219:
1612:
1624:
31:
118:. In May 1931 AO Komseverput was reorganized into VO Glavkomseverput; the organization employed 35,000 men scattered all over Arctic, as well as a sizable staff in Moscow and in other mainland cities. A new office, Glavsevmorput, was established in December 1932 and absorbed VO Glavkomseverput in May 1933. Overall management was assigned to the Arctic explorer
208:
230:
156:
However, the season of 1937, through a combination of unrealistic plans, bad weather and bad luck, proved a disaster. Twenty-five of 64 ships dispatched on the route (many of them not fit for Arctic conditions) were trapped with crews and cargoes in the Arctic winter; one,
201:
In 1953 the organization, previously enjoying the status of a national ministry, was downgraded to a department of the
Merchant Fleet ministry. In 1964 the department was dissolved and its units divided amongst the
1467:
153:
as was necessary to its principal function. The organization's quick unchecked expansion, especially in its Moscow offices, was initially masked by the successes of the 1934–1936 seasons.
225:
4176:
203:
198:. Papanin's first season, 1939, was a relatively safe and successful one; the Northern Sea Route had become a functioning regular line, rather than a dangerous experiment.
4785:
190:
Otto
Schmidt, previously a high-profile public figure, was spared but demoted to scientific duties; overall management of the organization was reassigned to
4790:
752:
187:(foreign trade). Glavsevmorput was to concentrate exclusively on maintaining the Northern Sea Route, specifically running its coastal shipping line.
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477:
245:
447:
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1248:
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177:
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1934:
1942:
365:
4294:
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1713:
1010:
843:
214:
3891:
3489:
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1538:
4683:
990:
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3494:
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4258:
4080:
3970:
3739:
2328:
2277:
1521:
1407:
421:
385:
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4028:
3609:
3548:
1596:
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1226:
470:
405:
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889:
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428:
415:
4805:
4129:
1553:
1543:
1196:
1053:
947:
932:
515:
122:, who had previously managed the Arctic Institute (VAI, later AANII). Glavsevmorput had its own Polar Air service
4360:
4346:
4320:
4157:
2128:
1654:
1516:
902:
374:
356:
172:
operation. The oversized organization was streamlined and stripped of auxiliary functions that were delegated to
3051:
4183:
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1394:
1073:
1025:
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1058:
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17:
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2717:
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1708:
1647:
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794:
141:
and coordinating supplies and transport. It aimed to contribute to the development of northern coastal
3105:
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282:
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4149:
4023:
3808:
3534:
3410:
3260:
3148:
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1233:
874:
768:
1948:
165:
of 1936–1938, led to a string of arrests; at least 673 Glavsevmorput personnel were arrested in a
4713:
4376:
3529:
3403:
3323:
2832:
2659:
1861:
907:
145:; the office was empowered to establish seaports, conduct extensive research, and trade with the
100:
52:
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1221:
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396:
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2016:
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1591:
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8:
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377:
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2136:
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1703:
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1211:
1151:
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801:
537:
359:
195:
79:
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1379:
1243:
1063:
1048:
965:
629:
550:
546:
434:
242:(Mikhalkino) was named Glavsevmorput (or GUSMP) Island in honour of the organization
138:
111:
4741:
4473:
4165:
4045:
3871:
3844:
3784:
3659:
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2407:
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2255:
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2029:
1915:
1835:
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1777:
1750:
1437:
995:
455:
91:
71:
43:
4731:
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4453:
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4203:
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3902:
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3677:
3646:
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3522:
3276:
3232:
3172:
3096:
3066:
3061:
3021:
2999:
2947:
2883:
2873:
2824:
2546:
2531:
2384:
2353:
2315:
2065:
1993:
1987:
1910:
1875:
1735:
1615:
1487:
1216:
1126:
1043:
1038:
409:
369:
3254:
4705:
4688:
4641:
4600:
4590:
4559:
4418:
4408:
4300:
4250:
4115:
4065:
4038:
3983:
3779:
3774:
3623:
3476:
3330:
3292:
3249:
3182:
3156:
3110:
3083:
3056:
3026:
2969:
2927:
2917:
2797:
2790:
2687:
2667:
2479:
2439:
2370:
2166:
2141:
2096:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2006:
2001:
1975:
1955:
1723:
1412:
1374:
1163:
970:
897:
805:
511:
4764:
4668:
4610:
4605:
4595:
4545:
4540:
4516:
4460:
4337:
4331:
4326:
3925:
3836:
3829:
3584:
3379:
3358:
3226:
3004:
2974:
2942:
2937:
2774:
2680:
2563:
2358:
2171:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2011:
1920:
1755:
1561:
1477:
1462:
1291:
1253:
1156:
1121:
1081:
960:
927:
789:
732:
727:
625:
528:
519:
260:
247:
166:
146:
127:
402:
4699:
4693:
4305:
4269:
4135:
3962:
3912:
3851:
3705:
3393:
3344:
3194:
3016:
2979:
2959:
2900:
2434:
2422:
2365:
2293:
2194:
2091:
2085:
1982:
1970:
1843:
1821:
1745:
1698:
1432:
1324:
1286:
1263:
975:
780:
524:
507:
503:
495:
239:
191:
134:
119:
4736:
4636:
4584:
4402:
4189:
3977:
3352:
3284:
3046:
2905:
2868:
2768:
2760:
2568:
1904:
1586:
1497:
1472:
1447:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1206:
1146:
785:
162:
123:
4535:
4438:
4422:
4264:
4197:
4098:
3507:
3456:
3416:
2738:
2464:
2392:
2334:
1727:
1695:
1311:
1281:
1005:
133:
Glavsevmorput, in addition to running Arctic shipping, also became the
115:
4057:
2894:
2446:
2229:
1427:
1351:
1329:
1101:
1000:
980:
1639:
3989:
1316:
1096:
173:
30:
1168:
422:
The discovery and history of exploration of the
Northern Sea Route
235:. The system continued working and reached peak capacity in 1987.
78:), was a Soviet government organization in charge of the maritime
4616:
3996:
2261:
2237:
2225:
1457:
1306:
1296:
1141:
1136:
1116:
1106:
142:
2783:
821:
34:
Depiction of a northern sea route between Europe and the
Pacific
2862:
2187:
1482:
1452:
1422:
1384:
1356:
1301:
1015:
852:
810:
699:
2248:
1442:
1173:
150:
169:
361:
The Drift of Lenin's Convoy in the Laptev Sea, 1937–1938
3453:
105:
90:
The organization traces its roots to AO Komseverput (
82:, established in January 1932 and dissolved in 1964.
57:
485:
424:
at The
Russian State Museum of Arctic and Antarctic
176:(land facilities) and to the State trading company
110:) or KSMP, a shipping company established by the
4786:Polar exploration by Russia and the Soviet Union
4762:
379:The First Soviet Convoy to the Mouth of the Lena
938:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
382:. Arctic, v.35 no.2 (June 1982) p. 317-325
364:. Arctic, v.33 no.1 (March 1980) p. 4-20
161:, sank. The débâcle, which coincided with the
1655:
837:
471:
114:in 1919 and subsequently nationalized by the
449:In Search of a Soviet Klondike in the Tundra
1249:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
913:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
777:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
393:75 лет Северному морскому пути. Пресс-релиз
137:agency for exploiting resources across the
40:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
1662:
1648:
844:
830:
478:
464:
59:Glavnoe upravlenie Severnogo morskogo puti
48:Главное Управление Северного Морского Пути
4791:Political repression in the Soviet Union
4720:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
29:
4295:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
215:Hydrometeorological Service of the USSR
14:
4796:Shipping companies of the Soviet Union
4763:
3439:
1681:
1669:
1643:
825:
459:
309:
307:
339:
337:
4081:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2278:Norse colonization of North America
1623:
1468:Northern indigenous Russian peoples
343:75 years of Northern Sea Route, p.4
331:75 years of Northern Sea Route, p.3
301:75 years of Northern Sea Route, p.1
238:A large island at the mouth of the
24:
3610:United States Exploring Expedition
1527:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
446:. Reviewed by Eva-Maria Stolberg.
316:
304:
25:
4817:
4684:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4052:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
851:
334:
226:Soviet Ministry of Civil Aviation
4578:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3971:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1622:
1611:
1610:
1197:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
1054:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate
933:Territorial claims in the Arctic
391:75 years of Northern Sea Route (
903:Arctic cooperation and politics
107:Komitet Severnogo morskogo puti
96:Комитет Северного морского пути
1011:Populated places in the Arctic
418:at SHIP & OCEAN FOUNDATION
397:Arctic and Antarctic Institute
325:
295:
204:Ministry of the Merchant Fleet
27:Soviet government organization
13:
1:
3957:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3892:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3440:
1534:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
1059:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
350:
4314:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4130:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3936:French Antarctic Expeditions
3866:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3752:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1870:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
1239:Climate change in the Arctic
991:Impact craters of the Arctic
7:
3399:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3078:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1943:Andrée's balloon expedition
1092:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
1034:Canadian Arctic Rift System
276:
106:
58:
10:
4822:
2600:Franklin's lost expedition
2300:Christian IV's expeditions
1682:
1087:British Arctic Territories
85:
4771:Exploration of the Arctic
4417:
4148:
3735:
3475:
3452:
3448:
3435:
2954:Great Northern Expedition
2848:
2630:Rae–Richardson expedition
2379:
2224:
1830:British Arctic Expedition
1722:
1694:
1690:
1677:
1605:
1552:
1509:
1393:
1365:
1272:
1187:
1072:
1024:
946:
923:Inuit Circumpolar Council
888:
860:
761:
698:
494:
403:Biography of G.A. Ushakov
283:Great Northern Expedition
95:
75:
47:
4801:Government of the Arctic
4238:British Antarctic Survey
4232:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3477:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1234:Arctic methane emissions
388:at www.polarmuseum.sp.ru
386:On Russian explorations:
288:
4806:Transport in the Arctic
4714:Pole of inaccessibility
4377:Antarctic Treaty System
2718:2nd Grinnell expedition
908:Arctic Ocean Conference
1567:Arctic shipping routes
416:The Northern Sea Route
35:
4384:Transglobe Expedition
4283:Operation Deep Freeze
3692:Challenger expedition
2558:Coppermine expedition
2079:Drifting ice stations
1522:Petroleum exploration
1202:Arctic dipole anomaly
1179:North American Arctic
1132:Northwest Territories
918:Ilulissat Declaration
488:drifting ice stations
395:. ААНИИ, 21.02.2008.
33:
1592:Transpolar Sea Route
4554:South magnetic pole
3220:Brusilov expedition
2329:Danish colonization
1767:North magnetic pole
1493:Arctic Winter Games
1259:Polar amplification
1227:ecology and history
986:Greenland ice sheet
257: /
4245:Operation Windmill
4226:Operation Highjump
3201:Rusanov expedition
3106:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2850:North East Passage
2654:McClure expedition
1582:Northern Sea Route
1212:Arctic oscillation
956:Arctic Archipelago
880:History of whaling
870:Arctic exploration
802:Konstantin Badygin
538:Alexey Tryoshnikov
408:2011-07-25 at the
368:2011-05-24 at the
261:69.500°N 161.500°E
112:Kolchak government
80:Northern Sea Route
36:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4212:Operation Tabarin
4074:Far Eastern Party
3920:Nimrod Expedition
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
2990:M. Pronchishcheva
2912:Siberian Cossacks
2381:Northwest Passage
1714:Research stations
1671:Polar exploration
1637:
1636:
1597:Search and rescue
1577:Northwest Passage
1572:Northeast Passage
1517:Natural resources
1408:Subarctic peoples
1380:Arctic vegetation
1244:Climate of Alaska
1064:Ungava Fault Zone
1049:Innuitian orogeny
966:Arctic Cordillera
819:
818:
630:Artur Chilingarov
551:Aleksandr Dralkin
547:Yevgeny Tolstikov
104:
62:), also known as
56:
16:(Redirected from
4813:
4259:Ronne Expedition
3744:
3738:
3602:Dumont d'Urville
3450:
3449:
3437:
3436:
2985:V. Pronchishchev
1692:
1691:
1679:
1678:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1613:
1501:
1500:(New Year's Day)
996:Innuitian Region
846:
839:
832:
823:
822:
516:Yevgeny Fyodorov
480:
473:
466:
457:
456:
344:
341:
332:
329:
323:
320:
314:
311:
302:
299:
272:
271:
269:
268:
267:
262:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
234:
223:
212:
186:
109:
99:
97:
77:
61:
51:
49:
21:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4746:
4421:
4413:
4289:McMurdo Station
4158:Modern research
4156:
4144:
3879:O. Nordenskjöld
3742:
3736:
3731:
3647:Ross expedition
3471:
3444:
3423:
2852:
2844:
2385:Northern Canada
2383:
2375:
2228:
2220:
1726:
1718:
1686:
1673:
1668:
1638:
1633:
1601:
1587:Polar air route
1548:
1539:Protected areas
1505:
1499:
1389:
1361:
1268:
1183:
1127:Northern Canada
1068:
1044:Greenland Plate
1039:Eurekan orogeny
1020:
942:
884:
875:Arctic research
856:
850:
820:
815:
757:
694:
490:
484:
427:John McCannon,
412:at Polar World.
410:Wayback Machine
370:Wayback Machine
353:
348:
347:
342:
335:
330:
326:
322:Barr 1980, p.17
321:
317:
312:
305:
300:
296:
291:
279:
266:69.500; 161.500
265:
263:
259:
256:
251:
248:
246:
244:
243:
228:
217:
206:
180:
88:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4706:Vostok Station
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4657:Cherry-Garrard
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4497:Southern Cross
4493:
4492:
4491:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4427:
4425:
4419:Farthest South
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4380:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4116:Ross Sea party
4112:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4077:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3981:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3810:Southern Cross
3803:Southern Cross
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3747:
3745:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3668:
3662:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3549:Bellingshausen
3539:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3408:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2854:Russian Arctic
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2296:
2291:
2289:Snæbjörn galti
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2191:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1724:Farthest North
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1544:Transportation
1541:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1403:Arctic peoples
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:Arctic ecology
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1217:Arctic sea ice
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1152:Russian Arctic
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
981:Arctic Cyclone
978:
973:
971:Arctic ecology
968:
963:
958:
952:
950:
944:
943:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Arctic Council
894:
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
866:
864:
858:
857:
849:
848:
841:
834:
826:
817:
816:
814:
813:
808:
806:Vladimir Wiese
792:
783:
774:
765:
763:
759:
758:
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
704:
702:
696:
695:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
540:
531:
522:
512:Pyotr Shirshov
500:
498:
492:
491:
483:
482:
475:
468:
460:
454:
453:
441:
425:
419:
413:
400:
389:
383:
372:
352:
349:
346:
345:
333:
324:
315:
313:Barr 1980, p.4
303:
293:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
278:
275:
196:polar explorer
87:
84:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4818:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:Discovery Hut
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:A. Sibiryakov
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:Glavsevmorput
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:J. Richardson
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
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2015:
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1292:Bowhead whale
1290:
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1254:Polar climate
1252:
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1082:Arctic Alaska
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961:Arctic Circle
959:
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928:Saami Council
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828:
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790:Mark Shevelev
787:
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541:
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529:Mikhail Somov
526:
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520:Ernst Krenkel
517:
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469:
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445:
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440:
439:0-19-511436-1
436:
433:, 1932–1939,
432:
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179:
175:
171:
168:
167:domino-effect
164:
160:
154:
152:
148:
147:United States
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
128:Mark Shevelev
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
102:
93:
83:
81:
73:
69:
65:
64:Glavsevmorput
60:
54:
45:
41:
32:
19:
18:Glavsevmorput
4712:
4700:Pole of Cold
4698:
4624:
4615:
4583:
4576:
4552:
4523:
4509:
4503:Borchgrevink
4495:
4482:
4467:
4447:
4432:
4401:
4382:
4375:
4359:
4345:
4336:
4319:
4312:
4293:
4281:
4257:
4243:
4236:
4224:
4210:
4196:
4182:
4175:
4136:
4128:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4087:
4079:
4072:
4059:
4050:
4012:
4004:
3995:
3988:
3976:
3969:
3955:
3943:Pourquoi-Pas
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3913:Orcadas Base
3911:
3903:
3890:
3884:C. A. Larsen
3872:
3864:
3850:
3843:
3830:
3822:
3816:Borchgrevink
3809:
3801:
3758:
3750:
3725:C. A. Larsen
3718:
3699:
3690:
3672:
3654:
3645:
3632:
3617:
3608:
3595:
3556:
3542:
3535:
3516:
3501:
3411:
3404:
3387:
3380:
3366:
3351:
3338:
3337:
3324:
3299:
3285:
3283:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3225:
3218:
3199:
3165:
3163:
3149:
3147:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3097:
3095:
3076:
2952:
2910:
2893:
2861:
2825:
2823:
2803:
2802:
2782:
2781:
2767:
2754:
2739:
2725:
2716:
2703:
2674:
2662:Investigator
2661:
2652:
2628:
2615:
2607:
2598:
2585:
2556:
2533:
2518:
2503:
2473:
2458:
2428:
2347:
2327:
2298:
2294:Erik the Red
2276:
2254:
2247:
2204:submersibles
2201:
2195:Arktika 2007
2193:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2129:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2084:
2077:
2053:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2028:
1994:
1992:
1963:
1960:
1949:S. A. Andrée
1941:
1928:
1903:
1895:
1892:
1868:
1850:
1837:
1828:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1765:
1621:
1609:
1498:Quviasukvik
1287:Beluga whale
1264:Polar vortex
976:Arctic Ocean
912:
796:
781:Otto Schmidt
776:
770:
508:Ivan Papanin
496:Soviet Union
448:
443:
429:
392:
378:
360:
327:
318:
297:
240:Kolyma River
237:
200:
192:Ivan Papanin
189:
158:
155:
132:
126:, headed by
120:Otto Schmidt
89:
67:
63:
39:
37:
4403:Lake Vostok
4353:Tryoshnikov
4275:Schlossbach
4166:Christensen
4108:James Caird
4029:E. R. Evans
3795:Dobrowolski
3765:de Gerlache
3467:Expeditions
3353:Aviaarktika
3307:Samoylovich
3178:Kolomeitsev
3072:Middendorff
3032:Gedenshtrom
2452:I. Fyodorov
2214:Chilingarov
2102:E. Fyodorov
1709:Expeditions
1628:WikiProject
1207:Arctic haze
1147:Nunatsiavut
795:Icebreaker
786:Aviaarktika
769:Icebreaker
486:North Pole
264: /
229: [
218: [
207: [
194:, a famous
181: [
163:Great Purge
124:Aviaarktika
4776:Navigation
4765:Categories
4626:Terra Nova
4531:Shackleton
4474:J. C. Ross
4433:Resolution
4423:South Pole
4198:New Swabia
4122:Mackintosh
4094:Shackleton
4013:Terra Nova
4006:Terra Nova
3740:Heroic Age
3700:Challenger
3660:J. C. Ross
3570:Bransfield
3502:Resolution
3417:icebreaker
3381:Chelyuskin
3122:expedition
3100:Expedition
3042:Matyushkin
3000:Kh. Laptev
2995:Chelyuskin
2889:Heemskerck
2879:Chancellor
2874:Willoughby
2869:Koch boats
2812:Stefansson
2746:McClintock
2710:Inglefield
2552:J. C. Ross
2459:Resolution
2311:Cunningham
2209:Sagalevich
1898:expedition
1857:Stephenson
1817:C. F. Hall
1804:expedition
1778:J. C. Ross
1741:Heemskerck
1728:North Pole
1312:Polar bear
1282:Arctic fox
1112:Inuvialuit
1006:North Pole
890:Government
444:Red Arctic
430:Red Arctic
351:References
116:Bolsheviks
4781:Sea lanes
4725:Tolstikov
4511:Discovery
4481:HMS
4466:HMS
4448:Adventure
4446:HMS
4431:HMS
4367:Tolstikov
4088:Endurance
3873:Antarctic
3858:Drygalski
3831:Discovery
3824:Discovery
3785:Arctowski
3698:HMS
3671:HMS
3665:Abernethy
3653:HMS
3631:USS
3618:Vincennes
3616:USS
3596:Astrolabe
3536:San Telmo
3517:Adventure
3515:HMS
3500:HMS
3495:Kerguelen
3457:Continent
3442:Antarctic
3319:Urvantsev
3277:Vilkitsky
3130:Jeannette
3128:USS
3120:Jeannette
3084:Weyprecht
3062:Pakhtusov
3012:Chichagov
3005:D. Laptev
2948:Permyakov
2923:Stadukhin
2918:Perfilyev
2895:Mangazeya
2833:H. Larsen
2798:Rasmussen
2753:HMS
2724:USS
2673:HMS
2660:HMS
2624:Collinson
2614:HMS
2606:HMS
2584:HMS
2532:HMS
2517:HMS
2502:HMS
2487:Mackenzie
2474:Discovery
2472:HMS
2457:HMS
2429:Discovery
2408:Frobisher
2371:Rasmussen
2284:Gunnbjörn
2230:Greenland
2159:USS
2150:USS
2022:Ellsworth
1964:Roosevelt
1894:Nansen's
1851:Discovery
1849:HMS
1836:HMS
1783:Abernethy
1751:Marmaduke
1554:Transport
1438:Icelandic
1428:Karelians
1352:Snowy owl
1102:Greenland
1001:Nordicity
948:Geography
139:far north
101:romanized
53:romanized
4737:A. Fuchs
4694:V. Fuchs
4674:McKinley
4637:E. Evans
4596:Bjaaland
4591:Amundsen
4541:Marshall
4454:Furneaux
4306:V. Fuchs
4270:E. Ronne
4265:F. Ronne
4204:Ritscher
4058:SY
4046:Filchner
3990:Framheim
3984:Amundsen
3790:Racoviță
3775:Amundsen
3770:Lecointe
3639:Ringgold
3633:Porpoise
3523:Furneaux
3359:Shevelev
3314:Begichev
3293:Amundsen
3255:Nagórski
3233:Brusilov
3227:Sv. Anna
3141:Melville
3111:Palander
3067:Tsivolko
3027:Sannikov
3022:Billings
2965:Chirikov
2884:Barentsz
2826:St. Roch
2817:Bartlett
2791:Amundsen
2775:Sverdrup
2675:Resolute
2564:Franklin
2492:Kotzebue
2359:Sverdrup
2342:Scoresby
2316:Lindenov
2167:Plaisted
2152:Nautilus
2097:Shirshov
2071:Belyakov
2066:Baydukov
2040:Nautilus
2002:Amundsen
1962:SS
1921:Sverdrup
1916:Johansen
1886:Brainard
1881:Lockwood
1736:Barentsz
1616:Category
1488:Yukaghir
1448:Gwich'in
1418:Chukotka
1317:Reindeer
1097:Finnmark
762:See also
406:Archived
375:Barr, W.
366:Archived
357:Barr, W.
277:See also
252:161°30′E
224:and the
174:Dalstroy
159:Rabochiy
4742:Messner
4689:Hillary
4669:Balchen
4617:Polheim
4611:Wisting
4489:Crozier
4461:Weddell
4439:J. Cook
4409:Kapitsa
4390:Fiennes
4332:Klenova
4301:Hillary
4251:Ketchum
4177:BANZARE
4152:·
3997:Polheim
3963:Shirase
3949:Charcot
3759:Belgica
3678:Crozier
3590:Morrell
3585:Weddell
3563:Lazarev
3508:J. Cook
3462:History
3412:Arktika
3388:Krassin
3373:Voronin
3345:Schmidt
3331:Ushakov
3270:Vaygach
3238:Albanov
3207:Rusanov
3188:Kolchak
3183:Matisen
3157:Makarov
3136:De Long
3037:Wrangel
3017:Lyakhov
2970:Malygin
2928:Dezhnev
2755:Pandora
2726:Advance
2693:Kennedy
2688:Belcher
2681:Kellett
2668:McClure
2592:Beechey
2586:Blossom
2579:Simpson
2547:Crozier
2540:Hoppner
2497:J. Ross
2465:J. Cook
2413:Gilbert
2306:J. Hall
2272:Ingólfr
2262:Naddodd
2256:Vikings
2243:Brendan
2238:Pytheas
2226:Iceland
2180:Arktika
2172:Herbert
2137:Badygin
2107:Krenkel
2092:Papanin
2061:Chkalov
2047:Wilkins
2012:Wisting
1956:F. Cook
1862:Markham
1822:Bessels
1811:Polaris
1802:Polaris
1773:J. Ross
1756:Carolus
1704:History
1510:Economy
1458:Koryaks
1413:Chukchi
1395:Culture
1325:bearded
1307:Narwhal
1297:Lemming
1222:decline
1189:Climate
1142:Nunavut
1137:Nunavik
1117:Karelia
1107:Iceland
1074:Regions
1026:Geology
862:History
753:NP-2015
249:69°30′N
178:Gostorg
143:Siberia
103::
92:Russian
86:History
72:Russian
55::
44:Russian
4652:Bowers
4647:Wilson
4606:Hassel
4601:Helmer
4570:Mackay
4560:Mawson
4525:Nimrod
4483:Terror
4468:Erebus
4395:Burton
4190:Rymill
4066:Mawson
4060:Aurora
4039:Lashly
4024:Wilson
3927:Nimrod
3904:Scotia
3711:Murray
3686:Cooper
3673:Terror
3655:Erebus
3624:Wilkes
3575:Palmer
3543:Vostok
3490:Bouvet
3414:-class
3394:Gakkel
3262:Taymyr
3243:Konrad
3212:Kuchin
3150:Yermak
3057:Lavrov
2975:Ovtsyn
2960:Bering
2938:Ivanov
2901:Hudson
2863:Pomors
2840:Cowper
2805:Karluk
2704:Isabel
2698:Bellot
2648:Austin
2616:Terror
2608:Erebus
2504:Griper
2480:Clerke
2440:Baffin
2423:Hudson
2354:Nansen
2267:Garðar
2188:Barneo
2055:ANT-25
2031:Italia
2007:Nobile
1976:Henson
1935:Amedeo
1911:Nansen
1876:Greely
1746:Hudson
1684:Arctic
1483:Yakuts
1478:Selkup
1463:Nenets
1453:Khanty
1423:Evenks
1385:Tundra
1357:Walrus
1345:ringed
1340:ribbon
1335:hooded
1302:Muskox
1016:Tundra
855:topics
853:Arctic
811:Barneo
771:Yermak
700:Russia
437:
213:, the
135:Soviet
4732:Crary
4679:Dufek
4642:Oates
4632:Scott
4565:David
4546:Adams
4517:Barne
4338:Mirny
4327:Somov
4137:Quest
4034:Crean
4019:Scott
3898:Bruce
3852:Gauss
3845:Gauss
3719:Jason
3706:Nares
3580:Davis
3557:Mirny
3530:Smith
3485:Roché
3405:Lenin
3325:Sadko
3250:Wiese
3195:Sedov
3166:Zarya
3089:Payer
3052:Litke
3047:Anjou
2980:Minin
2943:Vagin
2933:Popov
2906:Poole
2761:Young
2574:Dease
2519:Hecla
2510:Parry
2435:Bylot
2418:Davis
2393:Cabot
2366:Peary
2348:Jason
2335:Egede
2249:Papar
2161:Skate
2142:Wiese
2122:NP-37
2115:NP-36
1995:Norge
1983:Sedov
1971:Peary
1929:Jason
1844:Nares
1838:Alert
1793:Hayes
1761:Parry
1699:Ocean
1443:Inuit
1367:Flora
1321:Seal
1274:Fauna
1174:Yukon
1169:Sápmi
1164:Sakha
1157:North
797:Sedov
748:NP-40
743:NP-39
738:NP-38
733:NP-37
728:NP-36
723:NP-35
718:NP-34
713:NP-33
708:NP-32
690:NP-31
685:NP-30
680:NP-29
675:NP-28
670:NP-27
665:NP-26
660:NP-25
655:NP-24
650:NP-23
645:NP-22
640:NP-21
635:NP-20
626:NP-19
621:NP-18
616:NP-17
611:NP-16
606:NP-15
601:NP-14
596:NP-13
591:NP-12
586:NP-11
581:NP-10
289:Notes
233:]
222:]
211:]
185:]
151:Japan
76:ГУСМП
68:GUSMP
4664:Byrd
4585:Fram
4536:Wild
4218:Marr
4184:BGLE
4171:Byrd
4099:Wild
3978:Fram
3780:Cook
3301:AARI
3286:Maud
3173:Toll
3098:Vega
2784:Gjøa
2769:Fram
2732:Kane
2569:Back
2534:Fury
2525:Lyon
2447:Munk
2086:NP-1
1988:Byrd
1905:Fram
1896:Fram
1788:Kane
1473:Sami
1433:Komi
1330:harp
1122:Komi
576:NP-9
571:NP-8
566:NP-7
561:NP-6
556:NP-5
543:NP-4
534:NP-3
525:NP-2
504:NP-1
435:ISBN
170:NKVD
149:and
38:The
4361:3rd
4347:2nd
4321:1st
4154:IGY
4150:IPY
2740:Fox
2636:Rae
2202:Mir
2178:NS
66:or
4767::
3266:/
804:,
800::
788::
779::
628::
549:,
545::
536::
527::
518:,
514:,
510:,
506::
336:^
306:^
273:.
231:ru
220:ru
209:ru
183:ru
130:.
98:,
94::
74::
50:,
46::
3743:"
3737:"
3680:)
3676:(
3667:)
3658:(
1663:e
1656:t
1649:v
845:e
838:t
831:v
479:e
472:t
465:v
452:.
399:)
70:(
42:(
20:)
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