Coalition government

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better reflects the popular opinion of the electorate within a country; this means, for instance, that the political system contains just one majority-based mechanism. Contrast this with district voting in which the majority mechanism occurs twice: first, the majority of voters pick the representative and, second, the body of representatives make a subsequent majority decision. The doubled majority decision undermines voter support for that decision. The benefit of proportional representation is that it contains that majority mechanism just once. Additionally, coalition partnership may play an important role in moderating the level of affective polarization over parties, that is, the animosity and hostility against the opponent party identifiers/supporters.

1363:, coalition governments in Canada became much less possible in 1919, when the leaders of parties were no longer chosen by elected MPs but instead began to be chosen by party members. Such a manner of leadership election had never been tried in any parliamentary system before. According to Moore, as long as that kind of leadership selection process remains in place and concentrates power in the hands of the leader, as opposed to backbenchers, then coalition governments will be very difficult to form. Moore shows that the diffusion of power within a party tends to also lead to a diffusion of power in the parliament in which that party operates, thereby making coalitions more likely. 2020:(or their precursors; loose, indirect successors to the two major pre-war parties) could usually count on support from some members of the other major conservative party or from smaller conservative parties and independents. Finally in 1955, when Hatoyama Ichirō's Democratic Party minority government called early House of Representatives elections and, while gaining seats substantially, remained in the minority, the Liberal Party refused to cooperate until negotiations on a long-debated "conservative merger" of the two parties were agreed upon, and eventually successful. 2267:), in the Spanish Government. There are two ways of conforming them: all of them based on a program and its institutional architecture, one consists on distributing the different areas of government between the parties conforming the coalition and the other one is, like in the Valencian Community, where the ministries are structured with members of all the political parties being represented, so that conflicts that may occur are regarding competences and not fights between parties. 695: 2506: 36: 1659:. The rise of populist parties also increases the time that it takes for a successful coalition to form. By 2016, the Greens were participating eleven governing coalitions on the state level in seven different constellations. During campaigns, parties often declare which coalitions or partners they prefer or reject. This tendency toward fragmentation also spread to the federal level, particularly during the 2640:. Unlike a coalition government, which is a more formalised partnership characterised by the sharing of the executive branch, a confidence and supply arrangement does not entail executive "power-sharing". Instead, it involves the governing party supporting specific proposals and priorities of the other parties in the arrangement, in return for their continued support on motions of confidence. 1616:, described as "sister parties" which form a joint parliamentary group, and for this purpose are always considered a single party. Coalition arrangements are often given names based on the colours of the parties involved, such as "red-green" for the SPD and Greens. Coalitions of three parties are often named after countries whose flags contain those colours, such as the black-yellow-green 1592:, which requires governments to control an absolute majority of seats. Every government since the foundation of the Federal Republic in 1949 has involved at least two political parties. Typically, governments involve one of the two major parties forming a coalition with a smaller party. For example, from 1982 to 1998, the country was governed by a coalition of the 2587:

majority, can collude to make the parliamentary discussion on the issue irrelevant by consistently disregarding the arguments of the opposition and voting against the opposition's proposals — even if there is disagreement within the ruling parties about the issue. However, in winner-take-all this seems always to be the case.

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on issues when disagreement and the consequent discussion would be more fruitful. To forge a consensus, the leaders of ruling coalition parties can agree to silence their disagreements on an issue to unify the coalition against the opposition. The coalition partners, if they control the parliamentary

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Advocates of proportional representation suggest that a coalition government leads to more consensus-based politics, as a government comprising differing parties (often based on different ideologies) need to compromise about governmental policy. Another stated advantage is that a coalition government

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in order to gain a parliamentary majority, ending 13 years of Labour government. This was the first time that the Conservatives and Lib Dems had made a power-sharing deal at Westminster. It was also the first full coalition in Britain since 1945, having been formed 70 years virtually to the day after

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After it was founded in 1955, the Liberal Democratic Party dominated Japan's governments for a long period: The new party governed alone without interruption until 1983, again from 1986 to 1993 and most recently between 1996 and 1999. The first time the LDP entered a coalition government followed its

2019:

was the strongest overall or decisive cross-bench group in the House of Councillors, and it was willing to cooperate with both centre-left and centre-right governments even when it was not formally part of the cabinet; and in the House of Representatives, minority governments of Liberals or Democrats

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vote automatically after the mandatory conference committee procedure fails which, by precedent, it does without real attempt to reconcile the different votes). Therefore, a party that controls the lower house can form a government on its own. It can also pass a budget on its own. But passing any law

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Germany is the largest nation ever to have had proportional representation during the interbellum. After WW II, the German system, district based but then proportionally adjusted afterward, contains a threshold that keeps the number of parties limited. The threshold is set at five percent, resulting

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Coalition governments in Spain had already existed during the 2nd Republic, and have been common in some specific Autonomous Communities since the 1980s. Nonetheless, the prevalence of two big parties overall has been eroded and the need for coalitions appears to be the new normal since around 2015.

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A single, more powerful party can shape the policies of the coalition disproportionately. Smaller or less powerful parties can be intimidated to not openly disagree. In order to maintain the coalition, they would have to vote against their own party's platform in the parliament. If they do not, the

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Finally, a strength that can also be seen as a weakness is that proportional representation puts the emphasis on collaboration. All parties involved are looking at the other parties in the best light possible, since they may be (future) coalition partners. The pendulum may therefore show less of a

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Coalition formation has become increasingly complex as voters increasingly migrate away from the major parties during the 2000s and 2010s. While coalitions of more than two parties were extremely rare in preceding decades, they have become common on the state level. These often include the liberal

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If an issue is discussed more deeply and in more detail in chamber than what appears in the coalition agreement, it indicates that the coalition parties do not share the same policy ideas. Hence, a more detailed written formulation of the issue helps parties in the coalition to limit 'agency loss'

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Those who disapprove of coalition governments believe that such governments have a tendency to be fractious and prone to disharmony, as their component parties hold differing beliefs and thus may not always agree on policy. Sometimes the results of an election mean that the coalitions which are

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with a five-party governing coalition, a so-called "rainbow government". The Lipponen cabinets set the stability record and were unusual in the respect that both the centre-left (SDP) and radical left-wing (Left Alliance) parties sat in the government with the major centre-right party (National

1441:). In 1940, Bracken formed a wartime coalition government with almost every party in the Manitoba Legislature (the Conservatives, CCF, and Social Credit; however, the CCF broke with the coalition after a few years over policy differences). The only party not included was the small, communist 910:

Governing parties lose votes in the election after their legislative period, this is called “the governing cost”. In comparison, a single- party government has a higher electoral cost, than a party that holds the office of the prime minister. Furthermore, the party that holds the office of

1631:, in which the incumbent SPD–Green government was defeated but the opposition CDU/CSU–FDP coalition also fell short of a majority. A grand coalition government was subsequently formed between the CDU/CSU and the SPD. Partnerships like these typically involve carefully structured cabinets: 1626:

of the two major parties also occur, but these are relatively rare, as they typically prefer to associate with smaller ones. However, if the major parties are unable to assemble a majority, a grand coalition may be the only practical option. This was the case following the

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has a huge influence on the outcome of an election. However, the risk of retrospective voting is a lot weaker with coalition governments than in single party governments. Within the coalition, the party with the head of state has the biggest risk of retrospective voting.

2305:) united. Between 1960 and 2002, 17 coalition governments were formed in Turkey. The media and the general public view coalition governments as unfavorable and unstable due to their lack of effectiveness and short lifespan. Following Turkey's transition to a 1456:

in 1999 after being reduced to a minority. After two years, the newly elected Liberal leader David Karwacki ordered the coalition be disbanded, the Liberal caucus disagreed with him and left the Liberals to run as New Democrats in the upcoming election. The

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in 1971, lodged a case alleging electoral malpractice. In June 1975, Indira was found guilty and barred by the High Court from holding public office for six years. In response, a state of emergency was declared under the pretext of national security. The

1265:, no party got more than 17% of the vote. Thus, forming a coalition government is an expected and necessary part of Belgian politics. In Belgium, coalition governments containing ministers from six or more parties are not uncommon; consequently, 2628:

A legislative coalition or voting coalition is when political parties in a legislature align on voting to push forward specific policies or legislation, but do not engage in power-sharing of the executive branch like in coalition governments.

2351:. Apart from this, when no party has had a majority, minority governments normally have been formed with one or more opposition parties agreeing to vote in favour of the legislation which governments need to function: for instance the 1844:, with five parties and independents represented at cabinet. Before 1989, Fianna Fáil had opposed participation in coalition governments, preferring single-party minority government instead. It formed a coalition government with the 1991:(through accessions in the House of Councillors) briefly controlled a single-party legislative majority for a few weeks before it lost the 2010 election (it, too, continued to govern as part of its previous ruling coalition). 1795:

and always a total of more than 10 parties in next elections. There are no majority winner of those elections and coalition governments are inevitable. The current government is a coalition of seven parties led by the major

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A coalition government, in which "power-sharing" of executive offices is performed, has not occurred in the United States. The norms that allow coalition governments to form and persist do not exist in the United States.

1987:(LDP) held a legislative majority of its own in the National Diet until 1989 (when it initially continued to govern alone), and between the 2016 and 2019 elections (when it remained in its previous ruling coalition). The 2194:

exists) 120 seats in parliament – 61. Since it is rare for a party to win a full majority, they must form coalitions with other parties. For example, from 1996 to 1998, the country was governed by a coalition of the

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and Denmark's first coalition government in 1929. Since then, the norm has been coalition governments, though there have been periods where single-party governments were frequent, such as the decade after the end of

1976:(including important budget-related laws) requires either majorities in both houses of the legislature or, with the drawback of longer legislative proceedings, a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. 1994:

From the constitutional establishment of parliamentary cabinets and the introduction of the new, now directly elected upper house of parliament in 1947 until the formation of the LDP and the reunification of the

1433:. During the Great Depression, Bracken survived at a time when other premiers were being defeated by forming a coalition government with the Manitoba Liberals (eventually, the two parties would merge into the 771:

There are different forms of coalition governments, minority coalitions and surplus majority coalition governments. A surplus majority coalition government controls more than the absolute majority of seats in

1529:, this was the closest any party has gotten to winning an outright majority in parliament since 1918. One party has thus never held a majority alone, and even one-party governments have needed to have 3700: 1743:

produced three Prime Ministers in two years and forced the country back to the polls in 1998. The first successful coalition government in India which completed a whole five-year term was the

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that was formed in 1994 when the LDP had agreed, if under internal turmoil and with some defections, to bury the main post-war partisan rivalry and support the election of JSP prime minister

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attempted to form a coalition with the opposition Liberals to broaden support for controversial conscription legislation. The Liberal Party refused the offer but some of their members did

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refused to form a coalition with the third-place Conservatives, so his party removed him. The Liberal–Conservative coalition introduced a winner-take-all preferential voting system (the "

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A coalition government may also be created in a time of national difficulty or crisis (for example, during wartime or economic crisis) to give a government the high degree of perceived

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For a coalition to come about the coalition partners need to compromise on their policy expectations. One coalition or probing partner must lose for the other one to win, to achieve a

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is an agreement negotiated between the parties that form a coalition government. It codifies the most important shared goals and objectives of the cabinet. It is often written by the

2317:, the government doesn't have to be formed by parliamentarians and therefore not obliged to result in a coalition government. However, the parliament can dissolve the cabinet if the 1924:

that held an absolute majority for a brief period from 1968 to 1969. Historically, control of the Israeli government has alternated between periods of rule by the right-wing

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swing between political extremes. Still, facing external issues may then also be approached from a collaborative perspective, even when the outside force is not benevolent.

1557:, no party has had an absolute majority in the parliament since independence, and multi-party coalitions have been the norm. Finland experienced its most stable government ( 1321:

and join the government. Although sometimes referred to as a coalition government, according to the definition above, it was not. It was disbanded after the end of the war.

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in May 2014, the BJP secured a majority on its own (becoming the first party to do so since the 1984 election), and the National Democratic Alliance came into power, with

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In Germany, coalition governments are the norm, as it is rare for any single party to win a majority in parliament. The German political system makes extensive use of the

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with at least one other party to govern. For example, though Frederiksen's first government only consisted of the Social Democrats, it also relied on the support of the

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about forming a coalition government if Labour failed to win a majority at the election; but there proved to be no need for a coalition as Labour won the election by a

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Manitoba has had more formal coalition governments than any other province. Following gains by the United Farmer's/Progressive movement elsewhere in the country, the

1716:, an amalgam of political parties opposed to the emergency imposed between 1975 and 1977. As the popularity of the Janata Party dwindled, Desai had to resign, and 1418:

won a minority. They were able to win a majority in the subsequent election as Liberal and Conservative supporters shifted their anti-CCF vote to Social Credit.

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Before parties form a coalition government, they formulate a coalition agreement, in which they state what policies they try to adapt in the legislative period.

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cabinet) interchanged with technical minority governments and cabinets without technical control of the House of Councillors (later called "twisted Diets",

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While nominally two parties, the Coalition has become so stable, at least at the federal level, that in practice the lower house of Parliament has become a

3383: 2461: 2343:, coalition governments (sometimes known as "national governments") usually have only been formed at times of national crisis. The most prominent was the 1821:, coalition governments are common; not since 1977 has a single party formed a majority government. Coalition governments to date have been led by either 3849: 3335: 1081:

parties, but this was unusual: the UK usually has a single-party majority government. Not every parliament forms a coalition government, for example the

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In the United States, political parties have formed legislative coalitions in the past in order to push forward specific policies or legislation in the

1434: 1203: 1199: 3631:"Inter-party conflict management in coalition governments: Analyzing the role of coalition agreements in Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands" 1928:

in coalition with several right-wing and religious parties and periods of rule by the center-left Labor in coalition with several left-wing parties.

1735:, which lasted until 1991, with two Prime Ministers, the second one being supported by Congress. The 1991 election resulted in a Congress-led stable 2367:

from March 1977 until July 1978, following a series of by-election defeats had eroded Labour's majority of three seats which had been gained at the

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suffer less electoral costs, then a junior coalition partner, when looking only on the electoral cost created by being in the coalition government.

2684: 1720:, a rival of his, became the fifth Prime Minister. However, due to lack of support, this coalition government did not complete its five-year term. 1410:") in the hopes that their supporters would rank the other party as their second preference; however, this strategy backfired in the subsequent 3318: 2575:" and, particularly in close elections, gain far more power in exchange for their support than the size of their vote would otherwise justify. 2456:

and lasted until 1992 due to policy disagreements, the longest lasting coalition was the Colorado-led coalition under the second government of

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as Prime Minister. In 2019, Narendra Modi was re-elected as Prime Minister as the National Democratic Alliance again secured a majority in the

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since the 1990s and, as of 2020, all since 1999 have been coalition governments, some of them still fell short of a legislative majority. The

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way to form an alliance to stifle the growth of emerging parties. Of course, such an event is rare in coalition governments when compared to

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Since 2015, there are many more coalition governments than previously in municipalities, autonomous regions and, since 2020 (coming from the

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unexpectedly won the 1921 election. Like their counterparts in Ontario, they had not expected to win and did not have a leader. They asked

1328:, two of Canada's opposition parties signed an agreement to form what would become the country's second federal coalition government since 924: 3227: 3411: 3820: 1800: 1325: 723: 2610:

party has to leave the government and loses executive power. However, this is contradicted by the "kingmaker" factor mentioned above.

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necessary to have a majority in the government, whereas minority coalition governments do not hold the majority of legislative seats.

1947:. The premiership and foreign ministry portfolio were held by the head of each party for two years, and they switched roles in 1986. 2174: 2252: 2142: 1566: 100: 3842: 3770: 1964: 72: 3530: 2145:

was the first to be established through coordination between multiple political coalitions. This occurred when the newly formed

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the two parties have merged, forming the Country Liberal Party, in 1978, and the Liberal National Party, in 2008, respectively.

2264: 2228: 2208: 1886:. It is the first time Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael have served in government together, having derived from opposing sides in the 1411: 1399: 1360: 1270: 826:, which is necessary for a coalition to form. If the parties are not willing to compromise, the coalition will not come about. 2854: 2523: 2133:

saw the first non-BN coalition federal government in the country's electoral history, formed through an alliance between the

1609: 1538: 787:, it can also play a role in diminishing internal political strife. In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions ( 53: 79: 2392: 2372: 2344: 2330: 1792: 1748: 1141: 1113: 1101: 837: 17: 3727: 2066:-negotiated rainbow coalition that removed the LDP from power for the first time to break up in less than a year, and the 1936:

party in 2006 drew support from former Labor and Likud members, and Kadima ruled in coalition with several other parties.

1712:, which was also the first non-Congress national government. It existed from 24 March 1977 to 15 July 1979, headed by the 2334: 2103: 1395: 1394:, the governing Liberals formed a coalition with the opposition Conservatives in order to prevent the surging, left-wing 3835: 2774: 1999:

in 1955, no single party formally controlled a legislative majority on its own. Only few formal coalition governments (

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lasted until 1986 when the LDP won landslide victories in simultaneous double elections to both houses of parliament.

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has been in government on eight occasions. On all but one of those occasions, it was as a junior coalition party to

2680: 2665: 2661: 1984: 1960: 1830: 1542: 197: 1465:, while the Saskatchewan Liberals lost their remaining seats and have not been competitive in the province since. 1104:

were formed in it, who mainly work with each other to form coalition governments. The country was governed by the

3728:"The Institutional Origins of the Republican Party: Spatial Voting and the House Speakership Election of 1855–56" 2473: 2441: 2280: 2130: 2042:

There have been coalition cabinets where the post of prime minister was given to a junior coalition partner: the

1644: 1597: 68: 3356: 2190:. In order to get into power, parties need to get a total of 50% of the approximately (there can be more if an 4177: 3683: 3189: 2789: 2527: 2340: 2029: 1979:

In recent decades, single-party full legislative control is rare, and coalition governments are the norm: Most

1775:. India returned to an NDA led coalition government in 2024 as the BJP failed to achieve an outright majority. 1526: 1066: 716: 586: 364: 212: 57: 3463: 2290: 2107: 1430: 1372: 1341: 1262: 1195: 601: 2598:, which typically exist because of stifling of the growth of emerging parties, often through discriminatory 3209: 2298: 2015:, when they were not only technically, but actually divided). But during most of that period, the centrist 1972: 1772: 1764: 1728: 1701: 1676: 1660: 1628: 1617: 1495: 1250: 1109: 350: 182: 153: 3790:

Tushnet, Mark (2014). "Why Are There No Coalition Governments in the United States: A Speculative Essay".

1663:, which saw the CDU/CSU and SPD fall short of a combined majority of votes for the first time in history. 3126: 2676: 2653: 2489: 2469: 2412: 2087: 1913: 1841: 1756: 1571: 1534: 1478: 1429:, a professor in animal husbandry, to become leader and premier. Bracken changed the party's name to the 1348:

agreed to support the proposed coalition on confidence matters for 18 months. In the end, parliament was

1133: 765: 761: 654: 2016: 1655:, dwindling support for moderate parties has seen the rise of new forms of grand coalitions such as the 3630: 3252: 3148: 2688: 2240: 2220: 2196: 1871: 1860: 1807: 1787:, political freedom is significantly increased. Compared to only three parties allowed to exist in the 1583: 1507: 1453: 1422: 1353: 1336:

as Prime Minister. The agreement outlined a formal coalition consisting of two opposition parties, the

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formally joined the government (though it had been a part of an informal coalition since 2020). The

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have ever been controlled by a single political party. Due to the social nature of the country, the

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Coalition governments can also impact voting behavior by diminishing the clarity of responsibility.

3464:"Making Minority Government Work:Hung Parliaments and the Challenges for Westminster and Whitehall" 2714: 2636:

arrangement, pledging to support the governing party on legislative bills and motions that carry a

2449: 2445: 2318: 2204: 1996: 1672: 429: 319: 2424:'s wartime coalition, Labour and the Liberal Democrats have entered into a coalition twice in the 93: 2998: 2759: 2603: 2516: 2404: 2293:, with two political parties and independents represented at cabinet. It was also Turkey's first 2036: 1442: 1337: 1074: 359: 46: 2481: 4150: 3997: 3494: 3115:

Armenia acting PM: We most likely will run in snap parliamentary election with My Step alliance

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Several coalition governments have been formed within provincial politics. As a result of the

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Coalition Government, Subnational Style: Multiparty Politics in Europe's Regional Parliaments

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if the minority Conservative government was defeated on a vote of non-confidence, unseating

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European Parliament: Is the grand coalition really a thing of the past?, Awenig Marié, 2019

3029: 2754: 2453: 2314: 2138: 2095: 1752: 1274: 1266: 1164: 869: 853: 526: 397: 387: 372: 299: 217: 3812: 3582:"Divided We Unite: The Nature of Partyism and the Role of Coalition Partnership in Europe" 1971:, yet the vote of the House of Representatives decision eventually overrides a dissenting 8: 3903: 3883: 3174: 2764: 2749: 2744: 2623: 2425: 2306: 1917: 1899: 1818: 1736: 1684: 1554: 1519: 1486: 1345: 1246: 1218: 1082: 1062: 1046: 982: 895:

because there is no direct responsibility within the governing parties in the coalition.

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on 11 May 2010. Churchill formed his War Cabinet on 11 May: Winston S. Churchill (1949)

2914:

E. Bergman, Matthew; Angelova, Mariyana; Bäck, Hanna; Müller, Wolfgang C. (2024-01-02).

2444:, there have been 4 coalition governments, all including at least both the conservative 3742: 3611: 2719: 2669: 2637: 2364: 2310: 2179: 2146: 1905: 1695:, who had unsuccessfully contested an election against Indira from the constituency of 1648: 1318: 1286: 1176: 876:. Coalitions that have a written agreement are more productive than those that do not. 861: 676: 269: 3701:"Q&A: The NDP and Liberals have a confidence and supply agreement. So what is it?" 1759:, consisting of 13 separate parties, ruled India for two terms from 2004 to 2014 with 3679: 3615: 3603: 3438: 3290: 3086: 3045: 2976: 2937: 2896: 2850: 2421: 2388: 2352: 2248: 2224: 2200: 2071: 2059: 1956: 1705: 1515: 1499: 1482: 1191: 1172: 1065:

with a coalition of the four strongest parties in parliament since 1959, called the "

671: 345: 207: 202: 163: 136: 3556:"Los desafíos de Lacalle, el nuevo presidente del país más estable de Latinoamérica" 3014: 2876: 2464:

was frequently described as a "Prime Minister", the next coalition (under president

752:. Coalition governments usually occur when no single party has achieved an absolute 3642: 3593: 3317:. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung European Union and Green European Foundation. p. 19. 3280: 3076: 3037: 3010: 2968: 2927: 2892: 2888: 2724: 2599: 2595: 2568: 2477: 2360: 2115: 2067: 2055: 2033: 2000: 1980: 1680: 1458: 1407: 1391: 1238: 1152: 1105: 930: 823: 621: 377: 231: 2932: 2915: 1867:

of the two largest parties, as Fianna Fáil had fallen to third place in the Dáil.

3908: 3361: 2729: 2396: 2356: 2294: 2244: 2134: 1887: 1864: 1784: 1310: 1290: 1168: 1160: 792: 745: 699: 681: 506: 491: 2063: 1494:, during the 1970s, and in the late 2010s. Every government from 1982 until the 1253:, split between Francophone and Dutch-speaking parties (e.g. the Dutch-speaking 3232: 3194: 2842: 2484:, composed of his own National Party, the liberal Colorado Party, the eclectic 2051: 2047: 2043: 2004: 1760: 1333: 1222: 1206: 1070: 912: 891:

Electoral accountability is harder to achieve in coalition governments than in

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when the ministry overseeing that issue is managed by another coalition party.

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as Prime Minister from 1999 to 2004. Then another coalition, the Congress-led

4171: 3607: 3512: 3294: 3103: 3090: 3049: 3041: 2980: 2972: 2941: 2900: 2817: 2784: 2779: 2408: 2384: 2191: 2162: 1968: 1768: 1709: 1688: 1632: 1462: 1403: 1314: 845: 501: 479: 454: 284: 1708:'s first ever national coalition government under the prime ministership of 27:

Governmental style in which political parties cooperate to form a government

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in empowered parties with at least a minimum amount of political gravity.

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mathematically most probable are ideologically infeasible, for example in

3647: 2692: 2183: 1859:. The exception was a government with Fianna Fáil from 1993 to 1994. The 1797: 1449: 1383:, together with three independent MLAs, formed a coalition that governed 1294: 1058: 1030: 568: 533: 436: 424: 289: 3228:"German election: A guide to possible coalitions for the new government" 3081: 3064: 1908:, which typically has at least 10 parties holding representation in the 1829:. They have been joined in government by one or more smaller parties or 1723:

Congress returned to power in 1980 under Indira Gandhi, and later under

1221:, a nation internally divided along linguistic lines (primarily between 694: 3114: 3069:

Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica

2591: 2530: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2376: 2297:

as the two largest political parties of opposing political ideologies (

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also being by and large Francophone), each main political disposition (

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being the major parties. This coalition is also found in the states of

958: 892: 773: 658: 648: 643: 382: 244: 3746: 3384:"Full video: NZ First leader Winston Peters announces next Government" 1194:

have occurred at state and territory level, for example following the

3827: 3065:"Sorting between and within coalitions: the Italian case (2001–2008)" 2572: 2571:. A second difficulty might be the ability of minor parties to play " 2348: 1879: 1856: 1826: 1740: 1525:

When the Social Democrats under Stauning won 46% of the votes in the

1474: 1018: 978: 938: 543: 441: 324: 279: 259: 3269:"Populist radical parties, pariahs, and coalition bargaining delays" 2505: 35: 3030:"The electoral cost of coalition participation: Can anyone escape?" 2818:"koalicja, Encyklopedia PWN: źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy" 2564: 2083: 1804: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1096:

became an independent state in 1991, following the collapse of the

1038: 1034: 1022: 929:

Countries which often operate with coalition cabinets include: the

757: 753: 666: 626: 309: 294: 274: 143: 2916:"Coalition agreements and governments' policy-making productivity" 1912:. The only faction to ever gain the majority of Knesset seats was 1175:

the Liberal and National parties compete separately, while in the

3416: 3388: 2582:

Coalition governments have also been criticized for sustaining a

2123: 1909: 1593: 1384: 1093: 1054: 1014: 1010: 966: 942: 934: 581: 239: 1356:, and the coalition dispersed before parliament was reconvened. 3248:"What explains the destabilisation of the German party system?" 2957:"Coalition Agreements, Issue Attention, and Cabinet Governance" 2429: 2347:

of 1931 to 1940. There were multi-party coalitions during both

1933: 1050: 1006: 1002: 986: 970: 962: 954: 946: 898: 631: 573: 471: 2118:, which includes parties representing the Malaysian states of 1481:

in 1918, there were only single-party governments in Denmark.

2119: 1925: 1921: 1042: 1026: 998: 994: 990: 974: 950: 3311:

German Greens in Coalition Governments. A Political Analysis

2913: 2468:) was also Colorado-led, but it lasted only until after the 1437:, and decades later, the party would change its name to the 852:(CSU) presenting the 2013 coalition agreement for Germany's 3580:

Hahm, Hyeonho; Hilpert, David; König, Thomas (2023-03-30).

2849:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–109, 2020-12-31, 2472:, when the blancos abandoned the government. Following the 1643:

FDP and the Greens alongside one of the major parties, or

3726:

Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Nokken, Timothy P. (February 2000).

3531:"De Lacalle Herrera a Batlle: cómo gobernar en coalición" 2992: 2990: 2175:

Electoral system of New Zealand § MMP in New Zealand

2165:

is composed of four political coalitions and 19 parties.

1791:

era, a total of 48 political parties participated in the

1639:

while the SPD was granted the majority of cabinet posts.

1574:

was also a rainbow coalition of a total of five parties.

3127:"Coalition Government: Precedents from around the world" 2632:

In a parliamentary system, political parties may form a

2617: 2054:

had been toppled by the left wing of his own party, the

1414:

where, to the surprise of many, the right-wing populist

3412:"An 'historic moment' for the Green Party – James Shaw" 1108:

coalition after successfully gaining a majority in the

3267:

Bäck, Hanna; Debus, Marc; Imre, Michael (2022-11-25).

2987: 2675:. The most recent legislative coalition took place in 2411:, which had won the largest number of seats, formed a 3495:"Tories and Lib Dems enter full coalition government" 2452:. The first one was after the election of the blanco 1608:

held power. The CDU/CSU comprises an alliance of the

817: 2309:

in 2017, political parties focussed more on forming

2056:

JSP-Renewal-Kōmei-DSP-JNP-Sakigake-SDF-DRP coalition

1461:

was re-elected with a majority under its new leader

3629:Moury, Catherine; Timmermans, Arco (25 July 2013). 2999:"Coalition government and electoral accountability" 1691:, were all members of the Congress party. However, 1144:parties are united in a coalition, known simply as 748:that enter into a power-sharing arrangement of the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1967:(=recorded, two-round votes in both houses of the 1671:After India's Independence on 15 August 1947, the 810:, form a new majority coalition, or continue as a 3336:"German election 2021: full results and analysis" 1261:being the two social-democratic parties). In the 4169: 3579: 3511:Churchill became Prime Minister on 10 May 1940, 2679:, a coalition was formed between members of the 2656:, a coalition was formed between members of the 1731:once again brought a coalition government under 1675:, the major political party instrumental in the 3628: 1249:, etc.) is, with the exception of the far-left 3439:"Generalitat Valenciana's political structure" 3381: 3190:"A history of Germany's coalition governments" 3146: 2153:. In 2022 after its registration, Sabah-based 2030:1983 House of Representatives general election 1679:, ruled the nation. The first Prime Minister, 760:. A party not having majority is common under 3843: 3725: 3266: 2735:List of democracy and election-related topics 2050:(DP) who took over after his JSP predecessor 1600:(FDP); from 1998 to 2005, a coalition of the 1269:can take an exceptionally long time. Between 1073:also operated a formal coalition between the 717: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3409: 3354: 3172:Moore, Christopher (2011). "Come together". 2997:Fisher, Stephen D.; Hobolt, Sara B. (2010). 2996: 2740:List of countries with coalition governments 1298: 925:List of countries with coalition governments 3785: 3783: 3678:. Ohio State University Press. p. 19. 3027: 2843:"Presidential and Parliamentary Government" 2104:United Malays National Organisations (UMNO) 883: 3850: 3836: 3821:United States Government Publishing Office 3307: 2954: 2141:. The federal government formed after the 2074:in exchange for the return to government. 1727:as the sixth Prime Minister. However, the 724: 710: 3662: 3646: 3597: 3284: 3080: 2955:Klüver, Heike; Bäck, Hanna (2019-03-11). 2931: 2546:Learn how and when to remove this message 2114:. It was later expanded and rebranded as 2044:JSP-DP-Cooperativist coalition government 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3780: 2495: 2203:; from 1999 to 2002, a coalition of the 1514:is a coalition of the Social Democrats, 836: 3789: 3719: 3562:(in European Spanish). 29 November 2019 3165: 3062: 2874: 14: 4170: 3857: 3813:"Congressional Record (Bound Edition)" 3528: 3063:Bergman, Matthew Edward (4 May 2020). 2265:November 2019 Spanish general election 1412:1952 British Columbia general election 1400:1941 British Columbia general election 1326:2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute 832: 3831: 3698: 3673: 3171: 2881:Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 2618:Legislative coalitions and agreements 1610:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 1435:Liberal-Progressive Party of Manitoba 2812: 2810: 2590:Powerful parties can also act in an 2528:adding citations to reliable sources 2499: 2331:National Government (United Kingdom) 2231:with confidence and supply from the 2143:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis 1477:in 1849 through the introduction of 1186:Coalition governments involving the 1114:2018 Armenian parliamentary election 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 3149:"Coalition Set To Topple Canada PM" 2847:Foundations of Comparative Politics 2335:United Kingdom coalition government 2219:held power. Between 2017 and 2020, 2108:Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) 1647:coalitions of the SPD, Greens, and 1452:formed a formal coalition with the 1396:Cooperative Commonwealth Federation 24: 3382:Chapman, Grant (19 October 2017). 3348: 3028:Hjermitslev, Ida B. (2018-08-17). 2775:Category:Political party alliances 1602:Social Democratic Party of Germany 1590:constructive vote of no confidence 818:Formation of coalition governments 25: 4189: 3586:American Political Science Review 2807: 2324: 1614:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 1277:as no coalition could be formed. 1229:in the north and French-speaking 905: 592:Biology and political orientation 3410:Hurley, Emma (19 October 2017). 3324:from the original on 2018-10-19. 2643: 2504: 2371:. However, in the run-up to the 2149:coalition partnered with BN and 1959:, controlling a majority in the 1687:, and the third Prime Minister, 1445:, which had a handful of seats. 693: 34: 3811: 3766: 3760: 3692: 3622: 3573: 3548: 3522: 3505: 3487: 3476:from the original on 2010-04-14 3456: 3431: 3403: 3375: 3328: 3301: 3260: 3240: 3220: 3202: 3182: 3140: 3119: 3108: 3015:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.03.003 2515:needs additional citations for 2474:2019 Uruguayan general election 2460:, in which the national leader 2281:Coalition governments in Turkey 2131:2018 Malaysian general election 2112:Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) 2062:(JNP) as compromise PM for the 918: 802:and cabinet may be ousted by a 45:needs additional citations for 3805: 3699:Osman, Laura (22 March 2022). 3097: 3056: 3021: 2948: 2907: 2893:10.15358/0340-1650-2018-7-8-48 2868: 2835: 2168: 2139:Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) 1965:election of the prime minister 1904:A similar situation exists in 1069:". Between 2010 and 2015, the 798:If a coalition collapses, the 766:majoritarian electoral systems 587:Theories of political behavior 213:Political history of the world 13: 1: 3735:Legislative Studies Quarterly 3147:Menon, Nirmala (2008-12-02). 2961:Comparative Political Studies 2933:10.1080/01402382.2022.2161794 2801: 1932:'s formation of the centrist 1833:members of parliament (TDs). 1739:for five years. The eleventh 1704:resulted in the formation of 1448:In Saskatchewan, NDP premier 1431:Progressive Party of Manitoba 1366: 1196:2010 Tasmanian state election 1155:, with the Coalition and the 602:Critique of political economy 3792:Boston University Law Review 2151:Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) 2098:was formed by a three-party 1778: 1749:National Democratic Alliance 1677:Indian independence movement 1207:Australian Capital Territory 1119: 1110:National Assembly of Armenia 183:Outline of political science 7: 3529:ElPais (24 November 2019). 3355:Kuldip Singh (1995-04-11). 2702: 2470:2002 Uruguay banking crisis 2375:, Labour opposition leader 2155:Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) 2102:coalition, composed of the 2077: 2068:LDP-JSP-Sakigake government 1757:United Progressive Alliance 1479:proportional representation 1273:, Belgium operated under a 762:proportional representation 10: 4194: 3674:Downs, William M. (1998). 3253:London School of Economics 2689:Socialist Party of America 2621: 2435: 2428:, as well as twice in the 2328: 2287:first coalition government 2278: 2172: 2046:in 1948 of prime minister 1897: 1861:29th Government of Ireland 1838:first coalition government 1812: 1808:Onward Indonesia Coalition 1584:German governing coalition 1581: 1577: 1548: 1506:only consisted of her own 1468: 1423:United Farmers of Manitoba 1307:Liberal-Conservative Party 1293:was formed in 1864 by the 1212: 1088: 922: 789:national unity governments 764:, but not in nations with 188:Index of politics articles 3914:National unity government 3863: 3599:10.1017/S0003055423000266 3357:"OBITUARY: Morarji Desai" 3308:Jungjohann, Arne (2017). 3286:10.1177/13540688221136109 2875:Follert, Florian (2018). 2299:Republican People's Party 2274: 1989:Democratic Party of Japan 1941:national unity government 1893: 1473:From the creation of the 1398:from taking power in the 1377:United Farmers of Ontario 1299: 1280: 1251:Workers' Party of Belgium 3707:. Toronto Star Newspaper 3178:(June–July 2011): 53–54. 3042:10.1177/1354068818794216 2973:10.1177/0010414019830726 2715:Collaborative leadership 2604:plurality voting systems 2319:parliamentary opposition 2258: 2096:first federal government 2026:House of Representatives 1997:Japanese Socialist Party 1985:Liberal Democratic Party 1963:is enough to decide the 1961:House of Representatives 1950: 1729:general election of 1989 1673:Indian National Congress 1666: 1539:Socialist People's Party 893:single party governments 884:Electoral accountability 3635:Politics and Governance 2760:Plurality voting system 2458:Julio María Sanguinetti 2147:Perikatan Nasional (PN) 1763:as PM. However, in the 1498:were coalitions. While 1443:Labor-Progressive Party 1359:According to historian 597:Political organisations 360:International relations 198:Politics by subdivision 3535:Diario EL PAIS Uruguay 3129:. CBC News. 2010-05-13 2920:West European Politics 2770:Political organisation 2650:United States Congress 2161:led by Prime Minister 1745:Bharatiya Janata Party 1718:Chaudhary Charan Singh 1635:of the CDU/CSU became 1439:Manitoba Liberal Party 1416:BC Social Credit Party 857: 69:"Coalition government" 4178:Coalition governments 3889:Confidence and supply 2634:confidence and supply 2496:Support and criticism 2420:the establishment of 2399:(Britain's first for 2393:2010 general election 2373:1997 general election 2369:October 1974 election 2291:1961 general election 2289:was formed after the 2237:2023 general election 2213:confidence and supply 2116:Barisan Nasional (BN) 1939:Israel also formed a 1916:, an alliance of the 1846:Progressive Democrats 1842:1948 general election 1840:was formed after the 1773:17th general election 1765:16th general election 1661:2021 federal election 1629:2005 federal election 1598:Free Democratic Party 1531:confidence agreements 1454:Saskatchewan Liberals 1373:1919 Ontario election 1263:2019 federal election 840: 804:vote of no confidence 744:, is a government by 677:Political campaigning 417:Public administration 250:Collective leadership 3919:Consensus government 3819:. Washington, D.C.: 3648:10.17645/pag.v1i2.94 3344:. 27 September 2021. 3210:"The sister parties" 2967:(13–14): 1995–2031. 2755:Parliamentary system 2673:speaker of the House 2524:improve this article 2488:and the center left 2482:coalición multicolor 2454:Luis Alberto Lacalle 2315:separation of powers 2253:coalition government 2229:Coalition Government 2135:Pakatan Harapan (PH) 2088:independence in 1957 2037:coalition government 1981:governments of Japan 1973:House of Councillors 1753:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1604:(SPD) and the minor 1535:Social Liberal Party 1342:New Democratic Party 1275:caretaker government 1267:government formation 1257:and French-speaking 1063:consensus government 1061:has been ruled by a 899:Retrospective voting 874:parliamentary groups 854:third Merkel cabinet 781:political legitimacy 738:coalition government 527:Separation of powers 398:Political psychology 373:Comparative politics 351:political scientists 338:Academic disciplines 218:Political philosophy 54:improve this article 18:Government coalition 4145: ∘ 4142: ∘ 4139: ∘ 4136: ∘ 4133: ∘ 4130: ∘ 4125: ∘ 4122: ∘ 4119: ∘ 4116: ∘ 4113: ∘ 4110: ∘ 4105: ∘ 4102: ∘ 4099: ∘ 4096: ∘ 4093: ∘ 4090: ∘ 4085: ∘ 4082: ∘ 4079: ∘ 4076: ∘ 4073: ∘ 4070: ∘ 4065: ∘ 4062: ∘ 4059: ∘ 4056: ∘ 4053: ∘ 4050: ∘ 4045: ∘ 4042: ∘ 4039: ∘ 4036: ∘ 4033: ∘ 4030: ∘ 4025: ∘ 4022: ∘ 4019: ∘ 4016: ∘ 4013: ∘ 4010: ∘ 3992: ∘ 3988: ∘ 3984: ∘ 3979: ∘ 3975: ∘ 3970: ∘ 3965: ∘ 3961: ∘ 3956: ∘ 3952: ∘ 3948: ∘ 3944: ∘ 3939: ∘ 3935: ∘ 3930: ∘ 3904:Majority government 3884:Minority government 3741:(1): 114, 128–130. 3198:. 15 December 2017. 3153:Wall Street Journal 3082:10.1017/ipo.2020.12 3036:: 135406881879421. 2822:encyklopedia.pwn.pl 2765:Political coalition 2750:Minority government 2745:Majority government 2624:Parliamentary group 2426:Scottish Parliament 2345:National Government 2311:electoral alliances 2307:presidential system 2251:won eight formed a 2092:federal governments 1900:Rotation government 1785:toppling of Suharto 1783:As a result of the 1737:minority government 1685:Lal Bahadur Shastri 1247:right-wing populism 1233:in the south, with 1128:, the conservative 1126:Australian politics 1100:. Since then, many 1083:European Parliament 1047:Trinidad and Tobago 866:coalition agreement 833:Coalition agreement 812:minority government 785:collective identity 700:Politics portal 549:Election commission 520:Government branches 403:Political sociology 255:Confessional system 193:Politics by country 3875:Opposition parties 3872:Government parties 3869:Type of government 3858:Coalition spectrum 3256:. 28 October 2021. 2720:Electoral alliance 2670:Nathaniel P. Banks 2638:vote of confidence 2379:was in talks with 2182:was introduced in 2159:current government 2137:coalition and the 2024:third loss of its 1872:current government 1543:Red–Green Alliance 1402:. Liberal premier 1177:Northern Territory 862:multi-party states 858: 383:Political analysis 315:Semi-parliamentary 4165: 4164: 4160: 4159: 3894:Rainbow coalition 3517:Their Finest Hour 3499:The New Statesman 3003:Electoral Studies 2856:978-1-108-92494-8 2685:Progressive Party 2596:two-party systems 2556: 2555: 2548: 2490:Independent Party 2422:Winston Churchill 2417:Liberal Democrats 2249:New Zealand First 2225:New Zealand First 2188:the 1996 election 2072:Tomiichi Murayama 2060:Morihiro Hosokawa 1863:(2011–16), was a 1803:to let governing 1618:Jamaica coalition 1512:second government 1500:Mette Frederiksen 1487:second government 1483:Thorvald Stauning 1361:Christopher Moore 1313:, Prime Minister 1192:Australian Greens 1173:Western Australia 1102:political parties 746:political parties 742:coalition cabinet 734: 733: 682:Political parties 622:Electoral systems 346:Political science 320:Semi-presidential 232:Political systems 208:Political history 203:Political economy 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 4185: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3866: 3865: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3800: 3799: 3787: 3778: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3601: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3526: 3520: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3443:gvaoberta.gva.es 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3316: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3288: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3175:Canada's History 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3123: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3084: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3025: 3019: 3018: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2814: 2725:Electoral fusion 2681:Democratic Party 2666:Republican Party 2662:Opposition Party 2602:regulations and 2600:nomination rules 2569:Northern Ireland 2551: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2508: 2500: 2478:Luis Lacalle Pou 2448:and the liberal 2381:Liberal Democrat 2321:is in majority. 2034:New Liberal Club 2028:majority in the 1683:, his successor 1681:Jawaharlal Nehru 1624:Grand coalitions 1572:Katainen cabinet 1570:Coalition). The 1508:Social Democrats 1504:first government 1459:Saskatchewan NDP 1408:Alternative Vote 1392:British Columbia 1354:Governor General 1304: 1303: 1239:Social democracy 1153:two-party system 1142:Liberal National 1106:My Step Alliance 1079:Liberal Democrat 931:Nordic countries 824:Nash equilibrium 793:grand coalitions 726: 719: 712: 698: 697: 488: 433: 388:Political theory 378:Election science 368: 354: 132: 131: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4003: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3909:Grand coalition 3859: 3856: 3808: 3803: 3788: 3781: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3710: 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3847: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3779: 3775:106–108 (1917) 3759: 3718: 3691: 3684: 3661: 3641:(2): 117–131. 3621: 3572: 3547: 3521: 3504: 3486: 3469:. 2008-12-02. 3455: 3430: 3402: 3374: 3347: 3327: 3300: 3273:Party Politics 3259: 3239: 3236:. 17 May 2021. 3233:Deutsche Welle 3219: 3216:. 17 May 2021. 3214:Deutschland.de 3201: 3195:Deutsche Welle 3181: 3164: 3139: 3118: 3107: 3096: 3055: 3034:Party Politics 3020: 3009:(3): 358–369. 2986: 2947: 2906: 2887:(7–8): 48–50. 2867: 2855: 2834: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2658:American Party 2645: 2642: 2622:Main article: 2619: 2616: 2554: 2553: 2512: 2510: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2450:Colorado Party 2446:National Party 2437: 2434: 2430:Welsh Assembly 2395:resulted in a 2355:government of 2341:United Kingdom 2326: 2325:United Kingdom 2323: 2276: 2273: 2260: 2257: 2243:won 49 seats, 2207:and the minor 2173:Main article: 2170: 2167: 2090:, none of its 2079: 2076: 2052:Tetsu Katayama 2048:Ashida Hitoshi 1952: 1949: 1895: 1892: 1848:in that year. 1814: 1811: 1780: 1777: 1761:Manmohan Singh 1733:National Front 1668: 1665: 1653:eastern states 1579: 1576: 1550: 1547: 1496:2015 elections 1470: 1467: 1368: 1365: 1346:Bloc Québécois 1334:Stephen Harper 1282: 1279: 1214: 1211: 1121: 1118: 1112:following the 1090: 1087: 1071:United Kingdom 920: 917: 913:prime minister 907: 906:Governing cost 904: 885: 882: 850:Horst Seehofer 842:Sigmar Gabriel 834: 831: 819: 816: 808:snap elections 800:prime minister 732: 731: 729: 728: 721: 714: 706: 703: 702: 689: 688: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 663: 662: 646: 641: 636: 635: 634: 624: 618: 614: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 571: 565: 562:Related topics 561: 560: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 541: 536: 530: 529: 523: 519: 518: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 504: 499: 497:Foreign policy 494: 489: 476: 470: 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 459: 458: 444: 439: 434: 421: 415: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 400: 395: 393:Policy studies 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 358: 356: 344: 341: 337: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 236: 230: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 179: 176:Primary topics 175: 174: 173: 170: 169: 167: 166: 161: 156: 150: 147: 146: 140: 139: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4190: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4128: 4108: 4088: 4068: 4048: 4028: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3982: 3973: 3968: 3959: 3942: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3774: 3768: 3763: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3513:David Cameron 3508: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3320: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3185: 3177: 3176: 3168: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2785:Power sharing 2783: 2781: 2780:Popular front 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644:United States 2641: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:, and so on. 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2550: 2547: 2539: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2513:This section 2511: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2476:, the blanco 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442:1989 election 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:David Cameron 2406: 2405:Conservatives 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:Paddy Ashdown 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303:Justice Party 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2235:. During the 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2192:Overhang seat 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2163:Anwar Ibrahim 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2058:in 1993 with 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2013:nejire kokkai 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1969:National Diet 1966: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1793:1999 election 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1769:Narendra Modi 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Morarji Desai 1707: 1703: 1702:next election 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Indira Gandhi 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633:Angela Merkel 1630: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:1935 election 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1463:Lorne Calvert 1460: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404:Duff Pattullo 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Liberal Party 1335: 1331: 1330:Confederation 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1315:Robert Borden 1312: 1309:. During the 1308: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1271:2007 and 2011 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1146:the Coalition 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:Magic Formula 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 926: 916: 914: 903: 900: 896: 894: 889: 881: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 855: 851: 847: 846:Angela Merkel 843: 839: 830: 827: 825: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 727: 722: 720: 715: 713: 708: 707: 705: 704: 701: 696: 691: 690: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 660: 656: 652: 651: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 611: 610: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 579: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 558: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 528: 525: 524: 516: 515: 508: 505: 503: 502:Civil society 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 486: 481: 480:Public policy 478: 477: 473: 467: 466: 456: 452: 448: 447: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 431: 426: 423: 422: 418: 412: 411: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 366: 361: 357: 352: 347: 343: 342: 334: 333: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 300:Parliamentary 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 285:Hybrid regime 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 233: 227: 226: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 172: 171: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 149: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4151:Non-partisan 4149: 3998:Non-partisan 3996: 3898: 3893: 3816: 3795: 3791: 3772: 3762: 3752:February 25, 3750:. Retrieved 3738: 3734: 3721: 3709:. Retrieved 3704: 3694: 3675: 3652:. Retrieved 3638: 3634: 3624: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3564:. Retrieved 3559: 3550: 3539:. Retrieved 3537:(in Spanish) 3534: 3524: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3478:. Retrieved 3458: 3446:. Retrieved 3442: 3433: 3421:. Retrieved 3415: 3405: 3393:. Retrieved 3387: 3377: 3366:. Retrieved 3360: 3350: 3341:The Guardian 3339: 3330: 3310: 3303: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3251: 3242: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3193: 3184: 3173: 3167: 3156:. Retrieved 3152: 3142: 3131:. Retrieved 3121: 3110: 3099: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3033: 3023: 3006: 3002: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2926:(1): 31–60. 2923: 2919: 2909: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2860:, retrieved 2846: 2837: 2826:. Retrieved 2821: 2795:United front 2710:Cohabitation 2697: 2647: 2631: 2627: 2612: 2608: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2561: 2557: 2542: 2533: 2522:Please help 2517:verification 2514: 2486:Open Cabildo 2466:Jorge Batlle 2439: 2338: 2284: 2269: 2262: 2178: 2128: 2081: 2064:Ichirō Ozawa 2041: 2022: 2012: 2007:, initially 1993: 1978: 1954: 1938: 1930:Ariel Sharon 1903: 1869: 1853:Labour Party 1850: 1835: 1816: 1782: 1725:Rajiv Gandhi 1722: 1714:Janata Party 1670: 1641: 1622: 1587: 1567:independence 1552: 1524: 1492:World War II 1472: 1447: 1427:John Bracken 1420: 1389: 1387:until 1923. 1381:Labour Party 1370: 1358: 1323: 1284: 1216: 1185: 1150: 1123: 1098:Soviet Union 1092: 1075:Conservative 928: 919:Distribution 909: 897: 890: 887: 878: 865: 859: 828: 821: 797: 778: 770: 741: 737: 735: 430:street-level 305:Presidential 265:Dictatorship 135:Part of the 116: 110:October 2023 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 3817:govinfo.gov 3806:Works cited 3711:27 November 3654:4 September 2824:(in Polish) 2693:Champ Clark 2592:oligocratic 2480:formed the 2403:), and the 2233:Green Party 2217:Green Party 2184:New Zealand 2169:New Zealand 2082:Ever since 1918:Labor Party 1890:(1922–23). 1884:Green Party 1876:Fianna Fáil 1831:independent 1823:Fianna Fáil 1798:centre-left 1485:formed his 1450:Roy Romanow 1324:During the 1295:Clear Grits 1209:elections. 1188:Labor Party 1157:Labor Party 1124:In federal 1059:Switzerland 1031:New Zealand 937:countries, 569:Sovereignty 534:Legislature 437:Technocracy 425:Bureaucracy 290:Meritocracy 270:Directorial 3773:Cong. 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The LDP- 2017:Ryokufūkai 1898:See also: 1836:Ireland's 1747:(BJP)-led 1741:parliament 1697:Rae Bareli 1693:Raj Narain 1637:Chancellor 1582:See also: 1559:Lipponen I 1541:, and the 1518:, and the 1367:Provincial 1301:Parti bleu 1243:liberalism 1225:-speaking 1181:Queensland 959:East Timor 923:See also: 848:(CDU) and 774:parliament 659:Governance 649:Government 644:Federalism 245:City-state 80:newspapers 3616:260582136 3608:0003-0554 3592:: 69–87. 3295:1354-0688 3091:0048-8402 3075:: 42–66. 3050:1354-0688 2981:0010-4140 2942:0140-2382 2901:0340-1650 2695:speaker. 2691:to elect 2668:to elect 2584:consensus 2573:kingmaker 2415:with the 2413:coalition 2407:, led by 2389:landslide 2363:with the 2313:. Due to 2285:Turkey's 2227:formed a 2215:from the 2211:and with 1945:1984–1988 1914:Alignment 1880:Fine Gael 1857:Fine Gael 1827:Fine Gael 1789:New Order 1779:Indonesia 1651:. 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