422:. In the shooting that followed, two policemen were killed and Fioravanti was badly wounded in the legs; he was arrested later the same day. His brother Cristiano was tracked down two months later through telegrams he had sent his girlfriend. He quickly collaborated to provide police with a thorough account of NAR activities, and was released under a new identity after a year. The remaining group of NAR fugitives did not regard Mambro as a leader, she played a traditional female role by trying to keep life serene. In March 1982, she was shot and critically wounded while taking part in a bank robbery during which a bystander was killed. According to Mambro, accomplices had openly toyed with the idea of
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desire to protect his brother. Fioravanti's parents tried get him away from the escalating violence by sending him to study in the US for a year, he returned to make his last film, which was released in 1975. In early 1977 he was charged with assault, and given 40 days in jail for possession of a pistol. Fioravanti abandoned university studies to join a paratroop unit of the
Italian army; he was repeatedly punished for disciplinary infractions. After a crate of hand grenades was stolen while he was on guard duty, Fioravanti was court martialed for leaving his post and sentenced to several months in a military prison.
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counterparts, they emphasised personal qualities like spontaneity and willingness to fight, even in a lost cause, over political objectives. Fioravanti has said, "About defeat we never cared, we are a generation of losers, always on the side of the defeated." Italy was seen as a 'sick', unjust and repressive state. In a 2005 interview, Fioravanti characterized this former rationale for terrorist activities as 'total stupidity', and said 'exultation and rage' in his milieu had fed a collective delusion.
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503:, a NATO secret project to be activated in the event of a Soviet "conquest" of Europe came under grave suspicion. Some suspected that explosives used in the Bologna bombing had been taken from Operation Gladio arms caches. The prosecution at Fioravanti's trial alleged he obtained explosive material by scuba diving on a sunken WW2 Italian warship and taking recovered anti aircraft shells apart to extract the propellant.
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Despite continuing to deny responsibility for the
Bologna massacre, both were given day release from the prison. Mambro worked outside at an anti-death penalty organisation from 1998; her daughter with Fioravanti was born two years later, and Mambro was conditionally released in 2002. Fioravanti was
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member
Massimo Sparti. He alleged that, two days after the blast, Fioravanti had come to him to obtain false documents, and said he worried someone might recognize Mambro from the station. The testimony contained inconsistencies; Sparti was released from prison in 1982, ostensibly because of terminal
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Fioravanti was doing military service when the first killing occurred, it is believed to have been committed by either
Cristiano or Alibrandi in September 1977; a leftist militant was shot dead. The victims of Armed Revolutionary Nuclei that followed included several policemen (this was justified on
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members, including
Massimo Sparti, who became close to Cristiano. Their anti-hierarchical ethos precluded any formal leader, though Fioravanti was the main organizer. He anticipated others would be drawn to emulate NAR, and that other cells would spring up spontaneously, as they shifted to taking
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The original core members consisted of those close to
Fioravanti: Franco Anselmi, magistrate's son Alessandro Alibrandi and Fioravanti's brother Cristiano. Two of the most active terrorists, Gilberto Cavallini, who was a fugitive, and 17-year-old Luigi Ciavardini, became part of the core group after
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In July 1988 Fioravanti and Mambro were found guilty of responsibility for the
Bologna train bombing, as well as for the crimes they admitted; they were sentenced to ten life terms, plus 250 years. Massimiliano Fachini and Sergio Picciafuoco were also given life sentences for the bombing. Several
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The trial began in
January 1987; there were 20 defendants. For the first time since Fioravanti's arrest he and Mambro were reunited when they were placed together in the cage Italian courtrooms have for those accused of violent crimes. They pleaded guilty to responsibility for numerous murders, but
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In denying involvement in the
Bologna massacre, Mambro later insisted that, far from being a well-supplied tool of hidden forces, Armed Revolutionary Nuclei were regarded as 'snotty kids' by the established leaders of neofascism, and the group never had access to explosives in the quantity that the
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playing his parents. Fioravanti's younger brother
Cristiano had joined a far right youth section aged 13; he acquired a reputation for relishing violent confrontations with leftists. According to Fioravanti, his original motivation for associating with far right militants was not political, but a
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Andreotti was acquitted along with his co-defendants in 1999. The prosecution successfully appealed the acquittal. A retrial was held, which in 2002 convicted Andreotti and sentenced him to 24 years' imprisonment. Italians of all political allegiances denounced the conviction. The Italian supreme
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political party as betraying them, through inaction in the face of attacks by political opponents and the police. Influenced by leftist movements, a large group of far right youths, including Fioravanti and his close associates, moved from street-fighting to terrorism. Unlike their left-wing
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they were targeted by political opponents as fascists (Fioravanti himself rejected the label). In a 1997 interview, Mambro said she identified with far right wing youth as underdogs who tended to be on the receiving end of violence. Some of her friends died, including a young Social Movement
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confirmed their earlier convictions and sentences. After a series of separate trials, in 2007 Ciavardini was also convicted of responsibility for the Bologna bombing. Protestations of innocence from all three won them a measure of support from some politicians, jurists and academics.
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early that day. Cristiano and another NAR member became prosecution witnesses: both recalled that, days after the bombing, Mambro had worried about being accused of the massacre, spoke of being in Padova at the time of the explosion, and expressed concern about them being believed.
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was later charged with ordering the deception. Gelli was charged with slandering the investigation into the massacre; some suspected he was deeply involved in the bombing itself. Further complicating police enquiries were allegations that Fioravanti had carried out killings for
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The bombing was quickly attributed to neofascists by the authorities; in late August 1980, the prosecutor of Bologna had ordered the arrest of 28 people on charges of subversive association, including Fioravanti (who was already a fugitive with Mambro) and far right ideologue
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given day release from 2000, and conditionally released in 2004. The conditions ended in 2009. Fioravanti and Mambro have repudiated and expressed regret for their admitted terrorist activities, and continue to maintain they had no involvement in the Bologna station bombing.
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NAR members were given prison sentences for being members of an illegal armed group. At the same trial, Gelli and General Pietro Musumeci were convicted of offences not directly related to the massacre. Delle Chiaie was acquitted of subversive association.
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An informer, later found to be unreliable, claimed that Delle Chiaie was involved in Bologna, and that the bombing had been commissioned by a Masonic lodge made up of Italy's government, media and security services elite. In the aftermath of the bombing,
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The late seventies were a time of political violence in the form of bombings, assassinations, and street warfare between rival militant factions. Fioravanti was one of a number of teenage activists in Rome who saw the state-sanctioned
381:(later to become a major figure in the Italian underworld). Mambro became active in NAR violence and romantically involved with Fioravanti during 1979. Testimony at their trial described the couple as "always together".
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was a prosperous stronghold of the Communist Party; it had suffered prior terrorist attacks, starting in 1969. A theory thought plausible by Italians of a Left Wing identification posited an alliance of the American
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Fioravanti's alibi for the morning of 2 August was weakened by its lack of precision: he had initially said he was in Treviso, but subsequently asserted he had travelled with Mambro and Ciavardini to a meeting in
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In 1990, an appeal acquitted all four of those convicted of responsibility for the bombing, but Fioravanti and Mambro were again prosecuted and convicted: in 1995, a final judgement by the
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action irrespective of the consequences;. Fioravanti advocated small, fast moving groups, as he intended the name "Armed Revolutionary Nuclei" to be adopted by largely independent cells.
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criminal organization was kept in the basement of a government building, the NAR had access to it, and ammunition thought likely to have come from the joint arms cache was used to kill
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youths shot at police. Mambro later said the experience made her decide to carry a gun, although her personal involvement with Fioravanti played a major part in her taking up terrorism.
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Mambro was ostracised in prison. Fellow prisoner Anna Laura Braghetti, serving time for Red Brigades terrorism, was sympathetic and befriended her, later becoming Mambro's cellmate.
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was the work of Libya, and that the Italian state had been reluctant to pursue that line of enquiry because of dependence on Libya's oil, and thus blamed neo-fascists.
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was the daughter of a policeman (who died in 1979), and from a relatively modest background. She met Fioravanti at a far right university club. As activists for the
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142:(Armed Revolutionary Nuclei, or NAR). Fioravanti appeared in films and television at a young age, and was considered the most famous child in Italy. He and
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The crucial evidence against Fioravanti and Mambro in the Bologna bombing was given by a witness some thought untrustworthy: small-time criminal and
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Bologna bomb used. She also said that Armed Revolutionary Nuclei had never deliberately targeted ordinary people. Fioravanti has said that the
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rather than letting the police capture and interrogate her, but it was eventually decided to leave her at a hospital, where she was arrested.
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to force a 'drift to the right' for 'public safety', and associate the Left parties with chaos in order to nullify their growing popularity.
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Orton, M (1998) ‘Demonsterizing the Myth of the Terrorist Woman: Faranda, Braghetti, and Mambro’ Annali d’italianistica, Vol. 16:281-96.
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and his associate Pierluigi Pagliai who were in Bolivia. Pagliai was fatally wounded during an attempt to bring him back to Italy.
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to a Roman family, his father was a television presenter. As a child actor, Fioravanti starred in a popular series of the 1960s, "
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The Nazi Legacy: Klaus Barbie and the International Fascist Connection, by Magnus Linklater and Isabel Hilton and Neal Ascherson.
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the grounds of them being 'thugs and torturers'), comrades suspected of treachery, and investigating magistrates including
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In February 1981, police surprised members of Armed Revolutionary Nuclei as they were retrieving weapons cached in the
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in 1979. In 1993, contemporaneously with his trial for Mafia association in Palermo, former Italian prime minister
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bombing of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and both Fioravanti and Mambro were subsequently convicted of.
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892:(1969 – English translation: These blessed parents ... A book for children that even grown-ups can read, 1969)
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ITALIAN NEOFASCISM. The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation, Anna Cento Bull, p148-9.
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ITALIAN NEOFASCISM. The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation, Anna Cento Bull, p145
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Rome the Second Time: 15 Itineraries That Don't Go to the Coliseum, By Dianne Bennett, William Graebner
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Fioravanti was a good friend of Carminati, and through him he was introduced to some members of
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133:(born 28 March 1958) is an Italian former terrorist and actor, who was a leading figure in the
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1306:"Court issues sentences in Bologna train bombing". United Press International. 11 July 1988.
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1328:"Second Appeals Trial Begins for Train Station Bombing". Associated Press. 11 October 1993.
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Threats to Democracy: The Radical Right in Italy After the War, Franco Ferraresi, p. 192
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In 1985, Fioravanti and Mambro were married while serving their sentences. In 1997, the
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Gancer ,D., Nato's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe, P24
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Questi benedetti genitori... Un libro per bambini che possono leggere anche i grandi
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1023:"Two police killed by terrorists". United Press International. 6 February 1981.
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officials concentrated in the P2 Freemasonry lodge, using terrorism in a
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offences by their early twenties, and went on the run as suspects in the
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the first armed actions. Others were the part-Eritrean George Vale and
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Sentences: The Memoirs and Letters of Italian Political Prisoners
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Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy, p. 87-89
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Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy, p. 301
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The Devil's Agent: Life, Times and Crimes of Nazi Klaus Barbie
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Threats to Democracy: The Radical Right in Italy after the War
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from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
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Andreotti's Sentence Draws Protests About 'Justice Gone Mad'
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It is believed that at some point Mambro devised the name
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Ex-Premier Andreotti Acquitted of Mafia Murder Conspiracy
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focusing on human rights and criminal justice system in
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court finally cleared Andreotti of the murder in 2003.
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Andreotti Is Back in Court, This Time on Murder Charge
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Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension, P151-152
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cancer, although he was still alive 15 years later.
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The Andreotti Affair: Supergrasses target Andreotti
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998:"1980: Bologna blast leaves dozens dead"
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48:Valerio Fioravanti with Francesca Mambro
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779:Le Tentazioni del Dottor Antonio,
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554:
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541:
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473:Propaganda Due
454:Propaganda Due
444:
443:Propaganda Due
441:
431:
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411:
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394:
393:Armed violence
391:
373:
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314:Valeria Valeri
284:
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201:poorly sourced
174:
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2:
1485:
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1393:Living people
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1350:
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1177:
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1119:
1115:
1112:René Monzat,
1109:
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1048:
1046:
1044:
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978:
976:9781400822119
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773:Boccaccio '70
770:
769:
763:
761:
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756:United States
753:
749:
748:
747:Il Riformista
736:
733:
725:
714:
711:
707:
704:
700:
697:
693:
690:
686:
683: –
682:
678:
677:Find sources:
671:
667:
661:
660:
656:
651:
646:
637:
636:
628:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
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588:Supreme Court
584:
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476:
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461:
460:
455:
451:
440:
438:
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424:coup de grâce
421:
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390:
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369:
366:
355:
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274:
271:
263:
252:
249:
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
224:
221: –
220:
216:
215:Find sources:
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198:
194:
188:
187:
183:
178:
173:
164:
163:
155:
153:
149:
145:
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84:
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76:
70:(age 66)
68:28 March 1958
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1323:
1312:
1289:
1262:
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1248:
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1216:Oct 31 2003
1212:
1200:
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1176:
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1155:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1113:
1096:
1087:
1063:. Retrieved
1057:
1029:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
1001:
992:
980:. Retrieved
965:
958:
949:
940:
931:
889:
884:Bibliography
870:
863:directed by
857:
847:
842:Claudio Gora
840:directed by
834:
827:directed by
824:
817:directed by
811:
804:directed by
802:Vanity Fair,
801:
794:directed by
788:
781:directed by
778:
771:
745:
743:
728:
719:
709:
702:
695:
688:
676:
669:
652:
625:
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595:Imprisonment
585:
581:
572:
564:
556:
543:
510:
491:and Italian
482:
457:
446:
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416:Bacchiglione
413:
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361:
349:
347:
319:
299:
292:
266:
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233:
226:
214:
203:
186:verification
179:
137:
130:
129:
29:
1388:1958 births
1347:Klopp, C.,
829:Elio Piccon
766:Filmography
722:August 2023
450:Licio Gelli
400:Mario Amato
330:Carabinieri
260:August 2023
86:Occupations
1382:Categories
897:References
692:newspapers
631:Later life
493:Deep State
283:Background
230:newspapers
95:journalist
64:1958-03-28
777:episode,
653:does not
372:Personnel
365:far-right
182:citations
158:Biography
148:terrorist
135:far-right
106:1962–1975
1118:Le Monde
790:Cjamango
754:and the
358:Ideology
308:", with
302:Rovereto
208:libelous
75:Rovereto
1065:9 April
1008:9 April
982:9 April
706:scholar
655:include
622:Release
484:Bologna
410:Capture
244:scholar
119:Partner
1351:, P198
973:
879:(1975)
867:(1970)
854:(1969)
844:(1969)
831:(1969)
798:(1967)
708:
701:
694:
687:
679:
576:Padova
246:
239:
232:
225:
217:
111:Height
713:JSTOR
699:books
553:Trial
468:SISMI
420:Padua
251:JSTOR
237:books
92:Actor
79:Italy
1368:IMDb
1265:P.57
1067:2015
1010:2015
984:2015
971:ISBN
752:Iran
685:news
657:any
608:Rome
312:and
223:news
184:for
54:Born
1366:at
610:'s
489:CIA
466:of
1384::
1298:^
1270:^
1116:,
1105:^
1075:^
1056:.
1038:^
1000:.
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614:,
475:.
195:.
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703:·
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662:.
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267:(
262:)
258:(
248:·
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