lenin at the time, shielded him but was injured by a bullet. Sources differ regarding who was to blame, with some identifying the culprits as disaffected Social-Revolutionaries, and others as monarchists. 1252:, and many clergy resisted the appropriations. Facing this resistance, Lenin issued a decree in May 1922 calling for the execution of priests. Between 14,000 and 20,000 priests were killed as a result. Although the 1104:

fragmented and geographically scattered, while the Whites also failed to produce an effective unifying message, with their pro-royalist statements generating little support. 13 million people died in the civil war.

1226:

orchestrating their construction from the spring of 1919 onward. Sovnarkom ordered every provincial and district capital to establish such camps. They would subsequently be administered by a new government agency,

1088:, hoping that the ensuing diplomatic incident would lead to a relaunched revolutionary war against Germany. Seeking to defuse the situation, Lenin issued his personal condolences to the German Embassy. The Left SR 1291:", but Lenin disagreed, believing it best to allow their continued existence, and most of the Bolsheviks eventually embraced this latter view. Seeking to deal with the problem of these dissenting factions, at the 1007:

During the civil war, the scarcity and rationing of goods gave impetus to a growth in centralised economic control, in doing so largely eliminating private trade and providing the state with an economic monopoly.

599:

were established to deal with civil and other criminal offences; told to ignore pre-Bolshevik laws, they were instructed to instead base their rulings on the Sovnarkom decrees and a "socialist sense of justice".

1139:. The execution prevented the Romanovs being used as a rallying point by the White armies and would reiterate to the Russian population that there would be no monarchical restoration. Publicly, the death of 1510:

were edited by Kamenev and published; that material which was deemed inappropriate for the needs of the Soviet government were omitted. He became increasingly concerned with the illness of his close friend

1444:

which he had despised and decided to offset its impact by formulating his own rival conference of international socialists. Lenin set about organising such a conference with the aid of Zinoviev, Trotsky,

386:. Although ultimate power officially wrested with the country's government in the form of Sovnarkom and the Executive Committee elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Communist Party was the 1373: 533: 608:

wrote to his old friend Lenin out of concern for the treatment of such intellectuals, receiving an angry response condemning the "bourgeois intellectuals" as a counter-revolutionary element in society.

1198:

While Lenin was absent, of 5 September 1918 Sovnarkom passed a decree, "On Red Terror", which Lenin later endorsed. This decree called for perceived class enemies of the proletariat to be isolated in

694:. As a result, the realities of early Bolshevik Russia conflicted with the ideals of a socialist society without oppression, terror or police rule which had been promulgated by Lenin as late as 1917. 1053:

The Red Army were sent into the newly independent national republics on Russia's borders to aid Marxists there in establishing soviet systems of government. This resulted in the establishment of the

572: 976:

in December 1918; they were ultimately thwarted and forced back into Siberia in July 1919. Kolchak would be captured by the Irtutsk Soviet and executed. These anti-Bolshevik armies carried out the

1608:, with Trotsky in the first position”. Concerned at the survival of the Tsarist bureaucratic system in Soviet Russia, during this period he dictated a criticism of the bureaucratic nature of the 773:

The negotiations for a lasting peace produced differences; the German proposal insisted that they be permitted to keep control of their wartime conquests, which included Poland, Lithuania, and

378:

in March 1918, the group renounced their official name, the "Russian Social Democratic Labor Party", with Lenin believing that the term "Social Democratic" was too closely associated with the

1551:, who visited on weekends. On 13 November 1921 he spoke at the Comintern Congress, although in December had to return to Gorki to recuperate. Lenin began to contemplate the possibility of 1328:

the sailors to surrender, and when they refused he began bombing them and attacking them; the rebellion was subdued on 17 March, with thousands dead and many survivors sent to labor camps

1413:

After the Armistice on the Western Front, Lenin believed that the breakout of world revolution was imminent, particularly in Europe. His government supported the establishment of the

797:

government would recognise German control not only of Poland and the Baltic states but also Ukraine, else they would face a full-scale invasion of Russia itself. On 3 March, the

382:, who had endorsed Germany’s entrance into the war. Instead they renamed themselves the Russian Communist Party, emphasizing their ultimate goal: the establishment of a future 1389:, began the formation of a new criminal code for the RSFR; Lenin aided him in doing so, asking that terror "be substantiated and legalized in principle" and that the use of 707:

echoed Kautsky's views, declaring that Lenin had established "not the dictatorship of the proletariat... but only the dictatorship of a handful of politicians". The Russian

690:

were established to deal with perceived enemies of the state, and in April 1921 the government approved the building of a camp that could hold 10,000 to 20,000 prisoners in

351:

were governed by socialist intelligentsia, and held their own Congresses of Soviets. In part this division served to facilitate the central control of the various regional

734:

Upon taking power in Russia, Lenin believed that a key policy of his government must be to withdraw from the ongoing First World War by establishing an armistice with the

399: 1080:

After the Brest Litovsk Treaty, the Left SRs had increasingly come to view the Bolsheviks as traitors to the revolutionary cause. In July 1918, a member of the Left SR,

187: 2755: 612:

At the time, many of the cities in western Russia were facing famine as a result of chronic food shortages. Lenin claimed that the blame for this problem lay with the

520:

used in Europe. Over the coming years, laws were introduced that helped to emancipate women, by giving them economic autonomy of husbands and removing restrictions on

656:

in the interests of a small group of landowners and bankers, whereas the Soviet regime applies decisive measures against landowners, plunderers and their accomplices

1292: 1464: 375: 347:, or territorial entities – Moscow, the Urals, North, Northwest, West Siberia, and Central Siberia – each with their own quasi-sovereign status. These 1576:

if any further SR attempts against the government were made. This attitude prevailed, and the SR leaders were kept in prison until later being killed during the

750:

and presented to the German and Austro-Hungarian governments. The Germans responded positively, viewing this as an opportunity to focus their attentions on the

1561: 1647:

In March, Lenin suffered a third stroke and lost his ability to speak; that month, he experienced partial paralysis on his right side and began exhibiting

1202:, and for those aiding the White Armies or rebellions to be shot; it decreed that the names of those executed should then be published. The purpose of the 1032: 391: 1364:; Lenin had hoped to attend himself, but was prevented by ill health. The new government also signed a commercial and diplomatic treaty with Germany, the 1477: 156: 94: 1062: 686:. Lenin claimed that "a good Communist is also a Chekist". Over the coming years, tens of thousands would be killed by the Cheka. By 1918, a series of 1279:

to distribute food. Lenin was suspicious of this aid, and had it closely monitored. Within the Communist Party itself there was dissent from both the

6850: 1548: 1515:, who visited him at the Kremlin on several occasions; although she temporarily recovered, she subsequently relapsed. He sent her to a sanatorium in 1167: 844: 536:, a measure that ratified the transfer of agricultural land to Russia's peasants. In November 1918 he decreed the establishment of state orphanages. 467:

should be confiscated, taken into national ownership, and then redistributed among the peasants by the local government. This was accompanied by the

1020: 125: 742:

Recognising that he had to proceed with caution, Lenin did not enter into immediate negotiations with the Central Powers, but rather drafted his

836: 1596:

at a meeting of the Central Committee, but Trotsky declined the position. During December 1922 and January 1923 Lenin dictated a Postscript, "

363:, a number of which proclaimed themselves to be "republics", and some of the non-Russian peoples living within Russian territory, such as the 1429:. They funded not only communist groups in Europe but also those active in various parts of Asia, including Korea, China, India, and Persia. 505: 6878: 1256:– the largest religious organisation in Russia – was worst affected, the government's anti-religious policies also impacted on 432: 40: 3780: 1194:

poster from 1920, showing Lenin sweeping away monarchists and capitalists; the caption reads, "Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth"

1381:

to an American corporation in order to exacerbate tensions between the U.S. and Japan, who desired Kamchatka for their empire. In 1922,

302: 251: 1609: 1605: 1586: 1543:, as well as regular headaches. At the Politburo's insistence, On 13 July he left Moscow for a month's leave, spending the time at 1066: 1054: 1116: 529: 7070: 6635: 1489:

A number of prominent Western socialists travelled to Russia, during which they met with Lenin; these included the philosopher

1352:

would have to wait. Similarly, he argued that the NEP was still Marxist because capitalist elements were needed to develop the

1174:. The Polish armies began to push the Red Army back into Russia, forcing Sovnarkom to sue for peace; the war culminated in the 240: 7356: 7315: 7296: 7277: 7251: 7232: 6713: 6598: 6546: 6494: 3600: 390:

controlling power in Russia, something which was acknowledged by its members at the time. Within the party was established a

4283: 3879: 3812: 3700: 3500: 501: 475:. These two decrees exacerbated the problem of desertion from the Russian Army, as increasing numbers of soldiers left the 5237: 1641: 780: 493: 5742: 4637: 1564:. The symptoms continued after this, with Lenin's doctors unsure of the cause; some believed that he was suffering from 1263:

Caused in part by a drought, the famine that affected Russia was the most severe that the country had experienced since

402:. The decisions made by these three party bodies were considered mandatory for the state apparatus of the Sovnarkom and 7387: 6571: 1437: 1386: 770:. The two sides agreed on an eleven-day ceasefire, after which they renewed it, agreeing on a ceasefire until January. 379: 279:. Deeming the ongoing conflict a threat to his own government, Lenin sought to withdraw Russia from the war, using his 264: 130: 6667: 7406: 7334: 6607: 1593: 1058: 801:

was signed. Recognising that it would be controversial, Lenin avoided signing the treaty in person, instead sending

7426: 1497:

in September 1920, the latter having been introduced to Lenin through Gorky. He was also visited by the anarchists

596: 497: 140: 3042: 1000:; by August their troop numbers had grown to 10,000. In November 1918, British, US, and Japanese forces landed in 1535:

Lenin had become seriously ill by the latter half of 1921, however continued working hard. He was suffering from

644: 592: 485: 1360:

Seeking to establish trade links in order to advance their own economy, the Soviet Union sent a delegate to the

1170:, in which he called on the Red Army to hang kulaks, clergy, and landed gentry, before blaming these attacks on 6519: 5189: 4529: 1280: 1276: 1127: 1047: 306: 232: 161: 98: 1818: 484:, although Sovnarkom claimed that it would only be a temporary measure. On 1 December, Sovnarkom outlawed the 5105: 4609: 3652: 1655:

earlier in the day. His official cause of death was recorded as an "incurable disease of the blood vessels".

1295:

in February 1921, Lenin brought about a ban on factional activity within the party, under pain of expulsion.

1264: 815: 259: 151: 135: 4220: 2266: 1878: 1706: 6538:

Revolutionary Pairs: Marx and Engels, Lenin and Trotsky, Gandhi and Nehru, Mao and Zhou, Castro and Guevara

5774: 5305: 1369: 941: 539: 403: 313: 255: 7431: 6484: 6432: 4148: 3436: 2218: 872:

and several hundred suspected criminals were arrested. In April 1919, at the command of senior Bolshevik

759: 751: 617: 476: 276: 236: 1842: 7344: 6065: 5357: 811: 747: 3628: 2882: 2061: 1569: 1468: 1422: 1414: 1081: 1070: 960:, who led it in an advance through the Don region and into southern Ukraine, later taking control of 2858: 2731: 1365: 635: 6906: 1953: 7436: 7026: 6982: 5681: 5679: 1457: 1361: 1253: 1163: 972:

proclaimed himself "Supreme Ruler of Russia", and led an army that pushed toward Moscow, seizing

798: 464: 284: 6360: 6324: 1425:

and various revolutionary socialist uprisings in other parts of Germany, among them that of the

864:

In January 1919, Lenin left Moscow to attend a children's party to which he had been invited in

6089: 5153: 1310:

In February 1921, workers went on strike in Petrograd, resulting in the government proclaiming

1284: 1240: 1132: 509: 6196: 5676: 671: 3257: 1669: 1663:

The Soviet government publicly announced Lenin's death the following day, with head of State

1257: 1143:

was announced, although it was erroneously claimed that his immediate family remained alive.

977: 818:. As a result, the Sovnarkom proclaimed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to be devoid of meaning. 698:

believed to be intrinsic to a socialist society. In autumn 1918, the Czech-Austrian Marxist

7138: 7006: 5397: 3133: 1597: 1441: 1107:

In the summer of 1919, Denikin's armies were forced back into Ukraine, and from there into

481: 177: 5417: 980:, a system of oppression against perceived Bolsheviks and groups assumed to support them. 459:; drawing heavily upon the Socialist-Revolutionary Party's platform, it declared that the 8: 6958: 2986: 1450: 1353: 1333: 1315: 1199: 1085: 1016: 940:

The country's bourgeoisie, stripped of many of its rights, soon turned to resistance. In

916: 857:

generated much sympathy for him. As a respite, in September 1918 Lenin was driven to the

564: 109: 6001: 3985: 1592:

In October 1922, Lenin proposed that Trotsky should become first deputy chairman of the

7266: 7050: 1446: 1390: 1349: 865: 802: 675: 517: 228: 197: 2472: 1758: 1436:

called for the establishment of an international conference of socialist parties, the

1314:

in the city and sending in the Red Army to quell demonstrations. On 1 March 1921, the

7402: 7383: 7375: 7352: 7330: 7311: 7292: 7273: 7247: 7228: 6830: 6709: 6594: 6567: 6542: 6515: 6490: 6456: 5133: 1556: 1502: 1433: 1288: 1223: 1191: 1147: 1136: 969: 953: 683: 415: 383: 326: 6033: 4327: 4021: 3400: 1631:

However, the most significant political division between the two emerged during the

714:

described the Bolshevik seizure of power as "the burial of the Russian Revolution".

595:

were established to deal with counter-revolutionary crimes, while in March 1918 the

4677: 3680: 2823: 2404: 2174: 1544: 1490: 1426: 1345: 1268: 1244: 1089: 1012: 858: 810:

government expelled Russia's representatives from its country. However, that month

584: 560: 428: 333: 224: 4414: 3480: 3460: 6942: 6703: 6536: 6292: 3153: 1664: 1648: 1632: 1324: 1155: 1100: 743: 711: 576: 543: 513: 472: 468: 280: 220: 114: 5953: 5632: 4458: 3368: 3225: 2942: 2320: 1178:, a treaty in which Russia ceded territory to Poland and paid them reparations. 1126:

informed Lenin and the Sovnarkom that the Yekaterinburg Soviet had overseen the

1038:

Responding to these threats to the Sovnarkom, Lenin tasked the senior Bolshevik

889: 587:

in Moscow's Red Square, which was followed by a parade of workers and soldiers.

283:

to establish an armistice, after which negotiations took place resulting in the

7177: 4553: 1601: 1272: 1123: 1024: 989: 945: 930: 840: 814:, the German Emperor, resigned and the country's new administration signed the 735: 704: 556: 547: 456: 411: 272: 244: 216: 84: 6734: 6412: 5580: 5437: 5217: 3332: 3312: 2452: 7420: 7261: 7220: 6220: 5981: 1512: 1382: 1341: 1175: 957: 949: 934: 873: 755: 682:, or Cheka, a political police force which he placed under the leadership of 639: 460: 337: 2640: 2544: 746:, in which he proposed a three-month armistice; it was then approved by the 4697: 3560: 3296: 2581: 2579: 2085: 1636: 1589:, ultimately resulting in the virtual eradication of Menshevism in Russia. 1577: 1565: 1498: 1216: 1171: 1096: 1039: 973: 853: 826: 767: 763: 699: 626: 419: 368: 207: 6814: 5053: 4053: 1222:

The establishment of concentration camps was entrusted to the Cheka, with

793:; they were now situated 400 miles from the Russian capital of Petrograd. 6750: 1536: 1494: 1311: 1232: 1212: 1140: 1001: 997: 985: 869: 687: 622: 605: 322: 268: 6308: 2576: 1418: 455:

Lenin's new regime issued a series of decrees, the first of which was a

355:, many of which had taken over de facto control of their own areas. The 30: 4311: 3352: 2624: 2118: 1516: 1203: 1112: 6384: 6113: 4923: 4204: 4188: 4037: 2516: 1463:

The First Congress of the Communist International was followed by the

5858: 5381: 4172: 4098: 4096: 3764: 1378: 1319: 1249: 926: 708: 580: 4005: 2791: 2560: 1023:(Komuch), an anti-Bolshevik government that had been established in 754:

and stave off looming defeat. In November, armistice talks began at

343:

In the spring of 1918, Sovnarkom officially divided Russia into six

332:

In November 1917 Lenin and his wife took a two-room flat within the

16:

First Soviet government led by Vladimir Lenin and his administration

5802: 5703: 5501: 5289: 4398: 3544: 1540: 1527: 1043: 993: 956:

in December 1917. This army subsequently came under the control of

774: 364: 6240: 6156: 5898: 5818: 5485: 5457: 4093: 3420: 3384: 2914: 2807: 2436: 2340: 2158: 1802: 1519:, Northern Caucusus in order to recover, but there she contracted 1181: 680:

Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage

5031: 5029: 1552: 1520: 1271:, which was put down by the Red Army. To aid the famine victims, 1151: 876:, the arrangements for Lenin's personal security were increased. 630: 521: 395: 329:

termed "a rare moment of socialist pluralism" in Soviet history.

49: 4593: 1690: 1484: 1372:

with the United Kingdom in March 1921, seeking to encourage the

5660: 3209: 1186: 1108: 921: 790: 613: 352: 295: 36: 6802: 6790: 5026: 5002: 4990: 4851: 4713: 4249: 4247: 1046:. With Lenin's support, in September 1918 Trotsky organised a 6146: 6144: 4980: 4978: 4805: 4803: 3912: 3910: 2719: 2707: 1582: 1228: 1028: 965: 961: 691: 679: 6930: 5874: 3099: 3097: 2848: 2846: 1907: 1905: 1275:, the future President of the United States, established an 925:, Lenin was inexperienced in military matters. His views on 636:

August 1918 telegram that he sent to the Bolsheviks of Penza

7382:. Harold Shukman (translator). Hammersmith: HarperCollins. 6778: 6348: 6021: 5926: 5620: 5608: 5568: 4505: 4244: 4081: 4069: 3961: 3934: 2685: 2683: 1652: 1159: 933:, and he was particularly influenced by the example of the 7197: 7102: 6268: 6141: 6053: 5943: 5941: 5834: 5177: 5093: 5081: 5041: 5014: 4975: 4899: 4800: 4581: 4569: 4495: 4493: 4446: 4434: 4364: 4362: 3973: 3951: 3949: 3907: 3869: 3867: 3852: 3840: 3286: 3284: 3197: 3121: 3018: 2504: 1917: 6766: 4951: 4839: 4764: 3109: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3006: 2843: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2424: 2310: 2308: 2254: 2146: 2134: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2037: 1902: 418:. However, in the Russian public imagination it would be 6172: 5715: 5333: 5277: 4740: 2695: 2680: 2356: 2001: 250:

The Lenin party continued with the previously scheduled

6256: 6184: 6129: 5938: 5914: 5886: 5846: 5732: 5730: 5596: 5556: 5544: 5532: 5522: 5520: 4788: 4730: 4728: 4665: 4517: 4490: 4478: 4374: 4359: 4347: 4259: 4124: 4112: 3946: 3922: 3864: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3588: 3576: 3532: 3281: 3173: 2656: 1790: 235:, the Bolsheviks established a new administration, the 4963: 4136: 3030: 2974: 2962: 2930: 2902: 2607: 2595: 2532: 2492: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2194: 2101: 2049: 1989: 1941: 1929: 658:

in the interests of the workers, soldiers and peasants

7167: 7165: 6722: 5265: 4939: 4911: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4827: 4815: 4752: 4386: 4271: 3245: 1421:, in March 1919, as well as the establishment of the 758:, the headquarters of the German high command on the 7126: 6400: 6280: 5969: 5727: 5648: 5517: 5473: 5345: 4776: 4725: 2668: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2242: 2025: 2013: 1977: 1866: 821: 267:. Lenin had inherited a country in the midst of the 243:"), with Lenin appointed as its governing chairman. 3185: 2290: 2206: 1746: 1150:broke out after Poland attempted to annex parts of 471:, in which the Bolsheviks called for an end to the 7265: 7162: 7114: 1778: 1734: 1547:. There, he was cared for by his wife and sister, 1393:by expanded for usage in a wider array of crimes. 1260:churches, Jewish synagogues, and Islamic mosques. 929:were based squarely on a Marxist understanding of 909: Maximum advance of the anti-Bolshevik armies 830:The Moscow Kremlin, which Lenin moved into in 1918 414:, although the latter died in March 1919 during a 6566:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 127. 5069: 1560:underwent a surgical operation to remove them at 359:in turn were divided into smaller provinces, the 290: 7418: 1084:, assassinated the German ambassador to Russia, 1021:Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly 7308:Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary 1182:Red Terror, famine, and the New Economic Policy 948:was established by the anti-Bolshevik generals 1585:; their children were to be sent to a camp in 1555:, asking both Krupskaya and Stalin to acquire 717: 309:had split from the Socialist-Revolutionaries. 6701: 1485:Lenin's declining health and the Soviet Union 438: 271:, with war-weary Russian troops battling the 7399:Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution 6541:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 93. 6489:. London : HarperCollins. p. 163. 1640:the name of the newly proposed state to the 1478:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder 433:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 296:Constitutional and governmental organization 1456:On 2 March 1919, the First Congress of the 879: 861:that the government had recently acquired. 762:, with the Russian delegation being led by 550:looking over Marx and Engels monument, 1918 7374: 7203: 7108: 7088: 7060: 7040: 7020: 6996: 6948: 6916: 6892: 6864: 6824: 6808: 6796: 6681: 6653: 6621: 6564:Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life 6561: 6462: 6314: 6298: 6274: 6210: 6150: 6059: 5868: 5840: 5760: 5709: 5697: 5638: 5183: 5167: 5119: 5099: 5087: 5047: 5035: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4933: 4809: 4719: 4703: 4687: 4623: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4543: 4452: 4440: 4424: 4341: 4234: 4214: 4198: 4063: 3995: 3979: 3916: 3897: 3858: 3846: 3830: 3798: 3718: 3690: 3670: 3642: 3618: 3143: 3115: 3103: 3088: 3076: 3056: 3012: 3000: 2896: 2852: 2837: 2801: 2777: 2749: 2725: 2713: 2650: 2634: 2430: 2260: 2232: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2091: 1967: 1911: 1888: 1832: 1764: 1724: 1396: 1374:Russo-Asiatic Corporation of Great Britain 1095:The Bolsheviks primarily held the area of 1027:. Komuch and the Czech legion advanced on 654:against the workers, soldiers and peasants 534:Basic Law on the Socialisation of the Land 215:Under the leadership of Russian communist 6702:Bazhanov, Boris; Doyle, David W. (1990). 6593:. Yale University Press. pp. 80–81. 1077:regional branches of central government. 1031:but were defeated by the Red Army at the 968:. In Siberia, the anti-Bolshevik general 911:European theatre of the Russian Civil War 835:settling in the city's Hotel National on 398:("Orgburo") to accompany the preexisting 371:, formed their own "national republics". 1526: 1185: 1067:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 1055:Commune of the Working People of Estonia 888: 825: 779: 573:Socialist Academy of the Social Sciences 538: 7343: 7219: 7191: 7156: 7144: 7092: 7076: 7064: 7044: 7032: 7012: 7000: 6988: 6964: 6952: 6936: 6920: 6912: 6896: 6884: 6868: 6856: 6840: 6836: 6784: 6760: 6756: 6744: 6740: 6685: 6673: 6657: 6641: 6625: 6613: 6534: 6486:Hitler and Stalin : parallel lives 6482: 6450: 6438: 6418: 6394: 6374: 6366: 6354: 6338: 6330: 6318: 6302: 6262: 6250: 6234: 6214: 6190: 6162: 6135: 6123: 6107: 6095: 6083: 6071: 6047: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6007: 5987: 5959: 5947: 5932: 5920: 5908: 5892: 5880: 5852: 5824: 5808: 5792: 5780: 5764: 5748: 5685: 5642: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5507: 5491: 5467: 5447: 5427: 5423: 5411: 5391: 5387: 5375: 5363: 5323: 5311: 5255: 5243: 5227: 5207: 5195: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5123: 5111: 5059: 4794: 4691: 4671: 4655: 4643: 4627: 4615: 4547: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4484: 4472: 4464: 4404: 4380: 4368: 4353: 4333: 4317: 4301: 4289: 4265: 4253: 4238: 4226: 4182: 4178: 4162: 4154: 4130: 4118: 4102: 4087: 4075: 4043: 4031: 4027: 3999: 3967: 3955: 3940: 3928: 3901: 3885: 3873: 3818: 3802: 3786: 3774: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3706: 3694: 3674: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3566: 3554: 3538: 3522: 3506: 3494: 3474: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3414: 3406: 3394: 3374: 3358: 3338: 3318: 3302: 3290: 3263: 3239: 3231: 3203: 3163: 3139: 3127: 3060: 3036: 3024: 2980: 2968: 2952: 2948: 2936: 2920: 2908: 2888: 2872: 2864: 2829: 2781: 2761: 2737: 2646: 2630: 2618: 2601: 2589: 2585: 2538: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2478: 2466: 2446: 2414: 2346: 2334: 2326: 2314: 2280: 2236: 2224: 2200: 2180: 2164: 2124: 2112: 2095: 2075: 2067: 2055: 1995: 1971: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1892: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1768: 1728: 1700: 1117:Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party 1115:– a group who had split from the 903: Bolshevik control, Summer of 1918 729:Lenin on peace with the Central Powers. 530:Supreme Council of the National Economy 450:Lenin's political program, October 1918 7419: 7401:. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave. 7324: 6590:Stalin's Letters to Molotov: 1925-1936 6586: 6509: 6466: 6446: 5251: 4969: 4707: 4142: 2570: 2554: 2486: 2462: 2398: 2386: 2188: 1604:, Lenin “in general leaned towards a 1011:The Whites were bolstered when 35,000 897: Bolshevik control, February 1918 604:agronomists, physicians, and writers. 500:, Latvia and Ukraine in January 1918, 275:of Germany and Austria-Hungary on the 7396: 7260: 7096: 6976: 6924: 6900: 6872: 6844: 6728: 6708:. Ohio University Press. p. 62. 6689: 6661: 6629: 6426: 6378: 6342: 5963: 5812: 5796: 5768: 5511: 5451: 5431: 5327: 5271: 5259: 5231: 5211: 5171: 5147: 5127: 4957: 4945: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4770: 4758: 4659: 4631: 4603: 4559: 4539: 4428: 4420: 4408: 4392: 4337: 4321: 4305: 4297: 4277: 4230: 4210: 4194: 4166: 4158: 4059: 3834: 3826: 3806: 3794: 3714: 3666: 3638: 3614: 3570: 3550: 3526: 3514: 3490: 3466: 3450: 3378: 3362: 3346: 3322: 3306: 3271: 3251: 3235: 3219: 3167: 3147: 3064: 3052: 2996: 2956: 2924: 2892: 2876: 2868: 2833: 2813: 2785: 2769: 2741: 2701: 2689: 2674: 2566: 2550: 2526: 2482: 2458: 2442: 2418: 2410: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2330: 2284: 2276: 2248: 2228: 2184: 2168: 2079: 2043: 2031: 2019: 2007: 1983: 1963: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1856: 1824: 1808: 1796: 1772: 1752: 1716: 1440:. Lenin saw this as a revival of the 303:election for the Constituent Assembly 7370:(revised ed.). London: Pelican. 7365: 7305: 7286: 7187: 7183: 7171: 7152: 7148: 7132: 7120: 7084: 7080: 7056: 7036: 7016: 6992: 6972: 6968: 6888: 6860: 6820: 6772: 6705:Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin 6677: 6649: 6645: 6617: 6442: 6422: 6406: 6390: 6370: 6334: 6286: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6206: 6202: 6178: 6166: 6119: 6103: 6099: 6079: 6075: 6043: 6011: 5995: 5991: 5975: 5904: 5864: 5828: 5788: 5784: 5756: 5752: 5736: 5721: 5693: 5689: 5670: 5666: 5654: 5526: 5495: 5479: 5463: 5443: 5407: 5403: 5371: 5367: 5351: 5339: 5319: 5315: 5299: 5295: 5283: 5247: 5223: 5203: 5199: 5163: 5115: 5075: 5063: 4782: 4746: 4734: 4683: 4651: 4647: 4619: 4599: 4535: 4468: 4293: 4106: 4047: 4015: 4011: 3991: 3893: 3889: 3822: 3790: 3710: 3686: 3662: 3610: 3518: 3510: 3486: 3470: 3446: 3426: 3410: 3390: 3342: 3326: 3275: 3267: 3215: 3191: 3179: 3159: 3048: 2992: 2797: 2773: 2765: 2745: 2662: 2299: 2272: 2212: 2071: 1959: 1852: 1828: 1812: 1784: 1740: 1720: 1712: 1696: 1063:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 291:Consolidating power: 1917–1918 237:first Council of People's Commissars 7327:A Short History of Soviet Socialism 7241: 7227:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 6470: 2817: 1642:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1610:Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate 1357:overthrown amid popular uprisings. 241:Lenin's First and Second Government 178:Alexander Kerensky's Second Cabinet 13: 1438:Labour and Socialist International 423:were personally closest to Lenin. 380:Social Democratic Party of Germany 265:Left Socialist Revolutionary Party 14: 7448: 7268:The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919 1465:Eighth Congress of the Bolsheviks 1158:; by May 1920 they had conquered 1059:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic 822:Moscow and assassination attempts 463:owned by the aristocracy and the 6695: 6587:Stalin, Josef (1 January 1995). 6580: 6555: 6528: 6503: 6476: 1166:. Lenin had also sent a note to 231:. Overthrowing the pre-existing 48: 29: 7212: 6535:Ceplair, Larry (21 July 2020). 1672:, where the body lay in state. 1044:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army 645:All-Russian Congress of Soviets 486:Constitutional Democratic Party 7244:Lenin and Revolutionary Russia 6899:, p. 452, 453–455; 6514:. London: Verso. p. 149. 2895:, p. 728, 734–736; 2772:, pp. 560, 722, 732–736; 1594:Council of People's Commissars 1493:in summer 1920 and the author 1387:People's Commissar for Justice 1281:Group of Democratic Centralism 1277:American Relief Administration 1128:shooting of the Romanov family 1048:Revolutionary Military Council 1015:– former members of the 376:7th Congress of the Bolsheviks 307:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 162:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 99:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 1: 6867:, pp. 273–274, 422–423; 5414:, pp. 421, 424–427, 429. 3377:, pp. 171–172, 200–202; 1679: 1471:having been created instead. 816:Armistice of 11 November 1918 260:Socialist Revolutionary Party 1684: 1370:Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement 884: 404:Council of Labor and Defense 314:Russian Constituent Assembly 7: 7289:Lenin: A Revolutionary Life 7272:. London: Collins Harvill. 6562:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). 859:luxurious estate near Gorki 718:The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 618:Committees of Poor Peasants 506:Transcaucasia in April 1918 301:place as scheduled. In the 227:during a coup known as the 10: 7453: 7306:Rice, Christopher (1990). 7287:Read, Christopher (2005). 4030:, pp. 334, 343, 357; 2070:, pp. 219, 256, 379; 1658: 1432:In late 1918, the British 748:Second Congress of Soviets 498:Lithuania in December 1917 439:Social and economic reform 6871:, pp. 463, 472–473; 6859:, pp. 637–638, 669; 6743:, pp. 666–667, 669; 6301:, pp. 420, 425–426; 5589:, pp. 574, 576–577; 4658:, pp. 408–409, 412; 4562:, pp. 763, 770–771; 4300:, p. 636–640; 4233:, p. 609, 612, 629; 2784:, pp. 349, 358–359; 2780:, pp. 181, 342–343; 2553:, pp. 681, 692–693; 2283:, p. 317–318; 1887:, pp. 533–534, 537; 1570:cerebral arteriosclerosis 1423:Bavarian Council Republic 1415:Hungarian Soviet Republic 1090:launched a coup in Moscow 1082:Yakov Grigorevich Blumkin 1071:Ukrainian Soviet Republic 784:The signing of the treaty 254:, but when it produced a 203: 193: 183: 173: 168: 152:Socialist-Revolutionaries 147: 121: 105: 90: 80: 75: 67: 59: 47: 28: 21: 7397:White, James D. (2001). 7242:Lee, Stephen J. (2003). 6955:, pp. 460–461, 468. 5966:, pp. 161, 180–181. 5712:, pp. 392–393, 400. 4860:, pp. 829–830, 832. 1839:, pp. 332, 336–337. 1408:Lenin, 11 November 1918. 880:Consolidating revolution 670:Privately influenced by 502:Estonia in February 1918 76:People and organisations 7427:Revolutionary movements 6510:Mandel, Ernest (1995). 1458:Communist International 1397:Communist International 1305:Lenin on the NEP, 1921. 1254:Russian Orthodox Church 799:Treaty of Brest Litovsk 593:Revolutionary Tribunals 510:Poland in November 1918 465:Russian Orthodox Church 285:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 258:dominated by the rival 7380:Lenin: Life and Legacy 6512:Trotsky as alternative 6483:Bullock, Alan (1991). 1622:Lenin, 4 January 1923. 1619: 1532: 1405: 1302: 1241:Russian famine of 1921 1195: 1133:execution of Louis XVI 912: 831: 785: 726: 662: 551: 447: 252:November 1917 election 233:Provisional Government 188:Alexei Rykov's Cabinet 7351:. London: Macmillan. 7329:. London: UCL Press. 7325:Sandle, Mark (1999). 7291:. London: Routledge. 7246:. London: Routledge. 6684:, pp. 249, 418; 6445:, pp. 4288–430; 5246:, pp. 436, 442; 3829:, pp. 807, 809; 3445:, pp. 206, 209; 2744:, pp. 558, 723; 2413:, pp. 682, 683; 1859:, pp. 508, 519; 1670:House of Trade Unions 1615: 1530: 1401: 1298: 1189: 1131:precedent set by the 915:Although he had read 892: 839:, 300 yards from the 829: 783: 722: 650: 567:rather than Marxism. 542: 443: 106:Status in legislature 7366:Shub, David (1966). 7095:, pp. 478–479; 7079:, pp. 673–674; 7019:, pp. 193–194; 6939:, pp. 455, 456. 6891:, pp. 190–191; 6887:, pp. 607–608; 6875:, pp. 173, 176. 6863:, pp. 435–436; 6843:, pp. 451–452; 6827:, pp. 273, 416. 6775:, pp. 426, 434. 6759:, pp. 650–654; 6680:, pp. 434–435; 6648:, pp. 434–435; 6616:, pp. 638–639; 6393:, pp. 427–428; 6373:, pp. 426–427; 6333:, pp. 598–599; 6122:, pp. 181–182; 6102:, pp. 381–382; 6078:, pp. 380–381; 6074:, pp. 433–434; 6046:, pp. 177–178; 6014:, pp. 178–179; 6010:, pp. 404–409; 5962:, pp. 415–420; 5883:, pp. 388, 389. 5787:, pp. 390–391; 5641:, pp. 237–238; 5434:, pp. 170, 171. 5426:, pp. 479–480; 5374:, pp. 184–185; 5370:, pp. 408–409; 5366:, pp. 470–471; 5314:, pp. 469–470; 5298:, pp. 406–407; 5258:, pp. 422–423; 5254:, pp. 104–105; 5250:, pp. 183–184; 5198:, pp. 437–438; 5146:, pp. 423–424; 5062:, pp. 507–508; 4908:, pp. 832, 834. 4706:, pp. 233–234; 4654:, pp. 182–183; 4646:, pp. 391–395; 4546:, pp. 206–207; 4542:, pp. 781–782; 4538:, pp. 357–358; 4304:, pp. 360–361; 4161:, pp. 624–630; 4157:, pp. 288–189; 4046:, pp. 373–374; 4034:, pp. 382, 392. 4018:, pp. 173, 175. 4002:, pp. 357, 382. 3900:, pp. 229–230; 3896:, pp. 168–169; 3888:, pp. 322–323; 3833:, pp. 222–228; 3825:, pp. 362–363; 3821:, pp. 282–283; 3805:, pp. 367–368; 3801:, pp. 219–221; 3797:, pp. 806–807; 3793:, pp. 361–362; 3721:, pp. 187–188; 3709:, pp. 320–321; 3637:, pp. 303–304; 3621:, pp. 193–194; 3617:, pp. 667–668; 3613:, pp. 387–388; 3609:, pp. 313–314; 3569:, pp. 213–214; 3509:, pp. 211–212; 3493:, pp. 592–593; 3473:, pp. 166–167; 3453:, pp. 586–587; 3361:, pp. 162–163; 3305:, pp. 151–152; 3266:, pp. 190–191; 3162:, pp. 329–330; 3146:, pp. 178–179; 3142:, pp. 307–308; 3063:, pp. 321–322; 3051:, pp. 345–347; 3003:, pp. 181, 196. 2999:, pp. 790–79a; 2867:, pp. 277–278; 2816:, pp. 700–702; 2764:, pp. 236–237; 2653:, pp. 209, 355. 2569:, pp. 692–693; 2525:, pp. 263–264; 2481:, pp. 437–438; 2279:, pp. 521–522; 2227:, pp. 252–253; 2183:, pp. 517–518; 2094:, pp. 374–375; 2046:, pp. 514, 515. 1895:, pp. 322–323; 1855:, pp. 301–302; 1835:, pp. 176–177; 1827:, pp. 552–553; 1811:, pp. 551–552; 1771:, pp. 331–332; 1719:, pp. 540–541; 1606:collegial leadership 1562:Soldatenkov Hospital 1442:Second International 1318:began as sailors in 1293:Tenth Party Congress 1042:with establishing a 996:, taking control of 482:freedom of the press 256:Constituent Assembly 223:seized power in the 141:Priamurye Government 7310:. London: Cassell. 7194:, pp. 479–480. 7067:, pp. 477–478. 7023:, pp. 429–430. 6903:, pp. 175–176. 6811:, pp. 419–420. 6799:, pp. 263–264. 6787:, pp. 466–467. 6664:, pp. 174–175. 6632:, pp. 173–174. 6473:, pp. 103–104. 6453:, pp. 442–443. 6441:, pp. 60–602; 6357:, pp. 444–445. 6181:, pp. 192–193. 6086:, pp. 414–415. 6030:, pp. 409–411. 5935:, pp. 409–410. 5724:, pp. 389–390. 5645:, pp. 441–442. 5629:, pp. 424–427. 5617:, pp. 556–557. 5577:, pp. 567–569. 5342:, pp. 407–408. 5286:, pp. 412–413. 5214:, pp. 167–168. 5066:, pp. 185–186. 5038:, pp. 376–377. 5011:, pp. 375–376. 4999:, pp. 374–375. 4960:, pp. 832–833. 4848:, pp. 828–829. 4773:, pp. 819–820. 4749:, pp. 363–364. 4722:, pp. 233–234. 4550:, pp. 364–365. 4514:, pp. 402–403. 4324:, pp. 642–644. 4256:, pp. 385–386. 4169:, pp. 161–162. 4090:, pp. 287–288. 4078:, pp. 262–263. 4066:, pp. 202–203. 3970:, pp. 391–392. 3943:, pp. 356–357. 3904:, pp. 380–381. 3725:, pp. 346–347. 3717:, pp. 94–595; 3573:, pp. 596–597. 3529:, pp. 158–159. 3457:, pp. 340–341. 3417:, pp. 338–339. 3309:, pp. 571–572. 3206:, pp. 193–194. 3182:, pp. 329–330. 3130:, pp. 354–355. 3027:, pp. 435–436. 2879:, pp. 155–156. 2728:, pp. 360–361. 2716:, pp. 358–360. 2704:, pp. 798–799. 2692:, pp. 796–797. 2665:, pp. 162–163. 2592:, pp. 351–352. 2513:, pp. 260–261. 2365:, pp. 159–160. 2239:, pp. 316–317. 2010:, pp. 514–515. 1974:, pp. 335–336. 1926:, pp. 325–326. 1863:, pp. 318–319. 1799:, pp. 546–547. 1506:volumes of Lenin's 1451:Angelica Balabanoff 1354:units of production 1350:collectivised farms 1334:New Economic Policy 1316:Kronstadt rebellion 1285:Workers' Opposition 1200:concentration camps 1086:Wilhelm von Mirbach 917:Carl von Clausewitz 672:Niccolò Machiavelli 652:" practised terror 565:anarcho-syndicalist 396:Organisation Bureau 7432:Russian Revolution 7376:Volkogonov, Dmitri 7368:Lenin: A Biography 7349:Lenin: A Biography 2489:, pp. 64, 68. 1533: 1447:Christian Rakovsky 1391:capital punishment 1196: 1033:Battle of Sviyazhk 913: 832: 803:Grigori Sokolnikov 786: 676:capital punishment 552: 518:Gregorian calendar 394:("Politburo") and 312:The newly elected 229:October Revolution 198:Alexander Kerensky 184:Outgoing formation 174:Incoming formation 148:Opposition parties 122:Opposition cabinet 81:Head of government 7358:978-0-333-72625-9 7317:978-0-304-31814-8 7298:978-0-415-20649-5 7279:978-0-679-73660-8 7253:978-0-415-28718-0 7234:978-1-84212-230-3 7225:The Life of Lenin 6715:978-0-8214-0948-0 6600:978-0-300-06211-3 6548:978-0-8131-7945-2 6496:978-0-00-215494-9 2557:, pp. 96–97. 1598:Lenin's Testament 1557:potassium cyanide 1545:his Gorki mansion 1503:Alexander Berkman 1368:, as well as the 1366:Treaty of Rapallo 1192:political cartoon 1148:Polish-Soviet War 1137:French Revolution 970:Alexander Kolchak 954:Mikhail Alekseyev 684:Felix Dzerzhinsky 400:Central Committee 384:communist society 327:Dmitri Volkogonov 213: 212: 7444: 7412: 7393: 7371: 7362: 7340: 7321: 7302: 7283: 7271: 7257: 7238: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7160: 7155:, pp. 7–8; 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7074: 7068: 7054: 7048: 7030: 7024: 7010: 7004: 6986: 6980: 6962: 6956: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6910: 6904: 6882: 6876: 6854: 6848: 6834: 6828: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6754: 6748: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6699: 6693: 6671: 6665: 6639: 6633: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6480: 6474: 6460: 6454: 6436: 6430: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6388: 6382: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6328: 6322: 6312: 6306: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6244: 6238: 6224: 6218: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6117: 6111: 6093: 6087: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6005: 5999: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5822: 5816: 5806: 5800: 5778: 5772: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5683: 5674: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5515: 5505: 5499: 5494:, pp. 479; 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5461: 5455: 5441: 5435: 5421: 5415: 5401: 5395: 5385: 5379: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5309: 5303: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5241: 5235: 5221: 5215: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5157: 5151: 5137: 5131: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4701: 4695: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4641: 4635: 4613: 4607: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4557: 4551: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4418: 4412: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4331: 4325: 4315: 4309: 4308:, p. 159Fp. 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4242: 4224: 4218: 4208: 4202: 4192: 4186: 4176: 4170: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4100: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4057: 4051: 4041: 4035: 4025: 4019: 4009: 4003: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3816: 3810: 3784: 3778: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3704: 3698: 3689:, pp. 351; 3684: 3678: 3656: 3650: 3632: 3626: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3564: 3558: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3504: 3498: 3484: 3478: 3464: 3458: 3440: 3434: 3424: 3418: 3404: 3398: 3388: 3382: 3372: 3366: 3356: 3350: 3336: 3330: 3316: 3310: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3279: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3229: 3223: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3157: 3151: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2886: 2880: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2841: 2827: 2821: 2811: 2805: 2795: 2789: 2759: 2753: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2644: 2638: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2583: 2574: 2564: 2558: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2476: 2470: 2456: 2450: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2344: 2338: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2303: 2297: 2288: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2178: 2172: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2099: 2089: 2083: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1900: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1846: 1840: 1822: 1816: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1710: 1704: 1694: 1623: 1491:Bertrand Russell 1427:Spartacus League 1409: 1362:Genoa Conference 1346:state capitalism 1306: 1269:Tambov Rebellion 1248:used within the 1245:Patriarch Tikhon 1164:Battle of Warsaw 1013:prisoners of war 908: 902: 896: 730: 666: 665:Lenin on terror. 627:black marketeers 585:Friedrich Engels 561:state capitalism 451: 429:Russian Republic 410:right-hand man, 392:Political Bureau 334:Smolny Institute 245:Ruling by decree 225:Russian Republic 115:Sole legal party 52: 35:12th Cabinet of 33: 23:Lenin Government 19: 18: 7452: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7390: 7359: 7345:Service, Robert 7337: 7318: 7299: 7280: 7254: 7235: 7215: 7210: 7204:Volkogonov 1994 7202: 7198: 7186:, p. 439; 7182: 7178: 7170: 7163: 7151:, p. 439; 7147:, p. 674; 7143: 7139: 7135:, pp. 7–8. 7131: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7109:Volkogonov 1994 7107: 7103: 7091:, p. 435; 7089:Volkogonov 1994 7087:, p. 194; 7083:, p. 438; 7075: 7071: 7063:, p. 299; 7061:Volkogonov 1994 7059:, p. 194; 7055: 7051: 7043:, p. 431; 7041:Volkogonov 1994 7039:, p. 437; 7035:, p. 672; 7031: 7027: 7021:Volkogonov 1994 7015:, p. 672; 7011: 7007: 6999:, p. 425; 6997:Volkogonov 1994 6995:, p. 436; 6991:, p. 671; 6987: 6983: 6975:, p. 193; 6971:, p. 436; 6967:, p. 671; 6963: 6959: 6951:, p. 421; 6949:Volkogonov 1994 6947: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6923:, p. 455; 6919:, p. 421; 6917:Volkogonov 1994 6915:, p. 608; 6911: 6907: 6895:, p. 421; 6893:Volkogonov 1994 6883: 6879: 6865:Volkogonov 1994 6855: 6851: 6839:, p. 635; 6835: 6831: 6825:Volkogonov 1994 6823:, p. 191; 6819: 6815: 6809:Volkogonov 1994 6807: 6803: 6797:Volkogonov 1994 6795: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6755: 6751: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6700: 6696: 6688:, p. 465; 6682:Volkogonov 1994 6676:, p. 640; 6672: 6668: 6660:, p. 469; 6656:, p. 273; 6654:Volkogonov 1994 6652:, p. 192; 6644:, p. 647; 6640: 6636: 6628:, p. 464; 6624:, p. 417; 6622:Volkogonov 1994 6620:, p. 433; 6612: 6608: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6481: 6477: 6469:, p. 164; 6465:, p. 310; 6463:Volkogonov 1994 6461: 6457: 6449:, p. 164; 6437: 6433: 6425:, p. 432; 6421:, p. 634; 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6389: 6385: 6377:, p. 443; 6369:, p. 600; 6365: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6341:, p. 443; 6337:, p. 426; 6329: 6325: 6317:, p. 443; 6315:Volkogonov 1994 6313: 6309: 6299:Volkogonov 1994 6297: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6275:Volkogonov 1994 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249:, p. 187; 6245: 6241: 6233:, p. 187; 6229:, p. 426; 6225: 6221: 6213:, p. 409; 6211:Volkogonov 1994 6209:, p. 187; 6205:, p. 426; 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6165:, p. 578; 6161: 6157: 6151:Volkogonov 1994 6149: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6118: 6114: 6106:, p. 181; 6098:, p. 434; 6094: 6090: 6082:, p. 181; 6070: 6066: 6060:Volkogonov 1994 6058: 6054: 6042:, p. 414; 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5994:, p. 396; 5990:, p. 341; 5986: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907:, p. 397; 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5869:Volkogonov 1994 5867:, p. 395; 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5841:Volkogonov 1994 5839: 5835: 5827:, p. 525; 5823: 5819: 5811:, p. 387; 5807: 5803: 5795:, p. 386; 5791:, p. 174; 5783:, p. 525; 5779: 5775: 5767:, p. 386; 5763:, p. 390; 5761:Volkogonov 1994 5759:, p. 174; 5755:, p. 390; 5751:, p. 525; 5747: 5743: 5735: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5710:Volkogonov 1994 5708: 5704: 5698:Volkogonov 1994 5696:, p. 173; 5692:, p. 388; 5688:, p. 333; 5684: 5677: 5669:, p. 387; 5665: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5639:Volkogonov 1994 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5510:, p. 422; 5506: 5502: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5466:, p. 412; 5462: 5458: 5450:, p. 430; 5446:, p. 411; 5442: 5438: 5430:, p. 430; 5422: 5418: 5410:, p. 185; 5406:, p. 411; 5402: 5398: 5390:, p. 459; 5386: 5382: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326:, p. 427; 5322:, p. 184; 5318:, p. 405; 5310: 5306: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5242: 5238: 5230:, p. 419; 5226:, p. 406; 5222: 5218: 5210:, p. 419; 5206:, p. 183; 5202:, p. 406; 5194: 5190: 5184:Volkogonov 1994 5182: 5178: 5170:, p. 345; 5168:Volkogonov 1994 5166:, p. 414; 5162:, p. 508; 5158: 5154: 5142:, p. 459; 5138: 5134: 5126:, p. 425; 5122:, p. 343; 5120:Volkogonov 1994 5118:, p. 406; 5114:, p. 467; 5110: 5106: 5100:Volkogonov 1994 5098: 5094: 5088:Volkogonov 1994 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5058: 5054: 5048:Volkogonov 1994 5046: 5042: 5036:Volkogonov 1994 5034: 5027: 5021:Volkogonov 1994 5019: 5015: 5009:Volkogonov 1994 5007: 5003: 4997:Volkogonov 1994 4995: 4991: 4985:Volkogonov 1994 4983: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4934:Volkogonov 1994 4932:, p. 835; 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4810:Volkogonov 1994 4808: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4726: 4720:Volkogonov 1994 4718: 4714: 4704:Volkogonov 1994 4702: 4698: 4690:, p. 388; 4688:Volkogonov 1994 4686:, p. 183; 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4650:, p. 396; 4642: 4638: 4630:, p. 407; 4626:, p. 281; 4624:Volkogonov 1994 4622:, p. 182; 4618:, p. 389; 4614: 4610: 4602:, p. 359; 4598: 4594: 4588:Volkogonov 1994 4586: 4582: 4576:Volkogonov 1994 4574: 4570: 4564:Volkogonov 1994 4558: 4554: 4544:Volkogonov 1994 4534: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471:, p. 177; 4467:, p. 366; 4463: 4459: 4453:Volkogonov 1994 4451: 4447: 4441:Volkogonov 1994 4439: 4435: 4427:, p. 200; 4425:Volkogonov 1994 4423:, p. 651; 4419: 4415: 4407:, p. 251; 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4342:Volkogonov 1994 4340:, p. 644; 4336:, p. 244; 4332: 4328: 4320:, p. 242; 4316: 4312: 4296:, p. 355; 4292:, p. 244; 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4245: 4237:, p. 198; 4235:Volkogonov 1994 4229:, p. 337; 4225: 4221: 4215:Volkogonov 1994 4213:, p. 612; 4209: 4205: 4199:Volkogonov 1994 4197:, p. 610; 4193: 4189: 4181:, p. 296; 4177: 4173: 4165:, p. 360; 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105:, p. 291; 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4064:Volkogonov 1994 4062:, p. 792; 4058: 4054: 4042: 4038: 4026: 4022: 4014:, p. 355; 4010: 4006: 3998:, p. 198; 3996:Volkogonov 1994 3994:, p. 355; 3990: 3986: 3980:Volkogonov 1994 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3917:Volkogonov 1994 3915: 3908: 3898:Volkogonov 1994 3892:, p. 380; 3884: 3880: 3872: 3865: 3861:, pp. 231. 3859:Volkogonov 1994 3857: 3853: 3847:Volkogonov 1994 3845: 3841: 3831:Volkogonov 1994 3817: 3813: 3799:Volkogonov 1994 3789:, p. 280; 3785: 3781: 3773:, p. 466; 3769: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3719:Volkogonov 1994 3713:, p. 377; 3705: 3701: 3693:, p. 185; 3691:Volkogonov 1994 3685: 3681: 3673:, p. 185; 3671:Volkogonov 1994 3669:, p. 594; 3665:, p. 350; 3661:, p. 156; 3657: 3653: 3645:, p. 194; 3643:Volkogonov 1994 3641:, p. 668; 3633: 3629: 3619:Volkogonov 1994 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3565: 3561: 3553:, p. 595; 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525:, p. 342; 3521:, p. 167; 3517:, p. 595; 3513:, p. 339; 3505: 3501: 3489:, p. 338; 3485: 3481: 3469:, p. 587; 3465: 3461: 3449:, p. 337; 3441: 3437: 3429:, p. 337; 3425: 3421: 3413:, p. 334; 3409:, p. 195; 3405: 3401: 3393:, p. 166; 3389: 3385: 3373: 3369: 3357: 3353: 3345:, p. 331; 3341:, p. 161; 3337: 3333: 3325:, p. 572; 3321:, p. 154; 3317: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3274:, p. 567; 3270:, p. 337; 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238:, p. 567; 3234:, p. 151; 3230: 3226: 3218:, p. 331; 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166:, p. 385; 3158: 3154: 3144:Volkogonov 1994 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3116:Volkogonov 1994 3114: 3110: 3104:Volkogonov 1994 3102: 3095: 3089:Volkogonov 1994 3087: 3083: 3077:Volkogonov 1994 3075: 3071: 3059:, p. 233; 3057:Volkogonov 1994 3055:, p. 800; 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3013:Volkogonov 1994 3011: 3007: 3001:Volkogonov 1994 2995:, p. 344; 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955:, p. 385; 2951:, p. 347; 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923:, p. 450; 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2897:Volkogonov 1994 2891:, p. 254; 2887: 2883: 2875:, p. 365; 2871:, p. 737; 2863: 2859: 2853:Volkogonov 1994 2851: 2844: 2838:Volkogonov 1994 2836:, p. 794; 2832:, p. 195; 2828: 2824: 2812: 2808: 2802:Volkogonov 1994 2800:, p. 360; 2796: 2792: 2778:Volkogonov 1994 2776:, p. 170; 2768:, p. 353; 2760: 2756: 2750:Volkogonov 1994 2748:, p. 170; 2740:, p. 236; 2736: 2732: 2726:Volkogonov 1994 2724: 2720: 2714:Volkogonov 1994 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2651:Volkogonov 1994 2649:, p. 260; 2645: 2641: 2635:Volkogonov 1994 2633:, p. 491; 2629: 2625: 2617: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588:, p. 236; 2584: 2577: 2565: 2561: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485:, p. 709; 2477: 2473: 2461:, p. 689; 2457: 2453: 2445:, p. 709; 2441: 2437: 2431:Volkogonov 1994 2429: 2425: 2417:, p. 321; 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349:, p. 249; 2345: 2341: 2333:, p. 514; 2329:, p. 249; 2325: 2321: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2291: 2287:, p. 153a. 2275:, p. 310; 2271: 2267: 2261:Volkogonov 1994 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235:, p. 341; 2233:Volkogonov 1994 2231:, p. 499; 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187:, p. 511; 2179: 2175: 2167:, p. 517; 2163: 2159: 2153:Volkogonov 1994 2151: 2147: 2141:Volkogonov 1994 2139: 2135: 2129:Volkogonov 1994 2127:, p. 284; 2123: 2119: 2111: 2102: 2092:Volkogonov 1994 2090: 2086: 2078:, p. 355; 2074:, p. 374; 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970:, p. 229; 1968:Volkogonov 1994 1966:, p. 548; 1962:, p. 361; 1958: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1912:Volkogonov 1994 1910: 1903: 1891:, p. 171; 1889:Volkogonov 1994 1883: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1851:, p. 158; 1847: 1843: 1833:Volkogonov 1994 1831:, p. 165; 1823: 1819: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1767:, p. 176; 1765:Volkogonov 1994 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727:, p. 173; 1725:Volkogonov 1994 1723:, p. 164; 1715:, p. 315; 1711: 1707: 1699:, p. 314; 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1665:Mikhail Kalinin 1661: 1649:sensory aphasia 1633:Georgian Affair 1625: 1621: 1549:Maria Ilinichna 1508:Collected Works 1487: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1338:On the Food Tax 1325:Mikhail Kalinin 1308: 1304: 1184: 1168:E. M. Sulyanski 1156:Western Ukraine 1101:anti-capitalist 910: 906: 904: 900: 898: 894: 887: 882: 845:Senate Building 824: 744:Decree on Peace 732: 728: 720: 712:Peter Kropotkin 668: 664: 597:People's Courts 577:Bolshoi Theatre 557:Left Communists 514:Julian calendar 473:First World War 469:Decree on Peace 453: 449: 441: 298: 293: 281:Decree on Peace 269:First World War 221:Bolshevik Party 160: 155: 139: 136:Omsk Government 134: 129: 113: 97: 71:21 January 1924 63:8 November 1917 55: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7450: 7440: 7439: 7437:Vladimir Lenin 7434: 7429: 7414: 7413: 7407: 7394: 7389:978-0002551236 7388: 7372: 7363: 7357: 7341: 7335: 7322: 7316: 7303: 7297: 7284: 7278: 7262:Pipes, Richard 7258: 7252: 7239: 7233: 7221:Fischer, Louis 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7206:, p. 440. 7196: 7176: 7161: 7159:, p. 479. 7137: 7125: 7113: 7111:, p. 435. 7101: 7099:, p. 176. 7069: 7049: 7047:, p. 476. 7025: 7005: 7003:, p. 474. 6981: 6979:, p. 176. 6957: 6941: 6929: 6927:, p. 175. 6905: 6877: 6849: 6847:, p. 173. 6829: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6763:, p. 470. 6749: 6747:, p. 468. 6733: 6731:, p. 176. 6721: 6714: 6694: 6692:, p. 174. 6666: 6634: 6606: 6599: 6579: 6573:978-0300198324 6572: 6554: 6547: 6527: 6520: 6502: 6495: 6475: 6455: 6431: 6429:, p. 173. 6411: 6409:, p. 431. 6399: 6397:, p. 446. 6383: 6381:, p. 173. 6359: 6347: 6345:, p. 172. 6323: 6321:, p. 437. 6307: 6305:, p. 439. 6291: 6289:, p. 426. 6279: 6277:, p. 415. 6267: 6265:, p. 436. 6255: 6253:, p. 436. 6239: 6237:, p. 435. 6219: 6217:, p. 435. 6195: 6193:, p. 578. 6183: 6171: 6169:, p. 189. 6155: 6153:, p. 311. 6140: 6138:, p. 417. 6128: 6126:, p. 416. 6112: 6110:, p. 415. 6088: 6064: 6062:, p. 283. 6052: 6050:, p. 405. 6032: 6020: 6018:, p. 440. 6000: 5998:, p. 174. 5980: 5978:, p. 397. 5968: 5952: 5950:, p. 410. 5937: 5925: 5923:, p. 409. 5913: 5911:, p. 409. 5897: 5895:, p. 389. 5885: 5873: 5871:, p. 391. 5857: 5855:, p. 387. 5845: 5843:, p. 392. 5833: 5831:, p. 398. 5817: 5815:, p. 160. 5801: 5799:, p. 160. 5773: 5771:, p. 160. 5741: 5739:, p. 390. 5726: 5714: 5702: 5700:, p. 395. 5675: 5673:, p. 173. 5659: 5657:, p. 387. 5647: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5605:, p. 432. 5595: 5593:, p. 441. 5579: 5567: 5565:, p. 434. 5555: 5553:, p. 421. 5543: 5541:, p. 430. 5531: 5529:, p. 432. 5516: 5514:, p. 171. 5500: 5498:, p. 412. 5484: 5482:, p. 412. 5472: 5470:, p. 430. 5456: 5454:, p. 169. 5436: 5416: 5396: 5394:, p. 423. 5380: 5378:, p. 427. 5356: 5354:, p. 408. 5344: 5332: 5330:, p. 169. 5304: 5302:, p. 184. 5288: 5276: 5274:, p. 170. 5264: 5262:, p. 168. 5236: 5234:, p. 167. 5216: 5188: 5186:, p. 346. 5176: 5174:, p. 172. 5152: 5150:, p. 168. 5132: 5130:, p. 168. 5104: 5102:, p. 347. 5092: 5090:, p. 343. 5080: 5068: 5052: 5050:, p. 381. 5040: 5025: 5023:, p. 376. 5013: 5001: 4989: 4987:, p. 373. 4974: 4972:, p. 126. 4962: 4950: 4948:, p. 836. 4938: 4936:, p. 235. 4922: 4920:, p. 835. 4910: 4898: 4896:, p. 821. 4886: 4884:, p. 834. 4874: 4872:, p. 837. 4862: 4850: 4838: 4836:, p. 825. 4826: 4824:, p. 796. 4814: 4812:, p. 202. 4799: 4797:, p. 364. 4787: 4785:, p. 364. 4775: 4763: 4761:, p. 801. 4751: 4739: 4737:, p. 366. 4724: 4712: 4710:, p. 112. 4696: 4694:, p. 412. 4676: 4674:, p. 411. 4664: 4662:, p. 161. 4636: 4634:, p. 161. 4608: 4606:, p. 782. 4592: 4590:, p. 212. 4580: 4578:, p. 208. 4568: 4566:, p. 211. 4552: 4528: 4526:, p. 403. 4516: 4504: 4502:, p. 402. 4489: 4487:, p. 396. 4477: 4475:, p. 392. 4457: 4455:, p. 379. 4445: 4443:, p. 205. 4433: 4431:, p. 162. 4413: 4411:, p. 163. 4397: 4395:, p. 163. 4385: 4383:, p. 262. 4373: 4371:, p. 248. 4358: 4356:, p. 243. 4346: 4344:, p. 172. 4326: 4310: 4282: 4280:, p. 635. 4270: 4268:, p. 386. 4258: 4243: 4241:, p. 383. 4219: 4217:, p. 198. 4203: 4201:, p. 198. 4187: 4185:, p. 362. 4171: 4147: 4145:, p. 100. 4135: 4133:, p. 333. 4123: 4121:, p. 331. 4111: 4109:, p. 354. 4092: 4080: 4068: 4052: 4050:, p. 177. 4036: 4020: 4004: 3984: 3982:, p. 196. 3972: 3960: 3958:, p. 357. 3945: 3933: 3931:, p. 373. 3921: 3919:, p. 230. 3906: 3878: 3876:, p. 369. 3863: 3851: 3849:, p. 222. 3839: 3837:, p. 155. 3811: 3809:, p. 155. 3779: 3777:, p. 348. 3763: 3761:, p. 345. 3751: 3749:, p. 346. 3739: 3737:, p. 347. 3727: 3699: 3697:, p. 344. 3679: 3677:, p. 344. 3651: 3649:, p. 384. 3627: 3625:, p. 384. 3599: 3597:, p. 344. 3587: 3585:, p. 214. 3575: 3559: 3557:, p. 342. 3543: 3541:, p. 342. 3531: 3499: 3497:, p. 341. 3479: 3477:, p. 341. 3459: 3435: 3433:, p. 340. 3419: 3399: 3397:, p. 338. 3383: 3381:, p. 578. 3367: 3365:, p. 576. 3351: 3349:, p. 576. 3331: 3329:, p. 166. 3311: 3295: 3293:, p. 338. 3280: 3278:, p. 166. 3256: 3254:, p. 567. 3244: 3242:, p. 338. 3224: 3222:, p. 567. 3208: 3196: 3194:, p. 383. 3184: 3172: 3170:, p. 156. 3152: 3150:, p. 156. 3132: 3120: 3118:, p. 169. 3108: 3106:, p. 243. 3093: 3091:, p. 238. 3081: 3079:, p. 242. 3069: 3067:, p. 153. 3041: 3039:, p. 435. 3029: 3017: 3015:, p. 237. 3005: 2985: 2983:, p. 376. 2973: 2971:, p. 350. 2961: 2959:, p. 164. 2941: 2939:, p. 237. 2929: 2927:, p. 726. 2913: 2911:, p. 254. 2901: 2899:, p. 197. 2881: 2857: 2855:, p. 182. 2842: 2840:, p. 181. 2822: 2820:, p. 100. 2806: 2804:, p. 197. 2790: 2788:, p. 164. 2754: 2752:, p. 190. 2730: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2679: 2677:, p. 797. 2667: 2655: 2639: 2637:, p. 356. 2623: 2621:, p. 260. 2606: 2604:, p. 259. 2594: 2575: 2559: 2543: 2541:, p. 264. 2531: 2529:, p. 672. 2515: 2503: 2501:, p. 349. 2491: 2471: 2469:, p. 321. 2465:, p. 64; 2451: 2449:, p. 321. 2435: 2433:, p. 170. 2423: 2421:, p. 153. 2403: 2391: 2379: 2377:, p. 160. 2367: 2355: 2353:, p. 514. 2339: 2337:, p. 321. 2319: 2317:, p. 321. 2304: 2302:, p. 312. 2289: 2265: 2263:, p. 189. 2253: 2251:, p. 499. 2241: 2217: 2215:, p. 161. 2205: 2203:, p. 249. 2193: 2191:, p. 167. 2173: 2171:, p. 511. 2157: 2155:, p. 276. 2145: 2143:, p. 251. 2133: 2131:, p. 252. 2117: 2115:, p. 388. 2100: 2098:, p. 377. 2084: 2082:, p. 159. 2060: 2058:, p. 219. 2048: 2036: 2034:, p. 514. 2024: 2022:, p. 515. 2012: 2000: 1998:, p. 336. 1988: 1986:, p. 548. 1976: 1952: 1950:, p. 333. 1940: 1938:, p. 326. 1928: 1916: 1914:, p. 171. 1901: 1899:, p. 159. 1877: 1875:, p. 517. 1865: 1841: 1817: 1815:, p. 164. 1801: 1789: 1787:, p. 164. 1777: 1775:, p. 156. 1757: 1755:, p. 543. 1745: 1743:, p. 315. 1733: 1731:, p. 331. 1705: 1703:, p. 317. 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1660: 1657: 1614: 1602:Boris Bazhanov 1486: 1483: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1297: 1289:workers' state 1273:Herbert Hoover 1258:Roman Catholic 1183: 1180: 1124:Yakov Sverdlov 1122:In July 1918, 990:Alexey Kaledin 946:Volunteer Army 905: 899: 893: 886: 883: 881: 878: 841:Moscow Kremlin 823: 820: 736:Central Powers 721: 719: 716: 705:Rosa Luxemburg 649: 461:landed estates 457:Decree on Land 442: 440: 437: 412:Yakov Sverdlov 297: 294: 292: 289: 273:Central Powers 239:(see article " 217:Vladimir Lenin 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 166: 165: 149: 145: 144: 123: 119: 118: 107: 103: 102: 92: 91:Member parties 88: 87: 85:Vladimir Lenin 82: 78: 77: 73: 72: 69: 68:Date dissolved 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7449: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7410: 7408:9780333721575 7404: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7336:9781857283556 7332: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7190:, p. 9; 7189: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7129: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6938: 6933: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6698: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6583: 6575: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6479: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6351: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5651: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2573:, p. 97. 2572: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2401:, p. 83. 2400: 2395: 2389:, p. 84. 2388: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2142: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1637:Great Russian 1634: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1531:Lenin in 1923 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:Inessa Armand 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:Dmitry Kursky 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:war communism 1339: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1188: 1179: 1177: 1176:Peace of Riga 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146:In 1920, the 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 958:Anton Denikin 955: 951: 950:Lavr Kornilov 947: 943: 938: 936: 935:Paris Commune 932: 928: 924: 923: 918: 891: 877: 875: 874:Joseph Stalin 871: 867: 862: 860: 855: 849: 846: 842: 838: 828: 819: 817: 813: 807: 804: 800: 794: 792: 782: 778: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 760:Eastern Front 757: 756:Brest-Litovsk 753: 752:Western Front 749: 745: 740: 737: 731: 725: 715: 713: 710: 706: 701: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 667: 661: 659: 655: 648: 646: 641: 640:Louis Fischer 637: 632: 628: 624: 619: 615: 610: 607: 601: 598: 594: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 568: 566: 562: 558: 549: 545: 541: 537: 535: 531: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 489: 487: 483: 480:compromising 478: 477:Eastern Front 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 452: 446: 436: 434: 430: 424: 421: 417: 413: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 338:Fritz Platten 335: 330: 328: 324: 318: 315: 310: 308: 304: 288: 286: 282: 278: 277:Eastern Front 274: 270: 266: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 209: 206: 202: 199: 196: 192: 189: 186: 182: 179: 176: 172: 167: 163: 158: 153: 150: 146: 142: 137: 132: 131:Ufa Directory 127: 124: 120: 116: 111: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54:Lenin in 1920 51: 46: 42: 38: 32: 27: 20: 7398: 7379: 7367: 7348: 7326: 7307: 7288: 7267: 7243: 7224: 7213:Bibliography 7199: 7192:Service 2000 7179: 7174:, p. 9. 7157:Service 2000 7145:Fischer 1964 7140: 7128: 7123:, p. 7. 7116: 7104: 7093:Service 2000 7077:Fischer 1964 7072: 7065:Service 2000 7052: 7045:Service 2000 7033:Fischer 1964 7028: 7013:Fischer 1964 7008: 7001:Service 2000 6989:Fischer 1964 6984: 6965:Fischer 1964 6960: 6953:Service 2000 6944: 6937:Service 2000 6932: 6921:Service 2000 6913:Fischer 1964 6908: 6897:Service 2000 6885:Fischer 1964 6880: 6869:Service 2000 6857:Fischer 1964 6852: 6841:Service 2000 6837:Fischer 1964 6832: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6785:Service 2000 6780: 6768: 6761:Service 2000 6757:Fischer 1964 6752: 6745:Service 2000 6741:Fischer 1964 6736: 6724: 6704: 6697: 6686:Service 2000 6674:Fischer 1964 6669: 6658:Service 2000 6642:Fischer 1964 6637: 6626:Service 2000 6614:Fischer 1964 6609: 6589: 6582: 6563: 6557: 6537: 6530: 6511: 6505: 6485: 6478: 6458: 6451:Service 2000 6439:Fischer 1964 6434: 6419:Fischer 1964 6414: 6402: 6395:Service 2000 6386: 6375:Service 2000 6367:Fischer 1964 6362: 6355:Service 2000 6350: 6339:Service 2000 6331:Fischer 1964 6326: 6319:Service 2000 6310: 6303:Service 2000 6294: 6282: 6270: 6263:Service 2000 6258: 6251:Service 2000 6242: 6235:Service 2000 6222: 6215:Service 2000 6198: 6191:Fischer 1964 6186: 6174: 6163:Fischer 1964 6158: 6136:Service 2000 6131: 6124:Service 2000 6115: 6108:Service 2000 6096:Fischer 1964 6091: 6084:Service 2000 6072:Fischer 1964 6067: 6055: 6048:Service 2000 6040:Fischer 1964 6035: 6028:Fischer 1964 6023: 6016:Service 2000 6008:Fischer 1964 6003: 5988:Fischer 1964 5983: 5971: 5960:Fischer 1964 5955: 5948:Service 2000 5933:Service 2000 5928: 5921:Service 2000 5916: 5909:Service 2000 5900: 5893:Service 2000 5888: 5881:Service 2000 5876: 5860: 5853:Service 2000 5848: 5836: 5825:Fischer 1964 5820: 5809:Service 2000 5804: 5793:Service 2000 5781:Fischer 1964 5776: 5765:Service 2000 5749:Fischer 1964 5744: 5717: 5705: 5686:Fischer 1964 5662: 5650: 5643:Service 2000 5634: 5627:Fischer 1964 5622: 5615:Fischer 1964 5610: 5603:Service 2000 5598: 5591:Service 2000 5587:Fischer 1964 5582: 5575:Fischer 1964 5570: 5563:Service 2000 5558: 5551:Service 2000 5546: 5539:Service 2000 5534: 5508:Service 2000 5503: 5492:Fischer 1964 5487: 5475: 5468:Service 2000 5459: 5448:Service 2000 5439: 5428:Service 2000 5424:Fischer 1964 5419: 5412:Service 2000 5399: 5392:Service 2000 5388:Fischer 1964 5383: 5376:Service 2000 5364:Fischer 1964 5359: 5347: 5335: 5324:Service 2000 5312:Fischer 1964 5307: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5256:Service 2000 5244:Fischer 1964 5239: 5228:Service 2000 5219: 5208:Service 2000 5196:Fischer 1964 5191: 5179: 5160:Fischer 1964 5155: 5144:Service 2000 5140:Fischer 1964 5135: 5124:Service 2000 5112:Fischer 1964 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5060:Fischer 1964 5055: 5043: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4795:Service 2000 4790: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4715: 4699: 4692:Service 2000 4679: 4672:Service 2000 4667: 4656:Service 2000 4644:Fischer 1964 4639: 4628:Service 2000 4616:Fischer 1964 4611: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4555: 4548:Service 2000 4531: 4524:Service 2000 4519: 4512:Service 2000 4507: 4500:Service 2000 4485:Service 2000 4480: 4473:Service 2000 4465:Fischer 1964 4460: 4448: 4436: 4416: 4405:Fischer 1964 4400: 4388: 4381:Fischer 1964 4376: 4369:Fischer 1964 4354:Fischer 1964 4349: 4334:Fischer 1964 4329: 4318:Fischer 1964 4313: 4302:Service 2000 4290:Fischer 1964 4285: 4273: 4266:Service 2000 4261: 4254:Service 2000 4239:Service 2000 4227:Fischer 1964 4222: 4206: 4190: 4183:Service 2000 4179:Fischer 1964 4174: 4163:Service 2000 4155:Fischer 1964 4150: 4138: 4131:Fischer 1964 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3431:Service 2000 3422: 3415:Service 2000 3407:Fischer 1964 3402: 3395:Service 2000 3386: 3375:Fischer 1964 3370: 3359:Fischer 1964 3354: 3339:Fischer 1964 3334: 3319:Fischer 1964 3314: 3303:Fischer 1964 3298: 3291:Service 2000 3264:Fischer 1964 3259: 3247: 3240:Service 2000 3232:Fischer 1964 3227: 3211: 3204:Fischer 1964 3199: 3187: 3175: 3164:Service 2000 3155: 3140:Fischer 1964 3135: 3128:Service 2000 3123: 3111: 3084: 3072: 3061:Service 2000 3044: 3037:Fischer 1964 3032: 3025:Fischer 1964 3020: 3008: 2988: 2981:Service 2000 2976: 2969:Service 2000 2964: 2953:Service 2000 2949:Fischer 1964 2944: 2937:Fischer 1964 2932: 2921:Fischer 1964 2916: 2909:Fischer 1964 2904: 2889:Fischer 1964 2884: 2873:Service 2000 2865:Fischer 1964 2860: 2830:Fischer 1964 2825: 2809: 2793: 2782:Service 2000 2762:Fischer 1964 2757: 2738:Fischer 1964 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2670: 2658: 2647:Fischer 1964 2642: 2631:Fischer 1964 2626: 2619:Fischer 1964 2602:Fischer 1964 2597: 2590:Service 2000 2586:Fischer 1964 2562: 2546: 2539:Fischer 1964 2534: 2523:Fischer 1964 2518: 2511:Fischer 1964 2506: 2499:Service 2000 2494: 2479:Fischer 1964 2474: 2467:Service 2000 2454: 2447:Service 2000 2438: 2426: 2415:Service 2000 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2347:Fischer 1964 2342: 2335:Service 2000 2327:Fischer 1964 2322: 2315:Service 2000 2281:Service 2000 2268: 2256: 2244: 2237:Service 2000 2225:Fischer 1964 2220: 2208: 2201:Fischer 1964 2196: 2181:Fischer 1964 2176: 2165:Fischer 1964 2160: 2148: 2136: 2125:Fischer 1964 2120: 2113:Service 2000 2096:Service 2000 2087: 2076:Service 2000 2068:Fischer 1964 2063: 2056:Fischer 1964 2051: 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1996:Service 2000 1991: 1979: 1972:Service 2000 1955: 1948:Service 2000 1943: 1936:Service 2000 1931: 1924:Service 2000 1919: 1893:Service 2000 1880: 1868: 1861:Service 2000 1849:Fischer 1964 1844: 1837:Service 2000 1820: 1804: 1792: 1780: 1769:Service 2000 1760: 1748: 1736: 1729:Service 2000 1708: 1701:Service 2000 1692: 1674: 1662: 1646: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1591: 1578:Great Purges 1574: 1566:neurasthenia 1534: 1507: 1499:Emma Goldman 1488: 1476: 1473: 1462: 1455: 1434:Labour Party 1431: 1412: 1406: 1402: 1359: 1337: 1330: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1265:that of 1891 1262: 1237: 1221: 1217:police state 1209: 1197: 1172:Green armies 1145: 1121: 1106: 1097:Great Russia 1094: 1079: 1074: 1052: 1040:Leon Trotsky 1037: 1017:Czech Legion 1010: 1006: 982: 978:White Terror 942:South Russia 939: 920: 914: 863: 854:Fanny Kaplan 850: 837:Okhotny Road 833: 808: 795: 787: 772: 768:Leon Trotsky 764:Adolph Joffe 741: 733: 727: 723: 700:Karl Kautsky 696: 669: 663: 657: 653: 651: 611: 602: 589: 569: 553: 546:, Lenin and 526: 490: 454: 448: 444: 425: 420:Leon Trotsky 416:flu pandemic 408: 387: 373: 369:Volga Tatars 360: 356: 348: 344: 342: 331: 319: 311: 299: 249: 214: 208:Alexei Rykov 41:Russian SFSR 6467:Sandle 1999 6447:Sandle 1999 5252:Sandle 1999 4970:Sandle 1999 4708:Sandle 1999 4143:Sandle 1999 2571:Sandle 1999 2555:Sandle 1999 2487:Sandle 1999 2463:Sandle 1999 2399:Sandle 1999 2387:Sandle 1999 2189:Sandle 1999 1537:hyperacusis 1495:H. G. Wells 1312:martial law 1233:slave labor 1224:Dzerzhinsky 1213:martial law 1141:Nicholas II 1002:Vladivostok 998:Kandalaksha 986:Don Cossack 870:martial law 688:labor camps 623:speculators 606:Maxim Gorky 323:trade union 194:Predecessor 164:(1918–1921) 159:(1917–1921) 154:(1917–1921) 143:(1920-1923) 138:(1918–1920) 117:(from 1921) 112:(1917-1921) 101:(1917–1918) 60:Date formed 7421:Categories 7097:White 2001 6977:White 2001 6925:White 2001 6901:White 2001 6873:White 2001 6845:White 2001 6729:White 2001 6690:White 2001 6662:White 2001 6630:White 2001 6521:185984085X 6427:White 2001 6379:White 2001 6343:White 2001 5964:White 2001 5813:White 2001 5797:White 2001 5769:White 2001 5512:White 2001 5452:White 2001 5432:White 2001 5328:White 2001 5272:White 2001 5260:White 2001 5232:White 2001 5212:White 2001 5172:White 2001 5148:White 2001 5128:White 2001 4958:Pipes 1990 4946:Pipes 1990 4930:Pipes 1990 4918:Pipes 1990 4906:Pipes 1990 4894:Pipes 1990 4882:Pipes 1990 4870:Pipes 1990 4858:Pipes 1990 4846:Pipes 1990 4834:Pipes 1990 4822:Pipes 1990 4771:Pipes 1990 4759:Pipes 1990 4660:White 2001 4632:White 2001 4604:Pipes 1990 4560:Pipes 1990 4540:Pipes 1990 4429:White 2001 4421:Pipes 1990 4409:White 2001 4393:White 2001 4338:Pipes 1990 4322:Pipes 1990 4306:White 2001 4298:Pipes 1990 4278:Pipes 1990 4231:Pipes 1990 4211:Pipes 1990 4195:Pipes 1990 4167:White 2001 4159:Pipes 1990 4060:Pipes 1990 3835:White 2001 3827:Pipes 1990 3807:White 2001 3795:Pipes 1990 3715:Pipes 1990 3667:Pipes 1990 3639:Pipes 1990 3615:Pipes 1990 3571:Pipes 1990 3551:Pipes 1990 3527:White 2001 3515:Pipes 1990 3491:Pipes 1990 3467:Pipes 1990 3451:Pipes 1990 3379:Pipes 1990 3363:Pipes 1990 3347:Pipes 1990 3323:Pipes 1990 3307:Pipes 1990 3272:Pipes 1990 3252:Pipes 1990 3236:Pipes 1990 3220:Pipes 1990 3168:White 2001 3148:White 2001 3065:White 2001 3053:Pipes 1990 2997:Pipes 1990 2957:White 2001 2925:Pipes 1990 2893:Pipes 1990 2877:White 2001 2869:Pipes 1990 2834:Pipes 1990 2814:Pipes 1990 2786:White 2001 2770:Pipes 1990 2742:Pipes 1990 2702:Pipes 1990 2690:Pipes 1990 2675:Pipes 1990 2567:Pipes 1990 2551:Pipes 1990 2527:Pipes 1990 2483:Pipes 1990 2459:Pipes 1990 2443:Pipes 1990 2419:White 2001 2411:Pipes 1990 2375:White 2001 2363:White 2001 2351:Pipes 1990 2331:Pipes 1990 2285:White 2001 2277:Pipes 1990 2249:Pipes 1990 2229:Pipes 1990 2185:Pipes 1990 2169:Pipes 1990 2080:White 2001 2044:Pipes 1990 2032:Pipes 1990 2020:Pipes 1990 2008:Pipes 1990 1984:Pipes 1990 1964:Pipes 1990 1897:White 2001 1885:Pipes 1990 1873:Pipes 1990 1857:Pipes 1990 1825:Pipes 1990 1809:Pipes 1990 1797:Pipes 1990 1773:White 2001 1753:Pipes 1990 1717:Pipes 1990 1680:References 1517:Kislovodsk 1469:a monarchy 1204:Red Terror 1190:Bolshevik 1113:Borotbists 1069:, and the 812:Wilhelm II 406:to adopt. 157:Mensheviks 95:Bolsheviks 7188:Rice 1990 7184:Shub 1966 7172:Rice 1990 7153:Rice 1990 7149:Shub 1966 7133:Rice 1990 7121:Rice 1990 7085:Rice 1990 7081:Shub 1966 7057:Rice 1990 7037:Shub 1966 7017:Rice 1990 6993:Shub 1966 6973:Rice 1990 6969:Shub 1966 6889:Rice 1990 6861:Shub 1966 6821:Rice 1990 6773:Shub 1966 6678:Shub 1966 6650:Rice 1990 6646:Shub 1966 6618:Shub 1966 6443:Shub 1966 6423:Shub 1966 6407:Shub 1966 6391:Shub 1966 6371:Shub 1966 6335:Shub 1966 6287:Shub 1966 6247:Rice 1990 6231:Rice 1990 6227:Shub 1966 6207:Rice 1990 6203:Shub 1966 6179:Rice 1990 6167:Rice 1990 6120:Rice 1990 6104:Rice 1990 6100:Shub 1966 6080:Rice 1990 6076:Shub 1966 6044:Rice 1990 6012:Rice 1990 5996:Rice 1990 5992:Shub 1966 5976:Shub 1966 5905:Shub 1966 5865:Shub 1966 5829:Shub 1966 5789:Rice 1990 5785:Shub 1966 5757:Rice 1990 5753:Shub 1966 5737:Shub 1966 5722:Shub 1966 5694:Rice 1990 5690:Shub 1966 5671:Rice 1990 5667:Shub 1966 5655:Shub 1966 5527:Shub 1966 5496:Shub 1966 5480:Shub 1966 5464:Shub 1966 5444:Shub 1966 5408:Rice 1990 5404:Shub 1966 5372:Rice 1990 5368:Shub 1966 5352:Shub 1966 5340:Shub 1966 5320:Rice 1990 5316:Shub 1966 5300:Rice 1990 5296:Shub 1966 5284:Shub 1966 5248:Rice 1990 5224:Shub 1966 5204:Rice 1990 5200:Shub 1966 5164:Shub 1966 5116:Shub 1966 5076:Rice 1990 5064:Rice 1990 4783:Shub 1966 4747:Shub 1966 4735:Shub 1966 4684:Rice 1990 4652:Rice 1990 4648:Shub 1966 4620:Rice 1990 4600:Shub 1966 4536:Shub 1966 4469:Rice 1990 4294:Shub 1966 4107:Shub 1966 4048:Rice 1990 4016:Rice 1990 4012:Shub 1966 3992:Shub 1966 3894:Rice 1990 3890:Shub 1966 3823:Shub 1966 3791:Shub 1966 3711:Shub 1966 3687:Shub 1966 3663:Shub 1966 3611:Shub 1966 3519:Rice 1990 3511:Shub 1966 3487:Shub 1966 3471:Rice 1990 3447:Shub 1966 3427:Shub 1966 3411:Shub 1966 3391:Rice 1990 3343:Shub 1966 3327:Rice 1990 3276:Rice 1990 3268:Shub 1966 3216:Shub 1966 3192:Shub 1966 3180:Shub 1966 3160:Shub 1966 3049:Shub 1966 2993:Shub 1966 2798:Shub 1966 2774:Rice 1990 2766:Shub 1966 2746:Rice 1990 2663:Rice 1990 2300:Shub 1966 2273:Shub 1966 2213:Rice 1990 2072:Shub 1966 1960:Shub 1966 1853:Shub 1966 1829:Rice 1990 1813:Rice 1990 1785:Rice 1990 1741:Shub 1966 1721:Rice 1990 1713:Shub 1966 1697:Shub 1966 1685:Footnotes 1417:, led by 1379:Kamchatka 1320:Kronstadt 1250:Eucharist 931:class war 927:civil war 885:Civil war 866:Sokolniki 709:anarchist 581:Karl Marx 544:Smidovich 431:into the 204:Successor 7378:(1994). 7347:(2000). 7264:(1990). 7223:(1964). 6471:Lee 2003 2818:Lee 2003 1541:insomnia 1419:Béla Kun 1283:and the 1075:de facto 994:Murmansk 988:army of 775:Courland 548:Sverdlov 388:de facto 365:Bashkirs 361:gubernii 110:Majority 1659:Funeral 1587:Pechera 1553:suicide 1521:cholera 1152:Belarus 1135:in the 631:looters 522:divorce 516:to the 494:Finland 374:At the 357:oblasti 353:soviets 349:oblasti 345:oblasti 169:History 7405: 7386: 7355: 7333: 7314: 7295: 7276: 7250: 7231: 6712: 6597: 6570: 6545: 6518: 6493: 1449:, and 1385:, the 1109:Crimea 1065:, the 1061:, the 1057:, the 1025:Samara 922:On War 907: 901: 895: 791:Dvinsk 614:kulaks 508:, and 219:, the 133:(1918) 128:(1918) 126:Komuch 37:Russia 1583:Narym 1229:Gulag 1029:Kazan 962:Kursk 692:Ukhta 7403:ISBN 7384:ISBN 7353:ISBN 7331:ISBN 7312:ISBN 7293:ISBN 7274:ISBN 7248:ISBN 7229:ISBN 6710:ISBN 6595:ISBN 6568:ISBN 6543:ISBN 6516:ISBN 6491:ISBN 1653:coma 1539:and 1501:and 1160:Kiev 1154:and 974:Perm 966:Orel 964:and 952:and 944:, a 766:and 629:and 583:and 496:and 367:and 39:(as 1568:or 919:'s 660:." 7423:: 7164:^ 6143:^ 5940:^ 5729:^ 5678:^ 5519:^ 5028:^ 4977:^ 4802:^ 4727:^ 4492:^ 4361:^ 4246:^ 4095:^ 3948:^ 3909:^ 3866:^ 3283:^ 3096:^ 2845:^ 2682:^ 2609:^ 2578:^ 2307:^ 2292:^ 2103:^ 1904:^ 1453:. 1243:, 1235:. 1035:. 625:, 524:. 504:, 488:. 435:. 7411:. 7392:. 7361:. 7339:. 7320:. 7301:. 7282:. 7256:. 7237:. 6718:. 6603:. 6576:. 6551:. 6524:. 6499:. 5078:. 43:)

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Knowledge

Government of Vladimir Lenin

Index