2147:
1766:
1748:
1730:
1712:
1676:
656:
52:
1353:
Gender distinctions in nouns are indicated by a combination of final stress and vowel/consonant ending. Masculine nouns in the nominative form are indicated by a stressed "-O", -Δ, "-U", "-E", "-A" and all consonant endings. Feminine nouns are indicated by an unstressed "-E", "-Î", a stressed "-Ê"
1576:
In
Hawrami, definiteness and indefiniteness is marked by two independent suffixes, "-ew", and "-(a)ka". These suffixes decline for case and gender. The indefinite suffix "-ew" is declined by the first declension pattern while the definite suffix "-(a)ka" follows the second declension paradigm
486:
Under the independent rulers of
Ardalan (9th–14th / 14th–19th century), with their capital latterly at Sanandaj, Gorani became the vehicle of a considerable corpus of poetry. Gorani was and remains the first language of the scriptures of the Ahl-e Haqq sect, or
1192:
The voiced /d/ may be lenited in post-vocal positions, and occur as a voiced dental approximant . In the Nawsud dialects, /d/ can be heard as an alveolar approximant sound , and may also be devoiced when occurring in word-final positions as
495:. Prose works, in contrast, are hardly known. The structure of Gorani verse is very simple and monotonous. It consists almost entirely of stanzas of two rhyming half-verses of ten syllables each, with no regard to the quantity of syllables.
762:, Jamal Habibullah Faraj Bedar, a retired teacher from Tawela, decided to translate the Qur'an from Arabic into Hawrami. The translation took two and a half months and 1000 copies of the publication were printed in Tehran.
428:
reports that the language is threatened in both countries and that speakers residing in Iraq includes all adults and some children, however it does not mention if speakers are shifting to
1349:
Hawrami distinguishes between two genders and two cases; Masculine & Feminine, and
Nominative & Oblique. The two cases are otherwise referred to as the Direct and Indirect Cases.
498:
Names of forty classical poets writing in Gorani are known, but the details of the lives and dates are unknown for the most part. Perhaps the earliest writer is
544:
is a collection of epic poems that has been passed down through speech from one generation to the next, that eventually some stories were written down by
2918:
181:
2242:
2554:
548:
in the eighteenth century. There exist also a dozen or more long epic or romantic masnavis, mostly translated by anonymous writers from
422:
Gorani had an estimated 180,000 speakers in Iran in 2007 and 120,000 speakers in Iraq as well in 2007 for a total of 300,000 speakers.
2436:. Geoffrey Haig and Geoffrey Khan (eds.), The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton. pp. 533–568.
789:. It has fewer than 20,000 speakers. Many speakers have been displaced by conflicts in the region. It is reportedly most similar to
3159:
1778:
3174:
3169:
3164:
2041:
1858:
2399:
2305:
2278:
2009:
1970:
510:
faith who is reported to have lived around 1356–1431. Other poets are known from the 17th–19th centuries and include
387:
Gorani is spoken in Iraq and Iran and has four dialects: Bajelani, Hawrami, and Sarli, some sources also include the
1675:
758:
Due to concerns with the decline of
Hawrami speakers, as people move away from the Hawraman region to cities like
3179:
2547:
2295:
1969:
Sheyholislami, Jaffer (2015). "Language
Varieties of the Kurds". In Taucher, W.; Vogl, M.; Webinger, P. (eds.).
139:
2587:
2465:
357:
303:
2592:
274:
2213:
2324:
Proceedings of the Twenty-Third
International Congress of Orientalists, Cambridge, 21st-28th August, 1954
2540:
545:
2448:
2416:
755:). There are around 23,000 speakers, and it was classed as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO in 2010.
667:
2990:
2827:
2602:
2503:
572:
and Sultan
Jumjuma. Manuscripts of these works are currently preserved in the national libraries of
527:
377:
197:
144:
134:
2146:
1765:
1747:
1729:
1711:
297:
1902:
3055:
2582:
1880:
1098:
511:
119:
2577:
853:
461:
124:
1824:
3136:
2391:
Mullas, Sufis and
Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society : Collected Articles
2389:
2322:
2270:
Mullas, Sufis and
Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society : Collected Articles
2268:
523:
1357:
There are 3 declensions. The declensions of each gender will be demonstrated as an example.
391:
as a dialect of Gorani as well. Of these, Hawrami was the traditional literary language and
2973:
2913:
2707:
2494:
870:
481:
1903:"Parvin Mahmoudveysi, Denise Bailey. The Gorani language of Zarda, a village of West Iran"
735:, is a Gorani dialect and is regarded as the most archaic one. It is mostly spoken in the
8:
3129:
2671:
2624:
1371:
Second
Declension (Masculine Stressed Short Vowel Ending; Feminine Stressed "-Ê” Ending)
1196:
In the Nawsud and Nodša dialects, a word-initial /w/ can be heard as a or a labialized .
913:
449:
334:
92:
88:
1940:"Spreading of the Kurdish language dialects and writing systems used in the middle east"
3044:
3021:
3011:
2758:
2644:
2117:
848:
557:
549:
1360:
First Declension (Masculine Consonant Ending; Feminine Short Unstressed Vowel Ending)
266:
3036:
3016:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2842:
2811:
2769:
2700:
2649:
2619:
2563:
2395:
2301:
2274:
2121:
2109:
2037:
2034:
Chaman Ara, Behrooz. The Kurdish Shahnama and its Literary and Religious Implications
2005:
1987:
1939:
1920:
1854:
1038:
1008:
943:
875:
798:
744:
565:
553:
541:
499:
416:
381:
129:
392:
3065:
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3026:
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2901:
2896:
2881:
2875:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2805:
2713:
2654:
2639:
2523:
2101:
1995:
1915:
1910:
1245:
1093:
865:
843:
838:
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806:
802:
790:
617:
561:
531:
441:
412:
404:
388:
316:
231:
174:
27:
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2978:
2968:
2926:
2864:
2733:
2728:
2676:
2611:
1304:
1260:
1124:
882:
860:
794:
752:
437:
408:
111:
2089:
287:
282:
19:
This article is about the language spoken by Kurds. For the Slavic dialect, see
3125:
3083:
3070:
2785:
2774:
2723:
2666:
2660:
2634:
2629:
2217:
2161:
1828:
1803:
1799:
1289:
530:. One of the last great poets to complete a book of poems (divan) in Gurani is
190:
2338:
1180:
A glottal stop may be heard before a word-initial vowel, but is not phonemic.
3153:
3031:
2985:
2906:
2796:
2779:
2134:
2113:
2058:"چمنآرا، ب، "درآمدی بر ادب حماسی و پهلوانی کُردی با تکیه بر شاهنامه کُردی"،
1924:
1753:
1735:
1717:
1699:
1218:
373:
2000:
2175:
1068:
778:
515:
20:
2363:
2188:
246:
236:
226:
219:
3076:
1230:
1213:
1150:
519:
1881:"Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing?"
655:
2751:
2192:
2139:
1758:
1740:
1722:
1704:
1318:
1223:
774:
507:
424:
2933:
2057:
1275:
977:
971:
782:
694:
is a Gorani dialect with about 59,000 speakers, predominately around
259:
210:
76:
2532:
2886:
736:
699:
492:
80:
3106:
2738:
2693:
907:
773:
is spoken in northern Iraq by a cluster of villages north of the
535:
503:
465:
400:
84:
1199:/n/ when preceding velar consonants, is heard as a velar nasal .
2891:
2745:
2718:
786:
577:
573:
569:
488:
445:
433:
429:
26:"Gurani language" redirects here. Not to be confused with the
2415:
Nations, League of; Wirsén, Einar Thure af (1 January 1925).
2243:"Teacher translates Quran to save endangered Kurdish dialect"
1992:
Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT )
759:
695:
581:
396:
361:
1975:. Vienna: Austrian Ministry of the Interior. pp. 30–51.
3060:
748:
740:
369:
365:
66:
62:
1573:
Note: " ' " indicates syllable followed will be stressed
51:
1888:
ILLC - Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam
626:
Everyone is happy with his own beautiful mother tongue.
2090:"Gurani: practical language or Kurdish literary idiom?"
1986:
Hassani, Hossein; Medjedovic, Dzejla (February 2016).
809:
influences, like its neighbours Bajelani and Shabaki.
1944:
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences
1176:
All voiceless plosives and affricates are aspirated.
327:
2522:
The speakers of Gorani considered their language as
2176:(Saxkirdnewey Ferheng û Pîşekî: Muhemmed Mela Kerîm)
2418:
Question de la frontière entre la Turquie et l'Irak
2088:Ara, Behrooz Chaman; Amiri, Cyrus (8 August 2018).
1186:/x/ can also be heard as among different dialects.
432:or not. Many speakers of Gorani in Iran also speak
2431:
1334:Sounds /æ ə/ both can be realized as an open-mid .
2294:Division, Naval Intelligence (3 September 2014).
1985:
3151:
1972:The Kurds: History, religion, language, politics
739:region, a mountainous region located in western
339:'song') also known by its main dialect;
2493:
2036:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
2548:
2432:Mahmoudveysi, Parvin; Bailey, Denise (2018).
2414:
1968:
1382:Third Declension (Stressed Long "-A" Ending)
464:origin. The name may be derived from the old
344:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1988:"Automatic Kurdish Dialects Identification"
587:
2555:
2541:
2387:
2266:
1878:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
785:river, just west-northwest of the city of
50:
2499:The Dialect of Awroman (Hawraman-i Luhon)
2388:Bruinessen, Martin Van (1 January 2000).
2267:Bruinessen, Martin Van (1 January 2000).
2094:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
1999:
1914:
1867:
1853:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 127.
622:But, for me Kurdish is sweeter than sugar
2293:
2087:
2062:، سال چهل و چهارم، بهار ۱۳۹۰، شماره ۱۷۲"
1681:Partial tree of Indo-European languages.
482:Ardalan § Gorani Culture in Ardalan
1937:
1783:
3152:
2421:(in French). Imprimeries réunies, s.a.
1848:
2562:
2536:
2446:
2358:
2356:
2327:. Royal Asiatic Society. p. 178.
2320:
2240:
2236:
2234:
1900:
1183:Sounds /ʕ ʁ/ only occur in loanwords.
2470:worldhistory.com by Multiple authors
2241:Menmy, Dana Taib (31 January 2020).
2159:
1580:
650:
597:
2331:
2128:
2031:
444:. Most speakers in Iraq also speak
407:, but has since been supplanted by
345:
320:
13:
3135:Languages between parentheses are
2381:
2353:
2231:
1851:Historical Dictionary of the Kurds
1693:
1338:
624:Clearly, in this perfidious world,
14:
3191:
2178:, Korrî Zanyarî Kurd, Bexda 1975.
607:Yeqînen ce dewr dunyay pirr endêş
595:written in 1740 by Khana Qubadî.
3109:(unknown further classification)
2145:
1764:
1746:
1728:
1710:
1674:
777:river, on the confluence of the
654:
460:The name Goran appears to be of
2458:
2440:
2425:
2408:
2321:Sinor, Denis (1 January 1956).
2314:
2287:
2260:
2206:
2181:
2168:
2153:
2081:
2068:
2050:
2025:
1979:
1962:
3160:Northwestern Iranian languages
3139:of the language on their left.
2516:
2174:Xanay Qubadî, Şîrîn û Xesrew,
1931:
1916:10.4000/abstractairanica.41149
1901:Jügel, Thomas (15 July 2016).
1894:
1842:
1817:
1772:
1389:Feminine : Dega (Village)
1367:Feminine : Xatune (Queen)
1189:/q/ can also be aspirated as .
609:Herkes dillşaden we ziwan wêş
605:Kurdî ce şeker bell şîrînteren
1:
2106:10.1080/13530194.2018.1430536
2076:Medieval Islamic Civilization
1686:
1375:Masculine : Yane (House)
1354:and rarely, a stressed "-A".
828:
603:Herçen mewaçan: Fersî şekeren
475:
358:Northwestern Iranian language
251:
3175:Endangered languages of Iraq
3170:Endangered languages of Iran
3165:Endangered Iranian languages
2487:
2032:Ara, Behrooz Chaman (2015).
1879:Leezenberg, Michiel (1993).
1636:
1596:
1559:
1526:
1500:
1467:
1441:
1408:
1316:
1287:
1258:
1228:
823:
702:and near the Khosar valley.
455:
223: – Gorani (Gurani)
7:
2394:. Isis Press. p. 300.
2297:Iraq & The Persian Gulf
1849:Gunter, Michael M. (2018).
1386:Masculine : Pîya (Man)
1378:Feminine : Namê (Name)
686:
646:
328:
10:
3196:
2300:. Routledge. p. 329.
2273:. Isis Press. p. 20.
1667:
1364:Masculine : Kur (Boy)
816:
812:
719:
714:
705:
479:
241:
25:
18:
3116:
3099:
2999:
2835:
2826:
2685:
2610:
2601:
2570:
2447:D. N., Mackenzie (1966).
1203:
1149:
1092:
1037:
970:
906:
881:
835:
528:Khulam Rada Khan Arkawazi
448:, while some also speak
380:. Gorani is considered a
296:
273:
257:
208:
203:
187:
168:
108:
98:
72:
58:
49:
42:
37:
16:Group of Kurdish dialects
2509:
1779:A Working Classification
1343:
765:
616:Although it's said that
601:
588:Example of Gorani poetry
472:, which means mountain.
2434:Hawrāmī of western Iran
2001:10.5121/csit.2016.60307
793:but is also similar to
546:Almas Khan-e Kanoule'ei
512:Shaykh Mustafa Takhtayi
3180:Languages of Kurdistan
614:
384:by many researchers.
556:, Khurshid-i Khawar,
378:Zaza–Gorani languages
3130:historical languages
2449:"Hawramani - Luhoni"
2162:"Avestan Dictionary"
2160:Peterson, Joseph H.
2078:: A–K, index. p. 444
1938:Tavadze, G. (2019).
1528:Nominative Singular
1469:Nominative Singular
1410:Nominative Singular
506:of 500 lines on the
1505:-'a,-'a,-o'a,-,u'a
1483:-'ey,-'î,-'oy,-'uy
747:) and northeastern
633:—Xana Qubadî: from
450:Mesopotamian Arabic
104:300,000 (2007)
93:Kermanshah province
1994:. pp. 61–78.
1550:Nominative Plural
1494:-'ê,-'ê,-'oê,-'uê
1491:Nominative Plural
1458:Second Declension
1432:Nominative Plural
666:. You can help by
620:is sweet as sugar,
558:Khosrow and Shirin
550:Persian literature
399:in the historical
3147:
3146:
3095:
3094:
2822:
2821:
2564:Iranian languages
2143:(25th ed., 2022)
1907:Abstracta Iranica
1762:(25th ed., 2022)
1744:(25th ed., 2022)
1726:(25th ed., 2022)
1708:(25th ed., 2022)
1665:
1664:
1619:
1618:
1581:Personal Pronouns
1571:
1570:
1539:Oblique Singular
1517:Third Declension
1512:
1511:
1480:Oblique Singular
1453:
1452:
1421:Oblique Singular
1399:First Declension
1331:
1330:
1174:
1173:
1127:
1101:
1071:
1045:
1011:
980:
946:
916:
745:Iranian Kurdistan
684:
683:
642:
641:
566:Shirin and Farhad
554:Bijan and Manijeh
542:Kurdish Shahnameh
417:literary language
360:spoken by ethnic
338:
326:
310:
309:
3187:
2991:Zoroastrian Dari
2833:
2832:
2608:
2607:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2504:drive.google.com
2502:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2085:
2079:
2074:Meri, Josef W.,
2072:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2003:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1796:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1751:
1750:
1733:
1732:
1715:
1714:
1697:
1678:
1621:
1620:
1585:
1584:
1514:
1513:
1472:-'e,-'î,-'o,-'u
1455:
1454:
1396:
1395:
1208:
1207:
1125:
1099:
1067:
1043:
1007:
976:
942:
912:
833:
832:
819:Shabaki language
723:) also known as
721:
716:
679:
676:
658:
651:
598:
562:Layla and Majnun
532:Mawlawi Tawagozi
524:Mistefa Bêsaranî
442:Southern Kurdish
419:for many Kurds.
413:Southern Kurdish
405:Zagros Mountains
364:in northeastern
352:
348:
347:
333:
331:
325:romanized:
324:
322:
306:
269:
249:
239:
229:
222:
213:
198:Kurdish alphabet
193:
114:
54:
35:
34:
28:Guarani language
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3112:
3091:
2995:
2818:
2681:
2597:
2566:
2561:
2531:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2495:D. N. MacKenzie
2490:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2430:
2426:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2239:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2135:Gorani language
2133:
2129:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1984:
1980:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1899:
1895:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1752:
1745:
1734:
1727:
1716:
1709:
1700:Gorani (Gurani)
1698:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1670:
1583:
1561:Oblique Plural
1502:Oblique Plural
1443:Oblique Plural
1346:
1341:
1339:Hawrami Grammar
1206:
855:
831:
826:
821:
815:
768:
753:Iraqi Kurdistan
708:
689:
680:
674:
671:
664:needs expansion
649:
628:
625:
623:
621:
611:
608:
606:
604:
593:Şîrîn û Xesrew
590:
568:, Haft Khwan-i
484:
478:
458:
409:Central Kurdish
382:Kurdish dialect
376:constitute the
372:and which with
350:
302:
292:
265:
245:
244:
235:
234:
225:
224:
218:
217:
209:
194:
189:
179:
177:
173:
164:
115:
112:Language family
110:
101:
100:Native speakers
44:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
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2466:"worldhistory"
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2218:Iranica Online
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2100:(4): 627–643.
2080:
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2043:978-1511523493
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2010:
1978:
1961:
1930:
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635:Şîrîn û Xesrew
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502:, author of a
491:, centered on
480:Main article:
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415:. Gorani is a
403:region at the
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21:Gorani dialect
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3056:Caucasian Tat
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2060:جستارهای ادبی
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662:This section
660:
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505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
453:
451:
447:
443:
440:, as well as
439:
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431:
427:
426:
420:
418:
414:
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406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
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318:
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305:
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295:
289:
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284:
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280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
262:
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253:
250: –
248:
243:
240: –
238:
233:
230: –
228:
221:
215:
212:
207:
202:
199:
196:
192:
186:
183:
176:
171:
167:
151:
148:
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143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:Indo-European
117:
113:
107:
103:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
3121:
3082:
3075:
3043:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2874:
2869:
2852:
2804:
2795:
2784:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2659:
2518:
2501:. Kobenhavn.
2498:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:
2460:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2417:
2410:
2390:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:
2343:. Retrieved
2341:. Ethnologue
2333:
2323:
2316:
2296:
2289:
2269:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:
2221:. Retrieved
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2183:
2170:
2155:
2138:
2130:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2059:
2052:
2033:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
1991:
1981:
1971:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1950:(1): 170–174
1947:
1943:
1933:
1906:
1896:
1887:
1850:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1774:
1757:
1739:
1721:
1703:
1695:
1575:
1572:
1392:
1381:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1175:
779:Khazir River
770:
769:
757:
732:
728:
724:
718:
710:
709:
691:
690:
672:
668:adding to it
663:
643:
634:
615:
602:
592:
591:
540:
516:Khana Qubadi
500:Mele Perîşan
497:
485:
469:
462:Indo-Iranian
459:
423:
421:
386:
368:and western
353:
340:
312:
311:
298:Linguasphere
258:
149:
140:Northwestern
125:Indo-Iranian
32:
3077:Old Persian
2914:Mazanderani
2708:Khwarezmian
2593:New Iranian
2583:Old Iranian
2475:19 December
1638:Nominative
1151:Approximant
552:including:
520:Yusuf Yaska
145:Zaza–Gorani
79:(Primarily
3154:Categories
2752:Sarghulami
2672:Yazghulami
2625:Ishkashimi
2368:Ethnologue
2345:7 November
2252:3 February
2247:Al-Monitor
2214:"Avromani"
2193:Ethnologue
2189:"Bajelani"
2140:Ethnologue
1759:Ethnologue
1741:Ethnologue
1723:Ethnologue
1705:Ethnologue
1687:References
1627:Masculine
1520:Masculine
1461:Masculine
1402:Masculine
1246:Near-close
871:Pharyngeal
829:Consonants
775:Little Zab
476:Literature
425:Ethnologue
351:romanized:
216:Variously:
3137:varieties
3124:indicate
3045:Pahlavani
3037:Bakhtiari
3022:Kuhmareyi
3012:Bashkardi
2934:Old Azeri
2645:Sanglechi
2488:Textbooks
2122:148611170
2114:1353-0194
1925:0240-8910
1909:. 34–36.
1825:"Bajalan"
1630:Feminine
1590:Singular
1523:Feminine
1464:Feminine
1405:Feminine
1305:Near-open
1261:Close-mid
1069:velarized
978:voiceless
972:Fricative
914:aspirated
824:Phonology
783:Great Zab
729:Awromani
534:south of
489:Yarsanism
456:Etymology
260:Glottolog
211:ISO 639-3
180:Bacelanî
77:Kurdistan
3066:Hazaragi
3017:Garmsiri
2957:Sangsari
2952:Lasgerdi
2941:Parthian
2919:Tabaroid
2887:Kurmanji
2843:Ashtiani
2812:Yaghnobi
2770:Ossetian
2759:Scythian
2734:Southern
2729:Northern
2701:Bactrian
2650:Sarikoli
2620:Bartangi
2497:(1966).
2017:30 April
1954:30 April
1800:"Gurani"
1754:Bajelani
1652:Oblique
1290:Open-mid
856:alveolar
849:Alveolar
791:Bajelani
781:and the
737:Hawraman
725:Avromani
700:Khanaqin
692:Bajelani
687:Bajelani
675:May 2019
647:Dialects
304:58-AAA-b
288:Bajelani
267:gura1251
252:Bajelani
182:Gawrajui
169:Dialects
81:Hawraman
3126:extinct
3122:Italics
3107:Badeshi
3051:Persian
3027:Kumzari
2969:Taleshi
2962:Sorkhei
2947:Semnani
2902:Kordali
2882:Kurdish
2876:Gorgani
2854:Daylami
2848:Balochi
2828:Western
2806:Sogdian
2765:Alanian
2739:Wanetsi
2724:Central
2714:Parachi
2694:Avestan
2655:Shughni
2640:Roshani
2603:Eastern
2571:History
2524:Kurdish
2373:4 March
2364:"Sarli"
2339:"Sarli"
1718:Shabaki
1668:Gallery
1661:Aðîş'a
1633:Plural
1593:Plural
1393:Source
1219:Central
1039:Lateral
908:Plosive
876:Glottal
813:Shabaki
807:Persian
803:Turkish
799:Kurdish
795:Shabaki
720:Hewramî
715:هەورامی
711:Hawrami
706:Hawrami
698:, near
618:Persian
536:Halabja
508:Shi'ite
504:masnavi
493:Gahvara
466:Avestan
438:Persian
401:Ardalan
389:Shabaki
356:) is a
354:Hewramî
346:ھەورامی
341:Hawrami
337:
317:Kurdish
232:Shabaki
172:Hewramî
135:Western
130:Iranian
89:Nineveh
85:Garmian
83:, also
3100:Others
3007:Achomi
2979:Tatoid
2927:Median
2897:Xwarin
2892:Sorani
2870:Gorani
2865:Gilaki
2786:Jassic
2746:Ormuri
2719:Pashto
2686:Others
2677:Yidgha
2398:
2304:
2277:
2223:30 May
2198:30 May
2120:
2112:
2040:
2008:
1923:
1857:
1834:30 May
1809:30 May
1615:Şim'e
1567:-ay'a
1564:-ay'a
1204:Vowels
1094:Rhotic
1009:voiced
944:voiced
866:Uvular
844:Dental
839:Labial
787:Kirkuk
733:Horami
580:, and
578:London
574:Berlin
570:Rostam
468:word,
446:Sorani
434:Sorani
430:Sorani
329:Goranî
321:گۆرانی
313:Gorani
283:Gurani
175:Şebekî
150:Gorani
73:Region
45:Goranî
43:گۆرانی
38:Gorani
3071:Tajik
3000:South
2836:North
2775:Digor
2667:Wakhi
2661:Vanji
2635:Munji
2630:Khufi
2612:Pamir
2510:Notes
2452:(PDF)
2118:S2CID
1884:(PDF)
1736:Sarli
1658:'Aðê
1655:'Aðî
1647:'Aðê
1644:'Aðe
1604:Êm'e
1542:-'ay
1438:-ê,î
1416:-e,î
1344:Nouns
1231:Close
1214:Front
1126:trill
1044:plain
927:t͡ʃʰ
883:Nasal
861:Velar
854:Post-
771:Sarli
766:Sarli
760:Erbil
696:Mosul
582:Paris
470:gairi
397:Kurds
393:koiné
362:Kurds
242:Sarli
178:Sarlî
3061:Dari
3032:Luri
2986:Zaza
2974:Tati
2907:Laki
2860:Fars
2797:Saka
2780:Iron
2477:2021
2396:ISBN
2375:2017
2347:2023
2302:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2254:2020
2225:2019
2200:2019
2110:ISSN
2038:ISBN
2019:2020
2006:ISBN
1956:2020
1921:ISSN
1855:ISBN
1836:2019
1811:2019
1641:Að̞
1601:Min
1556:-'ê
1553:-'ê
1545:-'ê
1534:-'a
1531:-'a
1508:-'a
1497:-'ê
1486:-'ê
1475:-'ê
1449:-'a
1446:-'a
1319:Open
1224:Back
1031:(ʕ)
1028:(ʁ)
1014:(v)
957:d͡ʒ
805:and
749:Iraq
741:Iran
526:and
411:and
374:Zaza
370:Iran
366:Iraq
335:lit.
87:and
67:Iran
65:and
63:Iraq
3128:or
2137:at
2102:doi
1996:doi
1911:doi
1756:at
1738:at
1720:at
1702:at
1612:To
1435:-ê
1427:-ê
1424:-î
1413:-ø
1276:Mid
1100:tap
930:kʰ
924:tʰ
919:pʰ
731:or
670:.
395:of
275:ELP
247:bjm
237:sdf
227:sdb
220:hac
91:),
3156::
2468:.
2366:.
2355:^
2245:.
2233:^
2216:.
2191:.
2116:.
2108:.
2098:45
2096:.
2092:.
2004:.
1990:.
1948:13
1946:.
1942:.
1919:.
1905:.
1886:.
1869:^
1827:.
1802:.
1785:^
1325:a
1309:æ
1299:ɔ
1294:ɛ
1282:ə
1270:o
1265:e
1255:ʊ
1250:ɪ
1240:u
1235:i
1162:j
1155:w
1135:r
1109:ɾ
1078:ɫ
1052:l
1023:ʒ
1020:z
1017:ð
1002:h
999:ħ
994:x
991:ʃ
988:s
983:f
960:ɡ
954:d
949:b
933:q
892:n
887:m
801:,
727:,
717:;
584:.
576:,
564:,
560:,
538:.
522:,
518:,
514:,
452:.
436:,
349:,
332:,
323:,
319::
3132:.
2556:e
2549:t
2542:v
2526:.
2479:.
2454:.
2404:.
2377:.
2349:.
2310:.
2283:.
2256:.
2227:.
2202:.
2164:.
2124:.
2104::
2064:.
2046:.
2021:.
1998::
1958:.
1927:.
1913::
1890:.
1863:.
1838:.
1813:.
1193:.
751:(
743:(
713:(
677:)
673:(
343:(
315:(
30:.
23:.
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