Godred Crovan - Knowledge

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an ongoing internal power struggle within the kindred. If so, the attack could have been undertaken by Echmarcach's family at the connivance of the Meic Taidc—a branch of the Uí Briain matrilineally descended from Echmarcach—who may have used the operation as a means of preventing Mann from falling into the hands of their rival uncle, Muirchertach. Although the latter was certainly in the midst of securing control of Dublin, it is questionable whether he was in any position to contemplate operations in the Irish Sea at this point. In fact, Godred was nearing the height of his own power, and it is unclear if the Meic Taidc enjoyed more amiable relations with the Ulaid than Muirchertach himself. At any rate, Godred's expansion into Dublin could have been undertaken in the aftermath of his successful defence of the island.

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some point earlier in the decade. As for Gofraid mac Sitriuc himself, the generosity that he showed Godred could well be explained if the two were indeed kinsmen. Whatever the case, the former's death is recorded in 1070, after which his son, Fingal, apparently succeeded to the kingship. Possibly in about 1075, or 1079, the chronicle reveals that Godred succeeded in conquering Mann following three sea-borne invasions. On one hand, it is possible that Godred overthrew Fingal, who may have been weakened by the Uí Briain assault on the island in 1073. On the other hand, the amiable relations between Godred and Fingal's father could suggest that, as long as Fingal lived his kingship was secure, and that it was only after his death that Godred attempted to seize control.

1864: 1214: 722:, the chronicle claims that Godred offered his followers the choice of either plundering the island or of settling upon it. Only a few of his Islesmen are stated to have remained with him on Mann. According to the chronicle, Godred granted the incomers lands in the south of the island, and allowed the natives lands in the north, on the condition that they give up all heritable rights to this territory. It was through this act, alleges the chronicle, that Godred's later successors owned the entirety of the island. This portrayal of Godred's takeover—in which a conqueror establishes his dynasty's dominance over the traditional rights of a native landholding populace—parallels the traditional mediaeval accounts of 1311: 1623: 1565: 874: 1777: 1340:", and endured numerous perils together. In fact, Godred's reign in Dublin and the Isles at about this time suggests that he is identical to the Gothrei whom Gruffudd fled to. If Godred was indeed a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán like Gruffudd, this shared ancestry could well explain the cooperation between the two. On the other hand, although Gothrei is described as Gruffudd's "friend" or "ally", no specific kinship is acclaimed by the source, which may indicate that Gruffudd's appeal was one of mere expediency. Whatever the case, having gained support from the Isles—in the form of an armed naval force of sixty ships— 662: 1959: 1594:" (translated variously as "King of Dublin and of the Isles" and "king of Dublin and the Hebrides", a remarkable designation in the fact that it is quite rare, and perhaps only elsewhere accorded to Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó. In the case of the latter, the title may emphasise Diarmait's achievement of stretching his influence from Ireland into the Isles. In Godred's case, the title may instead underscore Godred's expansion into Ireland from the Isles. The chronicle's record of Godred's death on Islay could indicate that the island formed a secondary power centre in the Isles. The fact that 17082: 788: 1119: 1763: 1040: 264: 495: 1557:, which also records Godred's death, reveals that he died on Islay. The fact that he met his end on that island could be evidence that Muirchertach not only drove him from Dublin, but from Mann as well. On the other hand, the possibility that Islay was an important locus of royal power in the Isles, combined with the evidence of his father's links with the island could instead be evidence against such an overthrow. Furthermore, the chronicle itself states that Godred was succeeded by his eldest son, 1735:, reveal that it was through Ragnailt's descent that Clann Somairle, and Somairle himself, claimed kingship in the Isles. Godred's place at the royal apex of the two dynasties who contested the kingship of the Isles in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries suggests that he is identical to the like-named man proclaimed as an eminent ancestral figure in two thirteenth-century poems concerning Clann Somairle dynasts. The professed descendants of this Gofraid were poetically conceptualised as 2039: 710: 1361: 597: 774: 2669:, and Tadc himself—divided Munster between themselves. When Tadc died almost immediately afterwards, Muirchertach seized complete control of the kingdom, and drove Diarmait into exile. As for the Ulaid, they certainly possessed familial links with the Uí Briain, albeit through the marriage of Donn Sléibe mac Eochada, King of Ulaid to a daughter of Toirdelbach's bitter rival, Cennétig mac Lorcáin, a great-grandson of Brian Bóruma. 1026: 16957: 16945: 606: 1844:, thirteen of his descendants ruled in turn as king before Alexander III's takeover. In fact, this tally appears to conform to the number of historical Manx rulers during the Crovan dynasty's floruit. King Orry, and thus Godred himself, is seemingly referred to in Manx legislation dating to the early fifteenth century, as the term "in King Orryes Days" was recorded at the 1422 sitting of 1741:("the seed of Gofraid"), a Gaelic term that, conceivably, originally applied to both the Crovan dynasty and Clann Somairle. Later unease with a matrilineal descendant from Godred may have led to the invention of a patrilineal descent of Clann Somairle from a like-named man with enviable, albeit concocted, Scottish connections. Godred, therefore, may be identical to the anachronistic 1110:. Although this northern advance is sometimes regarded as an attempt to keep the Scots in check, the operation also established English control over Norse-Gaelic coastal populations, and further secured England's vulnerable north-western maritime flank. Godred's conquest of Dublin the year before, therefore, may well have influenced William's strategy in the north-west. 1496:. It possible that this compact contributed to Godred's successes in Dublin. Just as Godred's seizure of Dublin appears to have taken place at a point when two superior powers were occupied elsewhere, his expulsion from the kingdom appears to have taken place at a time when Muirchertach's hands were free, having temporarily settled matters with his rival half-brother, 1643:, appears to have succeeded him during the decade, the latter was soon forced to fend off rivals' factions supporting Godred's younger sons, Aralt in particular. Irish power appears to have encroached into the Isles at about this time as well, and it is evident that the political upheaval and dynastic instability in the wake of Godred's demise eventually provoked 751:. Some of these settlers would have arrived on the island from the Danelaw in the tenth century, whilst others could have arrived in the course of Godred's conquest. In fact, as late as the sixteenth century some of the island's most considerable lands contained this word element. Further after-effects of Godred's conquest may perceptible by 196:. Within the decade, Godred violently seized the kingship for himself, although the exact circumstances surrounding this takeover are uncertain. By 1091, Godred attained the kingship of Dublin, and thereby secured complete control of the valuable trade routes through the Irish Sea region. Godred's expansion may be further perceptible in the 1811:. In fact, this source appears to have been commissioned by Godred's later descendants as a means to legitimize their claims to the kingship, and the later historiographical emphasis that separates Godred from his predecessors may well be unwarranted. That being said, Godred is possibly the historical prototype of the celebrated King Orry ( 559:, upon the throne. About a decade after Diarmait's conquest of Dublin, an invasion of Mann by Murchad appears to have resulted in the submission or expulsion of Echmarcach altogether, effectively giving Diarmait control over the Irish Sea region. When Murchad died in 1070, Diarmait assumed control of Dublin and perhaps Mann as well. 1659:, husband of Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb, Godred's granddaughter. Somairle eventually forced his brother-in-law from power, and ruled the entire kingdom for almost a decade before the Crovan dynasty regained control of their permanently partitioned domain. Although the dynasty expired in the mid-thirteenth century, Somairle's descendants— 941:, Godred "held the Scots in such subjection that no one who built a vessel dared to insert more than three bolts", a statement implying his maritime dominance over contemporaries. The naval power of the Islesmen is perhaps evidenced in known military cooperation between the Islesmen—perhaps including Godred himself—and 1160:. The chronicle records that Roolwer was the bishop before Godred's reign, which could either mean that he died before the beginning of Godred's rule, or that Roolwer merely occupied the position at the time of Godred's accession. Roolwer's recorded name may be evidence that he is identical to one of the earliest 232:, a man who may have even driven Godred from Mann as well. Documentary evidence reveals that the last decade of the eleventh century saw an upsurge in plague and famine. According to Irish sources, one quarter of Ireland perished from pestilence in 1095 alone. One of the fatalities was Godred himself, who died on 2622:. On the other hand, the passage may concern Irishmen, or possibly to maritime magnates from Galloway and Argyll who potentially could have threatened the Islesmen's communication lines. The specific meaning of the passage is somewhat uncertain. Conceivably, the bolts may have been instrumental in constructing 2752:

It is also possible that the castles were seated along the coast in order to be easily supplied by sea. However, there is no evidence of any seaborne reinforcements when the Welsh successfully campaigned against them, and the record of prolific Norse-Gaelic military activity in the area suggests that

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Dúnán's title could indicate that he held episcopal authority in the Irish Sea region outwith the bounds of Dublin. As such, there is reason to suspect that he was Roolwer's antecessor in the Isles. When Dúnán died in 1074, only a few years after Toirdelbach's takeover of Dublin, it is possible that

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earlier in the century, and the fact that the attack took place in the year after Toirdelbach's death could indicate that the Ulaid seized upon the resulting confusion amongst the Uí Briain. On the other hand, it is possible that raid was actually an Uí Briain initiative, conducted in the context of

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at Emaraconart, a site only about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the fortress and ridge. Although the present form of the fort's name appears to refer to Godred himself, it is unknown if there is any historical connection between him and the site. A nearby site is Àiridh Ghutharaidh. The etymology

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In the mid-twelfth century, the Isles were partitioned between two rival power blocks. One faction, controlling Mann and the northern Hebrides, was led by the representative of the Crovan dynasty, Gofraid mac Amlaíb, Godred's grandson; the other faction, controlling the southern Hebrides, was ruled

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Contemporary numismatic material concerning Dublin indicates that, starting in 1095, immediately following Godred's demise, the kingdom's coinage became drastically debased in terms of weight and stylistic quality. For about a generation previous, Dublin's coinage had imitated the near contemporary

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From a late-eleventh-century Irish perspective, dominance of Dublin appears to have been a virtual prerequisite of gaining the Irish high-kingship, and Muirchertach's quest for control of this coastal kingdom appears to have been undertaken in such a context. In fact, it is evidence that Godred had

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in about 1091. Specifically, the former source accords him the title "King of Dublin" that year, whilst the latter source claims that he subjugated all of Dublin and much of Leinster. Although the chronicle's statement regarding Leinster is almost certainly an exaggeration, it may well refer to the

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is to be believed, an Irish king was slain during the battle, which could indicate that Godred formed part of the Irish Sea contingent, a host perhaps led by the slain king. At any rate, it was in the aftermath of this defeat that the chronicle first notes Godred: stating that, following his flight

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records that William II launched an utterly unsuccessfully campaign into the region, directed at Gruffudd himself, and that the English were forced to turn back without having gained any plunder. Nevertheless, an alternate possibility is that William II had been lured into the region by the native

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Just as Godred's rise in the Irish Sea region appears to have provoked William II to protect the north-western reaches of his realm, the participation of the Islesmen in war-wracked northern Wales may have provoked a similar response. The activity of the Islesmen in the region, and the prospect of

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dynast, and two "sons of the son of Ragnall"—perhaps sons of Echmarcach, Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, or the latter's father—lost their lives in the assault. On one hand, the apparent involvement of Echmarcach's family in this attack appears to evince an attempt to restore themselves on Mann.

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Regardless of Godred's possible ancestral links with Ireland, his political leanings could have meant that Dublin was unsafe for him in 1066. Another factor influencing Godred's arrival on Mann may have been the absence of Echmarcach—Gofraid mac Sitriuc's predecessor and Ímar's bitter adversary—at

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from the battle, Godred sought sanctuary from Gofraid mac Sitriuc, and was honourably received by him. Godred's participation in the Norwegian enterprise, which was also supported by the sons of Þórfinnr, partly evidences the far-flung connections and interactions of the contemporary Norse elite.

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English settlement in the early fifteenth century could also have introduced some of these place names. There is uncertainty as to when the Norse first settled on Mann. It is conceivable, however, that colonisation began at some point in the early ninth century, at about the same time that other

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reveals that, not only was Gruffudd born and raised in Dublin, he was yet another distinguished descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, and that on several occasions Gruffudd availed himself of Norse-Gaelic military assistance. After an apparent lull of about two decades, there was a remarkable increase in

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Despite Godred's apparent ancestral connections to the kingdoms of Dublin and the Isles, his rise to power could well have been driven by economic realities as much as royal aspirations. Dublin was one of the wealthiest ports in western Europe. By the end of the eleventh century, it was the most

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could suggest that he too reigned in Dublin as early as 1089. Whatever the case, Godred's acquisition of this coastal settlement may well have been a strike of sheer opportunism in which he took advantage of the ongoing conflict between the kingdoms of Munster and Leinster. His probable familial

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had previously enjoyed the patronage of the Uí Briain, it is possible that Godred had forged an alliance with Conchobar. Following the Uí Briain conquest of Dublin, the Ua Conchobair kings of Uí Failge may have been the only Leinster lords who refused to acknowledge Muirchertach's overlordship.

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and Galloway, where place names and church dedications suggest Isles-based Norse-Gaelic influence and rule from the ninth- to eleventh centuries. There is also evidence suggesting that, following Fingal's disappearance from the historical record, Fingal's descendants ruled in parts of Galloway.

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Godred's arrival on Mann, rather than Dublin, may well be explained by the varying political alignments in the Irish Sea region. Whilst he had allied himself to the cause of the invading Haraldr, the cause of the defending Harold was clearly adhered to by Diarmait, the contemporary overlord of

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along the northern Welsh coast. The strategic placement of these military sites suggests that they were constructed with the command of the sea in mind. As such, this fortified coastal network could have been perceived as a potential threat to Norse-Gaelic mercenarial operations and raiding

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One of the most significant eleventh- and twelfth-century Welsh figures was Gruffudd, a man who fended off fellow dynasts and Anglo-Normans alike to establish himself in northern Wales. Throughout much of the last two decades of the eleventh century Gwynedd was occupied by ever encroaching

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links with Dublin could have contributed to his remarkable success as well, and it is possible that the Dubliners considered this conquest as a restoration of the kingdom's royal family. Certainly his conquests in the Irish Sea region amounted to the reunification of the Uí Ímair

530:. Unfortunately for the brothers, the expansive island empire that their father had forged appears to have quickly disintegrated under their joint rule. Although there is no record of the brothers conducting military operations in the Isles and Ireland, the thirteenth-century 1600:

notes that Gruffudd travelled into the Isles to obtain military assistance from Gothrei could also be evidence that Godred's headquarters was located there. The record of Godred's death on Islay further suggests that he may well have been buried on the nearby holy island of

1001:. Whatever the case, it is unknown if Macc Congail was independent from, or dependent upon, Godred's authority. Godred's interference in this part of the Irish Sea region could explain an unsuccessful invasion on Mann in 1087. That year, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century 1634:

Godred's greatest impact on history may have been his foundation of the Crovan dynasty, a vigorous family of sea-kings that ruled in the Isles for almost two centuries, until its extinction in the mid-thirteenth century, when the remaining kingdom was annexed by

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in Dublin. If so, Roolwer's episcopacy in the Isles may well have begun in 1074 after Dúnán's death—just like Gilla Pátraic's episcopacy in Dublin—and perhaps ended at some point during Godred's reign. The chronicle reveals that Roolwer's successor was a certain

2016:). The fact that this site is only about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Dùn Ghùaidhre could suggest that the names of both locations refer to Godred. On the other hand, it is possible that the names of the fort, ridge, and shieling are merely the result of 1692: 1676: 1403:. The invaders are further said to have ravished the surrounding countryside, loading their ships with livestock and captives. Having crushed Robert's forces, Grithfridus is stated to have had the former's severed head bound as a trophy to the top of his 579:. Such links may well explain the remarkable rapidity with which the Uí Briain struck out at Dublin and the Isles after Diarmait's demise. In 1073, for instance, Mann was raided by a certain Sitriuc mac Amlaíb and two grandsons of the Uí Briain founder, 2117:

tells a tale similar to other poems recounting the story of the burning of Finn's house. A central character in the song is a certain Gorree/Orree/Orree Beg, a hero who corresponds to Garadh/Garaidh in cognate tales. The spelling of this hero's name in

1261:, forged by Godred's contemporaries in Dublin, Toirdelbach and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill. William appears to have died in or before 1095, as the chronicle states that he was succeeded, during Godred's lifetime, by a Manxman named Hamond, son of " 2599:, which in turn supplied the town with essential raw materials. As such, Fine Gall was frequently preyed upon by powers wishing to gain dominance over Dublin. The geographical extent of Fine Gall appears to roughly correspond to the boundary of modern 2863:

claims that Domnall left "Scotland to the gentiles" (or "Scotland to Vikings"). Although the meaning of this passage is uncertain, it is possible that it refers to Godred's consolidation of power in the Isles, or perhaps to Magnús' invasion after his

2035:("king's farm"), a prestigious designation that appears to echo the district's not insignificant size and quality of lands. Whether the site was ever owned by a king is unknown, although local tradition certainly associates it with Godred himself. 574:

as their king. In fact, this man appears to have been a close kinsman of Echmarcach, possibly his nephew. As such, Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill seems to have been a member of a Norse-Gaelic kindred possessing close marital links with the

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Sky Hill, where Godred is said to have vanquished the Manx once and for all. According to the chronicle, some of his troops hid in the wood surrounding the hill, and his victory was achieved when they ambushed the unsuspecting Manx from the

2078:. Whilst Chatterton's composition tells the tale of an invasion of Mann by a tyrannous Norseman named Godred Crovan, Blake's ballad is about a tyrannous Norse king who is slain by a native giant named Gordred. Chatterton's compositions in 2585:

The inscription of the boat may date to about the time of the Crovan dynasty, possibly from about the eleventh- to the thirteenth century. The boat itself appears to be similar to those that appear on seals borne by later members of the

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appears to indicate that warfare between Muirchertach and Godred was wrought throughout the year. The source also reveals that, during Dublin's fall, Muirchertach captured Conchobar Ua Conchobair Failge, King of Uí Failge. Although the

937:. Godred's conquest of Dublin, therefore, could have been undertaken in the context of an Islesman securing possession of the region's southernmost routes, thereby giving him total control of the Irish Sea trade nexus. According to the 2738:

calls the Isles the "islands of Denmark", and describes the location of them and Ireland as "in the sea side by side with the island of Britain". This source's account of Gruffudd receiving aid from Gothrei may be corroborated by the

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date from about the time of Godred's reign, although it is almost certain that earlier ecclesiastes held this position. It may have been just prior to Godred's accession in the Isles, whilst Dublin was under the ultimate control of

1639:. There is uncertainty concerning the political situation in the Isles in the last decade of the eleventh century. It is apparent, however, that the dynasty descended from him soon turned upon itself. Although Godred's eldest son, 648:

in north-eastern England. The slaughter at Stamford resulted in the total destruction of Norwegian military power, and it took almost a generation before a king of this realm could reassert authority in the Norse colonies of the

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important population centre in Ireland. There appear to have been three main routes in the region: one running from southern Wales to south-eastern Ireland (connecting the settlements of Waterford and Wexford in Ireland, with

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or Radulf. Considering the evidence of early-eleventh-century Orcadian influence in the Isles, it is not inconceivable that the near contemporaneous Church in the region was then under the authority of an Orcadian appointee.

2090:. In fact, it was likely through Chatterton's work that Blake was most influenced by Macpherson. Unlike Macpherson, who deceptively insisted that his epic Ossianic corpus was translated from the work of an ancient Celtic 2692:

churches or oratories. Once regarded as pre-Viking Age structures, scholars now date the keeill phenomena between the late ninth to the late thirteenth centuries. Another candidate for the site of Roolwer's cathedral is

2634:-pieces to the keel. Either way, the passage appears to refer to the Islesmen restricting the size of the boats built by contemporaries. As such, the record may be evidence that typical naval vessels of the era, such as 1807:. This elevated place in the island's historiography is partly due to his position as an apical ancestral figure of later kings, and by his preeminent position in the historical account of the Isles preserved by the 2130:

offered imaginative accounts of Viking incursions on Islay. One such tale, alleged by Livingstone to have been "handed down from the Danish mythologists of those days", concerns exploits of Godred in the island's

1840:, an eighteenth-century text that appears to contain content of sixteenth-century provenance. This traditional account of Mann asserts that, following King Orry's arrival, and his subsequent introduction of the 1512:. This could be evidence that, in comparison to Muirchertach's immediate Norse-Gaelic predecessors in Dublin, his own regime lacked the expertise to ensure the vitality of the kingdom's commerce and currency. 759:

have been uncovered on Mann. Almost a dozen date between the 1030s and the 1070s. The finds seem to suggest that the island suffered from power struggles until the establishment of Godred and his descendants.

583:. Whilst there is reason to suspect that Sitriuc was a brother of Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, the attack itself was almost certainly a continuation of the Uí Briain's conquest of Dublin the year before. 16122:

Ravn, M; Bischoff, V; Englert, A; Nielsen, S (2011). "Recent Advances in Post-Excavation Documentation, Reconstruction, and Experimental Maritime Archaeology". In Catsambis, A; Ford, B; Hamilton, DL (eds.).

1460:. Although all these sources indicate that Muirchertach's forces were at first forced to flee, Muirchertach soon returned after the alliance had dispersed, and succeeded in driving Godred from Dublin. The 1647:

to forcibly take control of the Isles before the century's end. It wasn't until the about the second decade of the twelfth century that the Crovan dynasty re-established firm control, in the person of

251:, an apparent genealogical construct claimed as a Clann Somairle ancestor. Godred may well be identical to the celebrated King Orry of Manx legend, a figure traditionally credited with instituting the 2665:, Tadc was married to Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, and the two had three sons and a daughter. Toirdelbach's death in 1086 sent the Uí Briain into a succession crisis, and his three sons—Muirchertach, 1884:

situated near the settlement of Kintra, on the island's Oa peninsula. The site itself is likely prehistoric, although there is a legitimate late-eleventh-century cross-slab found on the island, near

1983:), a ruinous mediaeval fortress on Islay, is traditionally associated with Godred, and overlooks some of the island's most fertile lands. The south-east ridge along Dùn Ghùaidhre is named in Gaelic 1102:. In 1091, Máel Coluim led the Scots across their southern border. Although peace was subsequently restored without bloodshed, the temporary truce fell apart the following year when William seized 351:" represents Ireland, which, if correct, would evidence Godred's close familial links with that particular island. Whatever the case, according to the same source, he had been brought up on Mann. 566:, a man who appears to have reigned under Diarmait's overlordship. Like Godred himself, Gofraid mac Sitriuc may have been a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán. On Diarmait's unexpected death in 1072, 2503:" represents Ímar. The fact that the latter's father is known to have been named Aralt, however, could be evidence that the compiler of the pedigree either erroneously reversed the order of " 2368:, which notes this enterprise, doesn't call him by his personal name but merely identifies him as a son of Aralt. This could be evidence that Ímar's contemporaries sometimes knew him by his 555:. Although there is evidence to suggest that Diarmait reinstated Ímar as King of Dublin, the latter was dead within two years, and at some point Diarmait appears to have placed his own son, 470:, and imply something remarkable about Godred's hands. Godred and his patrilineal royal descendants, who reigned in the Isles for about two centuries, are known to modern scholars as the 1454:, reveal that Muirchertach marched upon Dublin where he was confronted by the alliance. Godred's maritime force in this campaign is numbered at ninety ships by the seventeenth-century 1307:

Norse-Gaelic predatory raids upon Wales throughout the 1070s and 1080s. In fact, this resurgence coincides with Gruffudd's struggle for power, and may not be an unrelated coincidence.

1420:—an event in which Gruffudd's participation is uncertain. Whatever the reason, the English counter-operation appears to have been undertaken with mainly defensive objectives in mind. 184:

Godred first appears on record in the context of supporting the Norwegian invasion of England in 1066. Following the collapse of this campaign, Godred is recorded to have arrived on

15270: 13675: 870:, and appear to be evidence that contemporaries regarded Dublin and Mann to be components of a single political entity, with the ruler of one part entitled to that of the other. 570:

invaded Leinster, and acquired control of Dublin. Within a year of gaining lordship over the Dubliners, Toirdelbach appears to have installed, or at least recognised a certain

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McDonald, RA (2016). "Sea Kings, Maritime Kingdoms and the Tides of Change: Man and the Isles and Medieval European Change, AD c1100–1265". In Barrett, JH; Gibbon, SJ (eds.).

1905:. As with Godred on Islay, supposed burial places of King Orry are traditionally marked by prehistoric burial sites on Mann. One such site is the now-mutilated tomb, known as 1395:

makes no mention of this episode at all. In fact, another possibility is that the sea-roving Grithfridus is identical to Gothrei, and thus Godred himself. Whatever the case,

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Annalistic evidence from throughout Europe indicates that the continent suffered from a resurgence of plague and famine during the first years of the 1090s. In fact, if the

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styles of the English and Anglo-Normans, albeit with varying consistency, but immediately after 1095 Dublin's coins dramatically degenerated into poor imitations of nearly

212:; and archaeological evidence from Mann reveals that, in comparison to the decades previous to his takeover, the island seems to have enjoyed a period of relative peace. 14067: 11951:

Andersen, PS (1991). "When was Regular, Annual Taxation Introduced in the Norse Islands of Britain? A Comparative Study of Assessment Systems in North-Western Europe".

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suggests that he represents Godred himself, thereby giving the story a native slant. Godred's place in this song probably accounts for its survival in local memory. In

12896:. Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies. Aberdeen: Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Aberdeen. pp. 129–155. 12684: 2530:, taken to mean "white-claw", has sometimes been accorded to Godred in recent scholarly secondary sources. Godred's epithet is apparently not unlike that of the later 228:, that Dublin and the Isles were ecclesiastically separated once and for all. Godred's rule in Dublin came to an abrupt end in 1094 with his expulsion at the hands of 13195: 18444: 15872: 17624: 2097:

In the wake of Macpherson's publications, several examples of Manx folksongs appear to have first come to light. One particular piece, a Manx Gaelic song called

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would have been a threatening development. Furthermore, in the last decades of the eleventh century there was a breakdown in relations between Máel Coluim and

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and defeated a force of Anglo-Normans, before the Islesmen returned home. Gruffudd and Gothrei appear to have directed their efforts against the Anglo-Norman

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alone. If this was indeed the case, and if Godred was, in fact, Ímar's son, it could also explain how later chroniclers garbled the name of Godred's father.

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Godred's power base may have been located in the Hebrides, the northern reaches of the realm. After his takeover of Mann, a conquest that culminated in the

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McDonald, RA (2012). "The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans: The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic Context, 1079–1265". In Hudson, B (ed.).

14525: 14485: 13817: 13266: 12578: 12538: 12107: 17: 2883: 1606: 1391:". Although there is reason to suspect that the latter is identical to Gruffudd, this identification is by no means certain, as the less than impartial 18429: 2924:

That being said, Chatterton famously forged a corpus of so-called Rowleian poetry that he claimed was the work of a mediaeval monk named Thomas Rowley.

1352:, before the former tackled other installations. A significant feature of the encroachment of English power into Gwynedd was the erection of a line of 11280: 861:

certainly gained authority over Dublin within the year, although the fact that the annal-entry evidencing Godred's kingship there in 1091 contains no

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in Ireland); the third trade route running perpendicular to the aforementioned, extending south to the Continent and north through the Hebrides to

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Although several place names on Mann appear to date to the tenth- and eleventh-centuries, stemming from direct settlement from Norway or Norwegian

2494: 831:, and the extension of royal authority over adjoining regions. Dublin's political affiliation at about this period in time is uncertain. In 1088, 299:", contrarily implying that it was Godred's grandfather who was named Aralt. Godred, therefore, may have been either a son, nephew, or brother of 17711: 2531: 552: 1146:

s coverage of the episcopal succession only starts at about the time of Godred's reign. The bishop first mentioned by this source is a certain "

1440:

reveal that warfare broke out between Muirchertach and a northern Irish alliance that included Godred. This source and the seventeenth-century

980: 832: 14435: 15227: 14881: 2576:

regions in Scotland and the Isles were being settled. Such a date is supported by archaeological evidence in the form of several grave sites.

2025: 1979: 1931: 1914: 1893: 1876: 1300:

Anglo-Normans; and it is apparent that Gruffudd enjoyed close connections with the Norse-Gaelic world. Specifically, the thirteenth-century

17346: 633: 12336:

Candon, A (2006). "Power, Politics and Polygamy: Women and Marriage in Late Pre-Norman Ireland". In Bracken, D; Ó Riain-Raedel, D (eds.).

1537:

is to be believed, about a quarter of Ireland's population succumbed to pestilence in 1095. This source, and a host of others—such as the

503: 18474: 15707:"The Manx Keeill and Pagan Iconography: Christian and Pagan Responses to Ideological Turmoil in the Isle of Man During the Tenth-Century" 14174: 219:, a probable kinsman, who was then locked in continuous conflicts with Welsh rivals and encroaching English magnates. The earliest known 13696: 1399:

states that Robert was slain during a sea-borne predatory raid in which Grithfridus' three-ship force made landfall under the cliffs of

1142:. Little is known of the early history of the diocese, although its origins may well lie with the Uí Ímair imperium. Unfortunately, the 17734: 17355: 14069:

The Vikings and Scotland—Impact and Influence: Report of a Conference Organised by The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 20–22 September 2006

2815:

The chronicle's notice of Godred's death on Islay is the first documentary source to make mention of the island after the record of an

17558: 14688: 2697:. The surviving stone tower on this island appears to date to the mid eleventh century, and made have been erected by Roolwer himself. 1580:". This title, describing him as king of both Dublin and the Isles, is quite rare and may further evidence Godred's Irish connections. 1091: 16989: 1709:'s name as they appear on folios 13r (image a) and 320v (image b) of the seventeenth-century Dublin Royal Irish Academy C iii 3 (the 1656: 1013: 1236:

the latter seized this opportunity and oversaw the ecclesiastical separation of Dublin from the Isles through the creation of a new

247:, a family that held power in the Isles centuries after the final extinction of the Crovan dynasty. As such, he may be identical to 13643:

Fellows-Jensen, G (1983). "Scandinavian Settlement in the Isle of Man and Northwest England: The Place-Name Evidence". In Fell, C;

12186: 1373: 16912: 16878: 880:

trade routes in north-west Europe. As the ruler of Dublin and the Isles, Godred dominated the routes through the Irish Sea region.

12923:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–21. 12439: 11643: 2834:("king of Dublin") is uncommon in primary sources, and the men regarded by historians as kings of Dublin are more usually styled 858: 229: 15968: 15589:

McLeod, W (2002). "Rí Innsi Gall, Rí Fionnghall, Ceannas nan Gàidheal: Sovereignty and Rhetoric in the Late Medieval Hebrides".

15469:

McDonald, RA (2008). "Man, Ireland, and England: The English Conquest of Ireland and Dublin-Manx Relations". In Duffy, S (ed.).

10845: 1473: 948: 551:. The turn of the mid-eleventh century saw the gradual decline of Echmarcach's authority. In 1052, he was driven from Dublin by 341:, there is no other evidence linking Godred to this island. Alternately, the word may instead represent the Hebridean island of 17840: 16937: 16920: 16903: 16886: 16537: 15004: 2743:, a twelfth-century source which states that, at some point in his career, Gruffudd received refuge and military aid in Orkney, 1275: 567: 225: 17651: 16929: 14090: 11875:

Abrams, L (2007). "Conversion and the Church in the Hebrides in the Viking Age". In Smith, BB; Taylor, S; Williams, G (eds.).

1481:—Muirchertach's arch-rival and Godred's possible ally—as it appears on folio 19r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: " 645: 354: 18449: 17835: 16843: 16808: 16738: 16711: 16619: 16559: 16545: 16177: 16158: 16132: 15956: 15882: 15838: 15695: 15571: 15536: 15478: 15459: 15440: 15421: 15402: 15383: 14984: 14867: 14713: 14585: 14084: 13877: 13858: 13780: 13729: 13372: 13161: 12990: 12928: 12901: 12874: 12865:. Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies. Aberdeen: Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, 12797: 12673: 12425: 12349: 12313: 12294: 12271: 12089: 12037: 11888: 11751: 2912: 1515: 17775: 17573: 16895: 14165:

Holm, P (2000). "Viking Dublin and the City-State Concept: Parameters and Significance of the Hiberno-Norse Settlement". In

12705: 11846:

Icelandic Sagas and Other Historical Documents Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on the British Isles

1090:

Godred's expansion in the Irish Sea may well have had serious repercussions on mainland politics. Certainly, in the eyes of

1066:

from Ireland or specifically Dublin, and dates to about Godred's floruit. It may have been commissioned during the reign of

580: 271:

While the familial origins of Godred Crovan aren't completely proven, it appears certain that he was a direct descendant of

243:, his patrilineal descendants who ruled in the Isles for almost two centuries. Godred was an important maternal ancestor of 18469: 18434: 15736: 13656: 13216: 2559: 1327: 15431:

McDonald, RA (2007a). "Dealing Death From Man: Manx Sea Power in and around the Irish Sea, 1079–1265". In Duffy, S (ed.).

12155: 2135:

vicinity. Livingstone's versions of such local traditions appear to be the inspiration behind his epic Gaelic battle-poem

1172: 699: 48: 17704: 17081: 2854: 1944: 536:

states that the peripheral regions of their father's lordship reverted to the control of local leaders. It was into this

18053: 17185: 1644: 1210:, a man elected to the position by the Dubliners during the regime of Toirdelbach and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill. 571: 15889: 11989: 11850: 2873:

This Ragnailt was a daughter of Godred's son Amlaíb, and should not be confused with the like-named mother of Gruffudd.

942: 216: 17250: 15328:

MacQuarrie, CW (2006). "Ellan Vannin (Isle of Man) §4. The Isle of Man in Early Irish Literature". In Koch, JT (ed.).

15209:

The Norse in Islay: A Settlement Historical Case-Study for Medieval Scandinavian Activity in Western Maritime Scotland

1138:

The ecclesiastical jurisdiction within the Isles during the reigns of Godred's mid-twelfth-century successors was the

320: 300: 18439: 16679: 16660: 16641: 16586: 16434: 16403: 16329: 16320:

Sellar, WDH (2000). "Hebridean Sea Kings: The Successors of Somerled, 1164–1316". In Cowan, EJ; McDonald, RA (eds.).

16294: 16260: 16237: 15861: 15770: 15751: 15668: 15649: 15509: 15360: 15337: 15197: 15084: 15050: 14962: 14943: 14848: 14839:

Karras, RM (1993). "Haraldr Hárfagri ("fair-hair") Hálfdanarson". In Pulsiano, P; Wolf, K; Acker, P; Fry, DK (eds.).

14806: 14744: 14566: 14445: 14424: 14405: 14386: 14182: 14155: 14056: 14001: 13922: 13799: 13690: 13664: 13596: 13403: 13345: 13326: 13307: 13248: 13210: 13184: 12959: 12851: 12824: 12733: 12699: 12520: 12458: 12402: 12372: 12175: 11450: 11270: 1411:

their consolidation on Anglesey, may well have posed a potential threat to English interests in the area. Certainly,

641: 519: 319:(Ímar mac Arailt). As such, it appears that Godred was not the son, nephew or brother, but, in fact, the grandson of 12468:

Crawford, BE (1996). "Bishops of Orkney in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries: Bibliography and Biographical List".

1648: 109: 17339: 16689:

Woolf, A (2005). "The Origins and Ancestry of Somerled: Gofraid mac Fergusa and 'The Annals of the Four Masters'".

16444:

Valante, MA (1998–1999). "Taxation, Tolls and Tribute: The Language of Economics and Trade in Viking-Age Ireland".

14818: 1691: 1675: 17522: 16803:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. 1863: 1640: 1558: 105: 17588: 11912: 2774:, a conflict in which Godred may have assisted Gruffudd, Gruffudd's plunder included French and English captives. 2417: 1636: 690:—assistance in the decade before the Norwegian invasion. He later sheltered Harold's sons following the eventual 482:

epithets accorded to Godred, and his dynastic descendants, partly evidence the hybrid nature of the Norse-Gaelic

17697: 17641: 16949: 14242: 14076: 13177:

Seanchas: Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis J. Byrne

11394: 808:

displaying a contemporary sailing vessel. The power of the kings of the Isles laid in their armed galley-fleets

11323:(1769). "Godred Crovan. A Poem. Composed by Dopnal Syrric, Scheld of Godred Crovan, King of the Isle of Man". 1213: 17497: 17175: 16982: 15706: 15303: 14780: 14200:

Holm, P (2015). "The Naval Power of Norse Dublin". In Purcell, E; MacCotter, P; Nyhan, J; Sheehan, J (eds.).

12952:

Traversing the Inner Seas: Contacts and Continuity Around Western Scotland, the Hebrides and Northern Ireland

11700: 11411: 2558:

Toirdelbach's son, Tadc, was certainly married to a daughter of Echmarcach. Furthermore, it is possible that

2192:

Skarloey Railway, and in Awdry's writing was the site of a battle between Godred Crovan and the Norman army.

2021: 1975: 1927: 1910: 1889: 1872: 1242: 563: 189: 17563: 13653:

The Viking Age in the Isle of Man: Select Papers From The Ninth Viking Congress, Isle of Man, 4–14 July 1981

12259: 11659: 18003: 17871: 17825: 17200: 13792:

Irish Society, Anglo-Norman Settlers, Angevin Kingship: Interactions in Ireland in the Late Twelfth Century

13336:

Duffy, S (2006). "The Royal Dynasties of Dublin and the Isles in the Eleventh Century". In Duffy, S (ed.).

12323:

Candon, A (1988). "Muirchertach Ua Briain, Politics and Naval Activity in the Irish Sea, 1075 to 1119". In

11879:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: 11502: 11290: 11165: 11131: 11093: 2152: 18340: 15108:

Longley, D (1991). "The Excavation of Castell, Porth Trefadog, A Coastal Promontory Fort in North Wales".

11363:

The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D., Lord Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of All Ireland

18464: 17332: 15966:Ó Muircheartaigh, P (2016). "Fin as Ossian Revisited: A Manx Ballad in Belanagare and its Significance". 15610:

Megaw, B (1976). "Norseman and Native in the Kingdom of the Isles: A Reassessment of the Manx Evidence".

14816:

Jones, NA (1999). "The Mynydd Carn 'Prophecy': A Reassessment (Welsh Court Poetry, Gogynfeirdd Corpus)".

2794: 1099: 1072: 1012:

Additionally, the Ulaid's actions appear to mirror their own response to Dublin-based intrusion into the

17780: 17656: 1667:, which survived into the late fifteenth century, was a direct successor of Godred's maritime imperium. 498:

Proposed mid-nineteenth-century monument to King Orry, a legendary figure who may be identical to Godred

17967: 17527: 16961: 16607: 16015: 13993: 13914: 13768: 13740: 12974: 12919:

Downham, C (2014). "Vikings' Settlements in Ireland Before 1014". In Sigurðsson, JV; Bolton, T (eds.).

12512: 11032: 10906: 2094:, Chatterton did not claim his Ossianic inspired compositions were the remnants of ancient literature. 1857: 1804: 1711: 1596: 1456: 1334:, Gruffudd managed to escape his captors and sought military aid in the Isles from certain king named " 1302: 15523:. The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 333–349. 14109:

Holland, M (2000). "Dublin and the Reform of the Irish Church in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries".

14043:

Gurevic, AJ (1993). "Land Tenure and Inheritance". In Pulsiano, P; Wolf, K; Acker, P; Fry, DK (eds.).

13298:

Duffy, S (2004b). "The 1169 Invasion as a Turning-Point in Irish-Welsh Relations". In Smith, B (ed.).

11694: 255:. Godred and King Orry are associated with numerous historic and prehistoric sites on Mann and Islay. 18310: 18068: 17800: 17795: 17260: 14728: 14396:

Hudson, B (2005b). "Ua Briain, Tairrdelbach, (c. 1009–July 14, 1086 at Kincora)". In Duffy, S (ed.).

12076:

Beuermann, I (2010). "'Norgesveldet?' South of Cape Wrath? Political Views Facts, and Questions". In

12055: 11840: 11544: 11353: 2207:

Since the 1980s, academics have accorded Godred various personal names in English secondary sources:

2127: 2060: 1951:

but destroyed in the nineteenth century, may have owed its name to eighteenth- or nineteenth-century

1749:, and otherwise only specifically attested in later genealogical accounts concerning Clann Somairle. 1206:" ("high-bishop of the Foreigners"), and the first Bishop of Dublin solely associated with Dublin is 637: 208:

in an effort to secure their western maritime flank. Godred appears to have drawn his power from the

17671: 17629: 16187:

Richter, M (1985). "The European Dimension of Irish History in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries".

13934:

Excavations on St Patrick's Isle, Peel, Isle of Man 1982–88: Prehistoric, Viking, Medieval and Later

2882:

The annal-entries concerning Gofraid mac Fergusa are derived from entries concerning the historical

2806:

There appears to have been no Manx coinage between the late eleventh and early fourteenth centuries.

2762:

During the tenth-, eleventh- and twelfth centuries, Dublin was the heart of the slave trade between

406:("white-blooded"), in reference to being very pale. Alternately, it could originate from the Gaelic 18454: 18378: 18330: 17830: 16975: 16514: 16278: 16150: 15939: 15906: 14655: 14621: 14460: 13943: 13579: 13545: 13511: 13477: 13441: 12749: 12417: 12025: 11685: 11494: 11468: 11377: 11312: 11191: 11157: 11123: 2169: 2110: 1568:

Godred's name and title as it appears on folio 30v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 503 (the

1310: 1258: 15250: 2659:

The Meic Taidc were descended from Muirchertach's brother, Tadc. According to the twelfth-century

2423:

Rhanallt m. Gwythryg ap Afloyd m. Gwrthryt Mearch m. Harallt Ddu m. Ifor Gamle m. Afloyd m. Swtrig

2056:

Godred Crovan. A poem. Composed by Dopnal Syrric, Scheld of Godred Crovan, King of the Isle of Man

18459: 17906: 17502: 17270: 17195: 17165: 17155: 15853: 14693: 14668: 14629: 13887: 13052: 12665: 11037: 10911: 2181: 1371:

In 1093, at about the time of this cooperation between Gruffudd and Gothrei, the twelfth-century

1353: 17661: 17114: 12324: 1466: 952:

Godred's name and title as it appears on folio 19v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: "

18136: 18018: 17850: 17462: 17205: 15910: 15633: 12866: 12360: 11719:

Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History

11101: 2626:

that were too large to be made of a single timber. Another possibility is that the bolts fixed

1663:—held power in the Hebrides for centuries to come. In fact, the later mediaeval Clann Somairle 1520: 1442: 1349: 1315: 873: 17805: 17255: 17245: 17222: 17049: 16053: 15172: 13936:. Centre for Manx Studies Monographs. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. 437–448. 2859: 1330:, and appears to have been held captive for over a decade, perhaps twelve years. According to 18254: 18210: 17815: 17720: 17646: 17593: 17180: 16860: 16511:

Land Assessment and Military Organisation in the Norse Settlements in Scotland, c.900–1266 AD

16382:

Irish Influence on Ecclesiastical Settlements in Scotland a Case Study of the Island of Islay

15150: 15076: 13648: 12685:"At the Crossroads of Power and Cultural Influence: Manx Archaeology in the High Middle Ages" 12414:

Railway Posters, 1923–1947: From the Collection of the National Railway Museum, York, England

11218: 11208: 2886:. The former, unlike the latter, is portrayed as a Gaelic noble who aided the Scottish Crown. 1564: 1478: 1246: 801: 738: 394:". The origin and meaning of this name are uncertain. It may well be derived from the Gaelic 18259: 17452: 17301: 15433:

The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600

13716: 13235:

Duffy, S (2002b). "The Bruce Brothers and the Irish Sea World, 1306–29". In Duffy, S (ed.).

1776: 547:

The ruler of the Isles who appears to have suffered from Þórfinnr's southward expansion was

18424: 18285: 17952: 17927: 17845: 17790: 17754: 17583: 17578: 17492: 17359: 17285: 17190: 17170: 14705: 14166: 13387: 13364: 11577: 2787:, the Norse-Gaelic father of Gruffudd's mother built and commanded a Welsh fortress called 2694: 2563: 1958: 1906: 1794: 1570: 1139: 969: 556: 515: 483: 220: 192:, a likely kinsman of his. During the 1070s, the latter died and was succeeded by his son, 170: 18097: 17265: 17054: 17038: 16757: 16054:"Meeting in Norway: Norse-Gaelic Relations in the Kingdom of Man and the Isles, 1090–1270" 12744: 11517:

The History of Gruffydd ap Cynan: The Welsh Text with Translation, Introduction, and Notes

2074: 1326:

At one point in his career, after briefly gaining power in 1081, Gruffudd was captured by

8: 18142: 18108: 17972: 17962: 17957: 17614: 17537: 17472: 17467: 17447: 17373: 17306: 17296: 17275: 17119: 16653:

Ecclesia Nidrosiensis, 1153–1537: Søkelys på Nidaroskirkens og Nidarosprovinsens Historie

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Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic

14557:

Hudson, BT (2004c). "The Changing Economy of the Irish Sea Province". In Smith, B (ed.).

13891: 12947: 11637: 11603: 11534: 11515: 11405: 11361: 11357: 2793:. The site of this fortress is unknown for certain, although it may have been located at 2185: 1790: 1742: 1706: 1501: 1285: 1253:

name may cast light on his origins, and may in turn evince Godred's links with the wider

1077: 527: 360: 358:

Godred's name as it appears on folio 19v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488 (the

331:. The chronicle's passage may further cast light on Godred's familial origins. Although " 289: 248: 17896: 17666: 17104: 15659:

Moore, D (1996). "Gruffudd ap Cynan and the Medieval Welsh Polity". In Maund, KL (ed.).

15613:

Scottish Studies: The Journal of the School of Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh

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Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty

14979:. The Medieval Mediterranean: Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500. Leiden: Brill. 13767:

Fellows-Jensen, G (2008). "Scandinavian Place Names in the British Isles". In Brink, S;

12202: 11626: 11611: 11548: 1622: 1364:

Great Orme, where Grithfridus is said to have made landfall before battling and killing

723: 18305: 18290: 18195: 18090: 17891: 17810: 17512: 17507: 17431: 17421: 17139: 17124: 17071: 17032: 16926: 16909: 16875: 16769: 16744: 16489: 16457: 16204: 16142: 16040: 16024: 16001: 15985: 15797: 15577: 15493: 15316: 15290: 15125: 15029: 15013: 14922: 14906: 14595: 14377:

Hudson, B (2005a). "Diarmait mac Máele-na-mBó (Reigned 1036–1072)". In Duffy, S (ed.).

14365: 14349: 14320: 14312: 14296: 14267: 14251: 14228: 14202:

Clerics, Kings and Vikings: Essays on Medieval Ireland in Honour of Donnchadh Ó Corráin

14126: 14048: 14031: 13960: 13623: 13418: 13413: 13120: 13089: 13035: 13019: 13008:

Duffy, S (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171".

12758: 12487: 12382: 12255: 12243: 12227: 11968: 11939: 11931: 11801: 11781: 11761: 11424: 11371: 11255: 11073: 11053: 10967: 10947: 10891: 10878: 10862: 2767: 2763: 2726:"), suggests that Gofraid had little independence from his Irish overlord, Toirdelbach. 2666: 2173: 1971: 1963: 1898: 1731: 1497: 1357:

expeditions in the region, and may partly explain Gothrei's cooperation with Gruffudd.

974: 691: 479: 193: 18058: 17486: 17291: 17280: 17160: 15818: 13849:

Flanagan, MT (2008) . "High-Kings With Opposition, 1072–1166". In Ó Cróinín, D (ed.).

12861:

Downham, C (2013a). "Living on the Edge: Scandinavian Dublin in the Twelfth Century".

10987: 10927: 10901: 2618:

The so-called "Scots" in this passage could refer to subjects of either Godred or the

2168:

Due to Godred's place in Manx history, he is given a role in the fictional history of

1902: 1217:

Roolwer's name as it appears on folio 50v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the

1067: 18325: 18320: 18185: 17977: 17947: 17911: 17636: 17553: 17426: 17404: 17382: 17324: 17216: 17134: 17109: 17021: 16998: 16892: 16839: 16814: 16804: 16787: 16748: 16734: 16707: 16675: 16656: 16637: 16615: 16541: 16497: 16449: 16430: 16409: 16399: 16386: 16325: 16315:: 233–258 – via Associated Clan MacLeod Societies Genealogical Resource Centre. 16290: 16256: 16249: 16233: 16212: 16173: 16154: 16128: 16070: 16032: 16005: 15993: 15952: 15933: 15878: 15857: 15834: 15805: 15766: 15747: 15723: 15691: 15674: 15664: 15645: 15621: 15598: 15581: 15567: 15542: 15532: 15505: 15474: 15455: 15436: 15417: 15398: 15379: 15375: 15356: 15352: 15333: 15308: 15242: 15193: 15185: 15133: 15094: 15080: 15056: 15046: 15021: 14990: 14980: 14958: 14939: 14926: 14914: 14863: 14844: 14827: 14802: 14785: 14740: 14736: 14709: 14649: 14615: 14581: 14562: 14451: 14441: 14420: 14401: 14382: 14357: 14324: 14304: 14259: 14220: 14188: 14178: 14151: 14134: 14080: 14052: 14027: 13997: 13952: 13918: 13873: 13854: 13795: 13776: 13755: 13725: 13686: 13660: 13631: 13606:

Etchingham, C (2001). "North Wales, Ireland and the Isles: the Insular Viking Zone".

13592: 13573: 13539: 13505: 13471: 13435: 13399: 13368: 13341: 13322: 13303: 13244: 13240: 13206: 13180: 13157: 13128: 13081: 13027: 12996: 12986: 12955: 12934: 12924: 12907: 12897: 12880: 12870: 12847: 12830: 12820: 12816: 12793: 12776: 12729: 12695: 12669: 12639: 12623: 12516: 12495: 12454: 12421: 12398: 12368: 12345: 12341: 12309: 12290: 12267: 12247: 12235: 12194: 12171: 12141: 12085: 12033: 11976: 11943: 11926: 11907: 11894: 11884: 11877:

West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300

11844: 11822: 11747: 11717: 11704: 11679: 11581: 11559: 11488: 11456: 11446: 11390: 11320: 11306: 11266: 11212: 11201:

Chronicle of the Kings of Mann and the Isles: Recortys Reeaghyn Vannin as ny hEllanyn

11185: 11151: 11117: 11027: 11007: 10882: 10870: 10829: 2966:

appears to be a diminutive of affection, rather than a reference to a physical trait.

2047: 1936: 1664: 1378: 1365: 1280: 1228: 1165: 1161: 823: 719: 523: 511: 277: 173:. Although his precise parentage has not completely been proven, he was certainly an 166: 100: 59: 16856:

William Livingston/Uilleam Macdhunleibhe (1808–70): A Survey of His Poetry and Prose

15320: 14858:

Kenny, M (2008) . "Coins and coinage in pre-Norman Ireland". In Ó Cróinín, D (ed.).

13395: 13010: 11233: 1257:

world. Indeed, such connections would seem to parallel those between Dublin and the

787: 18335: 18295: 18233: 18157: 18063: 18008: 17901: 17457: 16831: 16777: 16726: 16518: 16481: 16352: 16196: 16095: 15977: 15826: 15789: 15714: 15559: 15556:

Kings, Usurpers, and Concubines in the Chronicles of the Kings of Man and the Isles

15524: 15497: 15298: 15282: 15212: 15159: 15154: 15121: 15117: 14898: 14877: 14775: 14767: 14719: 14701: 14672: 14530: 14490: 14341: 14288: 14118: 14023: 13822: 13615: 13391: 13356: 13271: 13149: 13112: 13056: 12978: 12766: 12583: 12543: 12479: 12470: 12219: 12163: 12112: 11990:"Nordisk Innvandring, Bosetning og Samfunnsdannelse på Isle of Man i Middelalderen" 11960: 11921: 11880: 10854: 2940: 2619: 2087: 1428: 1193: 1039: 1003: 894: 726:, a king traditionally said to have deprived Norwegian landholders their heritable 628:

Godred seems to have spent his early career as a mercenary of sorts. Certainly the

541: 507: 345:, where he is otherwise known to have ended his life. Another possibility is that " 17388: 17012: 16826:

Wyatt, D (2018). "Slavery and Cultural Antipathy". In Pargas, DA; Roşu, F (eds.).

16371: 16114: 14549: 14509: 13841: 13290: 12602: 12562: 12131: 12084:. Trondheim Studies in History. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press. pp. 99–123. 11703:: Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in Usum Scholarum Separatim Editi. Hanover: Hahn. 2416:

preserves a pedigree concerning an early thirteenth-century descendant of Godred,

1207: 412:("claw"). If the epithet is instead Old Norse in origin, it could be derived from 18388: 18373: 18345: 18315: 18300: 18280: 18124: 18118: 18033: 17937: 17532: 17478: 17415: 17239: 16933: 16916: 16899: 16882: 16555: 16472:(1994). "Bishops in the Isles Before 1203: Bibliography and Biographical Lists". 16266: 14843:. Garland Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. New York: Garland. pp. 267–268. 13897: 13172: 13145: 13072: 12808: 12657: 12645: 12435: 11854: 11828: 11735: 11723: 11647: 11591: 11565: 11521: 11442: 11434: 11335: 11324: 11285: 11262: 11221: 2475: 1871:

According to local tradition on Islay, Godred's grave is marked by Carragh Bhàn (

1849: 1836: 1831: 1250: 687: 666: 532: 54: 17099: 16706:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 15877:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 12807:

Downham, C (2004). "England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century". In

1118: 18403: 18113: 18103: 17881: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17609: 17059: 16394:

Thornton, DE (1996). "The Genealogy of Gruffudd ap Cynan". In Maund, KL (ed.).

16356: 16099: 15780:

Ní Mhaonaigh, M (1995). "Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib: Some Dating Considerations".

15501: 14665:

Historical Study of the Gael and Norse in Western Scotland From c.795 to c.1000

14494: 13973: 13826: 13676:"Scandinavian Settlement in Cumbria and Dumfriesshire: The Place-Name Evidence" 13275: 12635: 12587: 12547: 12116: 11607: 11340: 10833: 3019:

Thornton, DE (1996). "The Genealogy of Gruffudd ap Cynan". In Maund, KL (ed.).

2689: 2409: 2065: 2017: 1923: 1881: 1660: 1627: 1404: 963: 805: 661: 654: 471: 244: 240: 197: 121: 16835: 16730: 16341: 16084: 15830: 15563: 14534: 14479: 14292: 13811: 13260: 13153: 12572: 12532: 12329:

Keimelia: Studies in Medieval Archaeology and History in Memory of Tom Delaney

12101: 11964: 2609:

literally means "kindred of the foreigners", or "territory of the foreigners".

2104: 18418: 18398: 18383: 18368: 18355: 18264: 18238: 18223: 18175: 18038: 17876: 17759: 16818: 16791: 16773: 16580: 16501: 16493: 16485: 16469: 16453: 16413: 16398:. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 79–108. 16216: 16208: 16074: 16036: 16028: 15997: 15989: 15809: 15801: 15727: 15678: 15625: 15602: 15546: 15312: 15294: 15246: 15147:

Windows of the Morning: A Critical of William Blake's Poetical Sketches, 1782

15137: 15129: 15060: 15025: 15017: 14994: 14972: 14918: 14910: 14862:. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 842–851. 14831: 14789: 14519: 14455: 14361: 14353: 14308: 14300: 14263: 14255: 14224: 14192: 14138: 14130: 14035: 13956: 13853:. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 899–933. 13759: 13635: 13627: 13171:

Duffy, S (1999). "Ireland and Scotland, 1014–1169: Contacts and Caveats". In

13132: 13124: 13085: 13031: 13023: 12938: 12911: 12884: 12834: 12780: 12762: 12627: 12499: 12491: 12308:. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 609–634. 12266:. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 862–898. 12239: 12231: 12223: 12198: 12077: 12047: 11980: 11972: 11935: 11898: 11708: 11460: 11415: 10874: 10866: 10858: 2902: 2184:). The station of Crovan's Gate as depicted in the books and the TV adaption 2177: 2069: 1827: 1812: 1762: 1417: 1254: 1237: 934: 674: 650: 619: 458:

indeed corresponds to the latter meaning, the epithet would appear to mirror

328: 174: 125: 17065: 15045:. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 61–78. 14559:

Britain and Ireland, 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change

13300:

Britain and Ireland, 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change

12649: 12483: 12001: 11858: 11832: 11727: 11595: 11569: 11225: 1227:, which could be evidence that he is identical to one of the earliest-known 263: 18393: 18218: 18048: 18023: 17866: 17820: 16304: 16270: 15981: 15663:. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–60. 15637: 15068: 15041:

Lewis, CP (1996). "Gruffudd ap Cynan and the Normans". In Maund, KL (ed.).

14902: 14771: 13901: 13317:

Duffy, S (2005). "Ua Briain, Muirchertach (1050–1119)". In Duffy, S (ed.).

12446: 12386: 12282: 11651: 11617: 11525: 11439:

Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Ages

2189: 1180:

as it appears on folio 43v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the

1095: 1059: 1054: 898: 665:

A depiction of English infantry and Norman cavalry on the eleventh-century

537: 419: 162: 17932: 17129: 15528: 15286: 14934:

Kewley Draskau, J (2006). "Manx Literature Overview". In Koch, JT (ed.).

12982: 12948:"Scottish Affairs and the Political Context of Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh" 12289:. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–42. 12167: 2343:. Since the 2010s, Godred has also been accorded the following patronyms: 2165:

from Mann to Islay, and commemorates the sea-power of the Crovan dynasty.

576: 17886: 17785: 16782: 16725:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press]. pp. 107–130. 16200: 15793: 14122: 13644: 13619: 13116: 12892:

Downham, C (2013b). "The Historical Importance of Viking-Age Waterford".

12771: 12694:. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 81–102. 12611: 11742:. Longman Annotated English Poets (3rd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon: 2844:

occurs in the record of Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill's death in 1075.

2707: 2661: 2631: 2132: 1952: 1853: 1492:

allied himself with Muirchertach's fiercest rival for the high-kingship,

1131: 930: 902: 844: 678: 670: 522:

as well. Þórfinnr died in about 1065, and was succeeded by his two sons,

185: 17689: 16636:. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 346–347. 16614:. Routledge Worlds. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 385–390. 16461: 16044: 15825:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–156. 15746:. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 36–52. 15192:. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 347–348. 15033: 14369: 14316: 14271: 14232: 13964: 13775:. Routledge Worlds. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 391–400. 13685:. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 65–82. 13205:. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 53–61. 13093: 13039: 12921:

Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages, 800–1200

12790:

War and Society in Medieval Wales, 633–1283: Welsh Military Institutions

12453:. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 63–75. 11628:

Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys

11613:

Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys

11407:

The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, by Ordericus Vitalus

596: 18180: 16629: 16591: 15168: 14011: 13361:

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100

12187:"Tynwald: A Manx Cult-Site and Institution of Pre-Scandinavian Origin?" 3023:. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 79–108. 2816: 2679: 2596: 2478: 1885: 1500:, and having earned some success in extending Uí Briain authority into 1400: 1314:

Godred could well have assisted Gruffudd in attacking the Anglo-Norman

1189: 1177: 1103: 877: 752: 205: 16670:

Woolf, A (2004). "The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300". In Omand, D (ed.).

16523: 15414:

The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336

15228:"'Borgs', Boats and the Beginnings of Islay's Medieval Parish Network" 14677: 13061: 12063:

Bartrum, PC (1993). "Corrections to Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts".

2838:("king of the foreigners"). The earliest attestation of a king styled 2645: 2042:

Detail of a proposed mid-nineteenth-century Manx monument to King Orry

1385:. According to this source, Robert was slain by a certain king named " 709: 681:, a tactic employed by the Norwegian-backed forces at Stamford Bridge. 239:

Godred's greatest impact on history may have been his founding of the

18363: 18228: 18190: 18130: 18013: 17410: 16721:

Woolf, A (2018). "The Scandinavian Intervention". In Smith, B (ed.).

16061: 15217: 14345: 12954:. Edinburgh: Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 86–106. 12724:

Davey, PJ (2006). "Kingdom of Man and the Isles". In Koch, JT (ed.).

11743: 2038: 1994:

of this place name is uncertain. It could be derived from the Gaelic

1154:", whose recorded name appears to be a garbled form of the Old Norse 890: 836: 828: 729: 475: 215:

During his reign, Godred appears to have lent military assistance to

15100:

A History of Wales From the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest

13101:

Duffy, S (1995). "Ostmen, Irish and Welsh in the Eleventh Century".

12612:"St Patrick and St Maughold: Saints' Dedications in the Isle of Man" 2255:. Likewise, with various epithets, Godred's name has been rendered: 1523:

as it appears on folio 33v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII: "

502:

One of the foremost leaders of the eleventh-century Norse world was

287:", implying that his father was named Aralt, the fourteenth-century 18170: 18147: 18043: 18028: 17942: 17568: 16651:

Woolf, A (2003). "The Diocese of the Sudreyar". In Imsen, S (ed.).

12394: 2711: 2595:

Fine Gall formed a distinct part of Dublin's valuable agricultural

2369: 2001: 1989:("Ridge of the King"). According to local tradition, Godred slew a 1966:, a ruinous mediaeval fortress traditionally associated with Godred 1841: 1382: 1360: 1345: 1319: 1107: 986: 926: 914: 910: 867: 669:. In the course of his career, Godred appears to have battled both 494: 252: 209: 201: 17044: 16967: 13000: 1803:

Godred's arrival on Mann is commonly taken as a starting point of

962:

Further expansion of Godred's authority may be perceptible in the

839:. Whilst within the same year, troops from Dublin, Waterford, and 773: 18200: 18165: 18084: 17993: 16426: 16380: 13909:

Freke, D (1990). "History". In Robinson, V; McCarroll, D (eds.).

13237:

Robert the Bruce's Irish Wars: The Invasions of Ireland 1306–1329

13196:"Emerging From the Mist: Ireland and Man in the Eleventh Century" 13103: 12102:"Ua Briain, Muirchertach [Murtagh O'Brien] (c.1050–1119)" 11849:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 1. London: 11587: 2637: 2549:

There is uncertainty in regard to Gofraid mac Sitriuc's ancestry.

2161: 1940: 1845: 1149: 1127: 918: 906: 886: 840: 748: 747:

appear to have been coined by later settlers from Denmark or the

695: 615: 379: 338: 204:, and may well have forced the English to consolidate control of 116: 17378: 17017: 16854: 14938:. Vol. 4. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1251–1253. 14801:. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1045–1046. 13896:. Vol. 4 (2nd, revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 12792:. Studies in Welsh History. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 12728:. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1057–1058. 2770:. According to the account of the sack of Aberlleiniog given by 2068:

appears to have influenced the work of the contemporaneous poet

1126:

in the churchyard of Kirk Maughold. According to the chronicle,

605: 17998: 17027: 16956: 16944: 15744:

Mannin Revisited: Twelve Essays on Manx Culture and Environment

15416:. Scottish Historical Monographs. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. 14146:

Holland, M (2005). "Gilla Pátraic, Bishop". In Duffy, S (ed.).

13203:

Mannin Revisited: Twelve Essays on Manx Culture and Environment

12692:

Mannin Revisited: Twelve Essays on Manx Culture and Environment

12162:. Vol. 6. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. pp. 27–190. 2600: 2361: 2083: 1990: 1123: 1025: 922: 698:, and further gave the Godwinsons military assistance in their 686:

Dublin. In fact, the latter seems to have lent Harold's family—

15332:. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 677–679. 15103:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 14953:

Kidd, S (2006). "MacDhun-lèibhe, Uilleam". In Koch, JT (ed.).

2487:, meaning "old"). An historical candidate for the pedigree's " 2054:, a poem that appeared in print in 1769, under the full title 16889:, recording of an account of Godred slaying a dragon on Islay 16801:

Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland, 800–1200

16013:

Power, R (1986). "Magnus Barelegs' Expeditions to the West".

12338:

Ireland and Europe in the Twelfth Century: Reform and Renewal

12304:

Byrne, FJ (2008c) . "The Viking Age". In Ó Cróinín, D (ed.).

12281:

Byrne, FJ (2008b) . "The Trembling Sod: Ireland in 1169". In

12020:. Vol. 3. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1964. 11441:. Contributions to the Study of World History. Westport, CT: 2944: 2934: 2839: 2829: 2627: 2604: 2535: 2525: 2102: 2082:

were strongly influenced by, and imitative of, the so-called

1948: 1919: 1736: 1589: 1575: 1482: 1283:

as it appears on folio 254r of Oxford Jesus College 111 (the

1201: 1113: 1008: 996: 990: 978: 953: 852: 851:. The following year, Donnchad is further accorded the title 756: 614:

Romanticised nineteenth-century depictions of Godred Crovan.

453: 447: 441: 435: 429: 423: 407: 401: 395: 365: 342: 294: 233: 80: 15473:. Vol. 8. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 131–149. 15397:. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. 13070:

Duffy, S (1993b). "Pre-Norman Dublin: Capital of Ireland?".

12082:

The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World c. 1100–c. 1400

2072:, particularly Blake's first piece of revolutionary poetry, 741:, many Manx place names that contain the Old Norse element - 13454: 13144:. British History in Perspective. Houndmills, Basingstoke: 12894:

No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-Age

12863:

No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-Age

11080:(16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013c 2946: 2623: 2091: 2010:(a hypothesised Gaelic form of the Old Norse personal name 1830:. This legendary figure appears in the earliest example of 1602: 1553:—all single out Godred as one of the many mortalities. The 967:

Specifically, in 1094, the eleventh- to fourteenth-century

862: 835:

seems to have utilised troops from Dublin in his attack on

92: 16307:(1997–1998). "The Ancestry of the MacLeods Reconsidered". 15372:

King Rufus: The Life & Murder of William II of England

14957:. Vol. 4. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 1217. 13553: 13519: 13485: 13449: 13382:

Duffy, S (2017). "Dublin". In Echard, S; Rouse, R (eds.).

13340:. Vol. 7. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 51–65. 13302:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–113. 12662:

A Blake Dictionary: The Ideas and Symbols of William Blake

12258:(2008a) . "Ireland and Her Neighbours, c.1014–c.1072". In 11387:

A Mediaeval Prince of Wales: The Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan

11060:(3 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013a 10974:(5 September 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008 10934:(16 February 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010 2714:, the latter sent correspondence to both Gofraid (called " 2159:. Johnston's song describes the journey of Godred's royal 1729:, and later tradition preserved in the eighteenth-century 315:(Harald "The Black" of Islay), who in turn was the son of 14561:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–66. 12641:

Island Heritage: Dealing With Some Phases of Manx History

11768:(2 November 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010 11014:(29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008a 2180:(the name Sodor itself being a reference to the title of 1752: 1745:, an alleged ninth-century figure dubiously noted in the 1436:

Godred's rule in Dublin lasted until 1094. That year the

1192:, an ecclesiast generally assumed to have been the first 1134:". Whether this was the site of his cathedral is unknown. 1063: 763: 474:, a name coined after Godred himself. The combination of 14279:

Hudson, B (1994b). "William the Conqueror and Ireland".

12018:

An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Caernarvonshire

11824:

An Historical and Statistical Account of the Isle of Man

11808:(15 August 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012 11788:(29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008 11660:"Oxford Jesus College MS. 111 (The Red Book of Hergest)" 8763:

An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Caernarvonshire

8744:

An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Caernarvonshire

2020:. Another Islay site associated with Godred is Conisby ( 1617: 16423:

The Welsh Princes: The Native Rulers of Wales 1063–1283

14882:"Further Discoveries of Cross-Slabs in the Isle of Man" 13983:. Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússona. pp. 194–207. 13718:

The Vikings and Their Victims: The Verdict of the Names

13363:. Blackwell Companions to British History. Chichester: 10994:(13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005 10954:(13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005 2113:. Surviving in several eighteenth-century manuscripts, 1626:"The Landing of King Orry", an early-twentieth-century 307:

in the Welsh collection of genealogical tracts records

17354: 15642:

Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History

14212:

Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

14047:. Garland Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. New York: 12745:"Church, Property, and Conflict in Wales, AD 600–1100" 11536:

Orderici Vitalis Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ Libri Tredecim

11240:(10 July 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012 16536:. MHRA Library of Medieval Welsh Literature. London: 16127:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 232–249. 15761:

Murray, K (2005). "Fenian Cycle". In Duffy, S (ed.).

15188:(2001). "Isles, Lordship of the". In Lynch, M (ed.). 15002:

Lamont, WD (1959–1960). "The Islay Charter of 1408".

14890:

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

14209:

Hudson, B (1979). "The Family of Harold Godwinsson".

12210:

Broderick, G (2018). "Fin as Oshin – A reappraisal".

10806:

The Island of Sodor: Its People, History and Railways

10461: 10459: 2515:", or else missed an additional Aralt in the lineage. 2188:

is the junction of the North Western Railway and the

2005: 1995: 1984: 857:, which suggests that he ruled Dublin by this point. 549:

Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles

16632:(2001). "Isles, Kingdom of the". In Lynch, M (ed.). 12331:. Galway: Galway University Press. pp. 397–416. 10890:

Anderson, J; Hjaltalin, JA; Goudie, G, eds. (1873).

1897:), that appears to contain motifs from contemporary 897:

in northern Wales to Mann itself, and to the rivers

677:

forces. The depicted infantry are shown formed in a

16606:Wilson, DM (2008). "The Isle of Man". In Brink, S; 16283:

Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe, 700–1100

15742:. In Davey, P; Finlayson, D; Thomlinson, P (eds.). 15644:. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 15521:

Maritime Societies of the Viking and Medieval World

13932:Freke, D (2002). "Conclusions". In Freke, D (ed.). 13201:. In Davey, P; Finlayson, D; Thomlinson, P (eds.). 12842:Downham, C (2005). "Fine Gall". In Duffy, S (ed.). 12690:. In Davey, P; Finlayson, D; Thomlinson, P (eds.). 12440:"The Vikings in Galloway: A Review of the Evidence" 10835:

Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286

1867:

Carragh Bhàn, a prehistoric standing stone on Islay

1432:

Late-eleventh-century cross-slab uncovered on Islay

16579: 16340: 16248: 16083: 15951:(2nd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. 15888: 15395:Ireland, Wales and England in the Eleventh Century 15271:"Modelling Viking Migration to the Inner Hebrides" 14687: 14518: 14478: 14459: 13941:French, NE (2015). "Dublin, 1160–1200: Part One". 13810: 13384:The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain 13259: 12582:(October 2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. 12571: 12531: 12100: 11254: 10456: 2788: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2488: 2457: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2029:). This place name is derived from the Old Norse * 1935:), also known as Cashtal Ree Gorree, located near 1335: 1290: 16324:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. pp. 187–218. 15304:20.500.11820/48be42da-5bb1-4340-8245-2eb86f78b935 14781:20.500.11820/762e78fe-2a9c-43cf-8173-8300892b31cb 12030:The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty 8686: 8684: 8220: 8218: 6737: 6735: 303:. However, the early-thirteenth-century pedigree 275:. Although the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century 18416: 16830:. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 742–799. 14797:Johnson, N (2006). "Keeill". In Koch, JT (ed.). 14739:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 405. 14171:A Comparative Study of Thiry City-State Cultures 13724:. London: Viking Society for Northern Research. 12511:. Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester: 11539:. Vol. 3. Paris: Julium Renouard et Socios. 11257:The Letters of Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury 10843:Anderson, AO (1930). "The Prophecy of Berchan". 10442: 10440: 10438: 8571: 8569: 7697: 7695: 2984: 2982: 2911:. Another historical candidate for King Orry is 2884:Gofraid ua Ímair, King of Dublin and Northumbria 2139:("The Norsemen in Islay"). The Gaelic folk song 1607:Gofraid mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin and the Isles 893:in Wales); another route running from the river 702:against the new Norman regime in 1068 and 1069. 18445:11th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles 16758:"Gruffudd ap Cynan and the Hiberno-Norse World" 16309:Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness 15180:. London: Viking Society for Northern Research. 13981:Samtíðarsögur: The Contemporary Sagas. Forprent 13179:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 348–356. 11696:Adam von Bremen, Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte 5232: 5230: 2906: 2643: 2635: 2532:Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht 2482: 2469: 2463: 2382: 2360:In 1044, Ímar launched a devastating raid into 2030: 2011: 1939:. The so-called Godred Crovan Stone, a massive 1856:as the time before the reign of the celebrated 1605:, the burial place of his like-named grandson, 1222: 1155: 742: 727: 413: 400:("white-handed"). Another Gaelic origin may be 14240:Hudson, B (1994a). "Knútr and Viking Dublin". 13355:Duffy, S (2009). "Ireland, c.1000–c.1100". In 8834: 8681: 8215: 6732: 2939:refers to literature concerning the legendary 2393:. The chronicle elsewhere refers to Islay as " 1094:, the prospect of Godred's expansion into the 1062:uncovered in Denmark, was originally built of 945:, in the last decade of the eleventh century. 833:Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair, King of Leinster 428:. This word could represent either the Gaelic 17705: 17340: 16983: 15435:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 45–76. 13990:Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey 13911:The Isle of Man: Celebrating a Sense of Place 13893:The History of the Norman Conquest of England 11827:. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: Mary A. Quiggin. 10435: 8566: 7827: 7825: 7692: 2979: 2495:Sitriuc Cáech, King of Northumbria and Dublin 1793:Manx sites linked to Godred in modern times: 325:Amlaíb Cúarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin 273:Amlaíb Cúarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin 267:Locations relating to Godred's life and times 179:Amlaíb Cúarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin 16655:. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. pp. 171–181. 16446:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 16396:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 16351:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 16172:(EPUB). Brimscombe Port: The History Press. 16094:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 15819:"Perception and Reality: Ireland c.980–1229" 15661:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 15043:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 14529:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 14489:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 13821:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 13270:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 12542:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 12111:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9534: 9532: 7109: 7107: 7086: 7084: 6284: 6282: 5315: 5313: 5227: 3021:Gruffudd ap Cynan: A Collaborative Biography 2155:, and released in part one of his 1938 book 1852:", a time beyond memory, once defined under 1494:Domnall Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain 905:in Ireland (thereby connecting the ports of 636:. This Norwegian campaign culminated in the 506:, a man whose maritime empire, like that of 57:of British Library Cotton Julius A VII (the 16560:"Manx Memorial Stones of the Viking Period" 16125:The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology 15874:Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230 14727:Jennings, AP (2001). "Man, Kingdom of". In 14175:Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 13049:Ireland and the Irish Sea Region, 1014–1318 12367:(2nd ed.). University of Wales Press. 12359:Carr, AD (2002) . "Teulu and Penteulu". In 10631: 10629: 4513: 4511: 2721: 2715: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2394: 2388: 1524: 1386: 1262: 1147: 465: 459: 389: 383: 346: 332: 282: 64: 17712: 17698: 17347: 17333: 16990: 16976: 16251:The Small Isles: Canna, Rum, Eigg and Muck 11722:. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. 10803: 8726: 8724: 8711: 8709: 8707: 7822: 7450: 7448: 6796: 6794: 5997: 5995: 5993: 4074: 2961: 2896: 2753:the English were not dominating the waves. 2683: 1821: 1815: 1114:The early dioceses of Dublin and the Isles 989:may represent confusion between the names 632:states that he took part in the ill-fated 553:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster 47: 18430:11th-century deaths from plague (disease) 17719: 16781: 16522: 15765:. New York: Routledge. pp. 166–167. 15330:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 15302: 15216: 15158: 14977:The Social Structure of the First Crusade 14955:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 14936:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 14799:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 14779: 14700:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 14676: 14400:. New York: Routledge. pp. 462–463. 14381:. New York: Routledge. pp. 127–128. 14150:. New York: Routledge. pp. 197–198. 13872:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13589:The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland 13321:. New York: Routledge. pp. 459–462. 13060: 12846:. New York: Routledge. pp. 170–171. 12770: 12726:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 12644:. Manchester: George Falkner & Sons. 12533:"Thorfinn (II) Sigurdson (c.1009–c.1065)" 12391:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 11925: 11908:"Diaspora and Identity in the Viking Age" 11631:. Vol. 2. Douglas, IM: Manx Society. 9529: 7104: 7081: 6279: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5310: 4809: 4807: 2493:" may be Amlaíb Cúarán, whose father was 1657:Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll 1577:Gobraith, ríg Atha Cliath & Inse Gall 755:evidence. Almost twenty mediaeval silver 586: 236:, an apparent power centre in the Isles. 16634:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 16322:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages 15190:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 14733:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 13868:Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). 11366:. Vol. 4. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. 11329:. London: A. Hamilton. pp. 425–428. 10626: 4508: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 2037: 1957: 1862: 1621: 1563: 1514: 1472: 1427: 1359: 1309: 1274: 1212: 1171: 1117: 947: 872: 708: 660: 618:were first associated with unhistorical 493: 374:When Godred is first noted by the Latin 353: 262: 16940:, recording of a song concerning Godred 16923:, recording of a song concerning Godred 16906:, recording of a song concerning Godred 16674:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 94–109. 16348:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 16091:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 15211:(PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. 14698:The Oxford Companion to British History 14526:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 14486:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 13818:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 13267:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 12579:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 12539:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 12108:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 11644:Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 11550:The Vindication of the Celtic Character 11199:Broderick, G; Stowell, B, eds. (1973). 10838:. Vol. 2. London: Oliver and Boyd. 8721: 8704: 7445: 7416:Ravn; Bischoff; Englert; Nielsen (2011) 6791: 5990: 2706:The fact that, after Gilla Pátraic was 1270: 1106:, and established an English colony at 1092:Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Alba 859:Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster 230:Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster 53:Godred's name as it appears on folio 50 14: 18417: 17841:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland 16538:Modern Humanities Research Association 16147:The Vikings: A Very Short Introduction 15690:. Brimscombe Port: The History Press. 15005:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 14756:"From Dál Riata to the Gall-Ghàidheil" 13988:Graham-Campbell, J; Batey, CE (1998). 11473:Early Manuscripts at Oxford University 11170:Early Manuscripts at Oxford University 11136:Early Manuscripts at Oxford University 11098:Early Manuscripts at Oxford University 10804:Awdry, Wilbert; Awdry, George (1987). 10199: 10197: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10013: 10011: 5593: 4804: 4204: 3815: 3813: 3369: 3367: 2497:. It is possible that the pedigree's " 2418:Ragnall mac Gofraid, King of the Isles 1797:(image a) and Cashtel yn Ard (image b) 1753:Memory in Manx and Hebridean tradition 764:Domination of Dublin and the Irish Sea 568:Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster 564:Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles 434:("mad", "confused", "giddy"); or else 226:Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster 190:Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles 17693: 17328: 16971: 14841:Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia 14045:Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia 12139:Broderick, G (1990). "Fin As Oshin". 11520:. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes. 11429:. Vol. 1. Eyre and Spottiswoode. 3997: 3508: 3506: 3246: 3244: 3214: 3212: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3008:The Chronicle of Man and the Sundreys 2913:Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles 2462:" appears to represent the Old Norse 2414:Achau Brenhinoedd a Thywysogion Cymru 2126:, the nineteenth-century Gaelic poet 1618:Síol nGofraidh and the Crovan dynasty 1423: 653:. If the eleventh-century chronicler 640:, a bloody autumn encounter in which 634:Norwegian invasion of England in 1066 305:Achau Brenhinoedd a Thywysogion Cymru 16534:Historical Texts From Medieval Wales 15969:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 14706:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001 14480:"Diarmait mac Máel na mBó (d. 1072)" 13741:"The Mystery of the Bý-Names in Man" 13681:. In Baldwin, JR; Whyte, ID (eds.). 13657:Viking Society for Northern Research 13591:. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. 12385:(2006). "Lordship of the Isles". In 12212:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 12032:. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. 11867: 11234:"Ceannaigh Duain t'Athar, a Aonghas" 10846:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 3231: 3229: 3227: 2678:Maughold was also the site of a pre- 2560:Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster 2456:both mean "black"). The pedigree's " 1221:). The name appears to be a form of 1188:A noted contemporary of Roolwer was 562:The ruler of Mann in about 1066 was 504:Þórfinnr Sigurðarson, Earl of Orkney 16997: 16876:How Goraidh Crobhan slayed a dragon 16828:Critical Readings on Global Slavery 16153:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14580:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14520:"Dúnán [Donatus] (d. 1074)" 14014:(2007). "Romanticism and Forgery". 13974:"1236: Órækja Meiddr ok Heill Gerr" 11253:Clover, H; Gibson, M, eds. (1979). 11166:"Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503" 11132:"Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489" 11094:"Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488" 10896:. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 10194: 10008: 3810: 3364: 2855:Domnall mac Donnchada, King of Alba 2124:Vindication of the Celtic Character 2086:poetry of the contemporaneous poet 1381:, an eminent Anglo-Norman based in 913:in Wales, with those of Dublin and 646:Haraldr Sigurðarson, King of Norway 258: 24: 18475:Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles 17080: 16938:Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches 16921:Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches 16904:Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches 16887:Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches 15737:"Manx Place-Names: An Ulster View" 14173:. Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter. 12393:. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, CA: 11625:Munch, PA; Goss, A, eds. (1874b). 10821: 10057:Ceannaigh Duain t'Athar, a Aonghas 4938:Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) 4245:pp. 9, 53–54, 83 fig. 3, 170–171; 3518: 3503: 3241: 3209: 3026: 2712:Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury 2566:, a sister or niece of Echmarcach. 943:Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd 822:evidence Godred's conquest of the 739:colonies in Scotland and the Isles 581:Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland 217:Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd 25: 18486: 16869: 16587:Germanische Altertumskunde Online 16085:"Gruffudd ap Cynan (1054/5–1137)" 15763:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 15492:. The New Middle Ages. New York: 14440:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 14398:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 14379:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 14332:Hudson, B (2002). "Brjáns Saga". 14148:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 13319:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 12844:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia 12664:(Updated ed.). Lebanon, NH: 12065:Bwletin y BWRDD Gwybodau Celtaidd 9522:Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503 8996:Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 7761:Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 7020:Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 4601:Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 3224: 2534:, whose epithet, from the Gaelic 2381:The Old Norse form of Iceland is 1848:. This phrase likely equates to " 1630:depicting the legendary King Orry 1328:Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester 642:Harold Godwinson, King of England 422:, Godred is accorded the epithet 293:instead calls him in Gaelic "... 18:Gofraid Crobán, King of the Isles 18054:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial 17968:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66) 17186:Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill 16955: 16943: 16723:The Cambridge History of Ireland 15949:Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200 15823:The Cambridge History of Ireland 15591:Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 15490:Studies in the Medieval Atlantic 15073:William Blake: His Life and Work 14819:Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 14630:"Islay, Port Ellen, Doid Mhairi" 14028:10.1111/j.1741-4113.2007.00485.x 11927:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2011.00333.x 11583:The Folk-Lore of the Isle of Man 10797: 10781: 10757: 10745: 10733: 10713: 10689: 10673: 10657: 10641: 10614: 10602: 10586: 10574: 10558: 10538: 10526: 10514: 10502: 10490: 10478: 10423: 10403: 10387: 10364: 10352: 10313: 10293: 10277: 10257: 10245: 10225: 10209: 10182: 10126: 10114: 10072: 10045: 10029: 9992: 9968: 9944: 9916: 9896: 9884: 9856: 9832: 9804: 9788: 9768: 9732: 9708: 9696: 9684: 9660: 9648: 9622: 9602: 9552: 9484: 9464: 9452: 9422: 9390: 9334: 9240: 9178: 9162: 9143: 9131: 9119: 9095: 9071: 9055: 9023: 9003: 8974: 8962: 8936: 8822: 8810: 8794: 8770: 8755: 8665: 8662:pp. 24 n. 176, 36–38, 38 n. 276. 8649: 8633: 8609: 8554: 8538: 8526: 8510: 8486: 8450: 8438: 8418: 8406: 8386: 8374: 8334: 8270: 8238: 8199: 8179: 8139: 8103: 8075: 8035: 8023: 8011: 7989: 7965: 7953: 7933: 7913: 7901: 7865: 7837: 7788: 7768: 7739: 7711: 7680: 7644: 7620: 7580: 7568: 7552: 7540: 7528: 7516: 7500: 7488: 7464: 7433: 7421: 7409: 7397: 7381: 7365: 7353: 7333: 7313: 7277: 7257: 7241: 7217: 7205: 7181: 7157: 7047: 7027: 6998: 6982: 6966: 6954: 6938: 6926: 6910: 6886: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6720: 6694: 6668: 6628: 6602: 6582: 6558: 6546: 6518: 6490: 6450: 6404: 6346: 6326: 6306: 6251: 6235: 6219: 6203: 6187: 6175: 6151: 6123: 6103: 6059: 6031: 6007: 5974: 5946: 5906: 5870: 5850: 5822: 5802: 5754: 5686: 5610: 5581: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5493: 2954: 2927: 2918: 2889: 2876: 2867: 2847: 2822: 2809: 2800: 2777: 2756: 2746: 2729: 2700: 2672: 2653: 2612: 2589: 2579: 2569: 1775: 1761: 1690: 1674: 1038: 1024: 786: 772: 644:utterly destroyed the forces of 604: 595: 572:Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill 149:(died 1095), known in Gaelic as 16704:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 14760:Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 13396:10.1002/9781118396957.wbemlb509 12363:; Owen, EO; Russell, P (eds.). 12052:Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts 11953:Scandinavian Journal of History 11851:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 11564:. Glasgow: Archibald Sinclair. 11426:The Statutes of the Isle of Man 8748:pp. cxxxix–cxlii, cxxxix n. 2; 7898:pp. 490–491 § 26, 492–494 § 27. 5481: 5425: 5397: 5385: 5365: 5282: 5246: 5207: 5179: 5147: 5123: 5099: 5087: 5051: 5019: 5007: 4979: 4967: 4955: 4943: 4923: 4907: 4895: 4867: 4847: 4835: 4819: 4762: 4732: 4712: 4688: 4640: 4608: 4579: 4567: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4492: 4472: 4448: 4432: 4404: 4372: 4332: 4280: 4216: 4178: 4166: 4126: 4016: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3889: 3853: 3841: 3825: 3750: 3726: 3714: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3530: 3491: 3463: 3451: 3379: 3348: 3256: 2853:In its account of the reign of 2552: 2543: 2518: 2438:" conforms to the chronicle's " 2402: 2375: 2354: 2201: 1645:Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway 1637:Alexander III, King of Scotland 1591:ríg Atha Cliath & Inse Gall 1200:instead accords him the title " 540:that Godred first emerges into 321:Ímar mac Arailt, King of Dublin 301:Ímar mac Arailt, King of Dublin 15688:The Welsh Wars of Independence 15122:10.1080/00766097.1991.11735540 14754:Jennings, A; Kruse, A (2009). 14077:The Royal Society of Edinburgh 11203:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: s.p. 10380:Islay, Port Ellen, Doid Mhairi 8767:pp. cxxxix–cxlii, cxxxix n. 2. 3069: 3045: 3013: 3001: 2650:, were under royal regulation. 2387:, and the usual Latin form is 1344:records that Gruffudd invaded 973:record the death of a certain 843:were repulsed in an attack on 827:seizure of the full extent of 804:(image a; detail, image b), a 311:(Godred Crovan) as the son of 284:filius Haraldi nigri de Ysland 13: 1: 17085:Sigtrygg Silkbeard (989–1029) 15454:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 15349:Neolithic Britain and Ireland 15275:Journal of the North Atlantic 14860:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 14419:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 13851:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 12306:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 12264:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 12160:Placenames of the Isle of Man 11701:Monumenta Germaniae Historica 11475:. Oxford Digital Library. n.d 11172:. Oxford Digital Library. n.d 11138:. Oxford Digital Library. n.d 11036:(3 September 2008 ed.). 10816: 10371:Graham-Campbell; Batey (1998) 10332:Graham-Campbell; Batey (1998) 1130:was buried at the "church of 489: 136:Harald "The Black" of Islay ( 18450:11th-century Scottish people 16372:UK public library membership 16115:UK public library membership 15558:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 14550:UK public library membership 14510:UK public library membership 14204:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 13842:UK public library membership 13683:The Scandinavians in Cumbria 13291:UK public library membership 12815:. Vol. 26. Woodbridge: 12603:UK public library membership 12563:UK public library membership 12365:The Welsh King and His Court 12132:UK public library membership 11616:. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: 11074:"Annals of the Four Masters" 11054:"Annals of the Four Masters" 11028:"Annals of the Four Masters" 11008:"Annals of the Four Masters" 10910:(23 October 2008 ed.). 9667:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 9471:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 9397:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 9211:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 9062:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 9038:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 8895:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 8004:Oxford Jesus College MS. 111 7340:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 7264:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 7248:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 7224:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 7196:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 7168:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 7136:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 7095:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 7038:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 6989:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 6897:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 6857:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 6805:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 6742:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 6042:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5981:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5953:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5925:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5861:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5488:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5436:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5404:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5372:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5332:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5293:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5257:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5237:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5218:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5190:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5162:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 5134:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 4239:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 3697:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 3283:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) 2972: 2720:") and Toirdelbach (called " 2432:" refers to Godred, whilst " 2046:The eighteenth-century poet 440:(which can also be rendered 323:, patrilineal descendant of 177:dynast, and a descendant of 41:King of Dublin and the Isles 29:King of Dublin and the Isles 7: 18470:Monarchs of the Isle of Man 18435:11th-century Irish monarchs 17816:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother 15911:"The Vikings & Ireland" 14417:Irish Sea Studies, 900–1200 13794:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 13715:Fellows-Jensen, G (1998) . 12451:Galloway: Land and Lordship 12412:Cole, B; Durack, R (1992). 12287:Medieval Ireland, 1169–1534 11693:Schmeidler, B, ed. (1917). 11533:Le Prevost, A, ed. (1845). 7890:pp. 66–69 § 9, 70–73 § 10; 3769:Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) 3577:Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) 3287:Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) 3124:Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) 2682:monastery. The Manx Gaelic 1100:William II, King of England 1076:(image b), a modern Danish 1073:Havhingsten fra Glendalough 10: 18491: 18356:Associated clans and septs 16927:Bìrlinn Ghoraidh Chròbhain 16910:Bìrlinn Ghoraidh Chròbhain 16893:Bìrlinn Ghoraidh Chrobhain 16016:Scottish Historical Review 15918:Corpus of Electronic Texts 15640:; Byrne, FJ, eds. (2005). 15502:10.1057/9781137062390.0012 13994:Edinburgh University Press 13915:Liverpool University Press 13739:Fellows-Jensen, G (2001). 13674:Fellows-Jensen, G (1985). 13142:Ireland in the Middle Ages 12975:Cambridge University Press 12513:Leicester University Press 11806:Corpus of Electronic Texts 11786:Corpus of Electronic Texts 11766:Corpus of Electronic Texts 11639:The Annals of Clonmacnoise 11412:Bohn's Antiquarian Library 11238:Corpus of Electronic Texts 11078:Corpus of Electronic Texts 11058:Corpus of Electronic Texts 11033:Corpus of Electronic Texts 11012:Corpus of Electronic Texts 10992:Corpus of Electronic Texts 10972:Corpus of Electronic Texts 10952:Corpus of Electronic Texts 10932:Corpus of Electronic Texts 10907:Corpus of Electronic Texts 10087:Annals of the Four Masters 10080:Annals of the Four Masters 9193:Annals of the Four Masters 9186:Annals of the Four Masters 8853:Annals of the Four Masters 8846:Annals of the Four Masters 8371:pp. 106–107, 173–174 n. 1. 6299:pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; 2960:In this case, the epithet 2785:Historia Gruffud vab Kenan 2772:Historia Gruffud vab Kenan 2736:Historia Gruffud vab Kenan 2688:refers to early Christian 2145:Birlinn Ghoraidh Chrobhain 2141:Birlinn Ghoraidh Chróbhain 1943:rock, once located in the 1858:Richard I, King of England 1747:Annals of the Four Masters 1712:Annals of the Four Masters 1597:Historia Gruffud vab Kenan 1535:Annals of the Four Masters 1457:Annals of the Four Masters 1448:Annals of the Four Masters 1416:resurgence throughout the 1413:Historia Gruffud vab Kenan 1393:Historia Gruffud vab Kenan 1342:Historia Gruffud vab Kenan 1332:Historia Gruffud vab Kenan 1303:Historia Gruffud vab Kenan 1058:(image a), a contemporary 18354: 18273: 18247: 18209: 18156: 18077: 17986: 17920: 17859: 17836:Margaret, Queen of Norway 17796:Gormflaith ingen Murchada 17768: 17727: 17680: 17602: 17546: 17440: 17397: 17366: 17315: 17261:Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair 17232: 17148: 17092: 17078: 17005: 16836:10.1163/9789004346611_025 16731:10.1017/9781316275399.008 16532:Williams, P, ed. (2012). 15920:. University College Cork 15831:10.1017/9781316275399.009 15564:10.1007/978-3-030-22026-6 15374:(EPUB). Brimscombe Port: 14293:10.1017/S0021121400011548 13261:"Godred Crovan (d. 1095)" 13154:10.1007/978-1-349-25171-1 12056:University of Wales Press 12000:(1): 5–49. Archived from 11965:10.1080/03468759108579210 11762:"The Annals of Tigernach" 11740:Blake: The Complete Poems 11553:. Greenock: Joseph Blair. 11509:. Inverness: Dun Eisdein. 11404:Forester, T, ed. (1854). 11326:Town and Country Magazine 5574:pp. 18 n. 1, 43–44 n. 6; 5474:pp. 18 n. 1, 43–44 n. 6; 4627:Broderick; Stowell (1973) 4341:pp. 164, 180–181 n. 145; 3984:Broderick; Stowell (1973) 2101:, is the only example of 2080:Town and Country Magazine 2061:Town and Country Magazine 1651:, Godred's youngest son. 1612: 955:Goffraidh rex Normannorum 638:Battle of Stamford Bridge 367:Goffraidh mac Maic Arailt 165:ruler of the kingdoms of 132: 115: 99: 86: 74: 46: 39: 34: 18440:11th-century Manx people 17831:Margaret, Maid of Norway 17781:Bethóc, Prioress of Iona 17498:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó 17317:^ Disputed * Speculative 17176:Diarmait mac Máel na mBó 16852: 16825: 16798: 16762:The Welsh History Review 16720: 16701: 16605: 16515:University of St Andrews 16508: 16486:10.3366/inr.1994.45.2.99 16226:The West Highland Galley 16151:Very Short Introductions 15905: 15850:The Lordship of Galloway 15817:Ní Mhaonaigh, M (2018). 15760: 15734: 15632: 15609: 15588: 15553: 15518: 15487: 15468: 15430: 15392: 15369: 15327: 15268: 15225: 15206: 15184: 15107: 14556: 14476: 14437:Kings of Celtic Scotland 14331: 14281:Irish Historical Studies 14239: 14208: 14199: 14164: 14108: 13979:. In Tómasson, S (ed.). 13944:Dublin Historical Record 13940: 13908: 13886: 13738: 13673: 13552: 13518: 13484: 13448: 13381: 13354: 13234: 13193: 13170: 13139: 13100: 13046: 12968: 12945: 12918: 12891: 12860: 12841: 12787: 12750:The Welsh History Review 12742: 12682: 12656: 12634: 12609: 12434: 12418:Laurence King Publishing 12358: 12335: 12322: 12224:10.1515/zcph-2018-650105 12062: 12046: 12024: 12016: 11987: 11950: 11905: 11874: 11624: 11576: 11433: 11389:. Llanerch Enterprises. 11333: 11319: 11281:"Cotton MS Julius A VII" 11207: 11198: 11130: 11092: 10966: 10946: 10859:10.1515/zcph.1930.18.1.1 10842: 10767: 10707: 10703: 10702:pp. 53–54 n. 13, 54–58; 10667: 10592: 10552: 10544: 10532: 10520: 10508: 10496: 10484: 10465: 10450: 10446: 10409: 10323: 10172: 10140: 10132: 10096: 10051: 9982: 9934: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9890: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9849:pp. 128–129, 129 n. 82; 9846: 9842: 9822: 9818: 9778: 9762: 9742: 9718: 9714: 9690: 9628: 9612: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9542: 9538: 9512: 9478: 9458: 9446: 9428: 9412: 9408: 9400: 9376: 9372: 9364: 9356: 9352: 9344: 9340: 9316: 9278: 9226: 9218: 9168: 9137: 9113: 9045: 9017: 8994: 8918: 8914: 8906: 8890: 8800: 8761: 8742: 8734: 8694: 8693:pp. 762–763, 763 n. 82; 8690: 8675: 8671: 8579: 8575: 8504: 8472: 8464: 8456: 8444: 8400: 8396: 8364: 8352: 8324: 8312: 8308: 8292: 8276: 8264: 8260: 8189: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8153: 8125: 8093: 8089: 8069: 8065: 8053: 7939: 7907: 7891: 7882:pp. 149–150, 150 n. 26; 7794: 7774: 7759: 7650: 7626: 7590: 7586: 7558: 7510: 7371: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7227: 7211: 7151: 7139: 7075: 7018: 6972: 6960: 6944: 6932: 6920: 6916: 6892: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6773: 6726: 6714: 6688: 6662: 6655: 6641: 6622: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6552: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6390: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6292: 6288: 6269: 6257: 6241: 6225: 6209: 6197: 6165: 6161: 6137: 6133: 6117: 6113: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6069: 6065: 5912: 5900: 5896: 5876: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5787:pp. 146–147, 147 n. 13; 5780: 5776: 5772: 5760: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5587: 5511: 5507: 5463: 5459: 5443: 5415: 5407: 5359: 5351: 5323: 5319: 5276: 5268: 5252: 5201: 5157: 5153: 5140:pp. 83 fig. 3, 171–172; 5113: 5105: 5093: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5041: 5037: 5033: 4993: 4989: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4829: 4795: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4753: 4746: 4722: 4718: 4698: 4694: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4650: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4599: 4422: 4410: 4378: 4338: 4314: 4298: 4286: 4254: 4222: 4152: 4148: 4136: 4132: 4116: 4108: 4099:pp. 54, 83 fig. 3, 171; 4087:pp. 133, 133–134 n. 12; 4084: 4080: 4064: 4052: 3983: 3975: 3955: 3935: 3911: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3819: 3804: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3768: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3668: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3576: 3560: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3485: 3437: 3433: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3373: 3354: 3342: 3334: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3286: 3266: 3250: 3218: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3123: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3063: 3039: 2562:had previously married, 2277:Godred Crovan Haraldsson 2195: 1259:Archbishop of Canterbury 518:, and perhaps even into 452:("finger" or "toe"). If 418:("cripple"). In several 281:calls him in Latin "... 17907:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson 17826:Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb 17503:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill 17271:Conchobar Ua Conchobair 16755: 16688: 16669: 16650: 16628: 16577: 16554: 16531: 16468: 16443: 16420: 16393: 16378: 16338: 16319: 16303: 16277: 16246: 16223: 16186: 16167: 16141: 16121: 16081: 16051: 16012: 15965: 15946: 15870: 15847: 15816: 15779: 15704: 15685: 15658: 15449: 15411: 15346: 15167: 15160:2027/uc1.32106020191109 15144: 15093: 15067: 15040: 15001: 14971: 14952: 14933: 14876: 14857: 14838: 14815: 14796: 14753: 14726: 14689:"Isles, Kingdom of the" 14685: 14669:University of Edinburgh 14662: 14628: 14594: 14575: 14516: 14433: 14414: 14395: 14376: 14278: 14145: 14065: 14042: 14010: 13987: 13971: 13931: 13867: 13848: 13808: 13789: 13766: 13714: 13642: 13605: 13586: 13412: 13335: 13316: 13297: 13257: 13069: 13053:Trinity College, Dublin 13007: 12806: 12723: 12666:Dartmouth College Press 12569: 12529: 12506: 12484:10.3366/inr.1996.47.1.1 12467: 12411: 12381: 12303: 12280: 12254: 12209: 12184: 12153: 12138: 12098: 12075: 11839: 11820: 11800: 11780: 11760: 11734: 11716:Skene, WF, ed. (1867). 11715: 11692: 11658: 11636:Murphy, D, ed. (1896). 11635: 11602: 11557: 11543: 11532: 11513: 11501: 11469:"Jesus College MS. 111" 11467: 11422: 11414:. Vol. 2. London: 11403: 11385:Evans, DS, ed. (1990). 11384: 11352: 11334:Dobbs, ME, ed. (1931). 11279: 11252: 11232: 11217:. Vol. 1. London: 11164: 11072: 11052: 11038:University College Cork 11026: 11006: 10986: 10926: 10912:University College Cork 10900: 10889: 10828: 10791: 10787: 10775: 10771: 10763: 10751: 10739: 10727: 10724:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 10723: 10719: 10699: 10695: 10684:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 10683: 10679: 10664:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 10663: 10651: 10647: 10635: 10620: 10608: 10596: 10580: 10568: 10564: 10548: 10469: 10429: 10417: 10413: 10397: 10393: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10358: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10319: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10287: 10284:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 10283: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10251: 10239: 10236:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 10235: 10231: 10219: 10215: 10203: 10189:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 10188: 10176: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10136: 10120: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10092: 10085: 10078: 10066: 10062: 10055: 10039: 10035: 10023: 10002: 9998: 9986: 9978: 9974: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9878: 9874: 9873:p. 56 § 56, 56 n. 204; 9850: 9838: 9826: 9814: 9810: 9798: 9794: 9782: 9774: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9738: 9726: 9722: 9702: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9654: 9639: 9632: 9616: 9608: 9596: 9588: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9558: 9546: 9520: 9516: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9490: 9474: 9470: 9439: 9432: 9416: 9404: 9396: 9384: 9380: 9368: 9360: 9348: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9282: 9271: 9266:The Annals of Tigernach 9264: 9257: 9250: 9246: 9234: 9230: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9172: 9153: 9149: 9125: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9065: 9061: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9013: 9009: 8987: 8982:The Annals of Tigernach 8980: 8968: 8956: 8949: 8942: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8865: 8858: 8851: 8844: 8840: 8828: 8816: 8804: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8749: 8738: 8730: 8715: 8698: 8659: 8655: 8643: 8639: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8560: 8548: 8544: 8532: 8520: 8516: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8480: 8476: 8468: 8460: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8412: 8392: 8380: 8368: 8360: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8209: 8205: 8193: 8185: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8133: 8129: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8097: 8085: 8081: 8061: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8029: 8017: 8002: 7995: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7959: 7947: 7943: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7831: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7782: 7778: 7752: 7745: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7705: 7701: 7686: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7574: 7562: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7506: 7494: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7458: 7454: 7439: 7427: 7418:pp. 244, 245 fig. 10.6. 7415: 7403: 7391: 7387: 7375: 7359: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7299: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7251: 7247: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7011: 7006:The Annals of Tigernach 7004: 6992: 6988: 6976: 6948: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6880: 6879:pp. 122–123, 242 n. 7; 6876: 6860: 6856: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6785: 6761: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6707: 6700: 6681: 6676:The Annals of Tigernach 6674: 6648: 6634: 6615: 6608: 6540: 6512: 6496: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6456: 6440: 6421: 6417: 6412:The Annals of Tigernach 6410: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6354:The Annals of Tigernach 6352: 6340: 6336: 6323:pp. 120, 128–129 pl. 1. 6320: 6300: 6296: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6245: 6229: 6213: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6145: 6141: 6129: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6001: 5984: 5980: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5784: 5768: 5764: 5740: 5732: 5720: 5716: 5696: 5672: 5660: 5652: 5640: 5636: 5620: 5604: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5503: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5117: 5109: 5081: 5073: 5061: 5057: 5045: 5029: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4917: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4841: 4825: 4813: 4772: 4742: 4738: 4726: 4706: 4702: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4634: 4630: 4614: 4592: 4587:The Annals of Tigernach 4585: 4573: 4561: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4517: 4502: 4498: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4442: 4438: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4210: 4198: 4191: 4186:The Annals of Tigernach 4184: 4172: 4160: 4156: 4144: 4140: 4120: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024:The Annals of Tigernach 4022: 4010: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3923: 3899: 3895: 3883: 3847: 3835: 3831: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3761:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 3760: 3756: 3740: 3720: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3680: 3644: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 3556: 3548: 3540: 3524: 3512: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3441: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3405: 3401: 3394:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 3393: 3358: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 3270: 3262: 3235: 3203: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3092:Ó Muircheartaigh (2016) 3091: 3083: 3059: 3055: 3051: 2992: 2988: 2945: 2935: 2907: 2840: 2830: 2789: 2723:magnifico Hibernie regi 2717:glorioso Hiberniae regi 2644: 2636: 2605: 2536: 2526: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2489: 2483: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2441:Haraldi nigri de Ysland 2434: 2428: 2422: 2383: 2182:Bishop of Sodor and Man 2103: 2031: 2012: 1737: 1590: 1584:On Godred's death, the 1576: 1483: 1336: 1291: 1223: 1202: 1164:. Specifically, either 1156: 1122:One of several ruinous 1007:record that an unnamed 997: 991: 979: 954: 853: 743: 728: 454: 448: 446:), a word derived from 442: 436: 430: 424: 414: 408: 402: 396: 366: 295: 17851:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir 17672:Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí 17630:Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill 17086: 16509:Williams, DGE (1997). 16357:10.1093/ref:odnb/26782 16255:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 16168:Richards, JD (2013) . 16100:10.1093/ref:odnb/11693 15982:10.1515/zcph-2016-0006 15947:Ó Cróinín, D (2017) . 15450:McDonald, RA (2007b). 14903:10.9750/PSAS.050.50.62 14772:10.1484/J.VMS.1.100676 14495:10.1093/ref:odnb/50102 13827:10.1093/ref:odnb/21563 13276:10.1093/ref:odnb/50613 12867:University of Aberdeen 12610:Crawford, DKE (2016). 12588:10.1093/ref:odnb/62845 12548:10.1093/ref:odnb/49271 12507:Crawford, BE (1997) . 12397:. pp. 1188–1189. 12327:; Wallace, PF (eds.). 12117:10.1093/ref:odnb/20464 11802:"The Annals of Ulster" 11782:"The Annals of Ulster" 11558:Livingston, W (1882). 11514:Jones, A, ed. (1910). 11423:Gill, JF, ed. (1883). 11219:Spottiswoode & Co. 11102:Oxford Digital Library 10928:"Annals of Inisfallen" 10902:"Annals of Inisfallen" 10535:pp. 258–259, 315, 518. 10326:pp. 493, 495 fig. 84; 9591:pp. 173–174, 214–215; 9315:pp. 173–174, 214–215; 9155:Cotton MS Julius A VII 8752:pp. 104–105, 160 n. 9. 8598:pp. 24 n. 176, 36–38; 8307:pp. 23–24, 24 n. 176; 7896:Erlington; Todd (n.d.) 6979:pp. 122–123, 242 n. 7. 6907:pp. 122–123, 242 n. 7. 4739:Jennings; Kruse (2009) 4655:Jennings; Kruse (2009) 3836:Jennings; Kruse (2009) 3406:Jennings; Kruse (2009) 3236:Jennings; Kruse (2009) 2994:Cotton MS Julius A VII 2962: 2897: 2857:, the twelfth-century 2722: 2716: 2684: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2420:. The pedigree runs: " 2395: 2389: 2149:Godred Crovan's Galley 2137:Na Lochlannaich an Ile 2111:Manx musical tradition 2043: 2006: 1996: 1985: 1967: 1868: 1822: 1816: 1631: 1588:accord him the title " 1581: 1539:Annals of Clonmacnoise 1530: 1525: 1521:Muirchertach Ua Briain 1488: 1443:Annals of Clonmacnoise 1433: 1397:Historia ecclesiastica 1387: 1374:Historia ecclesiastica 1368: 1350:castle of Aberlleiniog 1323: 1316:castle of Aberlleiniog 1296: 1263: 1232: 1185: 1176:The name and title of 1148: 1135: 959: 881: 715: 682: 587:Emergence in the Isles 499: 466: 460: 390: 384: 371: 347: 333: 283: 268: 65: 18255:Scottish island names 18078:Artifacts and culture 17755:Mormaers of Caithness 17721:Scandinavian Scotland 17625:Somairle mac Dubgaill 17594:Aonghus mac Somhairle 17589:Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson 17181:Toirdelbach Ua Briain 17084: 16861:University of Glasgow 16691:Mediaeval Scandinavia 15821:. In Smith, B (ed.). 15554:McDonald, RA (2019). 15529:10.4324/9781315630755 15412:McDonald, RA (1997). 15287:10.3721/037.004.sp407 15226:Macniven, A (2013a). 15151:Yale University Press 15077:Constable and Company 14686:Jennings, A (2015) . 14596:"Islay, Carragh Bhan" 14535:10.1093/ref:odnb/8199 13809:Flanagan, MT (2004). 13790:Flanagan, MT (1989). 13651:; Thomson, R (eds.). 13414:"Dun Guaidhre, Islay" 13388:John Wiley & Sons 12983:10.1017/9781139381598 12570:Crawford, BE (2006). 12530:Crawford, BE (2004). 12509:Scandinavian Scotland 12185:Broderick, G (2003). 12168:10.1515/9783110942668 12154:Broderick, G (2002). 11988:Andersen, PS (1996). 11913:Early Medieval Europe 11664:Welsh Prose 1300–1425 11289:. n.d. Archived from 10988:"Annals of Tigernach" 10373:pp. 89, 90 fig. 5.8; 10252:Kewley Draskau (2006) 8630:pp. 24 n. 176, 36–38. 7997:Jesus College MS. 111 7888:Clover; Gibson (1979) 6214:Fellows-Jensen (1983) 6198:Fellows-Jensen (2001) 6194:Fellows-Jensen (2008) 6182:Fellows-Jensen (1983) 6170:Fellows-Jensen (1983) 6166:Fellows-Jensen (1985) 6162:Fellows-Jensen (2001) 6158:Fellows-Jensen (2008) 5799:pp. 224–227, 791–793. 4886:Fellows-Jensen (1998) 4663:Fellows-Jensen (1998) 3605:Fellows-Jensen (2001) 3160:Fellows-Jensen (2001) 2540:, means "red-handed". 2041: 1970:The area surrounding 1962:The area surrounding 1961: 1866: 1842:island's legal system 1665:Lordship of the Isles 1625: 1567: 1518: 1484:Domnall mac Lochlainn 1479:Domnall Mac Lochlainn 1476: 1431: 1377:records the death of 1363: 1313: 1278: 1216: 1175: 1121: 951: 876: 712: 664: 508:his father before him 497: 378:, he is accorded the 357: 266: 18274:Battles and treaties 17928:Kingdom of the Isles 17846:Ragnhild Eriksdotter 17801:Gunnhild Gormsdóttir 17791:Cacht ingen Ragnaill 17642:Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson 17620:Dubgall mac Dubgaill 17584:Ragnall mac Somairle 17579:Dubgall mac Somairle 17493:Murchad mac Diarmata 17360:Kingdom of the Isles 17191:Domnall mac Murchada 17171:Murchad mac Diarmata 17115:Blácaire mac Gofraid 16964:at Wikimedia Commons 16952:at Wikimedia Commons 16932:6 March 2016 at the 16915:3 March 2016 at the 16898:6 March 2016 at the 16881:4 March 2016 at the 16342:"Somerled (d. 1164)" 16339:Sellar, WDH (2004). 16201:10.1484/J.Peri.3.113 15938:: CS1 maint: year ( 15794:10.1484/J.Peri.3.255 15496:. pp. 143–184. 15269:Macniven, A (2013). 15207:Macniven, A (2006). 15174:The Vikings in Wales 15110:Medieval Archaeology 14663:Jennings, A (1994). 14654:: CS1 maint: year ( 14620:: CS1 maint: year ( 14517:Hudson, BT (2004b). 14477:Hudson, BT (2004a). 14243:Scandinavian Studies 14177:. pp. 251–262. 14123:10.1484/J.Peri.3.398 14051:. pp. 372–373. 13917:. pp. 103–122. 13702:on 25 September 2015 13620:10.1484/J.Peri.3.434 13578:: CS1 maint: year ( 13554:"eDIL s.v. Meranach" 13544:: CS1 maint: year ( 13510:: CS1 maint: year ( 13476:: CS1 maint: year ( 13440:: CS1 maint: year ( 13367:. pp. 285–302. 13365:Blackwell Publishing 13222:on 25 September 2015 13117:10.1484/J.Peri.3.256 12869:. pp. 157–178. 12813:Anglo-Norman Studies 12449:; Stell, GP (eds.). 12344:. pp. 106–127. 11883:. pp. 169–193. 11684:: CS1 maint: year ( 11493:: CS1 maint: year ( 11376:: CS1 maint: year ( 11311:: CS1 maint: year ( 11190:: CS1 maint: year ( 11156:: CS1 maint: year ( 11122:: CS1 maint: year ( 10730:pp. 53, 53–54 n. 13. 9779:Williams, DGE (1997) 9641:The Annals of Ulster 9634:The Annals of Ulster 9571:Annals of Inisfallen 9564:Annals of Inisfallen 9503:Annals of Inisfallen 9496:Annals of Inisfallen 9459:Williams, DGE (1997) 9441:The Annals of Ulster 9434:The Annals of Ulster 9409:Williams, DGE (1997) 9373:Williams, DGE (1997) 9347:pp. 180–181 n. 145; 9284:The Annals of Ulster 9273:Annals of Inisfallen 9259:Annals of Inisfallen 9252:The Annals of Ulster 8951:Annals of Inisfallen 8944:Annals of Inisfallen 8915:Williams, DGE (1997) 8885:The Annals of Ulster 8874:Annals of Inisfallen 8867:Annals of Inisfallen 8860:The Annals of Ulster 8741:pp. 15–16, 16 n. 1; 8353:Williams, DGE (1997) 7807:The Annals of Ulster 7800:The Annals of Ulster 7754:The Annals of Ulster 7747:The Annals of Ulster 7559:Crawford, DKE (2016) 7126:The Annals of Ulster 7115:The Annals of Ulster 7062:Annals of Inisfallen 7055:Annals of Inisfallen 6709:Annals of Inisfallen 6702:Annals of Inisfallen 6650:The Annals of Ulster 6636:The Annals of Ulster 6617:Annals of Inisfallen 6610:Annals of Inisfallen 6433:Williams, DGE (1997) 6379:Williams, DGE (1997) 6134:Williams, DGE (1997) 6114:Williams, DGE (1997) 6090:Williams, DGE (1997) 5715:p. 385, 385 n. 196; 5635:p. 385, 385 n. 196; 5460:Williams, DGE (1997) 5004:pp. 94, 96, 98, 100. 4381:pp. 180–181 n. 145; 3553:Crawford, DKE (2016) 3374:Williams, DGE (1997) 3088:Crawford, DKE (2016) 2564:Cacht ingen Ragnaill 2186:Thomas & Friends 2075:Gwin, King of Norway 1586:Annals of Inisfallen 1571:Annals of Inisfallen 1543:Annals of Inisfallen 1467:Kingdom of Uí Failge 1462:Annals of Inisfallen 1438:Annals of Inisfallen 1271:Involvement in Wales 1140:Diocese of the Isles 970:Annals of Inisfallen 694:at the hands of the 484:Kingdom of the Isles 327:, and member of the 221:Bishops of the Isles 18143:St Magnus Cathedral 18019:Cubbie Roo's Castle 17963:Davidian Revolution 17806:Helga Moddansdóttir 17776:Aud the Deep-Minded 17657:Haraldr Guðrøðarson 17615:Donnchadh of Argyll 17538:Sigurðr Jórsalafari 17523:Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson 17508:Gofraid mac Sitriuc 17473:Lagmann mac Gofraid 17468:Thorfinn the Mighty 17448:Ragnall mac Gofraid 17276:Conchobar Ua Briain 17256:Domnall Gerrlámhach 17246:Domnall Gerrlámhach 17223:Domnall Gerrlámhach 17120:Gofraid mac Sitriuc 17050:Sichfrith mac Ímair 16578:Wilson, DM (2001). 15393:Maund, KL (1993) . 15351:. Brimscombe Port: 15145:Lowery, MR (1940). 14692:. In Crowcroft, R; 14576:Hudson, BT (2005). 14434:Hudson, BT (1994). 14096:on 21 February 2014 13812:"Patrick (d. 1084)" 13587:Edwards, N (2013). 12969:Downham, C (2018). 12946:Downham, C (2017). 12788:Davies, S (2014) . 12743:Davies, JR (1997). 12205:on 7 February 2009. 12191:Studeyrys Manninagh 12099:Bracken, D (2004). 11994:Collegium Medievale 10968:"Annals of Loch Cé" 10948:"Annals of Loch Cé" 10893:The Orkneyinga Saga 10471:Dun Guaidhre, Islay 10453:p. 437, 437 n. 250. 10345:Islay, Carragh Bhan 10091:§§ 835.15, 851.16; 10084:§§ 835.15, 851.16; 9865:pp. 92 § 205, 232; 9759:Jennings, AP (2001) 9727:Jennings, AP (2001) 9703:Cole; Durack (1992) 9561:p. 146, 146 n. 81; 9559:Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) 9491:Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) 9331:pp. 185–187 § 1094. 9299:Annals of Tigernach 9249:p. 146, 146 n. 82; 9247:Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) 9150:Munch; Goss (1874a) 8989:Annals of Tigernach 8933:pp. 185–187 § 1094. 8841:Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) 8697:p. 357, 357 n. 82; 8547:p. 607; 607 n. 74; 8231:p. 404, 404 n. 22; 7984:Munch; Goss (1874a) 7928:Munch; Goss (1874a) 7892:Munch; Goss (1874b) 7872:Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) 7726:Crawford, BE (1996) 7722:Crawford, BE (1997) 7702:Crawford, BE (1997) 7675:Munch; Goss (1874a) 7615:Munch; Goss (1874a) 7483:Munch; Goss (1874a) 7302:p. 105, 105 n. 59; 7013:Annals of Tigernach 6881:Munch; Goss (1874a) 6786:Richards, JD (2013) 6683:Annals of Tigernach 6541:Valante (1998–1999) 6485:Munch; Goss (1874a) 6423:Annals of Tigernach 6399:Munch; Goss (1874a) 6369:Annals of Tigernach 6274:Kermode (1915–1916) 6268:pp. 114–115 pl. 1; 6264:pp. 128–129 pl. 1; 6130:Crawford, BE (1997) 6110:Crawford, BE (1997) 6098:Munch; Goss (1874a) 6026:Munch; Goss (1874a) 5941:Munch; Goss (1874a) 5697:Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) 5621:Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) 5576:Munch; Goss (1874a) 5476:Munch; Goss (1874a) 5348:Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) 5275:p. 105, 105 n. 59; 4930:Crawford, BE (2006) 4918:Crawford, BE (2004) 4914:Crawford, BE (2006) 4902:Crawford, BE (2004) 4707:Anderson, AO (1922) 4635:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4631:Anderson, AO (1922) 4594:Annals of Tigernach 4487:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4467:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4427:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4399:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4395:Anderson, AO (1922) 4367:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4363:Anderson, AO (1922) 4327:Munch; Goss (1874a) 4323:Anderson, AO (1922) 4193:Annals of Tigernach 4139:pp. 133–134 n. 12; 4039:Annals of Tigernach 3992:Munch; Goss (1874a) 3797:Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) 3757:Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) 3327:Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) 3263:Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) 2989:Munch; Goss (1874a) 2860:Prophecy of Berchán 2741:Life of St Gwynllyw 2524:The Gaelic epithet 2412:genealogical tract 2408:The late-mediaeval 2366:Annals of Tigernach 2317:Gofraidh Crobh-bhán 2170:The Island of Sodor 2143:, sometimes called 2128:William Livingstone 2058:, published in the 1743:Gofraid mac Fergusa 1707:Gofraid mac Fergusa 1547:Annals of Tigernach 1510:century-old designs 1286:Red Book of Hergest 816:Annals of Tigernach 622:early that century. 478:personal names and 361:Annals of Tigernach 290:Annals of Tigernach 249:Gofraid mac Fergusa 18465:Monarchs of Dublin 18137:Sen dollotar Ulaid 18091:Chronicles of Mann 17811:Ingeborg of Norway 17652:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson 17574:Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson 17513:Fingal mac Gofraid 17453:Amlaíb mac Sitriuc 17432:Gofraid mac Arailt 17302:Gofraid mac Amlaíb 17140:Sigtrygg Silkbeard 17110:Amlaíb mac Gofraid 17087: 16448:. 18–19: 242–258. 16421:Turvey, R (2002). 16247:Rixson, D (2001). 16224:Rixson, D (1982). 16170:Viking Age England 15705:Moore, RH (2012). 15686:Moore, D (2013) . 15494:Palgrave Macmillan 15347:Malone, C (2001). 14415:Hudson, B (2006). 14016:Literature Compass 13659:. pp. 37–52. 13649:Graham-Campbell, J 13520:"eDIL s.v. Merach" 13258:Duffy, S (2004a). 13243:. pp. 45–70. 13194:Duffy, S (2002a). 13047:Duffy, S (1993a). 12819:. pp. 55–73. 12573:"Paul (d. 1098/9)" 12361:Charles-Edwards, T 11906:Abrams, L (2012). 11336:"The Ban-Shenchus" 10726:pp. 104–105, 121; 10722:pp. 66–67, 74–75; 10698:pp. 73–74, 80–81; 10375:Jennings, A (1994) 10359:Lamont (1959–1960) 10340:Lamont (1959–1960) 9739:Jennings, A (2015) 9589:Jennings, A (1994) 9313:Jennings, A (1994) 9305:Sellar (1997–1998) 9114:Hudson, BT (2004c) 8535:p. 607; 607 n. 74. 7779:Hudson, BT (2004b) 6833:Hudson, BT (2004c) 6543:p. 246, 246 n. 16. 5777:Hudson, BT (2004c) 5773:Hudson, BT (2004a) 5735:p. 146, 146 n. 9; 5725:Hudson, BT (2004a) 5649:Hudson, BT (2004c) 5645:Hudson, BT (2004a) 5452:Sellar (1997–1998) 5392:Richards, J (2005) 5094:Hudson, BT (2004c) 5066:Hudson, BT (2004a) 5034:Hudson, BT (2004c) 4990:Hudson, BT (2004a) 4755:eDIL s.v. Meranach 4558:Sellar (1997–1998) 4518:Sellar (1997–1998) 4499:Sellar (1997–1998) 4463:Sellar (1997–1998) 4355:Sellar (1997–1998) 4307:Sellar (1997–1998) 4237:pp. 77, 110, 170; 3964:Sellar (1997–1998) 3801:Jennings, A (1994) 3721:Jennings, A (1994) 3621:Sellar (1997–1998) 3482:Jennings, A (1994) 3478:Sellar (1997–1998) 3470:Jennings, A (2015) 3359:Sellar (1997–1998) 3331:Jennings, A (1994) 3176:Sellar (1997–1998) 3060:Sellar (1997–1998) 2667:Diarmait Ua Briain 2349:Guðrøðr Haraldsson 2345:Gofraid mac Arailt 2297:Gofhraidh Meranach 2293:Goffraigh Meranach 2174:The Railway Series 2151:, was composed by 2044: 1968: 1869: 1732:Book of Clanranald 1632: 1582: 1531: 1498:Diarmait Ua Briain 1489: 1434: 1424:Downfall and death 1369: 1324: 1297: 1233: 1186: 1144:Chronicle of Mann' 1136: 985:", whose recorded 975:King of the Rhinns 960: 882: 720:Battle of Sky Hill 716: 683: 500: 372: 269: 188:, at the court of 18412: 18411: 18379:Macaulay of Lewis 17912:Thorstein the Red 17860:Other notable men 17687: 17686: 17610:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 17559:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 17554:Domnall mac Taidc 17427:Maccus mac Arailt 17405:Olaf Guthfrithson 17322: 17321: 17266:Énna Mac Murchada 17251:Diarmait mac Énna 17217:Domnall mac Taidc 17055:Sitriuc mac Ímair 17039:Oistin mac Amlaíb 16960:Media related to 16948:Media related to 16853:Whyte, C (1991). 16845:978-90-04-34661-1 16810:978-90-04-17533-4 16799:Wyatt, D (2009). 16756:Wyatt, D (1999). 16740:978-1-107-11067-0 16713:978-0-7486-1233-8 16702:Woolf, A (2007). 16621:978-0-203-41277-0 16547:978-1-907322-60-0 16387:Durham University 16379:Swift, C (1987). 16370:(Subscription or 16179:978-0-7509-5252-1 16160:978-0-19-280607-9 16134:978-0-19-537517-6 16113:(Subscription or 16082:Pryce, H (2004). 16052:Power, R (2005). 15958:978-1-315-55878-3 15884:978-0-7486-1496-7 15871:Oram, RD (2011). 15848:Oram, RD (2000). 15840:978-1-107-11067-0 15697:978-0-7524-9648-1 15573:978-3-030-22026-6 15538:978-1-315-63075-5 15480:978-1-84682-042-7 15461:978-1-84682-047-2 15442:978-1-85182-946-0 15423:978-1-898410-85-0 15404:978-0-85115-533-3 15385:978-0-7524-8683-3 15376:The History Press 15370:Mason, E (2012). 15149:. New Haven, CT: 14986:978-90-04-16665-3 14869:978-0-19-821737-4 14737:Oxford Companions 14715:978-0-19-967783-2 14587:978-0-19-516237-0 14548:(Subscription or 14508:(Subscription or 14086:978-0-902198-20-3 14066:Heald, A (2007). 13972:Gade, KE (1994). 13879:978-0-521-82992-2 13860:978-0-19-821737-4 13840:(Subscription or 13782:978-0-203-41277-0 13731:978-0-903521-39-0 13486:"eDIL s.v. 1 Mér" 13450:"eDIL s.v. 1 Mer" 13374:978-1-405-10628-3 13289:(Subscription or 13241:Tempus Publishing 13163:978-1-349-25171-1 13140:Duffy, S (1997). 12992:978-1-107-03131-9 12930:978-90-04-25512-8 12903:978-0-9557720-1-6 12876:978-0-9557720-1-6 12817:The Boydell Press 12799:978-1-78316-142-3 12711:on 6 January 2017 12683:Davey, P (2002). 12675:978-1-61168-443-8 12601:(Subscription or 12561:(Subscription or 12427:978-1-85669-014-0 12351:978-1-85182-848-7 12342:Four Courts Press 12315:978-0-19-821737-4 12296:978-0-19-821755-8 12273:978-0-19-821737-4 12130:(Subscription or 12091:978-82-519-2563-1 12039:978-0-582-78440-6 11890:978-90-04-15893-1 11868:Secondary sources 11821:Train, J (1845). 11753:978-1-4058-3280-9 11214:Leabhar na Feinne 10790:p. 53, 53 n. 62; 10776:Livingston (1850) 10772:Livingston (1882) 10328:Hudson, BT (2005) 10157:Hudson, BT (2005) 10109:Hudson, BT (1994) 10101:Hudson, BT (2005) 9983:Macdougall (2001) 9903:Hudson, BT (1996) 9891:Hudson, BT (1996) 9863:Hudson, BT (1996) 9126:Hudson, BT (2005) 9110:Hudson, BT (2005) 9086:Hudson, BT (2005) 8957:Hudson, BT (2005) 8899:Hudson, BT (2005) 8777:Hudson, BT (2005) 8735:Hudson, B (1994a) 8731:Hudson, BT (2005) 8716:Hudson, BT (2005) 8604:Le Prevost (1845) 8461:Hudson, BT (2005) 8341:Hudson, BT (2005) 8281:Hudson, BT (2005) 8212:p. 25, 25 n. 181. 8196:p. 25, 25 n. 181. 8190:Davies, JR (1997) 7880:Hudson, B (1994b) 7856:Hudson, B (1994b) 7718:Hudson, BT (2005) 7655:Hudson, BT (2005) 7631:Hudson, BT (2005) 7595:Hudson, BT (2005) 7298:p. 34, 34 n. 16; 7172:Hudson, BT (2005) 7068:Hudson, BT (2005) 6746:Hudson, BT (2005) 6717:p. 401, 401 n. 7. 6657:Annals of Loch Cé 6643:Annals of Loch Cé 6447:p. 400, 401 n. 8. 6078:Hudson, BT (2005) 6046:Hudson, BT (2005) 6014:Hudson, BT (2005) 6002:Hudson, BT (2005) 5957:Hudson, BT (2005) 5929:Hudson, BT (2005) 5889:Hudson, BT (2005) 5837:Hudson, BT (2005) 5813:Hudson, BT (2005) 5785:Hudson, B (1994b) 5765:Hudson, B (2005a) 5733:Hudson, B (1994b) 5717:Hudson, B (2005a) 5683:pp. 158, 224–225. 5661:Hudson, B (1994b) 5653:Etchingham (2001) 5637:Hudson, B (2005a) 5631:pp. 59, 168–169; 5564:Hudson, BT (2005) 5524:Schmeidler (1917) 5376:Hudson, B (2005b) 5340:Hudson, BT (2005) 5336:Hudson, B (2005b) 5297:Hudson, BT (2005) 5271:p. 34, 34 n. 16; 5261:Hudson, BT (2005) 5170:Hudson, B (1994b) 5138:Hudson, BT (2005) 5062:Hudson, B (2005a) 5030:Hudson, B (2005a) 4986:Hudson, B (2005a) 4962:Hudson, BT (2005) 4459:Hudson, BT (2005) 4419:Hudson, BT (2005) 4347:Hudson, BT (2005) 4295:Hudson, BT (2005) 4271:Hudson, B (1994b) 4243:Hudson, BT (2005) 4211:Hudson, BT (2005) 4199:Hudson, BT (2005) 4097:Hudson, BT (2005) 4091:p. 62, 62 n. 18; 4083:pp. 22, 27 n. 4; 4045:Hudson, BT (2005) 3948:Hudson, BT (2005) 3900:Hudson, B (1994b) 3820:MacQuarrie (2006) 3573:Hudson, BT (2005) 3446:Hudson, B (1994b) 3438:Hudson, BT (1996) 3355:MacQuarrie (2006) 3120:Hudson, BT (2005) 2905:of the Old Norse 2695:St Patrick's Isle 2603:. The place name 2289:Goffraid Méranach 2048:Thomas Chatterton 1907:King Orry's Grave 1809:Chronicle of Mann 1795:King Orry's Grave 1723:Chronicle of Mann 1555:Chronicle of Mann 1379:Robert de Tilleul 1366:Robert de Tilleul 1292:gruffud vab kynan 1281:Gruffudd ap Cynan 1229:bishops of Orkney 1219:Chronicle of Mann 1162:bishops of Orkney 939:Chronicle of Mann 824:Kingdom of Dublin 820:Chronicle of Mann 630:Chronicle of Mann 510:, stretched from 376:Chronicle of Mann 309:"Gwrthryt Mearch" 278:Chronicle of Mann 253:Manx legal system 144: 143: 60:Chronicle of Mann 16:(Redirected from 18482: 18069:St Magnus Church 18064:Scar boat burial 18009:Brough of Birsay 17902:Sweyn Asleifsson 17897:Ragnall ua Ímair 17714: 17707: 17700: 17691: 17690: 17667:Eóghan of Argyll 17647:Haraldr Óláfsson 17564:Guðrøðr Óláfsson 17458:Sigurd the Stout 17349: 17342: 17335: 17326: 17325: 17105:Gofraid ua Ímair 16992: 16985: 16978: 16969: 16968: 16959: 16947: 16864: 16849: 16822: 16795: 16785: 16752: 16717: 16698: 16685: 16666: 16647: 16625: 16612:The Viking World 16602: 16600: 16598: 16583: 16574: 16564: 16551: 16528: 16526: 16505: 16474:The Innes Review 16465: 16440: 16417: 16390: 16375: 16367: 16365: 16363: 16344: 16335: 16316: 16300: 16274: 16254: 16243: 16220: 16183: 16164: 16138: 16118: 16110: 16108: 16106: 16087: 16078: 16058: 16048: 16009: 15962: 15943: 15937: 15929: 15927: 15925: 15915: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15892: 15887:. Archived from 15867: 15844: 15813: 15776: 15757: 15741: 15735:Muhr, K (2002). 15731: 15711: 15701: 15682: 15655: 15629: 15606: 15585: 15550: 15515: 15484: 15465: 15446: 15427: 15408: 15389: 15366: 15343: 15324: 15306: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15255: 15249:. Archived from 15235:Northern Studies 15232: 15222: 15220: 15203: 15181: 15179: 15164: 15162: 15141: 15104: 15090: 15064: 15037: 14998: 14968: 14949: 14930: 14886: 14873: 14854: 14835: 14812: 14793: 14783: 14750: 14723: 14720:Oxford Reference 14691: 14682: 14680: 14659: 14653: 14645: 14643: 14641: 14625: 14619: 14611: 14609: 14607: 14591: 14572: 14553: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14522: 14513: 14505: 14503: 14501: 14482: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14463: 14458:. Archived from 14430: 14411: 14392: 14373: 14346:10.2307/43630435 14328: 14287:(114): 145–158. 14275: 14236: 14205: 14196: 14161: 14142: 14105: 14103: 14101: 14095: 14089:. Archived from 14074: 14062: 14039: 14022:(6): 1625–1649. 14007: 13984: 13978: 13968: 13937: 13928: 13905: 13883: 13864: 13845: 13837: 13835: 13833: 13814: 13805: 13786: 13773:The Viking World 13763: 13745: 13735: 13723: 13711: 13709: 13707: 13701: 13695:. Archived from 13680: 13670: 13639: 13602: 13583: 13577: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13549: 13543: 13535: 13533: 13531: 13515: 13509: 13501: 13499: 13497: 13481: 13475: 13467: 13465: 13463: 13445: 13439: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13409: 13390:. pp. 1–2. 13378: 13351: 13332: 13313: 13294: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13263: 13254: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13221: 13215:. Archived from 13200: 13190: 13167: 13136: 13097: 13066: 13064: 13043: 13004: 12971:Medieval Ireland 12965: 12942: 12915: 12888: 12857: 12838: 12803: 12784: 12774: 12739: 12720: 12718: 12716: 12710: 12704:. Archived from 12689: 12679: 12653: 12631: 12606: 12598: 12596: 12594: 12575: 12566: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12535: 12526: 12503: 12471:The Innes Review 12464: 12444: 12431: 12408: 12378: 12355: 12332: 12319: 12300: 12277: 12251: 12206: 12201:. Archived from 12181: 12150: 12135: 12127: 12125: 12123: 12104: 12095: 12072: 12059: 12043: 12021: 12013: 12011: 12009: 11984: 11947: 11929: 11902: 11862: 11836: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11757: 11731: 11712: 11689: 11683: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11655: 11632: 11621: 11610:, eds. (1874a). 11599: 11573: 11561:Duain Agus Orain 11554: 11540: 11529: 11510: 11498: 11492: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11464: 11430: 11419: 11400: 11381: 11375: 11367: 11349: 11330: 11316: 11310: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11276: 11260: 11249: 11247: 11245: 11229: 11204: 11195: 11189: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11161: 11155: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11127: 11121: 11113: 11111: 11109: 11089: 11087: 11085: 11069: 11067: 11065: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10897: 10886: 10839: 10810: 10809: 10801: 10795: 10788:McDonald (2007b) 10785: 10779: 10761: 10755: 10752:Broderick (1990) 10749: 10743: 10740:Broderick (2018) 10737: 10731: 10728:Broderick (1990) 10720:Broderick (2018) 10717: 10711: 10704:Moore, AW (1891) 10700:Broderick (1990) 10696:Broderick (2018) 10693: 10687: 10680:Broderick (2018) 10677: 10671: 10661: 10655: 10652:Broderick (1990) 10650:pp. 63, 73, 76; 10648:Broderick (2018) 10645: 10639: 10633: 10624: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10565:Stevenson (2007) 10562: 10556: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10497:Macniven (2013a) 10494: 10488: 10482: 10476: 10466:Macniven (2013a) 10463: 10454: 10447:Macniven (2013a) 10444: 10433: 10430:Broderick (2002) 10427: 10421: 10420:p. 53, 53 n. 12. 10418:Broderick (1990) 10412:p. 40, 40 n. 9; 10407: 10401: 10400:p. 53, 53 n. 12. 10398:Broderick (1990) 10391: 10385: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10320:McDonald (2007b) 10317: 10311: 10304:Broderick (2003) 10300:McDonald (2007b) 10297: 10291: 10288:Broderick (1990) 10281: 10275: 10268:Broderick (1990) 10264:Broderick (2018) 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10240:Broderick (1990) 10232:Broderick (2018) 10229: 10223: 10216:Broderick (2003) 10213: 10207: 10204:Broderick (2003) 10201: 10192: 10186: 10180: 10173:Hudson, B (2002) 10169:Broderick (2003) 10153:Hudson, B (2006) 10145:McDonald (2007b) 10137:Broderick (2018) 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10076: 10070: 10063:Beuermann (2010) 10049: 10043: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10006: 10003:Davey, PJ (2006) 9996: 9990: 9975:Davey, PJ (2006) 9972: 9966: 9951:Davey, PJ (2006) 9948: 9942: 9927:Davey, PJ (2006) 9920: 9914: 9900: 9894: 9888: 9882: 9860: 9854: 9836: 9830: 9808: 9802: 9792: 9786: 9775:Davey, PJ (2006) 9772: 9766: 9755:Broderick (2003) 9736: 9730: 9723:McDonald (2007b) 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9626: 9620: 9609:McDonald (2007b) 9606: 9600: 9577:McDonald (2007b) 9556: 9550: 9536: 9527: 9509:McDonald (2007b) 9488: 9482: 9468: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9431:pp. 4, 18 n. 6; 9429:Macniven (2013b) 9426: 9420: 9394: 9388: 9343:pp. 4, 18 n. 6; 9341:Macniven (2013b) 9338: 9332: 9327:p. 94, 95 n. 1; 9290:McDonald (2007b) 9244: 9238: 9207:McDonald (2007b) 9182: 9176: 9166: 9160: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9099: 9093: 9075: 9069: 9059: 9053: 9027: 9021: 9018:Ó Corráin (n.d.) 9007: 9001: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8940: 8934: 8891:McDonald (2007a) 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8798: 8792: 8774: 8768: 8759: 8753: 8728: 8719: 8713: 8702: 8688: 8679: 8669: 8663: 8653: 8647: 8637: 8631: 8613: 8607: 8573: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8514: 8508: 8490: 8484: 8457:Davies, S (2014) 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8390: 8384: 8381:Jones, NA (1999) 8378: 8372: 8349:Jones, NA (1999) 8338: 8332: 8297:Jones, NA (1999) 8277:Davies, S (2014) 8274: 8268: 8242: 8236: 8222: 8213: 8203: 8197: 8183: 8177: 8143: 8137: 8107: 8101: 8079: 8073: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 7993: 7987: 7982:pp. 95–96 n. 1; 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7937: 7931: 7926:pp. 95–96 n. 1; 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7869: 7863: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7820: 7792: 7786: 7772: 7766: 7743: 7737: 7715: 7709: 7699: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7648: 7642: 7624: 7618: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7535:Moore, RH (2012) 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7481:pp. 95–96 n. 1; 7468: 7462: 7459:McDonald (2007b) 7452: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7404:McDonald (2007b) 7401: 7395: 7388:McDonald (2007b) 7385: 7379: 7376:McDonald (2007b) 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7337: 7331: 7317: 7311: 7294:p. 55, 55 n. 7; 7281: 7275: 7261: 7255: 7245: 7239: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7185: 7179: 7161: 7155: 7111: 7102: 7088: 7079: 7051: 7045: 7031: 7025: 7002: 6996: 6986: 6980: 6970: 6964: 6961:McDonald (2007a) 6958: 6952: 6942: 6936: 6933:McDonald (2007a) 6930: 6924: 6914: 6908: 6893:McDonald (2007a) 6890: 6884: 6853:McDonald (2007a) 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6798: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6762:McDonald (2007b) 6759: 6753: 6739: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6698: 6692: 6672: 6666: 6632: 6626: 6606: 6600: 6586: 6580: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6522: 6516: 6497:McDonald (2007b) 6494: 6488: 6457:McDonald (2007b) 6454: 6448: 6418:McDonald (2007b) 6408: 6402: 6364:McDonald (2007b) 6350: 6344: 6343:p. 15, 15 n. 43. 6337:McDonald (2007b) 6333:McDonald (2007a) 6330: 6324: 6321:McDonald (2007b) 6310: 6304: 6297:McDonald (2007b) 6293:McDonald (2007a) 6286: 6277: 6262:McDonald (2007b) 6258:McDonald (2007a) 6255: 6249: 6239: 6233: 6223: 6217: 6207: 6201: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6155: 6149: 6127: 6121: 6107: 6101: 6074:McDonald (2007b) 6063: 6057: 6035: 6029: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5988: 5978: 5972: 5950: 5944: 5917:McDonald (2007b) 5910: 5904: 5874: 5868: 5854: 5848: 5829:McDonald (2007b) 5826: 5820: 5806: 5800: 5793:Hudson, B (1979) 5758: 5752: 5745:Hudson, B (1979) 5690: 5684: 5677:Hudson, B (1979) 5614: 5608: 5602: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5557: 5551: 5548:Hudson, B (2006) 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5500:Hudson, B (2006) 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5429: 5423: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5369: 5363: 5317: 5308: 5286: 5280: 5250: 5244: 5234: 5225: 5211: 5205: 5202:Ó Corráin (n.d.) 5183: 5177: 5151: 5145: 5127: 5121: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5055: 5049: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4936:pp. 58–59 § 38; 4934:Vigfusson (1887) 4927: 4921: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4882:Davey, PJ (2006) 4874:Ó Cróinín (2017) 4871: 4865: 4862:McDonald (2007a) 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4802: 4790:eDIL s.v. Merach 4766: 4760: 4736: 4730: 4727:McDonald (2007b) 4716: 4710: 4703:McDonald (2007b) 4699:McDonald (2007a) 4692: 4686: 4647:Ó Cróinín (2017) 4644: 4638: 4612: 4606: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4515: 4506: 4496: 4490: 4479:McDonald (2007b) 4476: 4470: 4452: 4446: 4439:McDonald (2007b) 4436: 4430: 4408: 4402: 4397:pp. 43–44 n. 6; 4376: 4370: 4365:pp. 43–44 n. 6; 4336: 4330: 4325:pp. 43–44 n. 6; 4284: 4278: 4255:Hudson, B (2002) 4235:Hudson, B (2006) 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4141:McDonald (2007b) 4130: 4124: 4089:McDonald (2007b) 4078: 4072: 4030:McDonald (2007b) 4020: 4014: 4008: 3995: 3990:pp. 43–44 n. 6; 3940:McDonald (2007b) 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3896:Hudson, B (2006) 3893: 3887: 3880:Hudson, B (2002) 3872:McDonald (2007a) 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3832:Broderick (2018) 3829: 3823: 3817: 3808: 3789:Jones, NA (1999) 3754: 3748: 3745:Ó Corráin (n.d.) 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3657:Macniven (2013b) 3654: 3648: 3617:Jones, NA (1999) 3569:Davey, PJ (2006) 3561:Davies, S (2014) 3549:Ó Cróinín (2017) 3541:Broderick (2018) 3534: 3528: 3525:Hudson, B (2006) 3522: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3434:Hudson, B (2002) 3418:Hudson, B (2006) 3414:McDonald (2007a) 3383: 3377: 3371: 3362: 3352: 3346: 3343:Ó Corráin (n.d.) 3323:Jones, NA (1999) 3260: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3222: 3216: 3207: 3172:Jones, NA (1999) 3116:Hudson, B (2006) 3112:Davey, PJ (2006) 3100:Macniven (2013b) 3096:Davies, S (2014) 3084:Ó Cróinín (2017) 3073: 3067: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3024: 3017: 3011: 3010:, (1874), p. 51. 3005: 2999: 2986: 2967: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2941:Finn mac Cumaill 2938: 2933:The Gaelic term 2931: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2900: 2895:The Manx Gaelic 2893: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2833: 2826: 2820: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2781: 2775: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2719: 2704: 2698: 2690:dry-stone-walled 2687: 2676: 2670: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2492: 2490:Afloyd m. Swtrig 2486: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2358: 2352: 2313:Gofraid Méránach 2309:Gofraid Meránach 2205: 2108: 2088:James Macpherson 2034: 2028: 2015: 2009: 1999: 1988: 1982: 1934: 1918:), located near 1917: 1896: 1879: 1834:, the so-called 1825: 1819: 1779: 1765: 1740: 1694: 1678: 1593: 1579: 1551:Annals of Ulster 1528: 1486: 1452:Annals of Ulster 1390: 1339: 1294: 1266: 1226: 1205: 1198:Annals of Ulster 1194:Bishop of Dublin 1182:Annals of Ulster 1159: 1153: 1042: 1028: 1004:Annals of Ulster 1000: 994: 984: 957: 856: 849:Uí Echach Mumain 790: 776: 746: 733: 724:Haraldr hárfagri 608: 599: 542:recorded history 469: 463: 457: 451: 445: 439: 433: 427: 417: 411: 405: 399: 393: 387: 369: 350: 337:" may represent 336: 298: 286: 259:Familial origins 159:Gofraid Méránach 155:Gofraid Meránach 68: 51: 32: 31: 21: 18490: 18489: 18485: 18484: 18483: 18481: 18480: 18479: 18455:Burials in Iona 18415: 18414: 18413: 18408: 18350: 18346:Treaty of Perth 18269: 18243: 18205: 18152: 18125:Orkneyinga saga 18119:Manx runestones 18073: 18059:Rubha an Dùnain 18034:Kirkwall Castle 18004:Bishop's Palace 17982: 17916: 17855: 17764: 17750:Lords of Argyll 17740:Earls of Orkney 17723: 17718: 17688: 17683: 17676: 17662:Magnús Óláfsson 17598: 17542: 17533:Magnús berfœttr 17487:Ímar mac Arailt 17479:Haakon Ericsson 17436: 17416:Ketill Flatnose 17393: 17362: 17353: 17323: 17318: 17311: 17240:Magnús berfœttr 17228: 17161:Ímar mac Arailt 17144: 17088: 17076: 17045:Bárid mac Ímair 17001: 16999:Kings of Dublin 16996: 16934:Wayback Machine 16917:Wayback Machine 16900:Wayback Machine 16883:Wayback Machine 16872: 16867: 16846: 16811: 16741: 16714: 16682: 16672:The Argyll Book 16663: 16644: 16622: 16596: 16594: 16562: 16548: 16437: 16406: 16369: 16361: 16359: 16332: 16297: 16263: 16240: 16180: 16161: 16135: 16112: 16104: 16102: 16056: 15959: 15931: 15930: 15923: 15921: 15913: 15896: 15894: 15893:on 18 June 2019 15885: 15864: 15841: 15773: 15754: 15739: 15709: 15698: 15671: 15652: 15574: 15539: 15512: 15481: 15471:Medieval Dublin 15462: 15443: 15424: 15405: 15386: 15363: 15340: 15259: 15257: 15253: 15230: 15200: 15177: 15087: 15053: 14987: 14965: 14946: 14884: 14870: 14851: 14809: 14747: 14716: 14647: 14646: 14639: 14637: 14613: 14612: 14605: 14603: 14588: 14569: 14547: 14539: 14537: 14507: 14499: 14497: 14467: 14465: 14464:on 23 June 2019 14448: 14427: 14408: 14389: 14185: 14158: 14099: 14097: 14093: 14087: 14072: 14059: 14004: 13976: 13925: 13880: 13861: 13839: 13831: 13829: 13802: 13783: 13743: 13732: 13721: 13705: 13703: 13699: 13693: 13678: 13667: 13599: 13571: 13570: 13563: 13561: 13537: 13536: 13529: 13527: 13503: 13502: 13495: 13493: 13469: 13468: 13461: 13459: 13433: 13432: 13425: 13423: 13406: 13375: 13348: 13338:Medieval Dublin 13329: 13310: 13288: 13280: 13278: 13251: 13225: 13223: 13219: 13213: 13198: 13187: 13164: 13146:Macmillan Press 13073:History Ireland 12993: 12962: 12931: 12904: 12877: 12854: 12827: 12800: 12736: 12714: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12687: 12676: 12600: 12592: 12590: 12560: 12552: 12550: 12523: 12461: 12442: 12428: 12405: 12375: 12352: 12325:Mac Niocaill, G 12316: 12297: 12274: 12178: 12129: 12121: 12119: 12092: 12040: 12007: 12005: 12004:on 23 June 2007 11891: 11870: 11865: 11811: 11809: 11791: 11789: 11771: 11769: 11754: 11738:, ed. (2007) . 11677: 11676: 11669: 11667: 11507:Cronan nan Tonn 11486: 11485: 11478: 11476: 11453: 11443:Greenwood Press 11397: 11369: 11368: 11360:, eds. (n.d.). 11304: 11303: 11296: 11294: 11293:on 20 July 2021 11286:British Library 11273: 11263:Clarendon Press 11243: 11241: 11183: 11182: 11175: 11173: 11149: 11148: 11141: 11139: 11115: 11114: 11107: 11105: 11083: 11081: 11063: 11061: 11043: 11041: 11017: 11015: 10997: 10995: 10977: 10975: 10957: 10955: 10937: 10935: 10917: 10915: 10824: 10822:Primary sources 10819: 10814: 10813: 10802: 10798: 10792:Johnston (1997) 10786: 10782: 10762: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10738: 10734: 10718: 10714: 10708:Campbell (1872) 10694: 10690: 10678: 10674: 10662: 10658: 10646: 10642: 10634: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10607: 10603: 10591: 10587: 10579: 10575: 10563: 10559: 10543: 10539: 10533:Macniven (2006) 10531: 10527: 10521:Macniven (2006) 10519: 10515: 10509:Macniven (2006) 10507: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10485:Macniven (2006) 10483: 10479: 10464: 10457: 10451:Macniven (2006) 10445: 10436: 10428: 10424: 10408: 10404: 10392: 10388: 10369: 10365: 10357: 10353: 10324:Macniven (2006) 10318: 10314: 10298: 10294: 10282: 10278: 10262: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10230: 10226: 10214: 10210: 10202: 10195: 10187: 10183: 10177:McDonald (1997) 10141:McDonald (2016) 10133:McDonald (2019) 10131: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10077: 10073: 10052:McDonald (2019) 10050: 10046: 10034: 10030: 10022: 10009: 9997: 9993: 9973: 9969: 9949: 9945: 9921: 9917: 9911:Anderson (1930) 9901: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9875:Anderson (1922) 9871:Anderson (1930) 9861: 9857: 9837: 9833: 9809: 9805: 9793: 9789: 9773: 9769: 9743:McDonald (2012) 9737: 9733: 9719:McDonald (2008) 9715:McDonald (2019) 9713: 9709: 9701: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9679:Jones, A (1910) 9665: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9627: 9623: 9607: 9603: 9557: 9553: 9537: 9530: 9489: 9485: 9469: 9465: 9457: 9453: 9447:Macniven (2006) 9427: 9423: 9395: 9391: 9385:Anderson (1922) 9357:Macniven (2006) 9353:McDonald (2008) 9345:McDonald (2012) 9339: 9335: 9325:Anderson (1922) 9309:Thornton (1996) 9279:McDonald (2008) 9245: 9241: 9235:Anderson (1922) 9223:Thornton (1996) 9183: 9179: 9167: 9163: 9148: 9144: 9138:McDonald (2016) 9136: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9100: 9096: 9076: 9072: 9060: 9056: 9030:Flanagan (2008) 9028: 9024: 9008: 9004: 8979: 8975: 8969:Flanagan (2008) 8967: 8963: 8941: 8937: 8927:Anderson (1922) 8880:Flanagan (2008) 8839: 8835: 8829:Moore, D (1996) 8827: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8805:Moore, D (1996) 8799: 8795: 8789:Jones, A (1910) 8785:Moore, D (1996) 8775: 8771: 8760: 8756: 8750:Jones, A (1910) 8729: 8722: 8714: 8705: 8699:Jones, A (1910) 8689: 8682: 8670: 8666: 8660:Moore, D (1996) 8656:Moore, D (2005) 8654: 8650: 8638: 8634: 8628:Moore, D (1996) 8614: 8610: 8600:Forester (1854) 8596:Moore, D (1996) 8574: 8567: 8559: 8555: 8543: 8539: 8531: 8527: 8515: 8511: 8491: 8487: 8481:Jones, A (1910) 8469:Moore, D (1996) 8455: 8451: 8443: 8439: 8433:Jones, A (1910) 8425:Moore, D (1996) 8423: 8419: 8411: 8407: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8369:Jones, A (1910) 8345:Moore, D (2005) 8339: 8335: 8329:Jones, A (1910) 8305:Moore, D (1996) 8285:Moore, D (2005) 8275: 8271: 8257:Moore, D (1996) 8243: 8239: 8233:Jones, A (1910) 8223: 8216: 8210:Moore, D (1996) 8206:Moore, D (2005) 8204: 8200: 8194:Moore, D (1996) 8186:Moore, D (2005) 8184: 8180: 8162:Moore, D (1996) 8146:Moore, D (2005) 8144: 8140: 8134:Jones, A (1910) 8130:Flanagan (1989) 8122:Moore, D (1996) 8110:Moore, D (2005) 8108: 8104: 8098:Jones, A (1910) 8082:Moore, D (2005) 8080: 8076: 8062:Moore, D (1996) 8042:Moore, D (2005) 8040: 8036: 8030:Moore, D (1996) 8028: 8024: 8016: 8012: 7994: 7990: 7980:Anderson (1922) 7970: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7938: 7934: 7924:Anderson (1922) 7918: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7876:Flanagan (2008) 7870: 7866: 7848:Flanagan (2004) 7842: 7838: 7830: 7823: 7793: 7789: 7773: 7769: 7744: 7740: 7736:pp. 95–96 n. 1. 7734:Anderson (1922) 7728:p. 8, 8 n. 40; 7716: 7712: 7700: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7671:Anderson (1922) 7649: 7645: 7641:pp. 95–96 n. 1. 7639:Anderson (1922) 7625: 7621: 7611:Anderson (1922) 7587:McDonald (2019) 7585: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7557: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7505: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7479:Anderson (1922) 7469: 7465: 7453: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7386: 7382: 7370: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7338: 7334: 7318: 7314: 7288:Downham (2013b) 7282: 7278: 7262: 7258: 7246: 7242: 7222: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7186: 7182: 7174:p. 130 fig. 4; 7162: 7158: 7112: 7105: 7089: 7082: 7052: 7048: 7032: 7028: 7003: 6999: 6987: 6983: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6915: 6911: 6891: 6887: 6845:McDonald (2019) 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6740: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6699: 6695: 6673: 6669: 6633: 6629: 6607: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6573:Downham (2013a) 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6529:Downham (2013a) 6523: 6519: 6495: 6491: 6481:Anderson (1922) 6455: 6451: 6409: 6405: 6395:Anderson (1922) 6360:Flanagan (2008) 6351: 6347: 6331: 6327: 6317:McDonald (2012) 6313:McDonald (2016) 6311: 6307: 6289:McDonald (2012) 6287: 6280: 6272:p. 70 fig. 24; 6256: 6252: 6240: 6236: 6224: 6220: 6208: 6204: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6156: 6152: 6138:Andersen (1996) 6128: 6124: 6118:Andersen (1996) 6108: 6104: 6094:Andersen (1991) 6086:McDonald (1997) 6082:Davey, P (2002) 6070:McDonald (2016) 6066:McDonald (2019) 6064: 6060: 6036: 6032: 6022:Anderson (1922) 6018:McDonald (1997) 6012: 6008: 6000: 5991: 5979: 5975: 5969:McDonald (1997) 5951: 5947: 5937:Anderson (1922) 5933:McDonald (1997) 5913:McDonald (2019) 5911: 5907: 5881:Flanagan (2008) 5877:McDonald (2019) 5875: 5871: 5857:Flanagan (2008) 5855: 5851: 5845:McDonald (1997) 5827: 5823: 5807: 5803: 5759: 5755: 5703:p. 791 n. 196; 5691: 5687: 5627:p. 791 n. 196; 5615: 5611: 5603: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5572:Anderson (1922) 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5520:Anderson (1922) 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5472:Anderson (1922) 5456:McDonald (1997) 5430: 5426: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5370: 5366: 5318: 5311: 5299:p. 130 fig. 4; 5287: 5283: 5263:p. 130 fig. 4; 5251: 5247: 5235: 5228: 5212: 5208: 5186:Flanagan (2008) 5184: 5180: 5152: 5148: 5128: 5124: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5056: 5052: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4940:pp. 44–45 § 22. 4928: 4924: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4872: 4868: 4858:McDonald (2012) 4854:McDonald (2016) 4852: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4797:eDIL s.v. 1 Mér 4769:McDonald (2016) 4767: 4763: 4748:eDIL s.v. 1 Mer 4737: 4733: 4723:McDonald (2012) 4719:McDonald (2016) 4717: 4713: 4695:McDonald (2012) 4693: 4689: 4667:McDonald (1997) 4651:McDonald (2016) 4645: 4641: 4613: 4609: 4584: 4580: 4574:Thornton (1996) 4572: 4568: 4562:Thornton (1996) 4556: 4552: 4546:Thornton (1996) 4544: 4540: 4534:Thornton (1996) 4532: 4528: 4522:Thornton (1996) 4516: 4509: 4503:Thornton (1996) 4497: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4453: 4449: 4437: 4433: 4411:McDonald (2012) 4409: 4405: 4379:McDonald (2012) 4377: 4373: 4369:pp. 54–55, 144. 4359:McDonald (1997) 4339:McDonald (2012) 4337: 4333: 4311:Thornton (1996) 4287:McDonald (2012) 4285: 4281: 4223:McDonald (2019) 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4161:McDonald (1997) 4137:McDonald (2008) 4133:McDonald (2019) 4131: 4127: 4113:McDonald (1997) 4085:McDonald (2008) 4081:McDonald (2019) 4079: 4075: 4061:Thornton (1996) 4057:McDonald (1997) 4021: 4017: 4009: 3998: 3994:pp. 50–51, 144. 3988:Anderson (1922) 3972:Thornton (1996) 3968:McDonald (1997) 3936:McDonald (2012) 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3894: 3890: 3876:Macniven (2006) 3868:McDonald (2008) 3864:McDonald (2012) 3860:McDonald (2016) 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3811: 3765:Flanagan (2008) 3755: 3751: 3741:Flanagan (1989) 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3691: 3687: 3681:Thornton (1996) 3679: 3675: 3669:Andersen (1991) 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3633:Thornton (1996) 3629:McDonald (1997) 3589:Davey, P (2002) 3581:Moore, D (2005) 3565:Flanagan (2008) 3537:McDonald (2019) 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3422:Macniven (2006) 3410:McDonald (2008) 3398:McDonald (2012) 3390:McDonald (2016) 3384: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3339:Flanagan (1989) 3279:Flanagan (2008) 3261: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3225: 3217: 3210: 3192:Andersen (1991) 3184:Thornton (1996) 3180:McDonald (1997) 3144:Davey, P (2002) 3128:Moore, D (2005) 3104:Flanagan (2008) 3076:McDonald (2019) 3074: 3070: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3027: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2987: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2959: 2955: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2852: 2848: 2827: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2782: 2778: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2734: 2730: 2705: 2701: 2677: 2673: 2658: 2654: 2617: 2613: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2523: 2519: 2468:(the Old Norse 2429:Gwrthryt Mearch 2407: 2403: 2380: 2376: 2359: 2355: 2325:Goraidh Crobhan 2321:Gofraidh Mérach 2305:Gofraid Crobhan 2285:Godred Méránach 2206: 2202: 2198: 2157:Cronan nan Tonn 2153:Duncan Johnston 2024: 1978: 1930: 1913: 1892: 1875: 1850:time immemorial 1837:Manannan Ballad 1832:Manx literature 1801: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1755: 1727:Orkneyinga saga 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1620: 1615: 1426: 1273: 1196:. In fact, the 1116: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1068:Ímar mac Arailt 1060:Viking longboat 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1029: 812: 811: 810: 809: 798: 797: 796: 795: 791: 783: 782: 781: 777: 766: 667:Bayeux Tapestry 626: 625: 624: 623: 611: 610: 609: 601: 600: 589: 533:Orkneyinga saga 492: 296:mac Maic Arailt 261: 95: 79: 70: 66:Godredus Crouan 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18488: 18478: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18460:Crovan dynasty 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18410: 18409: 18407: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18360: 18358: 18352: 18351: 18349: 18348: 18343: 18341:Treaty of 1098 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18277: 18275: 18271: 18270: 18268: 18267: 18262: 18260:Northern Isles 18257: 18251: 18249: 18245: 18244: 18242: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18215: 18213: 18207: 18206: 18204: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18162: 18160: 18154: 18153: 18151: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18133: 18128: 18121: 18116: 18114:Lewis chessmen 18111: 18106: 18104:Galloway Hoard 18101: 18094: 18087: 18081: 18079: 18075: 18074: 18072: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17990: 17988: 17984: 17983: 17981: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17953:Outer Hebrides 17950: 17945: 17940: 17938:Gall-Ghàidheil 17935: 17930: 17924: 17922: 17918: 17917: 17915: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17882:Olaf the White 17879: 17874: 17869: 17863: 17861: 17857: 17856: 17854: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17772: 17770: 17766: 17765: 17763: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17745:Crovan dynasty 17742: 17737: 17731: 17729: 17725: 17724: 17717: 17716: 17709: 17702: 17694: 17685: 17684: 17681: 17678: 17677: 17675: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17633: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17606: 17604: 17600: 17599: 17597: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17550: 17548: 17544: 17543: 17541: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17518:Gofraid Crobán 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17483: 17482: 17476: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17444: 17442: 17438: 17437: 17435: 17434: 17429: 17424: 17419: 17413: 17408: 17401: 17399: 17395: 17394: 17392: 17391: 17386: 17376: 17370: 17368: 17364: 17363: 17352: 17351: 17344: 17337: 17329: 17320: 17319: 17316: 17313: 17312: 17310: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17236: 17234: 17230: 17229: 17227: 17226: 17220: 17214: 17212:Gofraid Crobán 17209: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17152: 17150: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17096: 17094: 17090: 17089: 17079: 17077: 17075: 17074: 17069: 17063: 17060:Sichfrith Jarl 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17036: 17030: 17025: 17015: 17009: 17007: 17003: 17002: 16995: 16994: 16987: 16980: 16972: 16966: 16965: 16953: 16941: 16924: 16907: 16890: 16871: 16870:External links 16868: 16866: 16865: 16850: 16844: 16823: 16809: 16796: 16768:(4): 595–617. 16753: 16739: 16718: 16712: 16699: 16686: 16680: 16667: 16661: 16648: 16642: 16626: 16620: 16603: 16575: 16552: 16546: 16529: 16513:(PhD thesis). 16506: 16466: 16441: 16435: 16418: 16404: 16391: 16376: 16336: 16330: 16317: 16301: 16295: 16275: 16261: 16244: 16238: 16221: 16184: 16178: 16165: 16159: 16139: 16133: 16119: 16079: 16049: 16023:(2): 107–132. 16010: 15963: 15957: 15944: 15903: 15883: 15868: 15862: 15845: 15839: 15814: 15777: 15771: 15758: 15752: 15732: 15702: 15696: 15683: 15669: 15656: 15650: 15630: 15607: 15586: 15572: 15551: 15537: 15516: 15510: 15485: 15479: 15466: 15460: 15447: 15441: 15428: 15422: 15409: 15403: 15390: 15384: 15367: 15361: 15344: 15338: 15325: 15266: 15256:on 27 May 2014 15223: 15204: 15198: 15182: 15165: 15142: 15105: 15091: 15085: 15065: 15051: 15038: 14999: 14985: 14969: 14963: 14950: 14944: 14931: 14874: 14868: 14855: 14849: 14836: 14813: 14807: 14794: 14751: 14745: 14724: 14714: 14683: 14667:(PhD thesis). 14660: 14626: 14592: 14586: 14573: 14567: 14554: 14514: 14474: 14446: 14431: 14425: 14412: 14406: 14393: 14387: 14374: 14340:(1): 241–285. 14329: 14276: 14250:(3): 319–335. 14237: 14206: 14197: 14183: 14162: 14156: 14143: 14106: 14085: 14063: 14057: 14040: 14008: 14002: 13985: 13969: 13938: 13929: 13923: 13906: 13884: 13878: 13870:Viking Empires 13865: 13859: 13846: 13806: 13800: 13787: 13781: 13764: 13736: 13730: 13712: 13691: 13671: 13665: 13640: 13603: 13597: 13584: 13550: 13516: 13482: 13446: 13410: 13404: 13379: 13373: 13352: 13346: 13333: 13327: 13314: 13308: 13295: 13255: 13249: 13232: 13211: 13191: 13185: 13168: 13162: 13137: 13098: 13067: 13051:(PhD thesis). 13044: 13005: 12991: 12966: 12960: 12943: 12929: 12916: 12902: 12889: 12875: 12858: 12852: 12839: 12825: 12804: 12798: 12785: 12757:(3): 387–406. 12740: 12734: 12721: 12700: 12680: 12674: 12654: 12632: 12607: 12567: 12527: 12521: 12504: 12465: 12459: 12432: 12426: 12409: 12403: 12379: 12373: 12356: 12350: 12333: 12320: 12314: 12301: 12295: 12278: 12272: 12252: 12207: 12182: 12176: 12151: 12136: 12096: 12090: 12073: 12060: 12044: 12038: 12022: 12014: 11985: 11959:(1–2): 73–83. 11948: 11903: 11889: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11863: 11843:, ed. (1887). 11837: 11818: 11798: 11778: 11758: 11752: 11732: 11713: 11690: 11656: 11633: 11622: 11600: 11574: 11555: 11541: 11530: 11511: 11499: 11465: 11451: 11431: 11420: 11401: 11395: 11382: 11350: 11341:Revue Celtique 11331: 11317: 11277: 11271: 11250: 11230: 11211:, ed. (1872). 11205: 11196: 11162: 11128: 11090: 11070: 11050: 11024: 11004: 10984: 10964: 10944: 10924: 10898: 10887: 10840: 10832:, ed. (1922). 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10796: 10780: 10756: 10744: 10732: 10712: 10688: 10672: 10656: 10640: 10625: 10623:pp. 1625–1626. 10613: 10601: 10597:Lindsay (1978) 10585: 10581:Lindsay (1978) 10573: 10569:Lindsay (1978) 10557: 10537: 10525: 10513: 10501: 10489: 10477: 10455: 10449:p. 89 n. 101; 10434: 10422: 10402: 10386: 10363: 10351: 10312: 10292: 10276: 10256: 10244: 10224: 10208: 10193: 10181: 10125: 10113: 10071: 10044: 10028: 10007: 9991: 9967: 9943: 9915: 9895: 9883: 9855: 9847:Holland (2000) 9831: 9823:Holland (2000) 9803: 9787: 9767: 9731: 9707: 9695: 9683: 9677:p. 107 n. 70; 9659: 9647: 9621: 9601: 9551: 9528: 9493:p. 146 n. 81; 9483: 9463: 9451: 9421: 9389: 9333: 9239: 9203:Kostick (2008) 9177: 9173:Kostick (2008) 9169:Downham (2018) 9161: 9142: 9130: 9118: 9102:Edwards (2013) 9094: 9090:Bracken (2004) 9070: 9054: 9022: 9002: 8973: 8961: 8935: 8903:Bracken (2004) 8833: 8821: 8809: 8793: 8769: 8754: 8720: 8703: 8680: 8664: 8648: 8632: 8608: 8565: 8553: 8537: 8525: 8509: 8505:Longley (1991) 8485: 8473:Longley (1991) 8449: 8437: 8417: 8405: 8395:p. 607 n. 70; 8385: 8373: 8359:p. 107 n. 70; 8333: 8319:p. 107 n. 70; 8269: 8237: 8214: 8198: 8178: 8170:Longley (1991) 8138: 8128:pp. 3–4, 232; 8102: 8074: 8066:Longley (1991) 8034: 8022: 8010: 7988: 7964: 7952: 7932: 7912: 7900: 7886:p. 102 n. 45; 7864: 7844:Holland (2005) 7836: 7821: 7797:p. 129 n. 52; 7787: 7767: 7738: 7710: 7691: 7679: 7643: 7619: 7579: 7567: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7523:Johnson (2006) 7515: 7499: 7487: 7477:pp. 108, 110; 7463: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7392:Downham (2004) 7380: 7372:Downham (2018) 7364: 7352: 7332: 7324:Bracken (2004) 7312: 7286:p. 100 n. 62; 7284:Downham (2017) 7276: 7256: 7240: 7216: 7204: 7180: 7156: 7103: 7080: 7046: 7026: 6997: 6981: 6965: 6953: 6937: 6925: 6909: 6885: 6847:pp. viii, 20; 6837: 6825: 6813: 6790: 6788:ch. 8 fig. 12. 6778: 6766: 6754: 6731: 6719: 6693: 6667: 6627: 6601: 6597:Downham (2005) 6581: 6577:Downham (2005) 6569:Downham (2014) 6557: 6553:Downham (2005) 6545: 6533:Downham (2005) 6525:Downham (2014) 6517: 6489: 6449: 6403: 6345: 6325: 6305: 6278: 6250: 6234: 6218: 6202: 6186: 6174: 6160:pp. 395, 397; 6150: 6142:Gurevic (1993) 6122: 6102: 6058: 6030: 6006: 5989: 5973: 5945: 5905: 5869: 5849: 5821: 5801: 5797:Freeman (1876) 5769:Downham (2004) 5753: 5749:Freeman (1876) 5741:Richter (1985) 5721:Downham (2004) 5693:Downham (2018) 5685: 5681:Freeman (1876) 5673:Richter (1985) 5641:Downham (2004) 5617:Downham (2018) 5609: 5592: 5580: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5518:p. 106 n. 67; 5504:Downham (2004) 5492: 5480: 5424: 5396: 5384: 5364: 5320:Downham (2017) 5309: 5281: 5245: 5226: 5206: 5178: 5154:Downham (2017) 5146: 5122: 5098: 5086: 5050: 5018: 5006: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4922: 4906: 4894: 4866: 4846: 4834: 4818: 4803: 4761: 4731: 4725:p. 174 n. 44; 4711: 4697:p. 174 n. 44; 4687: 4677:p. 106 n. 66; 4639: 4607: 4578: 4566: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4507: 4491: 4471: 4447: 4431: 4403: 4371: 4353:p. 190 n. 16; 4331: 4305:p. 190 n. 16; 4279: 4215: 4203: 4177: 4165: 4125: 4073: 4015: 3996: 3962:p. 190 n. 16; 3928: 3916: 3912:Downham (2017) 3904: 3888: 3852: 3840: 3824: 3809: 3749: 3737:Holland (2000) 3725: 3713: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3545:Downham (2017) 3529: 3517: 3502: 3490: 3462: 3450: 3386:Downham (2017) 3378: 3363: 3347: 3311:Holland (2000) 3267:Downham (2017) 3255: 3240: 3223: 3208: 3080:Downham (2017) 3068: 3044: 3025: 3012: 3000: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2953: 2951:, and family). 2926: 2917: 2888: 2875: 2866: 2846: 2841:rí Atha Cliath 2831:rí Atha Cliath 2821: 2808: 2799: 2790:Castell Avloed 2776: 2755: 2745: 2728: 2699: 2671: 2652: 2620:Scottish Crown 2611: 2588: 2578: 2568: 2551: 2542: 2517: 2401: 2374: 2353: 2341:Guðrøðr cróvan 2337:Guðrøðr Crovan 2333:Guðrøðr Crobán 2301:Gofraid Crobán 2265:Godred Cró bán 2261:Godfrey Croven 2257:Godfrey Crovan 2199: 2197: 2194: 2022:grid reference 2018:folk etymology 1976:grid reference 1928:grid reference 1924:Cashtal yn Ard 1911:grid reference 1890:grid reference 1882:standing stone 1873:grid reference 1789: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1738:Síol nGofraidh 1704: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1661:Clann Somairle 1628:railway poster 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1425: 1422: 1272: 1269: 1115: 1112: 1078:reconstruction 1052: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 806:Manx runestone 800: 799: 793: 792: 785: 784: 779: 778: 771: 770: 769: 768: 767: 765: 762: 692:English defeat 688:the Godwinsons 655:Adam of Bremen 620:horned helmets 613: 612: 603: 602: 594: 593: 592: 591: 590: 588: 585: 491: 488: 472:Crovan dynasty 260: 257: 245:Clann Somairle 241:Crovan dynasty 151:Gofraid Crobán 142: 141: 134: 130: 129: 122:Crovan dynasty 119: 113: 112: 103: 97: 96: 90: 88: 84: 83: 76: 72: 71: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18487: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18422: 18420: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18361: 18359: 18357: 18353: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18278: 18276: 18272: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18252: 18250: 18246: 18240: 18239:Old Norwegian 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18216: 18214: 18212: 18208: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18176:Law Ting Holm 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18163: 18161: 18159: 18155: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18138: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18126: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18099: 18095: 18093: 18092: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18082: 18080: 18076: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18039:Linton Chapel 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17989: 17985: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17925: 17923: 17919: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17892:Páll Bálkason 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17864: 17862: 17858: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17773: 17771: 17769:Notable women 17767: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17735:List of kings 17733: 17732: 17730: 17726: 17722: 17715: 17710: 17708: 17703: 17701: 17696: 17695: 17692: 17682:^ Speculative 17679: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17634: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17607: 17605: 17601: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17545: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17488: 17485: 17484: 17480: 17477: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17445: 17443: 17439: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17422:Amlaíb Cuarán 17420: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17406: 17403: 17402: 17400: 17396: 17390: 17389:Amlaíb Conung 17387: 17384: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17365: 17361: 17357: 17350: 17345: 17343: 17338: 17336: 17331: 17330: 17327: 17314: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17241: 17238: 17237: 17235: 17231: 17224: 17221: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17153: 17151: 17147: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17125:Amlaíb Cuarán 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17097: 17095: 17091: 17083: 17073: 17072:Ímar ua Ímair 17070: 17067: 17064: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17040: 17037: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17023: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17010: 17008: 17004: 17000: 16993: 16988: 16986: 16981: 16979: 16974: 16973: 16970: 16963: 16958: 16954: 16951: 16950:Godred Crovan 16946: 16942: 16939: 16935: 16931: 16928: 16925: 16922: 16918: 16914: 16911: 16908: 16905: 16901: 16897: 16894: 16891: 16888: 16884: 16880: 16877: 16874: 16873: 16862: 16859:(MA thesis). 16858: 16857: 16851: 16847: 16841: 16837: 16833: 16829: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16806: 16802: 16797: 16793: 16789: 16784: 16783:10107/1083764 16779: 16775: 16771: 16767: 16763: 16759: 16754: 16750: 16746: 16742: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16724: 16719: 16715: 16709: 16705: 16700: 16696: 16692: 16687: 16683: 16681:1-84158-253-0 16677: 16673: 16668: 16664: 16662:9788251918732 16658: 16654: 16649: 16645: 16643:0-19-211696-7 16639: 16635: 16631: 16627: 16623: 16617: 16613: 16609: 16604: 16593: 16589: 16588: 16582: 16576: 16572: 16568: 16561: 16557: 16553: 16549: 16543: 16539: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16516: 16512: 16507: 16503: 16499: 16495: 16491: 16487: 16483: 16480:(2): 99–119. 16479: 16475: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16459: 16455: 16451: 16447: 16442: 16438: 16436:0-582-30811-9 16432: 16428: 16424: 16419: 16415: 16411: 16407: 16405:0-85115-389-5 16401: 16397: 16392: 16388: 16385:(MA thesis). 16384: 16383: 16377: 16373: 16358: 16354: 16350: 16349: 16343: 16337: 16333: 16331:1-86232-151-5 16327: 16323: 16318: 16314: 16310: 16306: 16302: 16298: 16296:0-416-74180-0 16292: 16288: 16284: 16280: 16276: 16272: 16268: 16264: 16262:1-84158-154-2 16258: 16253: 16252: 16245: 16241: 16239:1-874744-86-6 16235: 16231: 16228:. Edinburgh: 16227: 16222: 16218: 16214: 16210: 16206: 16202: 16198: 16194: 16190: 16185: 16181: 16175: 16171: 16166: 16162: 16156: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16140: 16136: 16130: 16126: 16120: 16116: 16101: 16097: 16093: 16092: 16086: 16080: 16076: 16072: 16068: 16064: 16063: 16055: 16050: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16034: 16030: 16026: 16022: 16018: 16017: 16011: 16007: 16003: 15999: 15995: 15991: 15987: 15983: 15979: 15976:(1): 95–128. 15975: 15971: 15970: 15964: 15960: 15954: 15950: 15945: 15941: 15935: 15919: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15891: 15886: 15880: 15876: 15875: 15869: 15865: 15863:0-85976-541-5 15859: 15855: 15852:. Edinburgh: 15851: 15846: 15842: 15836: 15832: 15828: 15824: 15820: 15815: 15811: 15807: 15803: 15799: 15795: 15791: 15787: 15783: 15778: 15774: 15772:0-415-94052-4 15768: 15764: 15759: 15755: 15753:0-9535226-2-8 15749: 15745: 15738: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15721: 15717: 15716: 15708: 15703: 15699: 15693: 15689: 15684: 15680: 15676: 15672: 15670:0-85115-389-5 15666: 15662: 15657: 15653: 15651:9780198217459 15647: 15643: 15639: 15635: 15631: 15627: 15623: 15619: 15615: 15614: 15608: 15604: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15587: 15583: 15579: 15575: 15569: 15565: 15561: 15557: 15552: 15548: 15544: 15540: 15534: 15530: 15526: 15522: 15517: 15513: 15511:9781137062390 15507: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15491: 15486: 15482: 15476: 15472: 15467: 15463: 15457: 15453: 15448: 15444: 15438: 15434: 15429: 15425: 15419: 15415: 15410: 15406: 15400: 15396: 15391: 15387: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15368: 15364: 15362:0-7524-1442-9 15358: 15354: 15350: 15345: 15341: 15339:1-85109-445-8 15335: 15331: 15326: 15322: 15318: 15314: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15296: 15292: 15288: 15284: 15280: 15276: 15272: 15267: 15252: 15248: 15244: 15240: 15236: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15210: 15205: 15201: 15199:0-19-211696-7 15195: 15191: 15187: 15186:Macdougall, N 15183: 15176: 15175: 15170: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15152: 15148: 15143: 15139: 15135: 15131: 15127: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15106: 15102: 15101: 15096: 15092: 15088: 15086:0-09-462080-6 15082: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15058: 15054: 15052:0-85115-389-5 15048: 15044: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15019: 15015: 15011: 15007: 15006: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14970: 14966: 14964:1-85109-445-8 14960: 14956: 14951: 14947: 14945:1-85109-445-8 14941: 14937: 14932: 14928: 14924: 14920: 14916: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14891: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14865: 14861: 14856: 14852: 14850:0-8240-4787-7 14846: 14842: 14837: 14833: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14820: 14814: 14810: 14808:1-85109-445-8 14804: 14800: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14757: 14752: 14748: 14746:0-19-211696-7 14742: 14738: 14734: 14730: 14725: 14721: 14717: 14711: 14707: 14703: 14699: 14695: 14690: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14670: 14666: 14661: 14657: 14651: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14617: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14583: 14579: 14574: 14570: 14568:0-511-03855-0 14564: 14560: 14555: 14551: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14527: 14521: 14515: 14511: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14487: 14481: 14475: 14462: 14457: 14453: 14449: 14447:0-313-29087-3 14443: 14439: 14438: 14432: 14428: 14426:9781851829835 14422: 14418: 14413: 14409: 14407:0-415-94052-4 14403: 14399: 14394: 14390: 14388:0-415-94052-4 14384: 14380: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14335: 14330: 14326: 14322: 14318: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14277: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14244: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14213: 14207: 14203: 14198: 14194: 14190: 14186: 14184:87-7876-177-8 14180: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14163: 14159: 14157:0-415-94052-4 14153: 14149: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14107: 14092: 14088: 14082: 14078: 14075:. Edinburgh: 14071: 14070: 14064: 14060: 14058:0-8240-4787-7 14054: 14050: 14046: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14003:0-7486-0863-X 13999: 13995: 13991: 13986: 13982: 13975: 13970: 13966: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13945: 13939: 13935: 13930: 13926: 13924:0-85323-036-6 13920: 13916: 13913:. Liverpool: 13912: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13894: 13889: 13885: 13881: 13875: 13871: 13866: 13862: 13856: 13852: 13847: 13843: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13819: 13813: 13807: 13803: 13801:0-19-822154-1 13797: 13793: 13788: 13784: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13765: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13742: 13737: 13733: 13727: 13720: 13719: 13713: 13698: 13694: 13692:0-9505994-2-5 13688: 13684: 13677: 13672: 13668: 13666:0-903521-16-4 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13604: 13600: 13598:9781135951429 13594: 13590: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13525: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13507: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13473: 13457: 13456: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13437: 13421: 13420: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13405:9781118396957 13401: 13397: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13380: 13376: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13353: 13349: 13347:1-85182-974-1 13343: 13339: 13334: 13330: 13328:0-415-94052-4 13324: 13320: 13315: 13311: 13309:0-511-03855-0 13305: 13301: 13296: 13292: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13252: 13250:0-7524-1974-9 13246: 13242: 13238: 13233: 13218: 13214: 13212:0-9535226-2-8 13208: 13204: 13197: 13192: 13188: 13186:1-85182-489-8 13182: 13178: 13174: 13169: 13165: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13105: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13074: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13012: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12994: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12973:. Cambridge: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12961:9781527205840 12957: 12953: 12949: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12926: 12922: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12899: 12895: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12859: 12855: 12853:0-415-94052-4 12849: 12845: 12840: 12836: 12832: 12828: 12826:1-84383-072-8 12822: 12818: 12814: 12810: 12809:Gillingham, J 12805: 12801: 12795: 12791: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12773: 12772:10107/1082967 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12737: 12735:1-85109-445-8 12731: 12727: 12722: 12707: 12703: 12701:0-9535226-2-8 12697: 12693: 12686: 12681: 12677: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12617: 12613: 12608: 12604: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12580: 12574: 12568: 12564: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12540: 12534: 12528: 12524: 12522:0-7185-1197-2 12518: 12514: 12510: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12472: 12466: 12462: 12460:0-9505994-6-8 12456: 12452: 12448: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12410: 12406: 12404:1-85109-445-8 12400: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12374:0-7083-1627-1 12370: 12366: 12362: 12357: 12353: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12321: 12317: 12311: 12307: 12302: 12298: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12279: 12275: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12217: 12213: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12183: 12179: 12177:3-484-40138-9 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12143: 12137: 12133: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12109: 12103: 12097: 12093: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11873: 11872: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11847: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11825: 11819: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11736:Stevenson, WH 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11720: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11697: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11634: 11630: 11629: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11614: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11584: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11562: 11556: 11552: 11551: 11546: 11545:Livingston, W 11542: 11538: 11537: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11452:0-313-29567-0 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11427: 11421: 11417: 11416:Henry G. Bohn 11413: 11409: 11408: 11402: 11398: 11392: 11388: 11383: 11379: 11373: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11355: 11354:Elrington, CR 11351: 11347: 11343: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11292: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11272:0-19-822235-1 11268: 11264: 11259: 11258: 11251: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11119: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11025: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10894: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10847: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10827: 10826: 10807: 10800: 10793: 10789: 10784: 10777: 10773: 10770:pp. 175–176; 10769: 10765: 10760: 10753: 10748: 10741: 10736: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10692: 10685: 10681: 10676: 10669: 10668:Murray (2005) 10665: 10660: 10653: 10649: 10644: 10637: 10632: 10630: 10622: 10617: 10610: 10609:Lowery (1940) 10605: 10598: 10595:pp. 78, 170; 10594: 10589: 10582: 10577: 10570: 10566: 10561: 10554: 10550: 10549:Lowery (1940) 10546: 10541: 10534: 10529: 10523:pp. 413, 437. 10522: 10517: 10510: 10505: 10499:p. 89 n. 101. 10498: 10493: 10486: 10481: 10474: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10460: 10452: 10448: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10431: 10426: 10419: 10415: 10414:Malone (2001) 10411: 10406: 10399: 10395: 10390: 10383: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10360: 10355: 10348: 10346: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10316: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10296: 10289: 10286:pp. 104–105; 10285: 10280: 10273: 10270:p. 53 n. 11; 10269: 10265: 10260: 10253: 10248: 10241: 10238:pp. 104–105; 10237: 10233: 10228: 10222:p. 190 n. 15. 10221: 10220:Sellar (2000) 10217: 10212: 10205: 10200: 10198: 10190: 10185: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10165:Duffy (2004a) 10162: 10158: 10155:pp. 77, 170; 10154: 10150: 10147:pp. 61, 169; 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10122: 10117: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10093:Byrne (2008c) 10090: 10088: 10083: 10081: 10075: 10068: 10065:p. 102 n. 9; 10064: 10060: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10041: 10040:Rixson (2001) 10037: 10032: 10025: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10004: 10000: 9999:Clancy (2006) 9995: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9979:Clancy (2006) 9976: 9971: 9964: 9960: 9959:Sellar (2004) 9956: 9955:Duffy (2004a) 9952: 9947: 9940: 9936: 9935:Duffy (2002a) 9932: 9931:Duffy (2004a) 9928: 9924: 9919: 9913:p. 56 n. 204. 9912: 9908: 9907:Duffy (1993a) 9904: 9899: 9892: 9887: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9867:Duffy (1993a) 9864: 9859: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9843:Duffy (2002a) 9840: 9835: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9819:Duffy (2002a) 9816: 9815:Duffy (2004a) 9812: 9807: 9800: 9799:Duffy (2004a) 9796: 9791: 9784: 9781:pp. 148–149; 9780: 9776: 9771: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9751:Duffy (2004a) 9748: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9711: 9704: 9699: 9692: 9687: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9663: 9656: 9651: 9644: 9642: 9637: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9618: 9614: 9613:Duffy (1993a) 9610: 9605: 9598: 9594: 9593:Duffy (1993a) 9590: 9586: 9585:McLeod (2002) 9582: 9581:Duffy (2002a) 9578: 9574: 9572: 9567: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9548: 9544: 9543:Duffy (1993a) 9540: 9539:Duffy (2002a) 9535: 9533: 9525: 9523: 9518: 9514: 9513:McLeod (2002) 9510: 9506: 9504: 9499: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9480: 9479:Candon (1988) 9476: 9472: 9467: 9460: 9455: 9448: 9444: 9442: 9437: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9418: 9417:Duffy (1993b) 9414: 9413:Duffy (1993a) 9410: 9406: 9402: 9401:Duffy (2002a) 9398: 9393: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9377:Duffy (1993a) 9374: 9370: 9369:Sellar (2000) 9366: 9365:Duffy (2002a) 9362: 9361:Duffy (2004a) 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9330: 9329:Murphy (1896) 9326: 9322: 9318: 9317:Candon (1988) 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9300: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9285: 9280: 9276: 9274: 9269: 9267: 9262: 9260: 9255: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9227:Candon (1988) 9224: 9220: 9219:Duffy (2002a) 9216: 9215:Duffy (2004a) 9212: 9208: 9205:pp. 100–101; 9204: 9200: 9196: 9194: 9189: 9187: 9181: 9174: 9170: 9165: 9158: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9127: 9122: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9098: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9078:Byrne (2008a) 9074: 9067: 9064:pp. 234–235; 9063: 9058: 9051: 9050:Duffy (1993b) 9047: 9046:Duffy (1993a) 9043: 9040:pp. 234–235; 9039: 9035: 9032:pp. 907–909; 9031: 9026: 9019: 9015: 9014:Duffy (1993b) 9011: 9010:Byrne (2008b) 9006: 8999: 8997: 8992: 8990: 8985: 8983: 8977: 8970: 8965: 8958: 8954: 8952: 8947: 8945: 8939: 8932: 8931:Murphy (1896) 8928: 8925:pp. 107–108; 8924: 8920: 8919:Duffy (1993a) 8916: 8912: 8908: 8907:Duffy (2002a) 8904: 8900: 8897:pp. 234–235; 8896: 8892: 8888: 8886: 8882:pp. 907–909; 8881: 8877: 8875: 8870: 8868: 8863: 8861: 8856: 8854: 8849: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8830: 8825: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8764: 8758: 8751: 8747: 8745: 8740: 8736: 8733:pp. 120–121; 8732: 8727: 8725: 8717: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8645: 8641: 8636: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8620:Turvey (2002) 8617: 8612: 8605: 8602:pp. 445–447; 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8588:Turvey (2002) 8585: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8570: 8563:p. 607 n. 74. 8562: 8557: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8534: 8529: 8522: 8518: 8513: 8506: 8502: 8499:pp. 606–607; 8498: 8494: 8489: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8446: 8441: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8415:p. 607 n. 70. 8414: 8409: 8402: 8399:pp. 237–238; 8398: 8397:Duffy (1993a) 8394: 8389: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8366: 8365:Candon (1988) 8362: 8358: 8354: 8351:p. 79 n. 26; 8350: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8330: 8326: 8325:Candon (1988) 8322: 8318: 8314: 8311:pp. 237–238; 8310: 8309:Duffy (1993a) 8306: 8303:pp. 606–607; 8302: 8299:p. 79 n. 26; 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8266: 8262: 8261:Duffy (1993a) 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8221: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8175: 8174:Candon (1988) 8171: 8167: 8166:Duffy (1993a) 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8150:Duffy (2004b) 8147: 8142: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8126:Duffy (1993a) 8123: 8119: 8115: 8114:Duffy (2004b) 8111: 8106: 8099: 8095: 8094:Duffy (1993a) 8091: 8087: 8086:Duffy (2004b) 8083: 8078: 8071: 8070:Candon (1988) 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8046:Duffy (2004b) 8043: 8038: 8031: 8026: 8019: 8014: 8007: 8005: 8000: 7998: 7992: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7956: 7949: 7946:pp. 171–172; 7945: 7941: 7940:Abrams (2007) 7936: 7929: 7925: 7922:pp. 171–172; 7921: 7916: 7910:p. 129 n. 52. 7909: 7904: 7897: 7894:pp. 266–268; 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7878:pp. 904–905; 7877: 7873: 7868: 7862:p. 102 n. 45. 7861: 7858:pp. 149–150; 7857: 7854:pp. 172–173; 7853: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7833: 7828: 7826: 7819:p. 102 n. 45. 7818: 7815:pp. 172–173; 7814: 7810: 7808: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7750: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7703: 7698: 7696: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7653:pp. 184–185; 7652: 7651:Abrams (2007) 7647: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7627:Wilson (2008) 7623: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7605:pp. 108–109; 7604: 7600: 7596: 7593:pp. 184–185; 7592: 7591:Abrams (2007) 7588: 7583: 7576: 7571: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7549:pp. 108, 110. 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7508: 7507:Wilson (2001) 7503: 7496: 7491: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7449: 7441: 7436: 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7400: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7361: 7356: 7350:p. 105 n. 60. 7349: 7345: 7341: 7336: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7310:pp. 196, 229. 7309: 7305: 7304:Candon (1988) 7301: 7297: 7296:Duffy (1993a) 7293: 7292:Duffy (2002a) 7289: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7238:p. 105 n. 61. 7237: 7233: 7229: 7228:Duffy (2002a) 7225: 7220: 7213: 7212:Candon (1988) 7208: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7152:Candon (1988) 7149: 7145: 7141: 7140:Duffy (2002a) 7137: 7133: 7129: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7085: 7077: 7076:Candon (1988) 7074:p. 99 n. 32; 7073: 7069: 7065: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7050: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7021: 7016: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7001: 6994: 6991:pp. 233–234; 6990: 6985: 6978: 6977:Rixson (1982) 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6950: 6949:Rixson (1982) 6946: 6941: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6921:Duffy (1993a) 6918: 6913: 6906: 6905:Rixson (1982) 6902: 6899:pp. 233–234; 6898: 6894: 6889: 6882: 6878: 6877:Rixson (1982) 6874: 6870: 6869:Duffy (1993a) 6866: 6862: 6859:pp. 233–234; 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6821:French (2015) 6817: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6727:Candon (1988) 6723: 6716: 6715:Candon (1988) 6712: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6690: 6689:Candon (1988) 6686: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6671: 6664: 6663:Candon (1988) 6660: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6646: 6644: 6639: 6637: 6631: 6624: 6623:Candon (1988) 6620: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6539:pp. 254–255; 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6510: 6509:Duffy (1993a) 6506: 6505:Duffy (2002b) 6502: 6501:Duffy (2002a) 6498: 6493: 6486: 6482: 6479:pp. 402–403; 6478: 6477:Candon (1988) 6474: 6470: 6469:Duffy (1993a) 6466: 6465:Duffy (2002b) 6462: 6461:Duffy (2002a) 6458: 6453: 6446: 6445:Candon (1988) 6442: 6438: 6437:Duffy (1993a) 6434: 6430: 6429:Duffy (2002a) 6426: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6413: 6407: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6391:Candon (1988) 6388: 6384: 6383:Duffy (1993a) 6380: 6376: 6375:Duffy (2002a) 6372: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6355: 6349: 6342: 6341:Wilson (1973) 6338: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6301:Wilson (1973) 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6276:p. 57 fig. 9. 6275: 6271: 6270:Cubbon (1952) 6267: 6266:Rixson (1982) 6263: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6246:Wilson (2001) 6243: 6242:Wilson (2008) 6238: 6231: 6230:Wilson (2001) 6228:pp. 385–388; 6227: 6226:Wilson (2008) 6222: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6146:Karras (1993) 6143: 6139: 6136:pp. 146–147; 6135: 6132:pp. 199–200; 6131: 6126: 6119: 6116:pp. 146–147; 6115: 6112:pp. 199–200; 6111: 6106: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6076:pp. 61, 218; 6075: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6044:pp. 232–233; 6043: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5966: 5963:pp. 100–101; 5962: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5901:Duffy (1993a) 5898: 5897:Duffy (2002a) 5895:pp. 100–101; 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5789:Duffy (1993a) 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5763:pp. 168–169; 5762: 5761:Barlow (2013) 5757: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5737:Duffy (1993a) 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5707:pp. 168–169; 5706: 5705:Barlow (2013) 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5671:pp. 164–165; 5670: 5666: 5665:Duffy (1993a) 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5629:Barlow (2013) 5626: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5588:Abrams (2012) 5584: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560:Byrne (2008a) 5556: 5549: 5544: 5538:p. 106 n. 67. 5537: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5514:p. 35 n. 20; 5513: 5512:Duffy (1993a) 5510:p. 56 n. 10; 5509: 5508:Duffy (2002a) 5505: 5502:p. 77 n. 31; 5501: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5464:Duffy (1993a) 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448:Sellar (2000) 5445: 5444:Duffy (2002a) 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5417: 5416:Duffy (1993a) 5413: 5409: 5408:Duffy (2002a) 5405: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5360:Candon (1988) 5357: 5353: 5352:Duffy (1993a) 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5324:Candon (2006) 5321: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5277:Candon (1988) 5274: 5270: 5269:Duffy (1993a) 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253:Candon (2006) 5249: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5158:Candon (2006) 5155: 5150: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5114:Duffy (1993a) 5111: 5107: 5106:Duffy (2002a) 5102: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5079: 5078:Duffy (1993a) 5075: 5071: 5070:Duffy (2002a) 5067: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5043: 5042:Duffy (1993a) 5039: 5038:Duffy (2002a) 5035: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4994:Duffy (2002a) 4991: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4890:Sawyer (1982) 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4785:Candon (1988) 4783:p. 35 n. 20; 4782: 4781:Duffy (1993a) 4778: 4777:Duffy (2002a) 4774: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4705:p. 64 n. 34; 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4680: 4679:Candon (1988) 4676: 4673:p. 35 n. 20; 4672: 4671:Duffy (1993a) 4669:p. 33 n. 23; 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4625:p. 35 n. 20; 4624: 4623:Duffy (1993a) 4620: 4619:Duffy (2002a) 4616: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4483:Duffy (2004a) 4480: 4475: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4423:Duffy (2002a) 4420: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4391:Sellar (2000) 4388: 4387:Duffy (2004a) 4384: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4361:p. 33 n. 24; 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351:Sellar (2000) 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4317:p. 35 n. 18; 4316: 4315:Duffy (1993a) 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303:Sellar (2000) 4300: 4299:Duffy (2002a) 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4267:Sellar (2000) 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4247:Duffy (2004a) 4244: 4241:pp. 232–233; 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4201:pp. 136, 171. 4200: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4153:Duffy (1993a) 4150: 4149:Duffy (2002a) 4146: 4145:Duffy (2004a) 4143:p. 62 n. 18; 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4117:Duffy (1993a) 4114: 4110: 4109:Duffy (2002a) 4106: 4102: 4101:Duffy (2004a) 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4066: 4065:Duffy (1993a) 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053:Duffy (2002a) 4050: 4049:Duffy (2004a) 4046: 4042: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3978:p. 35 n. 18; 3977: 3976:Duffy (1993a) 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3960:Sellar (2000) 3957: 3956:Duffy (2002a) 3953: 3952:Duffy (2004a) 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3924:Duffy (2004a) 3920: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3805:Duffy (1993a) 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781:Duffy (2002a) 3778: 3774: 3773:Duffy (2004a) 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733:Duffy (2002b) 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3642: 3641:Candon (1988) 3638: 3637:Duffy (1993a) 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3609:Wilson (2001) 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597:Duffy (2002b) 3594: 3593:Duffy (2002a) 3590: 3586: 3585:Duffy (2004a) 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474:Sellar (2000) 3471: 3466: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430:Duffy (2004a) 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335:Duffy (1993a) 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307:Duffy (2002b) 3304: 3303:Duffy (2002a) 3300: 3296: 3295:Duffy (2004a) 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3251:McLeod (2002) 3247: 3245: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3220: 3219:Candon (1988) 3215: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196:Candon (1988) 3193: 3189: 3188:Duffy (1993a) 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164:Wilson (2001) 3161: 3157: 3153: 3152:Duffy (2002b) 3149: 3148:Duffy (2002a) 3145: 3141: 3137: 3136:Duffy (2004a) 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108:Abrams (2007) 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052:Sellar (2000) 3048: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2991:pp. 112–113; 2990: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2903:Gaelicisation 2899: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2819:there in 740. 2818: 2812: 2803: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2783:According to 2780: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2724: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2582: 2572: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2444:" (the Welsh 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:Guðrøð Crovan 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281:Godred Crowan 2278: 2274: 2273:Godred Crovan 2270: 2269:Godred cróvan 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178:Wilbert Awdry 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070:William Blake 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2052:Godred Crovan 2049: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Dùn Ghùaidhre 1965: 1964:Dùn Ghùaidhre 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1922:; another is 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1828:Manx folklore 1824: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1792: 1778: 1764: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1693: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1624: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1587: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1418:Welsh Marches 1414: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1238:episcopal see 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1208:Gilla Pátraic 1204: 1203:ardespoc Gall 1199: 1195: 1191: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:Solway region 1093: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1041: 1027: 1018: 1015: 1014:North Channel 1010: 1006: 1005: 999: 993: 988: 983: 982: 976: 972: 971: 965: 964:Clyde estuary 956: 950: 946: 944: 940: 936: 935:Baltic region 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 879: 875: 871: 869: 864: 860: 855: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 821: 817: 807: 803: 789: 775: 761: 758: 754: 750: 745: 740: 735: 732: 731: 725: 721: 711: 707: 703: 701: 700:insurrections 697: 693: 689: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 659: 656: 652: 651:British Isles 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 621: 617: 607: 598: 584: 582: 578: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 534: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 496: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 462: 456: 450: 444: 438: 432: 426: 421: 416: 410: 404: 398: 392: 386: 381: 377: 368: 363: 362: 356: 352: 349: 344: 340: 335: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 313:"Harallt Ddu" 310: 306: 302: 297: 292: 291: 285: 280: 279: 274: 265: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198:Clyde estuary 195: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 147:Godred Crovan 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 118: 114: 111: 107: 104: 102: 98: 94: 89: 85: 82: 77: 73: 67: 62: 61: 56: 50: 45: 42: 38: 35:Godred Crovan 33: 27: 19: 18219:Middle Irish 18135: 18123: 18098:Darraðarljóð 18096: 18089: 18049:Old Scatness 17867:Caittil Find 17821:Isabel Bruce 17637:Óspakr-Hákon 17603:13th century 17547:12th century 17517: 17441:11th century 17398:10th century 17233:12th century 17211: 17206:Muirchertach 17196:Muirchertach 17149:11th century 17100:Sitric Cáech 17093:10th century 16855: 16827: 16800: 16765: 16761: 16722: 16703: 16694: 16690: 16671: 16652: 16633: 16611: 16595:. Retrieved 16585: 16570: 16566: 16533: 16510: 16477: 16473: 16445: 16422: 16395: 16381: 16360:. Retrieved 16346: 16321: 16312: 16308: 16282: 16250: 16225: 16192: 16188: 16169: 16146: 16124: 16103:. Retrieved 16089: 16066: 16060: 16020: 16014: 15973: 15967: 15948: 15924:23 September 15922:. Retrieved 15917: 15907:Ó Corráin, D 15895:. Retrieved 15890:the original 15873: 15849: 15822: 15785: 15781: 15762: 15743: 15719: 15713: 15687: 15660: 15641: 15617: 15611: 15594: 15590: 15555: 15520: 15489: 15470: 15451: 15432: 15413: 15394: 15371: 15348: 15329: 15278: 15274: 15258:. Retrieved 15251:the original 15238: 15234: 15208: 15189: 15173: 15146: 15116:(1): 64–85. 15113: 15109: 15099: 15072: 15042: 15009: 15003: 14976: 14954: 14935: 14894: 14888: 14878:Kermode, PMC 14859: 14840: 14823: 14817: 14798: 14763: 14759: 14732: 14718:– via 14697: 14664: 14640:24 September 14638:. Retrieved 14633: 14606:24 September 14604:. Retrieved 14599: 14577: 14558: 14538:. Retrieved 14524: 14498:. Retrieved 14484: 14466:. Retrieved 14461:the original 14436: 14416: 14397: 14378: 14337: 14333: 14284: 14280: 14247: 14241: 14216: 14210: 14201: 14170: 14147: 14114: 14110: 14098:. Retrieved 14091:the original 14068: 14044: 14019: 14015: 13989: 13980: 13951:(1): 21–35. 13948: 13942: 13933: 13910: 13892: 13869: 13850: 13830:. Retrieved 13816: 13791: 13772: 13751: 13747: 13717: 13706:24 September 13704:. Retrieved 13697:the original 13682: 13652: 13611: 13607: 13588: 13562:. Retrieved 13557: 13528:. Retrieved 13523: 13494:. Retrieved 13489: 13460:. Retrieved 13453: 13424:. Retrieved 13417: 13383: 13360: 13337: 13318: 13299: 13279:. Retrieved 13265: 13236: 13226:24 September 13224:. Retrieved 13217:the original 13202: 13176: 13141: 13108: 13102: 13080:(4): 13–18. 13077: 13071: 13048: 13015: 13009: 12970: 12951: 12920: 12893: 12862: 12843: 12812: 12789: 12754: 12748: 12725: 12713:. Retrieved 12706:the original 12691: 12661: 12640: 12619: 12615: 12591:. Retrieved 12577: 12551:. Retrieved 12537: 12508: 12475: 12469: 12450: 12413: 12390: 12364: 12337: 12328: 12305: 12286: 12263: 12260:Ó Cróinín, D 12218:(1): 63–82. 12215: 12211: 12203:the original 12190: 12159: 12156:"Kirk Malew" 12146: 12140: 12120:. Retrieved 12106: 12081: 12068: 12064: 12051: 12029: 12017: 12006:. Retrieved 12002:the original 11997: 11993: 11956: 11952: 11920:(1): 17–38. 11917: 11911: 11876: 11845: 11841:Vigfusson, G 11823: 11810:. Retrieved 11805: 11790:. Retrieved 11785: 11772:13 September 11770:. Retrieved 11765: 11739: 11718: 11695: 11668:. Retrieved 11663: 11638: 11627: 11618:Manx Society 11612: 11582: 11560: 11549: 11535: 11516: 11506: 11477:. Retrieved 11472: 11438: 11425: 11406: 11386: 11362: 11345: 11339: 11325: 11295:. Retrieved 11291:the original 11284: 11256: 11242:. Retrieved 11237: 11213: 11209:Campbell, JF 11200: 11174:. Retrieved 11169: 11140:. Retrieved 11135: 11106:. Retrieved 11097: 11084:13 September 11082:. Retrieved 11077: 11064:13 September 11062:. Retrieved 11057: 11042:. Retrieved 11031: 11018:27 September 11016:. Retrieved 11011: 10998:13 September 10996:. Retrieved 10991: 10976:. Retrieved 10971: 10956:. Retrieved 10951: 10936:. Retrieved 10931: 10916:. Retrieved 10905: 10892: 10850: 10844: 10834: 10830:Anderson, AO 10805: 10799: 10783: 10778:pp. 147–150. 10768:Whyte (1991) 10759: 10754:p. 53 n. 10. 10747: 10735: 10715: 10710:pp. 175–180. 10691: 10675: 10659: 10643: 10636:Groom (2007) 10621:Groom (2007) 10616: 10604: 10593:Damon (2013) 10588: 10576: 10560: 10555:pp. 425–428. 10545:Damon (2013) 10540: 10528: 10516: 10504: 10492: 10480: 10470: 10425: 10405: 10394:Woolf (2005) 10389: 10379: 10366: 10354: 10344: 10336:Swift (1987) 10315: 10295: 10290:p. 53 n. 11. 10279: 10272:Train (1845) 10259: 10247: 10242:p. 53 n. 11. 10227: 10211: 10184: 10161:Woolf (2005) 10149:Duffy (2006) 10128: 10121:Duffy (2006) 10116: 10105:Woolf (2005) 10097:Woolf (2007) 10086: 10079: 10074: 10067:Woolf (2005) 10056: 10047: 10036:Woolf (2005) 10031: 10024:Woolf (2005) 9994: 9987:Woolf (2001) 9970: 9963:Woolf (2001) 9946: 9939:Duffy (1992) 9925:pp. 59, 88; 9918: 9898: 9886: 9879:Skene (1867) 9858: 9853:pp. 110–113. 9851:Duffy (1992) 9834: 9829:pp. 108–110. 9827:Duffy (1992) 9806: 9790: 9783:Power (1986) 9770: 9763:Duffy (1997) 9734: 9710: 9698: 9691:Megaw (1976) 9686: 9681:pp. 136–137. 9675:Duffy (1992) 9662: 9655:Power (2005) 9650: 9640: 9633: 9629:Woolf (2018) 9624: 9617:Duffy (1992) 9604: 9597:Duffy (1992) 9587:p. 27 n. 2; 9570: 9563: 9554: 9547:Duffy (1992) 9521: 9517:Duffy (1992) 9515:p. 27 n. 2; 9502: 9495: 9486: 9466: 9454: 9449:pp. 57, 263. 9440: 9433: 9424: 9392: 9381:Swift (1987) 9359:178 n. 172; 9336: 9321:Power (1986) 9298: 9294:Duffy (2006) 9283: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9242: 9231:Power (1986) 9192: 9185: 9180: 9175:pp. 100–103. 9164: 9154: 9145: 9133: 9121: 9116:p. 51 n. 64. 9106:Kenny (2008) 9097: 9082:Duffy (2005) 9073: 9057: 9034:Duffy (2005) 9025: 9005: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8976: 8964: 8950: 8943: 8938: 8923:Duffy (1992) 8884: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8852: 8845: 8836: 8824: 8817:Pryce (2004) 8812: 8801:Mason (2012) 8796: 8791:pp. 140–143. 8781:Lewis (1996) 8772: 8762: 8757: 8743: 8701:pp. 138–139. 8695:Wyatt (2009) 8691:Wyatt (2018) 8676:Wyatt (2009) 8672:Wyatt (2018) 8667: 8651: 8644:Lewis (1996) 8640:Pryce (2004) 8635: 8624:Lewis (1996) 8616:Pryce (2004) 8611: 8606:pp. 280–286. 8592:Lewis (1996) 8584:Pryce (2004) 8580:Wyatt (2009) 8576:Wyatt (2018) 8561:Wyatt (1999) 8556: 8549:Lewis (1996) 8545:Wyatt (1999) 8540: 8533:Wyatt (1999) 8528: 8521:Lewis (1996) 8517:Wyatt (1999) 8512: 8501:Lewis (1996) 8497:Wyatt (1999) 8493:Pryce (2004) 8488: 8483:pp. 136–137. 8479:pp. 40, 72; 8477:Evans (1990) 8452: 8445:Maund (1993) 8440: 8435:pp. 136–137. 8431:pp. 40, 72; 8429:Evans (1990) 8420: 8413:Wyatt (1999) 8408: 8401:Maund (1993) 8393:Wyatt (1999) 8388: 8383:p. 79 n. 26. 8376: 8361:Evans (1990) 8357:Duffy (1992) 8336: 8331:pp. 136–137. 8323:pp. 40, 72; 8321:Evans (1990) 8317:Duffy (1992) 8313:Maund (1993) 8301:Wyatt (1999) 8289:Pryce (2004) 8272: 8265:Maund (1993) 8253:Lewis (1996) 8249:Wyatt (1999) 8245:Pryce (2004) 8240: 8235:pp. 136–139. 8229:Lloyd (1912) 8225:Pryce (2004) 8201: 8181: 8176:pp. 409–410. 8158:Wyatt (1999) 8141: 8136:pp. 102–105. 8118:Wyatt (1999) 8105: 8100:pp. 102–103. 8077: 8058:Wyatt (1999) 8050:Pryce (2004) 8037: 8025: 8018:Wyatt (1999) 8013: 8003: 7996: 7991: 7986:pp. 114–115. 7972:Woolf (2003) 7967: 7955: 7944:Woolf (2003) 7935: 7930:pp. 114–115. 7920:Woolf (2003) 7915: 7908:Woolf (2018) 7903: 7884:Duffy (1992) 7867: 7860:Duffy (1992) 7852:Woolf (2003) 7839: 7834:pp. 172–173. 7832:Woolf (2003) 7817:Duffy (1992) 7813:Woolf (2003) 7806: 7799: 7795:Woolf (2018) 7790: 7785:pp. 172–173. 7783:Woolf (2003) 7775:Woolf (2018) 7770: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7741: 7713: 7687:Woolf (2003) 7682: 7677:pp. 112–113. 7673:p. 95 n. 1; 7667:Swift (1987) 7659:Woolf (2003) 7646: 7635:Woolf (2003) 7622: 7617:pp. 112–113. 7613:p. 95 n. 1; 7607:Swift (1987) 7599:Woolf (2003) 7589:pp. 11, 52; 7582: 7570: 7554: 7542: 7530: 7518: 7511:Freke (1990) 7502: 7495:Freke (2002) 7490: 7485:pp. 112–115. 7471:Freke (2002) 7466: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7399: 7383: 7374:pp. 44, 90; 7367: 7360:Duffy (2006) 7355: 7348:Duffy (1992) 7335: 7328:Duffy (1992) 7320:Duffy (2005) 7315: 7308:Dobbs (1931) 7300:Duffy (1992) 7279: 7272:Duffy (1992) 7259: 7243: 7236:Duffy (1992) 7219: 7214:pp. 403–403. 7207: 7192:Duffy (2006) 7183: 7159: 7154:pp. 403–403. 7148:Duffy (1992) 7132:Duffy (2006) 7125: 7114: 7072:Duffy (1992) 7061: 7054: 7049: 7029: 7019: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6984: 6968: 6956: 6945:Cowan (1991) 6940: 6928: 6917:Duffy (1999) 6912: 6888: 6873:Cowan (1991) 6865:Duffy (1999) 6855:pp. 46, 52; 6840: 6828: 6816: 6781: 6774:Duffy (1997) 6769: 6757: 6729:p. 401 n. 8. 6722: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6616: 6609: 6604: 6593:Duffy (2009) 6589:Duffy (2017) 6584: 6565:Woolf (2018) 6560: 6548: 6520: 6513:Duffy (1992) 6492: 6473:Duffy (1992) 6452: 6441:Duffy (1992) 6422: 6411: 6406: 6387:Duffy (1992) 6368: 6353: 6348: 6328: 6308: 6253: 6237: 6221: 6210:Freke (1990) 6205: 6189: 6177: 6153: 6125: 6105: 6061: 6050:Woolf (2001) 6033: 6009: 5976: 5961:Woolf (2004) 5948: 5921:Duffy (2006) 5915:pp. 46, 48; 5908: 5893:Woolf (2004) 5885:Duffy (2006) 5879:pp. 11, 48; 5872: 5852: 5841:Woolf (2004) 5833:Duffy (2006) 5824: 5817:Woolf (2004) 5809:Duffy (2006) 5804: 5791:p. 6 n. 25; 5781:Duffy (1995) 5756: 5751:pp. 224–227. 5739:p. 6 n. 25; 5729:Duffy (1995) 5713:Wyatt (2009) 5709:Duffy (2009) 5701:Wyatt (2018) 5688: 5669:Maund (1993) 5657:Duffy (1995) 5633:Wyatt (2009) 5625:Wyatt (2018) 5612: 5605:Duffy (2006) 5583: 5568:Woolf (2004) 5555: 5550:p. 77 n. 31. 5543: 5536:Duffy (1992) 5531: 5526:p. 196 § 51. 5522:p. 16 n. 4; 5516:Duffy (1992) 5495: 5490:pp. 210–211. 5483: 5468:Duffy (1992) 5440:Woolf (2004) 5434:pp. 51, 61; 5432:Duffy (2006) 5427: 5420:Duffy (1992) 5399: 5387: 5367: 5356:Duffy (1992) 5328:Duffy (2006) 5305:Duffy (1992) 5289:Duffy (2006) 5284: 5273:Duffy (1992) 5248: 5214:Duffy (2006) 5209: 5198:Duffy (1992) 5181: 5174:Duffy (1992) 5149: 5130:Duffy (2006) 5125: 5120:pp. 100–101. 5118:Duffy (1992) 5101: 5089: 5082:Duffy (1992) 5058:Duffy (2006) 5053: 5046:Duffy (1992) 5026:Duffy (2006) 5021: 5014:Duffy (1992) 5009: 5002:Duffy (1992) 4981: 4974:Duffy (1992) 4969: 4957: 4945: 4925: 4909: 4897: 4878:Heald (2007) 4869: 4849: 4842:Duffy (2006) 4837: 4830:Megaw (1976) 4826:Duffy (2006) 4821: 4814:Woolf (2004) 4796: 4789: 4779:p. 56 n. 9; 4773:Duffy (2006) 4764: 4754: 4747: 4743:Duffy (2006) 4734: 4714: 4701:p. 46 n. 5; 4690: 4683:Megaw (1976) 4675:Duffy (1992) 4659:Duffy (2006) 4642: 4633:p. 18 n. 1; 4621:p. 56 n. 9; 4615:Duffy (2006) 4610: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4569: 4553: 4548:p. 95 n. 74. 4541: 4529: 4494: 4474: 4455:Duffy (2006) 4450: 4443:Duffy (2006) 4434: 4425:p. 55 n. 8; 4415:Duffy (2006) 4406: 4383:Duffy (2006) 4374: 4343:Duffy (2006) 4334: 4319:Duffy (1992) 4301:p. 55 n. 8; 4291:Duffy (2006) 4282: 4275:Duffy (1992) 4259:Woolf (2001) 4251:Woolf (2004) 4231:Duffy (2006) 4218: 4206: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4173:Woolf (2004) 4168: 4157:Duffy (1992) 4135:p. 27 n. 4; 4128: 4121:Duffy (1992) 4105:Woolf (2004) 4095:pp. 53, 60; 4093:Duffy (2006) 4076: 4071:pp. 106–107. 4069:Duffy (1992) 4038: 4034:Duffy (2006) 4023: 4018: 4011:Duffy (2006) 3980:Duffy (1992) 3958:p. 55 n. 8; 3944:Duffy (2006) 3931: 3919: 3907: 3891: 3855: 3843: 3827: 3793:Duffy (1997) 3785:Duffy (1999) 3777:Woolf (2004) 3752: 3728: 3716: 3705:Woolf (2004) 3701:Woolf (2005) 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3645:Swift (1987) 3625:Duffy (1997) 3613:Duffy (1999) 3532: 3520: 3513:Woolf (2003) 3498:Wyatt (1999) 3493: 3486:Cowan (1991) 3465: 3458:Power (1986) 3453: 3426:Power (2005) 3381: 3350: 3319:Duffy (1999) 3299:Woolf (2004) 3291:Woolf (2005) 3258: 3204:Power (1986) 3200:Swift (1987) 3168:Duffy (1999) 3140:Woolf (2003) 3132:Power (2005) 3071: 3064:Cowan (1991) 3056:Wyatt (1999) 3047: 3020: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2956: 2929: 2920: 2891: 2878: 2869: 2858: 2849: 2835: 2824: 2811: 2802: 2784: 2779: 2771: 2758: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2702: 2674: 2660: 2655: 2614: 2591: 2581: 2571: 2554: 2545: 2520: 2413: 2404: 2377: 2365: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2190:narrow gauge 2167: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2123: 2120:Fin as Oshin 2119: 2115:Fin as Oshin 2114: 2109:existing in 2099:Fin as Oshin 2098: 2096: 2079: 2073: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2045: 1986:Clac an Righ 1969: 1899:Scandinavian 1870: 1835: 1808: 1805:Manx history 1802: 1746: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1710: 1653: 1633: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1569: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1519:The name of 1506: 1490: 1477:The name of 1461: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1412: 1409: 1396: 1392: 1372: 1370: 1341: 1331: 1325: 1301: 1298: 1284: 1279:The name of 1255:Anglo-Norman 1247:Anglo-Norman 1234: 1218: 1197: 1187: 1181: 1143: 1137: 1089: 1082:Skuldelev II 1081: 1071: 1055:Skuldelev II 1053: 1002: 981:Macc Congail 968: 961: 938: 883: 819: 815: 813: 736: 717: 704: 684: 675:Anglo-Norman 629: 627: 561: 546: 538:power vacuum 531: 501: 420:Irish annals 375: 373: 359: 317:"Ifor Gamle" 316: 312: 308: 304: 288: 276: 270: 238: 214: 183: 163:Norse-Gaelic 158: 154: 150: 146: 145: 137: 58: 40: 26: 18425:1095 deaths 18336:Vestrajǫrðr 18311:Isle of Man 17987:Archaeology 17887:Olvir Rosta 17367:9th century 17006:9th century 16305:Sellar, WDH 16195:: 328–345. 16143:Richards, J 15854:John Donald 15788:: 354–377. 15722:: 124–140. 15012:: 163–187. 14766:: 123–149. 14500:16 February 14334:Medium Ævum 14117:: 111–160. 13888:Freeman, EA 13614:: 145–187. 13564:21 November 13530:21 November 13496:21 November 13462:21 November 13426:16 November 13357:Stafford, P 13111:: 378–396. 12478:(1): 1–13. 12283:Cosgrove, A 12054:. 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London: 16374:required.) 16285:. London: 16279:Sawyer, PH 16117:required.) 15638:Martin, FX 15260:5 December 15075:. London: 15069:Lindsay, J 14973:Kostick, C 14678:1842/15749 14552:required.) 14540:3 November 14512:required.) 14219:: 92–100. 14167:Hansen, MH 14100:5 December 13844:required.) 13832:3 November 13655:. London: 13293:required.) 13239:. Stroud: 13062:2262/77137 13018:: 93–133. 13001:2017034607 12622:: 97–158. 12605:required.) 12565:required.) 12416:. London: 12383:Clancy, TO 12340:. Dublin: 12134:required.) 12071:: 171–172. 11812:6 December 11792:6 December 11642:. Dublin: 11586:. London: 11435:Hudson, BT 11396:0947992472 11348:: 163–234. 11297:8 November 11261:. 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10416:p. 265; 10342:p. 173; 10338:p. 249; 10330:p. 183; 10302:p. 169; 10254:p. 1251. 10175:p. 262; 10159:p. 170; 10143:p. 336; 10099:p. 299; 10095:p. 632; 9905:p. 232; 9825:p. 128; 9745:p. 144; 9721:p. 133; 9669:p. 233; 9631:p. 118; 9519:p. 108; 9473:p. 235; 9411:p. 147; 9399:p. 235; 9383:p. 249; 9375:p. 147; 9371:p. 190; 9355:p. 134; 9323:p. 115; 9319:p. 402; 9281:p. 134; 9233:p. 115; 9229:p. 402; 9213:p. 235; 9112:p. 187; 9108:p. 848; 9104:p. 179; 9088:p. 183; 9080:p. 878; 8917:p. 147; 8901:p. 183; 8843:p. 146; 8779:p. 183; 8737:p. 328; 8674:p. 744; 8582:p. 357; 8578:p. 762; 8519:p. 607; 8463:p. 182; 8367:p. 410; 8355:p. 147; 8343:p. 182; 8327:p. 410; 8315:p. 181; 8283:p. 182; 8263:p. 237; 8251:p. 606; 8192:p. 401; 8152:p. 104; 8120:p. 597; 8116:p. 104; 8096:p. 229; 8088:p. 104; 8048:p. 104; 7978:p. 110; 7974:p. 172; 7942:p. 185; 7874:p. 147; 7777:p. 129; 7732:p. 110; 7720:p. 181; 7665:p. 109; 7661:p. 171; 7657:p. 181; 7637:p. 171; 7633:p. 181; 7629:p. 390; 7601:p. 171; 7597:p. 181; 7561:p. 134; 7473:p. 441; 7342:p. 234; 7306:p. 403; 7290:p. 147; 7266:p. 445; 7250:p. 234; 7226:p. 234; 7198:p. 233; 7170:p. 233; 7150:p. 105; 7138:p. 233; 7097:p. 233; 7070:p. 172; 7040:p. 233; 6919:p. 355; 6867:p. 355; 6807:p. 233; 6748:p. 183; 6744:p. 234; 6595:p. 291; 6575:p. 158; 6567:p. 126; 6531:p. 158; 6475:p. 107; 6443:p. 107; 6435:p. 147; 6393:p. 400; 6389:p. 107; 6381:p. 147; 6362:p. 907; 6319:p. 151; 6315:p. 337; 6291:p. 151; 6244:p. 390; 6212:p. 111; 6196:p. 395; 6080:p. 172; 6072:p. 341; 6048:p. 172; 6016:p. 172; 5983:p. 232; 5959:p. 172; 5955:p. 232; 5931:p. 172; 5927:p. 232; 5891:p. 172; 5883:p. 907; 5863:p. 232; 5859:p. 907; 5843:p. 100; 5839:p. 172; 5815:p. 171; 5783:p. 387; 5743:p. 336; 5731:p. 387; 5711:p. 295; 5699:p. 139; 5695:p. 112; 5675:p. 336; 5663:p. 146; 5659:p. 387; 5655:p. 154; 5623:p. 139; 5619:p. 112; 5570:p. 100; 5566:p. 171; 5562:p. 864; 5470:p. 106; 5462:p. 146; 5450:p. 190; 5442:p. 100; 5438:p. 232; 5406:p. 232; 5374:p. 232; 5358:p. 102; 5350:p. 375; 5342:p. 172; 5334:p. 232; 5326:p. 116; 5322:p. 100; 5295:p. 232; 5259:p. 232; 5255:p. 116; 5239:p. 232; 5220:p. 232; 5200:p. 102; 5192:p. 232; 5188:p. 900; 5172:p. 149; 5164:p. 232; 5160:p. 116; 5156:p. 100; 5136:p. 231; 4876:p. 258; 4860:p. 150; 4856:p. 336; 4787:p. 402; 4771:p. 339; 4741:p. 128; 4721:p. 339; 4681:p. 402; 4657:p. 128; 4653:p. 339; 4649:p. 258; 4461:p. 171; 4421:p. 171; 4413:p. 164; 4393:p. 190; 4349:p. 171; 4321:p. 106; 4297:p. 171; 4289:p. 164; 4273:p. 146; 4269:p. 190; 4257:p. 262; 4253:p. 100; 4159:p. 106; 4107:p. 100; 4047:p. 171; 3982:p. 106; 3950:p. 171; 3938:p. 164; 2586:dynasty. 2426:". The " 2390:Islandia 2370:patronym 2237:Gofraidh 2221:Goffraid 2084:Ossianic 2026:NR262618 2004:") and * 2002:shieling 1937:Maughold 1932:SC463893 1915:SC440844 1894:NR357458 1502:Connacht 1383:Rhuddlan 1346:Anglesey 1320:Anglesey 1245:, whose 1108:Carlisle 987:patronym 927:Shetland 915:Drogheda 911:Holyhead 868:imperium 818:and the 734:rights. 455:meranach 437:méránach 431:meránach 425:meranach 329:Uí Ímair 210:Hebrides 202:Galloway 175:Uí Ímair 169:and the 161:, was a 126:Uí Ímair 18394:MacLeod 18326:Skyhill 18321:Renfrew 18234:Pictish 18201:Tynwald 18186:Nesting 18166:Delting 18085:Birlinn 17994:Bornish 17921:History 17374:Gofraid 17358:of the 17286:Ragnall 16573:: 1–18. 16427:Longman 16287:Methuen 16230:Birlinn 16189:Peritia 15897:15 June 15782:Peritia 15169:Loyn, H 14731:(ed.). 14634:Canmore 14600:Canmore 14468:15 June 14169:(ed.). 14111:Peritia 14049:Garland 13608:Peritia 13419:Canmore 13359:(ed.). 13175:(ed.). 13104:Peritia 12811:(ed.). 12593:1 March 12389:(ed.). 12285:(ed.). 12262:(ed.). 12142:Celtica 12080:(ed.). 11608:Goss, A 11588:D. Nutt 11108:21 June 11040:. 2008b 10666:p. 95; 10611:p. 175. 10547:p. 78; 10511:p. 413. 10487:p. 437. 10468:p. 89; 10432:p. 122. 10377:p. 74; 10361:p. 173. 10334:p. 89; 10322:p. 64; 10266:p. 75; 10191:p. 104. 10151:p. 59; 10103:p. 11; 10089:(2008b) 10082:(2008a) 10054:p. 34; 9941:p. 115. 9937:p. 60; 9909:p. 25; 9893:p. 232. 9881:p. 105; 9877:p. 93; 9869:p. 25; 9845:p. 57; 9821:p. 57; 9813:p. 48; 9797:p. 48; 9785:p. 115. 9749:p. 31; 9725:p. 64; 9717:p. 23; 9705:p. 107. 9673:p. 19; 9619:p. 108. 9615:p. 36; 9611:p. 64; 9599:p. 108. 9595:p. 36; 9583:p. 56; 9579:p. 64; 9549:p. 108. 9545:p. 36; 9541:p. 56; 9511:p. 64; 9481:p. 404. 9461:p. 147. 9407:p. 20; 9403:p. 56; 9367:p. 56; 9351:p. 48; 9311:p. 95; 9296:p. 61; 9292:p. 64; 9225:p. 95; 9221:p. 56; 9209:p. 64; 9201:p. 48; 9195:(2013c) 9188:(2013a) 9171:p. 25; 9140:p. 336. 9128:p. 187. 9048:p. 35; 9044:p. 20; 9012:p. 26; 8971:p. 907. 8959:p. 183. 8921:p. 35; 8913:p. 20; 8909:p. 56; 8893:p. 63; 8855:(2013c) 8848:(2013a) 8803:ch. 7; 8787:p. 39; 8718:p. 183. 8678:p. 339. 8658:ch. 3; 8622:p. 41; 8590:p. 41; 8503:p. 71; 8475:p. 79; 8471:p. 20; 8459:p. 60; 8447:p. 181. 8427:p. 24; 8403:p. 181. 8363:p. 56; 8347:ch. 3; 8287:ch. 3; 8279:p. 60; 8267:p. 181. 8255:p. 69; 8208:ch. 3; 8188:ch. 3; 8172:p. 79; 8148:ch. 3; 8132:p. 62; 8124:p. 23; 8112:ch. 3; 8084:ch. 3; 8072:p. 409. 8068:p. 79; 8044:ch. 3; 8020:p. 595. 7962:p. 110. 7950:p. 110. 7724:p. 82; 7708:p. 110. 7704:p. 82; 7689:p. 172. 7669:p. 36; 7609:p. 36; 7577:p. 108. 7565:p. 108. 7513:p. 108. 7497:p. 441. 7390:p. 56; 7346:p. 20; 7330:p. 105. 7274:p. 105. 7270:p. 20; 7234:p. 20; 7230:p. 55; 7194:p. 62; 7190:p. 32; 7166:p. 32; 7146:p. 20; 7142:p. 55; 7134:p. 62; 7123:p. 32; 7093:p. 32; 7078:p. 402. 7036:p. 32; 6951:p. 122. 6947:p. 66; 6903:p. 20; 6895:p. 52; 6875:p. 66; 6863:p. 20; 6803:p. 32; 6691:p. 401. 6665:p. 401. 6625:p. 401. 6599:p. 158. 6571:p. 19; 6527:p. 19; 6515:p. 107. 6511:p. 35; 6507:p. 54; 6503:p. 56; 6499:p. 62; 6483:p. 45; 6471:p. 35; 6467:p. 54; 6463:p. 56; 6459:p. 62; 6439:p. 35; 6431:p. 56; 6420:p. 62; 6397:p. 45; 6385:p. 35; 6377:p. 56; 6260:p. 59; 6096:p. 79; 6092:p. 52; 6084:p. 95; 6068:p. 47; 6040:p. 31; 6004:p. 172. 5967:p. 19; 5919:p. 61; 5899:p. 56; 5835:p. 51; 5819:p. 100. 5811:p. 61; 5779:p. 51; 5771:p. 68; 5723:p. 68; 5651:p. 52; 5506:p. 68; 5466:p. 35; 5458:p. 33; 5446:p. 56; 5422:p. 106. 5418:p. 35; 5414:p. 19; 5410:p. 56; 5394:p. 120. 5362:p. 403. 5354:p. 33; 5303:p. 18; 5291:p. 56; 5279:p. 403. 5267:p. 18; 5216:p. 57; 5196:p. 18; 5176:p. 101. 5168:p. 18; 5132:p. 52; 5116:p. 33; 5112:p. 18; 5108:p. 54; 5084:p. 100. 5076:p. 18; 5072:p. 54; 5044:p. 32; 5040:p. 54; 5036:p. 47; 5000:p. 18; 4996:p. 53; 4976:p. 100. 4964:p. 135. 4892:p. 111. 4888:p. 30; 4828:p. 59; 4816:p. 101. 4775:p. 59; 4745:p. 59; 4665:p. 30; 4661:p. 59; 4629:p. 61; 4617:p. 59; 4481:p. 61; 4457:p. 60; 4441:p. 62; 4429:p. 144. 4401:p. 144. 4345:p. 60; 4329:p. 144. 4313:p. 95; 4293:p. 60; 4277:p. 106. 4265:p. 19; 4233:p. 53; 4229:p. 31; 4225:p. 22; 4213:p. 171. 4175:p. 100. 4155:p. 35; 4123:p. 106. 4119:p. 35; 4115:p. 33; 4067:p. 35; 4063:p. 95; 4059:p. 33; 4055:p. 55; 4036:p. 60; 3986:p. 61; 3974:p. 95; 3970:p. 33; 3946:p. 60; 3942:p. 62; 2908:Guðrøðr 2836:rí Gall 2768:Ireland 2764:Britain 2646:skeiðar 2638:snekkar 2509:" and " 2253:Guðröðr 2249:Guðrøðr 2241:Goraidh 2233:Gofraid 2213:Godfrey 2209:Godfred 2162:birlinn 2013:Guðrøðr 1941:granite 1846:Tynwald 1783:Image b 1769:Image a 1698:Image b 1682:Image a 1641:Lagmann 1559:Lagmann 1337:Gothrei 1243:William 1166:Thorulf 1150:Roolwer 1128:Roolwer 1124:keeills 1046:Image b 1032:Image a 977:named " 919:Iceland 907:Chester 887:Bristol 854:rí Gall 847:by the 841:Wexford 794:Image b 780:Image a 749:Danelaw 696:Normans 616:Vikings 557:Murchad 528:Erlendr 520:Ireland 514:to the 415:kruppin 409:crúbach 403:cró bán 380:epithet 339:Iceland 106:Lagmann 18296:Dollar 17999:Birsay 17978:Norway 17948:Orkney 17786:Bjaðǫk 17728:Rulers 17356:Rulers 17307:Ascall 17297:Brodar 17033:Albann 17028:Auisle 17013:Amlaíb 16842: 16817: 16807: 16790: 16772: 16747: 16737: 16710: 16678: 16659: 16640: 16618: 16597:16 May 16544: 16500: 16492: 16460: 16452: 16433: 16412: 16402: 16368: 16362:5 July 16328: 16293: 16269: 16259: 16236: 16215: 16207: 16176: 16157: 16131: 16111: 16105:9 July 16073: 16043: 16035: 16027: 16004: 15996: 15988: 15955: 15881: 15860: 15837: 15808: 15800: 15769: 15750: 15726: 15715:Trowel 15694: 15677: 15667: 15648: 15624: 15601: 15580: 15570: 15545: 15535: 15508: 15477: 15458: 15439: 15420: 15401: 15382: 15359: 15353:Tempus 15336: 15319: 15311: 15293: 15245: 15196: 15136: 15128: 15083: 15059: 15049: 15032: 15024: 15016: 14993: 14983: 14961: 14942: 14925: 14917: 14909: 14866: 14847: 14830: 14805: 14788: 14743: 14712: 14584: 14565: 14546: 14506: 14454: 14444: 14423: 14404: 14385: 14368: 14360: 14352: 14323: 14315: 14307: 14299: 14270: 14262: 14254: 14231: 14223: 14191: 14181: 14154: 14137: 14129: 14083: 14055: 14034: 14000: 13963: 13955: 13921: 13900: 13876: 13857: 13838: 13798: 13779: 13758: 13748:Nomina 13728: 13689: 13663: 13634: 13626: 13595: 13402: 13371: 13344: 13325: 13306: 13287: 13281:5 July 13247: 13209: 13183: 13160: 13131: 13123: 13092: 13084: 13038: 13030: 13022: 12999: 12989: 12958: 12937: 12927: 12910: 12900: 12883: 12873: 12850: 12833: 12823: 12796: 12779: 12761: 12732: 12698: 12672: 12648: 12626: 12599: 12559: 12553:5 July 12519: 12498: 12490: 12457: 12424: 12401: 12371: 12348: 12312: 12293: 12270: 12246: 12238: 12230: 12197: 12174: 12128: 12122:5 July 12088: 12036: 11979: 11971: 11942: 11934: 11897: 11887: 11857: 11831: 11750: 11726: 11707: 11650: 11594: 11568: 11524: 11459: 11449: 11393: 11269: 11224: 10914:. 2008 10881: 10873: 10865: 10794:p. 28. 10599:p. 21. 10583:p. 24. 10571:p. 21. 10473:(n.d.) 10382:(n.d.) 10347:(n.d.) 10179:p. 34. 10135:p. 3; 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