20:
1205:
147:'s death) without a spiritual guide, and earnestly desired one. The pope replied to the letters and appointed four ecclesiastics as his legates to the khan's court. The name "John of Florence" appears third on the letters of commission. A large party was associated with the four chief envoys: when in
525:, of his recollections of Asiatic travel. Despite the sections of wonders in the work, he takes pains to deny the belief in the existence of nations of monsters or malformed humans, saying the truth is "no such people do exist as nations, though there may be an individual monster here and there".
506:
described
Marignolli's digressions as "like unexpected fossils in a mud-bank" but they have no claim to be called a narrative, and it is with no small pains that anything like a narrative can be pieced out of them. Indeed, the mode in which they were elicited illustrates how little medieval
221:. "There," says Marignolli, "we built a church, bought a piece of ground... sung masses, and baptized several persons, notwithstanding that only the year before the bishop (referring to Bishop of Armalec) and six other minor friars had there undergone glorious
365:," who professed to treat him with all deference but detained him four months and plundered all the gifts and Eastern rarities that he was carrying home. This detention in Ceylon enabled Marignolli to give a variety of curious particulars regarding
269:), one of which was 11 feet 6 inches in length, and 6 feet 8 inches high and black all over. Marignolli stayed at Khanbaliq for three or four years, after which he travelled through southern and eastern China to
502:). The fragmentary notes of Marignolli's eastern travels often contain vivid remembrance and graphic description, but combined with excessive vanity and an incoherent lapse from one thing to another.
1681:
329:
in 1330. Here
Marignolli remained sixteen months, after which he proceeded on what seems very much a wandering voyage. First he visited the shrine of St Thomas near the modern
2543:
1224:
448:
We do not know when he died. The last trace of
Marignolli is a letter addressed to him, which was found in the 18th century among the records in the chapter library at
1187:
1971:
1948:
1913:
1837:
409:. In 1353, he arrived at Naples, whence he visited Florence before returning to Avignon by the end of the year. There, he delivered a letter from the great khan to
1976:
1890:
1827:
2447:
533:
257:
in China. An entry in the
Chinese annals fixes the year of Marignolli's presentation by its mention of the arrival of the great horses from the kingdom of the
84:
537:
2873:
318:
2536:
2341:
529:
1446:
1369:
345:. Taking ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms. They found shelter in the little port of Pervily or Pervilis (
155:), the embassy still numbered thirty-two out of an original fifty. The mission left Avignon in December 1338; picked up the "Tatar" envoys at
2529:
354:
39:
1233:
209:. The khan entertained them hospitably during the winter of 1339-40 and then sent them with an escort across the steppes to Armalec, or
1572:
1741:
511:, instead of urging his chaplain to write a history of his vast journeys, set him to the repugnant task of recasting the annals of
294:
381:, but he was unable to explore the area. After this we have only fragmentary notices, showing that his route to Europe lay by
453:
441:. That year, the emperor called him to be a councillor and his court historian. At his behest, Marignolli then compiled his
2510:
2477:
1362:
532:. Thus in type, Marignolli again seems to have remained unread until 1820, when a paper on his travels was published by
1246:
Princely Gifts and Papal
Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West, 1250â1350
2883:
2069:
1598:
1254:
2467:
2878:
2406:
1474:
2311:
1928:
1608:
1355:
801:
508:
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2331:
1454:
1067:
2858:
2301:
1923:
1691:
1673:
1663:
1266:"Chronicon Reverendissimi Joannis Dicti de Marignolis de Florentia Ordinis Minorum Bysinianensis Episcopi"
817:
425:, on a visit to Italy, made Marignolli one of his chaplains. Soon after, in March 1354, the pope made him
2888:
2830:
1648:
1549:
1392:
852:
553:
61:
2893:
2868:
1847:
1512:
1502:
1412:
1407:
1291:"Die Missionen in Indien und China im Vierzehnten Jahrhundert: Der Reisebericht des Johannes Marignola"
171:
2800:
2709:
2452:
2364:
1981:
1966:
1686:
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519:
429:
but he seems to have been in no hurry to reside there. He appears to have accompanied the emperor to
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1938:
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1804:
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monasticism, the aboriginal races of Ceylon, and other marvels. The locals claimed that "Seyllan" (
1986:
1857:
472:. The letter implies that some intention had been intimated from Avignon of sending Marignolli to
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1789:
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1459:
1436:
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2606:
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1943:
1867:
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1034:
1307:
1303:
1290:
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1077:
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917:
883:
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773:
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1933:
1918:
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week of 1348. At this place he found a church of the Latin communion, probably founded by
8:
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Nobody seems to have noticed the work until 1768, when the chronicle was published in
143:
nobles in his service. These latter represented that they had been eight years (since
2678:
2648:
2416:
2379:
2152:
1540:
1250:
490:
465:
322:
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120:
139:), bearing letters to the pontiff from the khan himself, and from certain Christian
2457:
2396:
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1721:
476:
in connexion with matters then in debateâa project which stirs Fitz Ralph's wrath.
410:
333:, and then proceeded to what he calls the kingdom of Saba, and identifies with the
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and the clerk consoled himself by salting the insipid stuff with interpolations,
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1237:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 717â718.
1228:
1211:
469:
342:
144:
46:
2806:
975:
Baldwin, "Missions to the East in the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries",
277:), quitting China apparently in December 1347. He had been impressed by the
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at a young age. His work claims he later held the chair of theology at the
353:; but here the legate fell into the hands of "a certain tyrant Coya Jaan (
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2267:
2257:
2237:
2192:
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2142:
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1958:
1905:
1711:
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1333:
Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
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19:
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1766:
1216:
503:
1013:
937:
Empire of Magic: Medieval
Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy
266:
245:), reaching Khanbaliq in May or June 1342. They were well received by
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In Light of
Another's Word: European Ethnography in the Middle Ages
433:
in 1354â1355; in 1356 he is found acting as envoy to the Pope from
402:
366:
346:
270:
1302:, Munich: Literarisch-Artistische Anstalt in Commission, pp.
1210:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
990:
922:
Trade, Travel, and
Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia
540:
devoted one of his papers on the ecclesiastical travellers of the
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2187:
1464:
473:
438:
390:
386:
362:
152:
116:
842:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta...
2654:
1577:
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Historisch-Politische BlĂ€tter fĂŒr das Katholische Deutschland,
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family of the Marignolli. The family is long extinct, but the
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Quitting Almaliq in the winter of 1341, they crossed the
341:, but which seems from various particulars to have been
177:
pled in vain for reconciliation and alliance with the
79:
Giovanni was born, probably before 1290, to the noble
1164:
16:
Catholic European traveller to Asia (14th century AD)
1271:Monumenta Historica Boemiae Nusquam Antehac Edita,
1152:
751:
A Mapmaker's Dream: The Meditations of Fra Mauro...
1140:
91:, formerly bore their name. Giovanni received his
2850:
1289:Kunstmann, Friedrich; et al., eds. (1856),
974:
956:A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific,
877:
2552:Notable foreigners who visited pre-Qing China
2537:
1363:
1277:, Prague: Joannes Josephus Clauser, pp.
784:
782:
517:
464:, who had broken lances in controversy with
2874:14th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
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603:
595:
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181:. Leaving June 24, they sailed across the
123:held his court, an embassy from the great
1573:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1377:
1288:
1170:
807:
779:
651:The Latin name also appears corrected as
896:
193:, whence they travelled to the court of
18:
1321:Reise in das Morgenland v. J. 1339â1353
1317:
1158:
1050:
1048:
868:
744:
742:
507:travellers thought of publication: The
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1263:
1242:
1146:
1088:
1086:
1073:
953:
858:
823:
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1351:
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217:), the northern seat of the house of
1197:, New York: Encyclopedia Press, 1914
1128:
1054:
1045:
767:
739:
159:on 10 February 1339; and arrived at
62:European traveller to medieval China
2511:National Christian Council of China
1318:Meinert, Joseph Georg, ed. (1820),
1092:
1083:
795:"Geography and Cartography", p. 437
13:
1185:
1017:
839:
597:Joannes de Marignolis de Florentia
484:Marignolli's primary work was his
349:or Berberyn) in the south-west of
14:
2905:
1032:
748:
1203:
1131:The Medieval Expansion of Europe
934:
1179:
1122:
1026:
968:
947:
928:
909:
890:
791:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
645:
620:
587:
241:by way of Kumul (within modern
2312:Catholic Patriotic Association
1929:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
1339:, Prague: Gottlieb Haase, 1822
1264:Dobner, Gelasius, ed. (1768),
916:Friedman; et al. (eds.),
833:
720:
566:
1:
2332:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
666:
416:
74:
57:, was a notable 14th-century
1924:Christianity in Heilongjiang
878:"A Last Mission to Cathay",
671:
281:, its imperial support, and
279:Christian community in China
110:
7:
2831:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
2453:Anti-sex-selective abortion
1393:Timeline of Chinese history
977:A History of the Crusades,
554:Europeans in Medieval China
547:
452:. The writer is an unnamed
232:
167:on May 1. While there, the
10:
2910:
2478:Chinese Christian Colleges
1599:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
1413:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
1408:Catholic Church in Sichuan
1039:The Silk Road Encyclopedia
880:A Portable Medieval Reader
421:In the following year the
2767:
2694:
2557:
2496:
2458:Anti-footbinding campaign
2440:
2357:
2300:
2206:
2068:
2040:
2012:
1999:
1982:Christianity in Hong Kong
1967:Christianity in Guangdong
1957:
1904:
1876:
1823:Christianity in Chongqing
1813:
1765:
1756:
1687:Medical missions in China
1672:
1664:St. Paul's College, Macau
1654:Chinese Rites controversy
1591:
1548:
1539:
1521:Hymns of Universal Praise
1511:
1473:
1445:
1385:
1035:"Giovanni de' Marignolli"
770:The Empire of the Steppes
626:The name also appears as
593:The name also appears as
572:The name also appears as
460:, a strenuous foe of the
456:, easily identified with
317:, who had been appointed
288:
23:Giovanni Marignolli image
2884:Mongol Empire Christians
2422:Second Sino-Japanese War
1939:Christianity in Liaoning
1863:Christianity in Xinjiang
1805:Christianity in Zhejiang
1800:Christianity in Shanghai
1795:Christianity in Shandong
1609:Foreign Missions Society
1568:Mogao Christian painting
1493:Studium Biblicum Version
1430:Protestantism in Sichuan
1418:Catholic Church in Tibet
1403:Catholic Church in China
1324:, Prague: Gottlieb Haase
1225:Marignolli, Giovanni de'
1221:Beazley, Charles Raymond
1095:The Birth of Orientalism
559:
479:
2801:FernĂŁo Pires de Andrade
2746:Giovanni de' Marignolli
2710:NiccolĂČ and Maffeo Polo
2704:Ajall Shams al-Din Omar
2506:China Christian Council
2488:Sino-Christian theology
2407:Anti-Christian Movement
2337:China Christian Council
2322:The Christian Manifesto
1972:Christianity in Guangxi
1949:Christianity in Tianjin
1914:Christianity in Beijing
1853:Christianity in Sichuan
1848:Christianity in Shaanxi
1843:Christianity in Qinghai
1838:Christianity in Ningxia
1833:Christianity in Guizhou
1790:Christianity in Jiangxi
1785:Christianity in Jiangsu
1624:Giovanni de' Marignolli
1503:Today's Chinese Version
1437:Chinese Orthodox Church
1243:Arnold, Lauren (1999),
1234:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1192:Catholic Encyclopedia,
1188:Giovanni de' Marignolli
1117:Yule & Beazley 1911
727:Delumeau; et al.,
715:Yule & Beazley 1911
437:; and in 1357 he is at
135:emperor of the Chinese
69:
28:Giovanni de' Marignolli
2879:14th-century explorers
2783:GhiyÄth al-dÄ«n NaqqÄsh
2448:Science and technology
2370:Century of humiliation
2302:Church-state relations
2128:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
2093:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
1977:Christianity in Hainan
1944:Christianity in Shanxi
1868:Christianity in Yunnan
1780:Christianity in Fujian
1702:Divie Bethune McCartee
1659:Martyr Saints of China
1649:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
1604:Jesuit missions (Ming)
1425:Protestantism in China
654:
612:
604:
596:
518:
497:
115:In 1338 he arrived at
35:
24:
2233:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
1987:Christianity in Macau
1934:Christianity in Jilin
1919:Christianity in Hebei
1896:Christianity in Hunan
1891:Christianity in Hubei
1886:Christianity in Henan
1858:Christianity in Tibet
1828:Christianity in Gansu
1775:Christianity in Anhui
1488:Chinese Union Version
1379:Christianity in China
613:Marignola Florentinus
491:Chronicles of Bohemia
293:He reached Columbum (
105:University of Bologna
22:
2722:John of Montecorvino
2625:Sugawara no Kiyotomo
2601:Takamuko no Kuromaro
2473:Cantonese Roman Type
2304:in People's Republic
2163:John Ching Hsiung Wu
1614:John of Montecorvino
1249:, Desiderata Press,
918:"John of Marignolli"
454:Archbishop of Armagh
2859:13th-century births
2821:(fl. ca. 1500â1516)
2734:Odoric of Pordenone
2607:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
2497:Interdenominational
2463:Anti-opium campaign
2427:Cultural Revolution
2327:Protestant Lianghui
2228:Aloysius Jin Luxian
2000:Chinese Christians
1619:Odoric of Pordenone
1498:Chinese New Version
1273:3rd Series, Vol. II
729:History of Paradise
574:Giovanni Marignolli
427:bishop of Bisignano
315:Jordanus of Severac
2889:Explorers of India
2819:'Ali Akbar Khata'i
2752:Sa'id of Mogadishu
2661:Abu Zayd Al-Sirafi
2483:Manchurian revival
2468:Chinese Roman Type
2317:Underground church
1563:Jingjiao Documents
1550:Church of the East
1526:Chinese New Hymnal
1483:Delegates' Version
1475:Bible translations
1057:Before Orientalism
655:Chronicon Bohemiae
520:Ă propos de bottes
458:Richard Fitz Ralph
423:Emperor Charles IV
319:Bishop of Columbum
51:John of Marignolli
36:Johannes Marignola
25:
2894:History of Kerala
2869:Italian explorers
2846:
2845:
2679:Sulaiman al-Tajir
2649:Yamanoue no Okura
2519:
2518:
2417:Chinese Civil War
2402:Xinhai Revolution
2380:Taiping Rebellion
2365:Rites controversy
2296:
2295:
2153:Francis C. M. Wei
2006:
1995:
1994:
1752:
1751:
789:Kleinhenz (ed.),
443:Annals of Bohemia
323:Diocese of Quilon
121:Pope Benedict XII
85:Via de' Cerretani
2901:
2546:
2539:
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2523:
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2412:Nanjing incident
2397:Tianjin Massacre
2010:
2009:
2002:
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1722:Jonathan Goforth
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544:to the account.
523:
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498:Cronica Boemorum
411:Pope Innocent VI
361:and an accursed
87:, a street near
55:John of Florence
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2813:Leonel de Sousa
2789:Galeote Pereira
2777:Kenchƫ Keimitsu
2763:
2754:(1301â ? )
2690:
2637:Awata no Mahito
2631:Abe no Nakamaro
2553:
2550:
2520:
2515:
2498:
2492:
2436:
2432:Boluan Fanzheng
2390:Boxer Rebellion
2353:
2303:
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2209:
2202:
2198:David Z. T. Yui
2178:Y. C. James Yen
2083:Chiang Kai-shek
2064:
2036:
2004:
2001:
1991:
1953:
1900:
1872:
1809:
1758:
1748:
1727:Cambridge Seven
1717:Timothy Richard
1692:Robert Morrison
1668:
1587:
1541:Mission history
1535:
1507:
1469:
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1381:
1376:
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1329:, reprinted in
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628:John Marignolli
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588:
571:
567:
562:
550:
509:emperor Charles
482:
419:
385:, the ruins of
291:
283:Chinese culture
235:
229:'s salvation."
215:Huocheng County
213:(within modern
151:(within modern
113:
77:
72:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2716:Ahmad Fanakati
2713:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2685:Vairocanavajra
2682:
2676:
2670:
2667:Ch'oe Ch'i-wĆn
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2643:Kibi no Makibi
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2571:Ćubhakarasiáčha
2568:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2003:(by period of
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1737:Gladys Aylward
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:Angelo Zottoli
1641:
1639:Joachim Bouvet
1636:
1631:
1629:Francis Xavier
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1315:
1286:
1261:
1255:
1240:
1229:Chisholm, Hugh
1200:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1163:
1159:Meinert (1820)
1151:
1139:
1121:
1119:, p. 718.
1104:
1082:
1066:
1044:
1025:
989:
967:
946:
927:
908:
897:Khanmohamadi,
889:
867:
851:
832:
816:
800:
778:
760:
738:
719:
717:, p. 717.
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
662:
661:
644:
640:de' Marignolli
619:
586:
578:dei Marignolli
564:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
549:
546:
481:
478:
418:
415:
401:and thence to
327:Pope John XXII
290:
287:
234:
231:
197:, khan of the
179:western church
175:Andronicus III
165:Constantinople
112:
109:
76:
73:
71:
68:
43: 1338â53
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2906:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:Jorge Ălvares
2793:
2790:
2787:
2785:(fl. 1419-22)
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:organisations
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Yangzhou riot
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Wang Ming-Dao
2146:
2144:
2143:Tseng Pao-sun
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Lu Zhengxiang
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Hong Xiuchuan
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Hudson Taylor
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:Karl GĂŒtzlaff
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1447:Terms for God
1444:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1256:9780967062808
1252:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:public domain
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1147:Dobner (1768)
1143:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1074:Arnold (1999)
1070:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
985:
981:
978:
971:
964:
960:
957:
950:
942:
938:
931:
923:
919:
912:
904:
900:
893:
885:
881:
874:
872:
864:
860:
859:Dobner (1768)
855:
847:
843:
836:
829:
825:
824:Dobner (1768)
820:
813:
809:
804:
796:
792:
785:
783:
775:
771:
764:
756:
752:
749:Cowan (ed.),
745:
743:
734:
730:
723:
716:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
676:
658:
656:
648:
641:
637:
636:de Marignolli
633:
629:
623:
616:
614:
608:
606:
600:
598:
590:
583:
582:da Marignolli
579:
575:
569:
565:
555:
552:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
522:
521:
514:
510:
505:
501:
499:
493:
492:
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Monte Corvino
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:the cathedral
86:
82:
67:
65:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:), variously
37:
33:
29:
21:
2864:1360s deaths
2825:Matteo Ricci
2769:Ming dynasty
2745:
2740:DhyÄnabhadra
2696:Yuan dynasty
2595:Ono no Imoko
2349:House church
2248:Liu Xiaofeng
2243:Lin Shengben
2183:Ying Lianzhi
2123:Watchman Nee
2098:Feng Yuxiang
2088:Cheng Jingyi
2032:Yang Tingyun
1742:
1732:Eric Liddell
1634:Matteo Ricci
1623:
1531:Canaan Hymns
1398:Christianity
1336:
1332:
1320:
1299:
1298:Vol. XXXVIII
1295:
1274:
1270:
1245:
1232:
1195:
1191:
1180:Bibliography
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1124:
1094:
1069:
1056:
1038:
1028:
1018:
980:
976:
970:
959:
955:
949:
936:
930:
921:
911:
898:
892:
879:
854:
841:
835:
819:
803:
790:
769:
763:
750:
728:
722:
652:
647:
639:
635:
632:de Marignola
631:
627:
622:
610:
605:de Marignoli
602:
594:
589:
581:
577:
573:
568:
527:
516:
495:
489:
485:
483:
447:
442:
420:
292:
258:
255:Yuan dynasty
251:last emperor
247:Toghon TemĂŒr
236:
199:Golden Horde
137:Yuan dynasty
114:
99:basilica of
78:
66:
54:
50:
27:
26:
2837:Ivan Petlin
2833:(1591â1666)
2827:(1552â1610)
2809:(1465â1540)
2791:(1549-1553)
2760:(1304â1369)
2758:Ibn Battuta
2748:(1290â1353)
2742:(1289-1363)
2736:(1286â1331)
2730:(1254â1324)
2724:(1247â1328)
2718:(1242â1282)
2712:(1230â1309)
2706:(1211â1279)
2619:Amoghavajra
2268:Wang Weifan
2258:Matthias Lu
2238:Samuel Lamb
2193:Paul Yu Pin
2168:Wu Leichuan
2103:Francis Hsu
2005:prominence)
1757:By province
1712:Lottie Moon
1558:Xi'an Stele
1386:Foundations
1343:(in German)
1327:(in German)
1313:(in German)
1217:Yule, Henry
882:, pp.
542:Middle Ages
462:Franciscans
371:Adam's Peak
355:Khoja Jahan
239:Gobi Desert
101:Santa Croce
64:and India.
2853:Categories
2807:Tomé Pires
2728:Marco Polo
2577:Vajrabodhi
2565:KumÄrajÄ«va
2375:Opium Wars
2342:Seminaries
2288:Zhao Fusan
2283:Allen Yuan
2263:K. H. Ting
2253:LĂŒ Xiaomin
2223:He Guanghu
2173:Wu Yi-fang
2138:Sun Yatsen
2118:Ma Xiangbo
2108:Jia Yuming
2078:T. C. Chao
2060:Xi Shengmo
2027:Xu Guangqi
2022:Candida Xu
1759:and region
1674:Protestant
1284:(in Latin)
1133:, p.
1129:Phillips,
1097:, p.
1076:, p.
1059:, p.
1055:Phillips,
982:, p.
939:, p.
901:, p.
861:, p.
844:, p.
826:, p.
810:, p.
772:, p.
768:Grousset,
753:, p.
731:, p.
667:References
504:Henry Yule
417:Later life
97:Franciscan
81:Florentine
75:Early life
47:anglicized
2839:(17th c.)
2815:(16th c.)
2803:(16th c.)
2797:(16th c.)
2779:(15th c.)
2687:(12th c.)
2627:(770-842)
2621:(705â774)
2615:(704â760)
2613:Bodhisena
2583:Peroz III
2579:(671â741)
2573:(637-735)
2567:(344â413)
2218:Joseph Gu
2133:John Sung
1743:(more...)
1223:(1911). "
963:Marignola
672:Citations
538:Kunstmann
407:Jerusalem
373:) was 40
339:Scripture
223:martyrdom
219:Chaghatai
183:Black Sea
169:Byzantine
149:Khanbaliq
111:Departure
2681:(9th c.)
2675:(9th c.)
2669:(9th c.)
2663:(9th c.)
2657:(8th c.)
2651:(8th c.)
2645:(8th c.)
2639:(8th c.)
2633:(8th c.)
2609:(7th c.)
2603:(7th c.)
2597:(7th c.)
2591:(7th c.)
2585:(7th c.)
2558:Pre-Yuan
2278:Y. T. Wu
2210:Republic
2208:People's
2158:Paul Wei
2070:Republic
2055:Liang Fa
1682:Agencies
1592:Catholic
1335:Vol. VII
1194:Vol. XVI
840:Spinei,
548:See also
435:Florence
403:Damascus
379:Paradise
367:Buddhist
347:Beruwala
273:(modern
271:Quanzhou
233:In China
119:, where
59:Catholic
2589:Narsieh
2273:Wang Yi
2188:Dora Yu
1878:Central
1465:Shangdi
1455:Tianzhu
1308:793â813
1304:701â719
1231:(ed.).
1214::
1033:Jeong,
958:Vol. VI
534:Meinert
513:Bohemia
474:Ireland
439:Bologna
363:Saracen
307:Malabar
261:(i.e.,
253:of the
211:Almaliq
205:on the
189:on the
172:emperor
153:Beijing
117:Avignon
95:at the
2655:Hyecho
2441:Impact
2358:Events
1578:Alopen
1279:68â282
1253:
1227:". In
1208:
1021:(1914)
979:Vol. V
954:Bell,
935:Heng,
638:, and
609:, and
530:Dobner
486:Annals
470:Burley
466:Ockham
450:Prague
431:Prague
399:Aleppo
391:Bagdad
359:eunuch
351:Ceylon
331:Madras
311:Easter
303:Quilon
299:Kollam
295:Kaulam
289:Return
275:Xiamen
267:Franks
263:Farang
259:Folang
249:, the
227:Christ
191:Crimea
157:Naples
133:Mongol
129:Cathay
2673:Egaku
1959:South
1906:North
1513:Hymns
1093:App,
560:Notes
480:Works
395:Mosul
387:Babel
383:Ormuz
377:from
375:miles
357:), a
335:Sheba
325:) by
309:) in
207:Volga
203:Sarai
201:, at
195:Ăzbeg
187:Caffa
163:near
131:(the
93:habit
32:Latin
2042:Qing
2014:Ming
1815:West
1767:East
1583:Adam
1460:Shen
1251:ISBN
580:and
468:and
405:and
343:Java
243:Hami
225:for
161:Pera
141:Alan
125:khan
70:Life
1190:",
1135:184
1099:310
1078:135
984:500
941:439
884:303
846:372
812:701
774:404
488:or
337:of
305:in
301:or
265:or
185:to
127:of
53:or
49:as
40:fl.
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1293:,
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1085:^
1061:40
1047:^
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1019:CE
992:^
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920:,
903:57
870:^
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634:,
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