41:
1548:
Autumn" period. In the six years following 1969 there was a massive redistribution of income, and the share of GNP accruing to dependent labor went from 57 to 73 percent. Redistributing that income led to increased consumption and reduced savings and this was a problem already in debt. The "Hot Autumn" protests started at the university, but their transition to the industrial stage pointed out the weak governance of the first republic, for economic policies were ineffective and sparked many of the frustrations of the blue-collar working class.
1012:
2104:
1488:
which included strikes, demonstrations, and occupation of university buildings. Students formed assemblies where it was a not only a mass meeting, but a body which made binding decisions. This student movement eventually shifted from university issues and moved toward industrial struggles. Examples of the shift to industrial struggles can be seen through the protests that occurred in the car factories of Turin in 1969.
1539:
had been in office for 20 years. During the latter stages of that time period, there was an overall degeneration, as people looked to vote for politicians who could give them favors, as the party could not be voted out. This overall clientelism within the
Italian government led to both corruption and
1547:
By the 1970s and 1980s, it can be seen that the CISL was a bureaucratic and politicized organization. It was tied to factions of the
Christian Democratic Party, where the passing of favors was how the Italian government was run. Economic problems also surrounded the formation and fallout of the "Hot
1487:
The period known as the "Hot Autumn" in Italy began in the summer of 1968, which saw a series of strikes as workers demanded a flat-rate pay rise. The unrest that lasted from 1966 to 1972 began in the universities. These student movements set a precedent with their use of disruptive forms of protest
1499:
within the company. The protests were also a scene of major violence as some protests drew the hostility of the police. A strike against high rents outside the factory gates in Corso
Traiano was attacked by the police and incidents like this led to a running battle with the police.
1472:
press to describe other periods marked by significant strikes, although in later decades, such seasonal strikes have more often been directed against government's budget plans, which are usually planned and publicly debated during the autumn months.
1461:. They were generally unhappy at the society that had forced them to leave their homes in search of work, and wanted to get back at the employers who, in their view, had been exploiting them with lower than average wages for so many years.
1456:
The reasons for discontent varied - while the usual demands for better pay and working conditions were a factor, the tensions were also increased by the fact that much of the workforce had migrated from the much poorer
1517:
or from parties to activist networks. The period of the "Hot Autumn" was an attack on the established power relations in Italy and it was very explosive. The "Hot Autumn" was followed by the "
1445:. Workers joined in on these protests and began to demand increased wages. Many of them were being laid off because of increased efficiencies in factories. Not all of the workers' demands for
1267:
1305:
1417:, in which workers demanded better pay and better conditions. During 1969 and 1970 there were over 440 hours of strikes in the region. The decrease in the flow of labour
1074:
2068:
747:
1544:, or CISL). The CISL was based on two principles, which were the importance of firm-level union activity, and the professionalization of union activists.
1365:
1541:
1931:
1067:
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1437:
Due to increased literacy levels in general and especially among workers, following a wave of student protests influenced by similar events in
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levels in the northern part of the country, meaning that the workforce there now had the leverage to start exercising its influence.
2436:
2431:
2227:
1981:
1958:
1540:
ineffective governance. The issues of the "Hot Autumn" can also be tied to the
Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori (
679:
2380:
2063:
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2182:
709:
1621:
1495:. Workers were supported by university students of the New Left, and demanded wage increases and the same conditions as
1295:
767:
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2207:
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2013:
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20:
1521:", which was a period of far-right and far-left violence including bombings, shootings and kidnappings.
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2018:
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8:
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1721:"'I Terroni in CittĂ ': Revisiting Southern Migrants' Militancy in Turin's 'Hot Autumn'"
1698:
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The Hot Autumn occurred at a time of major weakness within the
Italian government. The
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1932:“Hot Autumn” Italy’s Factory Councils and Autonomous Workers’ Assemblies, 1970s
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1986:
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Locke, Richard (1995). "Building a "Mature" System of
Industrial Relations".
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Turin was the center of FIAT factories, and became the focus of continual
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These protests were also influenced by the PCI, and often changed from
939:
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1441:, leftist students started agitating for social reforms and increased
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866:
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28:
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1936:
1504:
577:
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996:
1681:
More Work! Less Pay!: Rebellion and repression in Italy, 1972–77
1662:
A History of
Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988
2318:
2212:
1819:
Jenkins, Charles (1995). "Ready for a New
Republic in Italy?".
470:
1927:
Italy 60s-70s collection at the
Libertarian Communist Library
1469:
32:
2069:
Opposition to United States involvement in the
Vietnam War
1589:
Similar periods in other countries around the same time:
748:
Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line
1409:) of 1969–70 is a term used for a series of large
2393:
1788:Voices of 1968: Documents from the Global North
1583:Autobiography of a generation, Luisa Passerini
1542:Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions
1952:
1449:came about, but more basic demands such as a
1068:
1034:
2268:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
2119:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
1781:
1779:
1413:in the factories and industrial centers of
743:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
1959:
1945:
1075:
1061:
1041:
1027:
2143:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
2049:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
1790:. London: Pluto Press. pp. 204–226.
1785:
1718:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1082:
2228:Occupation of the Student Union Building
1883:Carli, Guido (1976). "Italy's Malaise".
1776:
1714:
1712:
1678:
680:Italian General Confederation of Labour
2394:
2381:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2064:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
1667:
1940:
1882:
1845:
1056:
2183:Columbia University protests of 1968
2173:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
1982:1968–69 Japanese university protests
1966:
1709:
13:
1296:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
1142:Defenestration of Giuseppe Pinelli
14:
2458:
2208:March of the One Hundred Thousand
1915:
1453:and increased pay were achieved.
1210:Milan police headquarters bombing
2102:
1622:AuĂźerparlamentarische Opposition
1618:in 1978–79 in the United Kingdom
1010:
785:Movement of Unitarian Communists
728:Armed Proletarians for Communism
705:Unified Communist Party of Italy
351:Portella della Ginestra massacre
39:
2437:1970 labor disputes and strikes
2432:1969 labor disputes and strikes
2366:Segregation in Northern Ireland
1531:History of the Italian Republic
738:Communist Party of Italy (2014)
381:Assassination of Sergio Ramelli
1922:Italy Hot Autumn Photo Gallery
1876:
1839:
1812:
1655:
1468:has since been applied in the
685:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
675:Italian Communist Party (2016)
1:
2153:1968 Red Square demonstration
1728:Contemporary European History
1648:
1350:Kidnapping of James L. Dozier
2133:1968 Polish political crisis
2089:West German student movement
2014:Black Consciousness Movement
1848:Remaking the Italian Economy
653:Communist Refoundation Party
593:Proletarian internationalism
7:
2339:Racism in the United States
2304:Counterculture of the 1960s
2125:The whole world is watching
2094:Women's liberation movement
1685:Manchester University Press
1551:
1537:Christian Democracy (Italy)
1432:
1268:Murder of Vittorio Occorsio
1226:Piazza della Loggia bombing
800:Party of Italian Communists
795:Party of the Christian Left
638:Communist Alternative Party
346:Third De Gasperi government
10:
2463:
1818:
1719:Pizzolato, Nicola (2012).
1528:
1524:
1480:
1476:
1306:Murder of Antonio Esposito
1301:Killing of Fausto and Iaio
1132:Murder of Antonio Annaruma
700:Trotskyist League of Italy
2281:
2218:Memphis sanitation strike
2111:
2100:
1999:1968 movement in Pakistan
1974:
1786:Mohandesi, Salar (2018).
1740:10.1017/S0960777312000409
1608:May 1968 events in France
1374:
1358:
1342:
1321:
1283:
1260:
1239:
1218:
1197:
1179:Murder of Luigi Calabresi
1171:
1150:
1119:
1098:
1094:
451:Italian road to socialism
2198:King assassination riots
2158:1968 uprising in Senegal
2054:Mexican Movement of 1968
1852:Cornell University Press
1683:. Manchester; New York:
1252:Murder of Mikis Mantakas
1247:Murder of Sergio Ramelli
1231:Italicus Express bombing
812:Popular Democratic Front
710:Workers' Communist Party
341:Red Republic of Caulonia
314:XVII Congress of the PSI
2407:Labor disputes in Italy
1626:German student movement
1596:long hot summer of 1967
1425:had resulted in nearly
822:Proletarian Unity Party
763:Italian Communist Party
319:I Congress of the PCd'I
186:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
2324:Antisemitism in Poland
2233:Poor People's Campaign
2168:Battle of Valle Giulia
2138:1968 protests in Egypt
2024:Black Power Revolution
1994:1968 movement in Italy
1679:Edwards, Phil (2009).
1483:1968 movement in Italy
1406:
1291:Acca Larentia killings
1137:Piazza Fontana bombing
1106:Battle of Valle Giulia
775:The Left – The Rainbow
2422:Years of Lead (Italy)
2402:20th century in Italy
2354:Years of Lead (Italy)
2009:Anti-nuclear movement
2004:Civil Rights Movement
1870:10.7591/j.ctv5rf53c.6
1329:Murder of Mario Amato
1086:Years of Lead (Italy)
817:Proletarian Democracy
722:Defunct organisations
690:Network of Communists
622:Current organisations
2349:Second-wave feminism
2289:1968 Summer Olympics
2223:Miss America protest
2059:Movement of 22 March
2019:Black power movement
1616:Winter of Discontent
1598:in the United States
1497:white-collar workers
1017:Communism portal
955:Democratic socialism
361:Manifesto of the 101
106:Giuseppe Di Vittorio
2273:Tlatelolco massacre
2188:Delano grape strike
2178:Central Park be-ins
2034:Cultural Revolution
1854:. pp. 68–102.
1443:class consciousness
950:Christian socialism
887:Quaderni piacentini
628:Anticapitalist Left
436:Christian communism
421:Anarchist communism
403:Historic Compromise
391:Mitterrand doctrine
161:Pier Paolo Pasolini
126:Galvano Della Volpe
2447:Communism in Italy
2213:May 1968 in France
2193:East L.A. walkouts
2074:Red Power movement
1447:collective control
1439:May 1968 in France
1382:Terrorism in Italy
992:Socialism in Italy
975:Italian neorealism
930:Anarchism in Italy
665:Communist Struggle
588:Passive revolution
583:Organic centralism
336:Italian Resistance
331:Aventine Secession
326:Proština rebellion
271:Oliviero Diliberto
181:Giorgio Napolitano
71:Costantino Lazzari
2442:Politics of Italy
2427:Protests in Italy
2389:
2388:
2344:School discipline
2263:Takeover of Vanha
2079:Sexual revolution
1687:. pp. 5–31.
1451:40-hour work week
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1051:
1050:
980:Politics of Italy
733:Autonomia Operaia
561:Cultural hegemony
441:Council communism
246:Ernesto Screpanti
221:Fausto Bertinotti
166:Enrico Berlinguer
111:Palmiro Togliatti
101:Bruno Fortichiari
2454:
2371:Student activism
2106:
2029:Chicano Movement
1968:Protests of 1968
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1909:
1908:
1897:10.2307/20039608
1880:
1874:
1873:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1758:. Archived from
1725:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1676:
1665:
1664:by Paul Ginsborg
1659:
1636:Red Army Faction
1602:Protests of 1968
1366:Salerno shooting
1334:Bologna massacre
1314:
1276:
1184:Peteano massacre
1096:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1015:
1014:
1013:
986:Prison Notebooks
970:History of Italy
965:Fischia il vento
790:October 22 Group
546:Anti-imperialism
536:Anti-clericalism
493:Neo-Gramscianism
483:Marxist humanism
466:Marxism–Leninism
398:Movement of 1977
241:Margherita Cagol
231:Domenico Losurdo
216:Achille Occhetto
206:Giovanni Scuderi
191:Armando Cossutta
151:Raniero Panzieri
141:Alessandro Natta
136:Altiero Spinelli
66:Errico Malatesta
43:
16:
15:
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2461:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2294:Anti-capitalism
2277:
2243:Presidio mutiny
2148:1968 Miami riot
2107:
2098:
2044:Hippie movement
1970:
1965:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1885:Foreign Affairs
1881:
1877:
1862:
1844:
1840:
1827:(12): 238–242.
1821:The World Today
1817:
1813:
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1784:
1777:
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1766:
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1717:
1710:
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1660:
1656:
1651:
1554:
1533:
1527:
1493:wildcat strikes
1485:
1479:
1435:
1427:full employment
1395:
1386:
1370:
1354:
1338:
1317:
1308:
1279:
1270:
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1205:Primavalle fire
1193:
1167:
1146:
1115:
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1004:
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960:Fasci Siciliani
925:
917:
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852:
844:
843:
723:
715:
714:
648:Communist Party
643:Communist Front
623:
615:
614:
566:Counterhegemony
531:
523:
522:
513:Western Marxism
416:
408:
407:
376:Primavalle fire
356:May 1947 crises
304:Fasci Siciliani
299:
291:
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286:Alberto Toscano
266:Cesare Battisti
236:Silvia Federici
96:Antonio Gramsci
86:Nicola Bombacci
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2039:Gay liberation
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1916:External links
1914:
1911:
1910:
1891:(4): 708–718.
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261:Marco Ferrando
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251:Franco Berardi
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211:Gianni Vattimo
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176:Lucio Colletti
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2258:Silence March
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2253:Shinjuku riot
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2015:
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1558:Years of Lead
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1466:autunno caldo
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452:
449:
447:
446:Eurocommunism
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442:
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366:Years of Lead
364:
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357:
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352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
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320:
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316:
315:
312:
310:
309:Biennio Rosso
307:
305:
302:
301:
295:
294:
287:
284:
282:
281:Paolo Ferrero
279:
277:
276:Nichi Vendola
274:
272:
269:
267:
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262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
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244:
242:
239:
237:
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226:Renato Curcio
224:
222:
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217:
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207:
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201:Antonio Negri
199:
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149:
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144:
142:
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121:Onorato Damen
119:
117:
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112:
109:
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102:
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94:
92:
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87:
84:
82:
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62:
61:Carlo Cafiero
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57:
54:
53:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2328:
2309:Flower power
2248:Rodney riots
2163:BĂĄstad riots
2084:The Troubles
1888:
1884:
1878:
1847:
1841:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1787:
1767:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1731:
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1661:
1657:
1630:West Germany
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1436:
1398:
1396:
1126:
984:
862:il manifesto
831:
827:Red Brigades
607:
541:Anti-fascism
503:Post-Marxism
370:
196:Mario Tronti
171:Livio Maitan
156:Luciano Lama
2376:Vietnam War
2299:Black power
1464:The phrase
1309: [
1271: [
872:Il Pioniere
857:Liberazione
498:Neo-Marxism
488:Migliorismo
256:Paolo Virno
146:Nilde Iotti
131:Luigi Longo
2396:Categories
2329:Hot Autumn
1850:. London:
1769:2019-08-20
1649:References
1568:Autonomism
1509:autonomist
1399:Hot Autumn
1127:Hot Autumn
940:Bella ciao
758:Front Line
633:CARC Party
609:Subalterns
603:Solidarity
598:Secularism
530:Principles
508:Trotskyism
426:Autonomism
415:Ideologies
371:Hot Autumn
2314:Free love
1975:Movements
1634:see also
1563:Workerism
1514:operaista
1419:migration
912:Vie Nuove
897:Rinascita
867:Pattuglia
518:Workerism
476:Stalinism
431:Bordigism
386:Moro case
29:Communism
2334:New Left
1987:ZenkyĹŤtĹŤ
1905:20039608
1833:40396673
1748:23270688
1552:See also
1505:Leninist
1433:Overview
882:La Plebe
578:Feminism
461:Leninism
21:a series
19:Part of
2359:Morocco
2282:Related
1756:3858924
1525:Context
1477:Origins
1470:Italian
1411:strikes
1403:Italian
1375:Related
997:Craxism
907:l'UnitĂ
902:SocietĂ
298:History
2319:Hippie
2112:Events
1903:
1868:
1858:
1831:
1804:
1794:
1754:
1746:
1701:
1691:
471:Maoism
50:People
1901:JSTOR
1866:JSTOR
1829:JSTOR
1802:JSTOR
1763:(PDF)
1752:S2CID
1744:JSTOR
1724:(PDF)
1699:JSTOR
1459:South
1421:from
1313:]
1275:]
851:Media
33:Italy
1856:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1624:and
1614:The
1606:The
1594:The
1511:and
1397:The
1359:1982
1343:1981
1322:1980
1284:1978
1261:1976
1240:1975
1219:1974
1198:1973
1172:1972
1151:1970
1120:1969
1099:1968
805:FGCI
768:FGCI
1893:doi
1736:doi
1628:in
1507:to
31:in
2398::
1899:.
1889:54
1887:.
1864:.
1825:51
1823:.
1800:.
1778:^
1750:.
1742:.
1732:21
1730:.
1726:.
1711:^
1697:.
1669:^
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1273:it
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23:on
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2123:"
1960:e
1953:t
1946:v
1907:.
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1808:.
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1738::
1705:.
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1042:e
1035:t
1028:v
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