1197:
1189:
992:"In a significant step in search for the truth behind the bombing at Bologna railway station that killed 85 people and wounded 200 on 2 August 1980 the far-right militant Paolo Bellini has been found guilty of direct involvement in the massacre. He has been sentenced to life imprisonment. The hearings at Bologna law Court began in April 2021 presided over by Judge Francesco Caruso with a number of lawyers acting on behalf of the Association of the Families of the Victims. Bellini, now 69-year-old, belonged to the far-right organisation
639:
1336:
1327:
631:
2160:
1007:
1318:
961:
forming an armed gang, and
Giuseppe Belmonte, Licio Gelli, Pietro Musumeci, and Francesco Pazienza were charged with defamation. On 16 May 1994, Fioravanti, Mambro and Picciafuoco were sentenced to life imprisonment; Fachini was acquitted. Cavallini, Fioravanti, Giuliani, Mambro and Picciafuoco were also convicted of forming an armed gang; Fachini and Rinani were acquitted. Belmonte, Gelli, Musumeci and Pazienza were convicted of defamation.
152:
1113:
822:
36:
1309:
1300:
960:
The new trial began on 11 October 1993. Massimiliano
Fachini, Valerio Fioravanti, Francesca Mambro, and Sergio Picciafuoco were charged with murder; Gilberto Cavallini, Massimiliano Fachini, Egidio Giuliani, Valerio Fioravanti, Francesca Mambro, Sergio Picciafuoco and Roberto Rinani were charged with
1216:
on 2 August, a national memorial day for all terrorist massacres. Although the damaged part of the station has been mostly reconstructed, the original floor tile pierced by the detonation has been left in place and a deep crack (covered by a glass panel) has been left in the reconstructed main wall.
791:
had a police sergeant put a suitcase full of explosives on a train in
Bologna. The suitcase also contained personal items belonging to two right-wing extremists, a Frenchman, and a German. Musumeci also produced a phony dossier, entitled "Terror on trains". He was charged with falsifying evidence to
956:
acquitted Rinani and
Signorelli of murder; Signorelli was also acquitted of forming an armed gang and subversive association. The court also acquitted other defendants, canceled the judgment and ordered a new trial because the sentences were "illogical, incoherent, not assessing proofs and evidence
944:
On 11 July 1988, Fachini, Fioravanti, Mambro and
Picciafuoco were sentenced to life imprisonment for murder; Rinani and Signorelli were acquitted. Cavallini, Fachini, Fioravanti, Giuliani, Mambro, Picciafuoco, Rinani and Signorelli were convicted of forming an armed gang; Iannilli, Melioli and Raho
920:
The first trial began in
Bologna on 9 March 1987. Massimiliano Fachini, Valerio Fioravanti, Francesca Mambro, Sergio Picciafuoco, Roberto Rinani and Paolo Signorelli were charged with murder. Gilberto Cavallini, Fachini, Fioravanti, Egidio Giuliani, Marcello Iannilli, Mambro, Giovanni Melioli,
948:
On appeal, Fachini, Fioravanti, Mambro, Picciafuoco, Rinani and
Signorelli were acquitted of murder on 18 July 1990. Cavallini, Fioravanti, Mambro and Giuliani were convicted of forming an armed gang. Belmonte and Musumeci were convicted of defamation, and the other defendants were acquitted.
1017:
Between 1999 and 2006, during sessions of the parliamentary commission established to probe terrorism in Italy and the failure to identify those responsible for the massacre and a commission investigating the
Mitrokhin dossier and Italian intelligence activity, new information emerged on
1217:
The explosion caused the station clock to stop at the time of the incident (10:25). Images of the stopped clock quickly became a visual symbol of the tragedy. The clock was initially repaired but in 1996, the authorities decided to permanently fix the clock at 10:25, as a commemoration.
945:
were acquitted. Ballan, Belmonte, Felice, Delle Chiaie, Fachini, Gelli, Giorgi, Musumeci, Pazienza, Signorelli and
Tilgher were acquitted of subversive association. Belmonte, Gelli, Musumeci and Pazienza were convicted of defamation. The appeal process began on 25 October 1989.
654:
hidden in an unattended suitcase detonated in an air-conditioned waiting room at the
Bologna station, which was full of people seeking relief from the August heat. The explosion collapsed the roof of the waiting room, destroyed most of the main building, and hit the
980:
officer) were convicted of obstruction. Carminati and Manucci Benincasa were acquitted for lack of evidence in December 2001, and Bongiovanni's conviction was upheld. On 30 January 2003, the Court of Cassation finally acquitted Carminati and Manucci Benincasa.
1099:. The PFLP has always denied responsibility. On 19 August 2011, the Bologna prosecutor began an investigation of two German terrorists: Thomas Kram and Christa Margot Fröhlich, both linked to Carlos the Jackal's group and in Bologna on the day of the attack.
996:
on whose instigation he killed a young left wing militant, Alceste Campanile, in 1975. In 1999, he confessed to this killing adding that he had also killed a number of people on behalf of mafia bosses. But he denied any involvement in the Bologna
1018:
international terrorist networks and Italian intelligence in the former Soviet bloc and Arab countries such as Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Yemen and Iraq. Secret agreements with the Palestinian leadership tied to arms trafficking between the
889:
The Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Luigi Ciavardini, an NAR member with close ties to Terza Posizione, in April 2007. Ciavardini received a 30-year prison sentence for his role in the attack. He had been arrested after the
1259:
focuses on how the aftermath of the bombing affects a (fictional) American family. The protagonist becomes caught up in the prosecution of the perpetrators and life in Bologna. The bombing is the backdrop of a chapter of
666:
The station was full of tourists that Saturday, and the city was unprepared for a major disaster. Many passers-by and travelers provided first aid to victims and helped rescue people who were buried under the rubble.
1026:
and the Palestinians, was in Bologna on the day of the massacre. On 17 November 2005, the Bologna prosecutor opened a case (Dossier 7823/2005 RG) against unknown persons. According to media reports in 2004 and 2007,
957:
in good terms, not taking into account the facts preceding and following the event, unmotivated or poorly motivated, in some parts the judges supporting unlikely arguments that not even the defense had argued".
2348:
964:
On 23 November 1995, the Supreme Court upheld the convictions of Fioravanti, Mambro, Gelli, Pazienza, Musumeci and Belmonte, ordering a new trial for Picciafuoco (who was acquitted by the Appeals Court in
678:. Some doctors and hospital staff returned early from vacation to care for the victims, and hospital departments which were closed for the summer holidays were reopened to accommodate the casualties.
2149:
1169:
on 1 June 1981 to raise and maintain awareness of the bombing. The group, which began with 44 members, grew to 300. On 6 April 1983, the association and victims' associations of victims of the
1014:
As a result of protracted legal procedures and false leads, a number of theories were proposed during the years after the attack. Involvement by Italian Secret Service officials was suggested.
1277:. The 2017 French novel, which satirizes late-20th-century Parisian intellectual and political life, involves two detectives investigating what they assume to be the murder of the philosopher
700:, who arrived by helicopter in Bologna at 5:30 pm the day of the massacre and tearfully said: "I have no words; we are facing the most criminal enterprise that has ever taken place in Italy."
2132:
1266:
2414:
1022:
and Italy and a warning to the Italian anti-terrorist secret service three weeks before the massacre were discovered. Thomas Kram, member of a German terrorist group linked to
755:
prefers acts such as massacres because acts of extreme violence promote panic and impulsive reactions." The bomb was later found to be composed of 23 kilograms (51 lb) of
1990:
454:
492:
1916:
1443:
261:
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on 18 June 1996, a verdict upheld by the Supreme Court on 15 April 1997). In April 1998, Mambro was given home confinement and allowed to leave prison during the day.
1639:
913:, Maurizio Neri, and Paolo Signorelli. They were interrogated in Ferrara, Rome, Padua, and Parma. All were released from prison in 1981. Semerari was murdered by the
2600:
2038:
2354:
901:
On 26 August 1980, the prosecutor of Bologna issued twenty-eight arrest warrants for far-right militants of the NAR and Terza Posizione. Among those arrested were
2105:
2016:
1836:
2565:
2407:
894:
of the Banca Unicredito di Roma on 15 September 2005. Ciavardini was also charged with the assassinations of Francesco Evangelista on 28 May 1980 and Judge
670:
Due to the large number of casualties and an insufficient number of emergency vehicles available to transport the injured to hospitals, firefighters used
1791:
703:
The #37 bus (used to transport victims) and the clock (stopped at 10:25) were symbols of the massacre. The attack was the worst atrocity in Italy since
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2271:
2121:
1664:
552:
2580:
2267:
2501:
2400:
1070:
254:
2363:
1805:
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2545:
2325:
2025:
1019:
1942:
921:
Picciafuoco, Roberto Raho, Rinani and Signorelli were charged with forming an armed gang. Marco Ballan, Giuseppe Belmonte, Fabio De Felice,
747:
on 3 August. Later, in a special session of the Senate, Cossiga also supported the theory that neo-fascists were behind the attack: "Unlike
1964:
2349:
La strage di Bologna nel contesto internazionale della guerra fredda e le “relazioni pericolose” nazionali ed internazionali del Lodo Moro
2530:
247:
2200:
2428:
1986:
1091:
reaffirmed his belief that the massacre was attributable to Palestinian resistance groups operating in Italy (rather than fascist
1891:"A Bologna a colpire furono Cia e Mossad. Carlos: utilizzati giovani neofascisti, però per me Mambro e Fioravanti sono innocenti"
2315:
2060:
The Association was responsible, together with other associations of victims of massacres the publication of the book entitled
1912:
100:
1451:
878:(Armed Revolutionary Nuclei), a neo-fascist terrorist organization. A long, controversial court case began after the bombing.
2575:
2550:
2310:
2292:
2279:
2258:
1482:
72:
2337:
1271:
2610:
2074:
2555:
2094:
79:
1507:
953:
482:
2345:, a committee for claiming the innocence of Luigi Ciavardini and to reveal dark spots of the court case (Italian only)
2183:
1152:
1130:
861:
839:
396:
119:
53:
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who had fled to London. Both Terza Posizione leaders said that Musumeci was trying to divert attention from P2 head
2585:
2560:
2525:
2012:
1201:
1058:
601:
165:
1874:
86:
2540:
1890:
497:
17:
2264:
Stragi e mandanti: sono veramente ignoti gli ispiratori dell'eccidio del 2 agosto 1980 alla stazione di Bologna?
2605:
2520:
1542:
1134:
941:
were charged with subversive association. Belmonte, Gelli, Musumeci and Pazienza were charged with defamation.
843:
57:
608:, Italy, on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded over 200. Several members of the
2342:
1776:
1065:, Spanish lawyer José Angel Pérez Nievas declared that it was "probable that Almirón participated—along with
68:
938:
647:
2488:
1943:"Strage di Bologna. Parla il figlio di Sparti, testimone chiave dell'accusa: 'Mio padre ha sempre mentito'
2570:
1374:
1358:
1241:
1181:
formed the Union of Relatives of Victims to Massacres (Unione dei Familiari delle Vittime per Stragi) in
1174:
1043:
716:
412:
231:
2355:
Presentazione del libro "I segreti di Bologna" di Valerio Cutonilli e Rosario Priore (Ed. Chiarelettere)
2535:
1392:
1074:
875:
619:
487:
1385:
1080:
In May 2007, Massimo Sparti's son said: "My father has always lied about the Bologna investigation".
1178:
417:
1210:
Associazione tra i familiari delle vittime della strage alla stazione di Bologna del 2 agosto 1980
2470:
2424:
2392:
2150:"Strage di Bologna, dalla P2 di Gelli milioni di dollari per finanziare i terroristi neofascisti"
1123:
832:
740:
719:
46:
1167:
Associazione dei familiari delle vittime della strage alla stazione di Bologna del 2 agosto 1980
2452:
2155:
1397:
1170:
986:
477:
375:
323:
297:
292:
93:
2461:
993:
690:
271:
143:
536:
1407:
1353:
1092:
1066:
1032:
922:
752:
459:
438:
8:
2357:, Conference at Radio Radicale on the Bologna Massacre, Rome, October 2016 (Italian only)
1969:
1895:
1423:
1402:
748:
686:
976:(NAR member), Ivano Bongiovanni (far-right sympathizer) and Federigo Manucci Benincasa (
2351:, notes from the Conference "I segreti di Bologna", Rome 21 October 2016 (Italian only)
1999:
1096:
934:
883:
694:
597:
568:
223:
1524:
La storia d'Italia, Vol. 23, Dagli anni di piombo agli anni 80, Torino, 2005, pag. 587
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2288:
2275:
2254:
2250:
2208:
2179:
1752:
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1488:
1478:
1418:
1379:
1212:
sponsor an annual international composition competition which ends with a concert in
1088:
1039:
1028:
1023:
973:
797:
722:
318:
2307:, official website of the association of the relatives of the victims (Italian only)
1640:"Strage di Bologna, 30 anni a Ciavardini—Cassazione conferma la condanna all'ex Nar"
1042:
said that "the Mitrokhin Commission attempts to falsify history" and "they were the
2201:"The 7th Function of Language by Laurent Binet review – who killed Roland Barthes?"
1554:"'95 Percent Sure' Station Blast Was Terror Bomb". Associated Press. 3 August 1980.
1236:
financed the terrorists of the bombing and subsequently took care of the necessary
1233:
902:
879:
675:
589:
370:
328:
227:
2338:
A Massacre to Remember — The Bologna Train Station Bombing Twenty-Five Years Later
2330:
2240:
2020:
1994:
1920:
1878:
1771:
1252:
1213:
1050:
to hit in Bologna" with the intent to punish Italy for its relationship with the
930:
801:
780:
760:
682:
391:
365:
1629:"Bologna bomber's 30-year jail term confirmed". Associated Press. 11 April 2007.
638:
630:
1947:
1704:
Jill Smolowe, Carolyn Friday and Lin Widmann, "The Case of the Beheaded Body",
1412:
1335:
1326:
1278:
1006:
784:
725:, first assumed that the incident was due to an accidental explosion of an old
697:
433:
349:
2013:"Former Italian Prime Minister fabricates lies against the Palestinian people"
1590:
2514:
2378:
2365:
2212:
2127:
2100:
2043:
1756:
1669:
1644:
1492:
1261:
1223:
910:
891:
793:
768:
764:
344:
1848:
1188:
735:
2095:"La strage di Bologna fu organizzata e finanziata dai capi della loggia P2"
1688:
1369:
1196:
704:
1853:
1792:"Bologna, due assoluzioni in appello Per la strage non-ci fu depistaggio"
1282:
1237:
1229:
926:
906:
895:
805:
744:
689:
representatives who attended the 6 August funerals of the victims in the
622:) were sentenced for the bombing, although the group denied involvement.
609:
515:
1317:
1308:
239:
1870:
1363:
1137: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
846: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
751:, which strikes at the heart of the state through its representatives,
313:
2122:"Esclusivo - Strage di Bologna, ecco le carte segrete di Licio Gelli"
2039:"Svolta sulla strage del Due Agosto Indagati due terroristi tedeschi"
1913:"Denuncian que Almirón también participó en la ultraderecha española"
1806:""Fifth Man" Paolo Bellini Found Guilty of the 1980 Bologna Massacre"
1665:"Arrestato l'estremista nero Ciavardini per una rapina a mano armata"
1031:
suggested Palestinian involvement in a letter to Enzo FragalĂ of the
984:
In an article written by Alfio Bernabei for the British anti-fascist
756:
730:
651:
196:
1965:"La strage di Bologna, fu un incidente della resistenza palestinese"
1849:"Il giallo della strage di Bologna. Ecco le prove della pista araba"
1299:
1112:
905:(future founder of the neo-fascist organization and political party
821:
151:
35:
1819:
1706:
1616:
966:
2422:
2320:
914:
660:
605:
1073:—in the 1980 bombing in Bologna's train station". In 1998, the
1047:
726:
656:
729:
in the station's basement. Evidence, however, soon pointed to
1925:
1182:
977:
788:
743:(PCI) newspaper, attributed responsibility for the attack to
685:(Bologna's central square). Harsh criticism was directed at
1204:
was permanently fixed at 10:25 to commemorate the massacre.
1871:"Strage Bologna: Cossiga, forse atto del terrorismo arabo"
1580:"Neo-Fascists 'Prefer Massacre'". Reuters. 6 August 1980.
1084:
1051:
671:
2304:
156:
Ruins of the Bologna station west wing after the bombing
1769:
Anne Hanley, "Bologna bomber slips back into society",
27:
1980 terrorist bombing of Bologna, Italy, train station
1281:. The detectives, who travel to Bologna to interview
681:
After the attack, large demonstrations were held in
2092:Abbate, Lirio; Biondani, Paolo (25 February 2020).
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2148:
2120:
2093:
2237:La strage. L'atto d'accusa dei giudici di Bologna
1357:, a mafia gang with links to the fascist-aligned
2601:Terrorist incidents on railway systems in Europe
2512:
1987:"Our World: The convenient war against the Jews"
1095:) and in the innocence of Francesca Mambro and
886:were initially sentenced to life imprisonment.
663:train which was waiting at the first platform.
2316:"2 Agosto" international composing competition
2247:La versione di K. Sessant'anni di controstoria
2118:
2091:
1220:In February and July 2020, the Italian weekly
2408:
2026:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
1477:(in Italian). Milano: Sperling & Kupfer.
1221:
1020:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
990:magazine in April 2022, it was reported that
613:
255:
2566:Improvised explosive device bombings in 1980
1660:
1658:
1565:"Police search starts for Bologna bombers".
1820:"The Massacre of Bologna... 30 Years Later"
1749:Nuovi misteri d'Italia: i casi di Blu notte
1607:
1605:
2415:
2401:
1228:published a reportage claiming the couple
1057:After the 2006 arrest of former Argentine
262:
248:
150:
2596:Terrorist incidents in Italy in the 1980s
2287:, Marino Valentini, Chiaredizioni, 2019,
1746:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1655:
1472:
1153:Learn how and when to remove this message
862:Learn how and when to remove this message
634:Bystanders assisting the rescue operation
269:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2581:Railway accidents and incidents in Italy
2173:
1602:
1535:The far right in Europe: an encyclopedia
1508:"1980: Bologna blast leaves dozens dead"
1285:, narrowly escape injury in the attack.
1195:
1187:
1005:
637:
629:
2146:
1001:
14:
2513:
2453:Dunmurry train bombing, United Kingdom
2135:from the original on 7 September 2020.
1929:Argentine news agency, 6 January 2007
1716:
1077:refused to extradite Cauchi to Italy.
874:The attack has been attributed to the
2591:Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1980
2546:Attacks on railway stations in Europe
2396:
2198:
1812:
1808:. Searchlight Magazine. 7 April 2022.
1533:Davies, Peter, Jackson, Paul (2008).
1247:
1192:Plaque at the Bologna Central Station
767:and 18 kilograms (40 lb) of T4 (
693:. The only applause was reserved for
243:
1165:Relatives of the victims formed the
1135:adding citations to reliable sources
1106:
1087:interview, former Italian president
844:adding citations to reliable sources
815:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2108:from the original on 12 March 2020.
1408:Games of the XXII Olympiad (Moscow)
24:
2462:Winsum train disaster, Netherlands
2230:
2163:from the original on 29 July 2020.
1794:. la Repubblica. 22 December 2001.
1450:. 19 December 2017. Archived from
483:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
329:Defenestration of Giuseppe Pinelli
25:
2622:
2531:20th-century mass murder in Italy
2489:Otłoczyn railway accident, Poland
2298:
2064:published by Pendragon in Bologna
1537:. Greenwood World Press, p. 238.
397:Milan police headquarters bombing
2471:Buttevant Rail Disaster, Ireland
2178:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
2147:Ferrari, Antonio (2 July 2020).
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1267:The Seventh Function of Language
1202:Bologna Centrale railway station
1111:
820:
710:
602:Bologna Centrale railway station
166:Bologna Centrale railway station
34:
2425:Railway accidents and incidents
2192:
2167:
2140:
2119:Paolo Biondani (22 July 2020).
2112:
2085:
2067:
2062:Il terrorismo e le sue maschere
2054:
2032:
2006:
1980:
1958:
1936:
1906:
1884:
1864:
1842:
1830:
1798:
1784:
1763:
1740:
1698:
1680:
1633:
1622:
1122:needs additional citations for
831:needs additional citations for
800:, two leaders of the far-right
45:needs additional citations for
2075:"The Stopped Clock of Bologna"
1613:EnquĂŞtes sur la droite extrĂŞme
1593:Blu notte La strage di Bologna
1584:
1573:
1558:
1547:
1527:
1518:
1500:
1466:
1436:
811:
774:
759:: 5 kilograms (11 lb) of
13:
1:
2199:Elkin, Lauren (12 May 2017).
1473:Tassinari, Ugo Maria (2008).
1429:
537:Kidnapping of James L. Dozier
2576:Neo-fascist attacks in Italy
2551:August 1980 events in Europe
7:
2611:Military history of Bologna
2239:, dir. Giuseppe de Lutiis,
1375:List of terrorist incidents
1346:
615:Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari
455:Murder of Vittorio Occorsio
413:Piazza della Loggia bombing
232:Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari
10:
2627:
2556:Building bombings in Italy
2311:BBC Overview of the events
1393:List of massacres in Italy
1288:
1075:Supreme Court of Argentina
954:Supreme Court of Cassation
642:Rescuers carrying a victim
620:Armed Revolutionary Nuclei
493:Murder of Antonio Esposito
488:Killing of Fausto and Iaio
319:Murder of Antonio Annaruma
2498:
2443:
2174:Hellenga, Robert (1999).
1919:27 September 2007 at the
1747:Lucarelli, Carlo (2004).
1731:La notte della Repubblica
1686:"Bombing Suspect Freed",
1386:La notte della Repubblica
1240:thanks to the support of
1179:Italicus Express bombings
1102:
952:On 12 February 1992, the
625:
561:
545:
529:
508:
470:
447:
426:
405:
384:
366:Murder of Luigi Calabresi
358:
337:
306:
285:
281:
218:
210:
202:
192:
182:
172:
161:
149:
141:
136:
2253:, Rizzoli, Milan, 2009,
1710:, 12 April 1982, p. 25.
1242:Federico Umberto D'Amato
439:Murder of Mikis Mantakas
434:Murder of Sergio Ramelli
418:Italicus Express bombing
2586:1980 disasters in Italy
2561:Crime in Emilia-Romagna
2526:20th century in Bologna
2502:1981 ►
2480:Bologna massacre, Italy
2321:Bologna Central Station
1692:, 11 April 1981, p. 6.
1619:-Ă©ditions, 1992, p. 89.
1010:Funerals of the victims
741:Italian Communist Party
715:The government, led by
612:terrorist organization
2541:1980 building bombings
2156:Il Corriere della Sera
1398:Piazza Fontana bombing
1222:
1205:
1193:
1011:
787:(P2), and Belmonte of
643:
635:
614:
593:
478:Acca Larentia killings
324:Piazza Fontana bombing
293:Battle of Valle Giulia
2606:Years of Lead (Italy)
2521:1980 murders in Italy
2379:44.50611°N 11.34222°E
2176:The Fall of a Sparrow
1877:7 August 2009 at the
1257:The Fall of a Sparrow
1199:
1191:
1009:
994:Avanguardia Nazionale
909:), Francesca Mambro,
691:Basilica San Petronio
641:
633:
516:Murder of Mario Amato
273:Years of Lead (Italy)
1354:Banda della Magliana
1131:improve this article
1093:right-wing terrorism
1067:Stefano Delle Chiaie
1033:Mitrokhin Commission
1002:Alternative theories
923:Stefano Delle Chiaie
840:improve this article
753:right-wing terrorism
717:Christian Democratic
674:, private cars, and
54:improve this article
2375: /
1993:12 May 2011 at the
1970:Corriere della Sera
1899:, 23 November 2005
1896:Corriere della Sera
1826:. 21 November 2010.
1454:on 19 December 2017
1444:"Strage di Bologna"
1424:Terrorism in Europe
1403:Strategy of tension
1175:Piazza della Loggia
929:, Maurizio Giorgi,
2571:Massacres in Italy
2384:44.50611; 11.34222
2343:L'ora della veritĂ
2274:, Aliberti, 2012,
2079:Alternate Memories
2019:8 May 2009 at the
2000:The Jerusalem Post
1857:, 22 October 2007
1733:, Nuova Eri, 1992
1673:, 10 October 2006
1567:The Globe and Mail
1248:In popular culture
1206:
1194:
1097:Valerio Fioravanti
1012:
935:Francesco Pazienza
884:Valerio Fioravanti
644:
636:
569:Terrorism in Italy
224:Valerio Fioravanti
222:Luigi Ciavardini,
69:"Bologna massacre"
2536:Massacres in 1980
2508:
2507:
2334:. 18 August 1980.
2326:"Bologna's Grief"
2293:978-88-85561-19-9
2280:978-88-7424-932-9
2259:978-88-17-03592-7
2251:Francesco Cossiga
2047:, 19 August 2011
2003:, 6 October 2008.
1775:, 16 April 1998.
1591:Carlo Lucarelli,
1484:978-88-200-4449-7
1419:Carlos the Jackal
1380:Itavia Flight 870
1163:
1162:
1155:
1089:Francesco Cossiga
1040:Carlos the Jackal
1029:Francesco Cossiga
1024:Carlos the Jackal
974:Massimo Carminati
937:, Signorelli and
898:on 23 June 1980.
872:
871:
864:
798:Gabriele Adinolfi
749:leftist terrorism
723:Francesco Cossiga
594:strage di Bologna
581:
580:
577:
576:
238:
237:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2618:
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2389:
2387:
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2372:
2371:
2368:
2285:Il patto tradito
2272:Roberto Scardova
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2196:
2190:
2189:
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2082:
2081:. 2 August 2017.
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1569:. 5 August 1980.
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1514:. 2 August 1980.
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1234:Umberto Ortolani
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903:Massimo Morsello
880:Francesca Mambro
867:
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853:
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771:for civil use).
617:
586:Bologna massacre
553:Salerno shooting
521:Bologna massacre
501:
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371:Peteano massacre
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2231:Further reading
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939:Adriano Tilgher
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1973:, 8 July 2008
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1255:'s 1998 novel
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1101:
1083:During a 2008
1071:Augusto Cauchi
1003:
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972:In June 2000,
917:a year later.
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2143:
2137:(Part I of 2)
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2129:
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2102:
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2044:la Repubblica
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2018:
2014:
2009:
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1983:
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1670:la Repubblica
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1645:la Repubblica
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1611:René Monzat,
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1200:The clock at
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1120:This section
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911:Aldo Semerari
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
892:armed robbery
887:
885:
881:
877:
866:
863:
855:
845:
841:
835:
834:
829:This section
827:
823:
818:
817:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:Roberto Fiore
790:
786:
782:
772:
770:
769:nitroglycerin
766:
765:Composition B
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
724:
721:
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711:Investigation
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376:1972 bombings
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345:Reggio revolt
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178:10:25 (UTC+2)
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144:Years of Lead
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2479:
2360:
2329:
2284:
2263:
2246:
2243:, Rome, 1986
2236:
2216:. Retrieved
2205:The Guardian
2204:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2154:
2142:
2126:
2114:
2099:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2049:(in Italian)
2042:
2034:
2024:
2008:
1998:
1982:
1975:(in Italian)
1968:
1960:
1953:(in Italian)
1946:
1938:
1931:(in Spanish)
1924:
1908:
1901:(in Italian)
1894:
1886:
1866:
1859:(in Italian)
1852:
1844:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1800:
1786:
1780:(in English)
1770:
1765:
1748:
1742:
1735:(in Italian)
1730:
1712:(in English)
1705:
1700:
1694:(in English)
1689:The Guardian
1687:
1682:
1675:(in Italian)
1668:
1650:(in Italian)
1643:
1635:
1624:
1612:
1597:(in Italian)
1592:
1586:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1549:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1474:
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
1447:
1438:
1384:
1370:False memory
1352:
1265:
1256:
1251:
1238:red herrings
1219:
1209:
1207:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1140:
1129:Please help
1124:verification
1121:
1082:
1079:
1056:
1037:
1016:
1013:
991:
985:
983:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
943:
919:
900:
888:
873:
858:
849:
838:Please help
833:verification
830:
792:incriminate
778:
745:neo-fascists
734:
714:
705:World War II
702:
680:
669:
665:
645:
585:
583:
520:
219:Perpetrators
142:Part of the
131:
116:
110:January 2022
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2382: /
2218:29 December
1854:il Giornale
1751:. Einaudi.
1475:Fascisteria
1283:Umberto Eco
1270: [
1230:Licio Gelli
987:Searchlight
927:Licio Gelli
925:, Fachini,
907:Forza Nuova
896:Mario Amato
812:Prosecution
806:Licio Gelli
775:False leads
610:neo-fascist
496: [
458: [
184:Attack type
2515:Categories
2370:11°20′32″E
2367:44°30′22″N
2128:L'Espresso
2101:L'Espresso
1824:iItaly.org
1543:1846450039
1448:Rai Storia
1430:References
1415:(P2 lodge)
1366:operations
1364:False flag
1224:L'Espresso
997:massacre."
757:explosives
687:government
314:Hot Autumn
80:newspapers
2305:stragi.it
2213:0261-3077
1757:654184049
1493:209335674
1143:July 2012
1038:In 2005,
852:July 2020
779:Generals
731:terrorism
695:President
652:time bomb
646:At 10:25
598:terrorist
197:Time bomb
2161:Archived
2133:Archived
2106:Archived
2017:Archived
1991:Archived
1917:Archived
1875:Archived
1707:Newsweek
1617:Le Monde
1512:BBC News
1347:See also
1059:Triple A
1046:and the
967:Florence
596:) was a
214:Over 200
162:Location
2500:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2431: (
1837:Dossier
1777:on-line
1497:p. 626.
1458:5 April
1289:Gallery
1061:member
915:Camorra
736:L'UnitĂ
661:Chiasso
606:Bologna
590:Italian
562:Related
211:Injured
188:Bombing
168:, Italy
94:scholar
2485:Aug 19
2476:Aug 2
2467:Aug 1
2458:Jul 25
2449:Jan 17
2291:
2278:
2257:
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2182:
1755:
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1491:
1481:
1103:Legacy
1048:Mossad
739:, the
727:boiler
657:Ancona
626:Events
618:(NAR,
226:, and
203:Deaths
193:Weapon
96:
89:
82:
75:
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1926:Telam
1274:]
1183:Milan
978:SISMI
789:SISMI
676:taxis
672:buses
500:]
462:]
101:JSTOR
87:books
2433:1980
2429:1980
2331:Time
2289:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2270:and
2255:ISBN
2220:2017
2209:ISSN
2180:ISBN
1753:OCLC
1539:ISBN
1489:OCLC
1479:ISBN
1460:2022
1177:and
1069:and
882:and
796:and
763:and
650:, a
648:CEST
584:The
546:1982
530:1981
509:1980
471:1978
448:1976
427:1975
406:1974
385:1973
359:1972
338:1970
307:1969
286:1968
173:Date
73:news
2427:in
1359:NAR
1264:'s
1133:by
1085:BBC
1054:.
1052:PLO
1044:CIA
876:NAR
842:by
761:TNT
604:in
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