Biblical Magi - Knowledge

418: 283: 966: 377:" Then Herod secretly called for the wise men and learned from them the exact time when the star had appeared. Then he sent them to Bethlehem, saying, "Go and search diligently for the child; and when you have found him, bring me word so that I may also go and pay him homage." When they had heard the king, they set out; and there, ahead of them, went the star that they had seen at its rising, until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw that the star had stopped, they were overwhelmed with joy. On entering the house, they saw the child with Mary his mother; and they knelt down and paid him homage. Then, opening their treasure chests, they offered him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. And having been warned in a dream not to return to Herod, they left for their own country by another path. 2619: 1934: 2363: 8553: 2499: 373:, wise men from the East came to Jerusalem, asking, "Where is the child who has been born king of the Jews? For we observed his star at its rising, and have come to pay him homage." When King Herod heard this, he was frightened and all Jerusalem with him; and calling together all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he inquired of them where the Messiah was to be born. They told him, "In Bethlehem of Judea; for so it has been written by the prophet: 'And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for from you shall come a ruler who is to shepherd my people Israel. 1448: 2462:(early 7th century, whalebone carving), the only Christian scene, which is combined with pagan and classical imagery. In its composition it follows the oriental style, which renders a courtly scene, with the Virgin and Christ facing the spectator, while the Magi devoutly approach from the (left) side. Even amongst non-Christians who had heard of the Christian story of the Magi, the motif was quite popular, since the Magi had endured a long journey and were generous. Instead of an angel, the picture places a swan-like bird, perhaps interpretable as the hero's 2175: 2125: 1700: 1323: 2018:

surrounding the politics of traditions involving blackface is not as developed as in Spain or the Netherlands. In the past, photographs of German politicians together with children in blackface have caused a stir in English-language press. Moreover, Afro-Germans have written that this use of blackface is a missed opportunity to be truly inclusive of Afro-Germans in German-speaking communities and contribute to the equation of "blackness" with "foreignness" and "otherness" in German culture.

3950:(In the kingdom of Tarsis there are three provinces, whose rulers have called themselves kings. the men of that country are called Uighours. They always worshipped idols, and they all still worship them except for the ten families of those Kings who from the appearance of the Star came to adore the Nativity in Bethlehem of Judah. And there are still many of the great and noble of those families found among the Tartars who hold firmly to the faith of Christ): Wesley Roberton Long (ed.), 1305: 1221: 1826:, because it is believed that this is the day in which the Magi arrived bearing gifts for the Christ child. In most Latin American countries children also cut grass or greenery on January 5 and fill a box or their shoes with the cuttings for the Kings' camels. They then place the box or their shoes under their bed or beside the Christmas tree. On Epiphany morning the children will find the grass gone from their shoes or box and replaced with candy and other small, sweet treats. 8404: 1071: 3974:"The people of these countrees be named Iobgontans , and at all tymes they haue been idolaters, and so they contynue to this present day, save the nacion or kynred of those thre kynges which came to worshyp Our Lorde Ihesu Chryst at his natiuyte by demonstracyon of the sterre. And the linage of the same thre kynges be yet vnto this day great lordes about the lande of Tartary, which ferme and stedfastly beleue in the fayth of Christ": Hetoum, 2732: 1314: 2573:" is another example. Johann Sebastian Bach's Cantata #65 "Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen" ("All they from Saba shall come") also tells about the Wise Men, based on the Old Testament prophesy found in Isaiah 60:6 ("A multitude of camels shall cover you, the young camels of Midian and Ephah; all those from Sheba shall come. They shall bring gold and frankincense, and shall proclaim the praise of the Lord.") 57: 1993: 651: 1067:... certain legends were developed around the Magi of the Gospels". And Anders Hultgård concluded that the Gospel story of the Magi was influenced by an Iranian legend concerning magi and a star, which was connected with Persian beliefs in the rise of a star predicting the birth of a ruler and with myths describing the manifestation of a divine figure in fire and light. 2718: 2107:. The baby Jesus figurine is inserted into the cake from underneath, and the person who gets the slice with the figurine is expected to buy or bake the next King Cake. There is wide variation among the types of pastry that may be called a King Cake, but most are a baked cinnamon-flavoured twisted dough with thin frosting and additional sugar on top in the 1169:

Kings. I have myself been in their churches and have seen pictures of Jesus Christ and the Three Kings, one offering gold, the second frankincense, and the third myrrh. And it is through those Three Kings that they believe in Christ, and that the Chan and his people have now become Christians." The legendary Christian ruler of Central Asia

270:; they are venerated as saints or even martyrs in many Christian communities, and are the subject of numerous artworks, legends, and customs. Both secular and Christian observers have noted that the Magi popularly serve as a means of expressing various ideas, symbols, and themes. Most scholars regard the Magi as 2306:

in the late 12th century, which remains widely visited and venerated. The Milanese treated the fragments of masonry from their now-empty tomb as secondary relics, which were widely distributed around the region, including southern France; this accounts for the frequency with which the Magi appear on

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Frankincense and myrrh were burned during rituals among Egyptian, Greek and Roman societies. Ancient Egyptians used myrrh to embalm corpses and Romans burned it as a type of incense at funeral pyres. Myrrh was used as an embalming ointment and as a penitential incense in funerals and cremations until

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The text specifies no interval between the birth and the visit, and artistic depictions and the closeness of the traditional dates of December 25 and January 6 encourage the popular assumption that the visit took place the same winter as the birth, but later traditions varied, with the visit taken as

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In France and Belgium, a cake containing a small figure of the baby Jesus, known as the "broad bean", is shared within the family. Whoever gets the bean is crowned king for the remainder of the holiday and wears a cardboard crown purchased with the cake. A similar practice is common in many areas of

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Holidays celebrating the arrival of the Magi traditionally recognise a distinction between the date of their arrival and the date of Jesus' birth. The account given in the Gospel of Matthew does not state that they were present on the night of the birth; in the Gospel of Luke, Joseph and Mary remain

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The Magi are described as "falling down", "kneeling", or "bowing" in the worship of Jesus. This gesture, together with Luke's birth narrative, had an important effect on Christian religious practices. They were indicative of great respect, and typically used when venerating a king. While prostration

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in 1243, in which he said: "Tanchat , which is the land from whence came the Three Kings to Bethlehem to worship the Lord Jesus which was born. And know that the power of Christ has been, and is, so great, that the people of that land are Christians; and the whole land of Chata believes those Three

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Balthazar's blackness has been the subject of considerable recent scholarly attention; in art, it is found mostly in northern Europe, beginning from the 12th century, and becoming very common in the north by the 15th. The subject of which king is which and who brought which gift is not without some

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tells of an impoverished couple named Jim and Della Dillingham Young sacrificing their prized possessions to buy each other Christmas gifts. Della sells her long brown hair to buy a platinum fob chain to go with Jim's pocket watch, only to learn that he had sold it to buy ornamental combs for her

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In regno Tarsae sunt tres provinciae, quarum dominatores se reges faciunt appellari. Homines illius patriae nominant Iogour. Semper idola coluerunt, et adhuc colunt omnes, praeter decem cognationes illorum regum, qui per demonstrationum stellae venerunt adorare nativitatem in Bethlehem Judae. Et

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Queen Helen... began to think greatly of the bodies of these three kings, and she arrayed herself, and accompanied by many attendants, went into the Land of Ind... after she had found the bodies of Melchior, Balthazar, and Gaspar, Queen Helen put them into one chest and ornamented it with great

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Kehrer's commentary: "Die Form Jaspar stammt aus Frankreich. Sie findet sich im niederrheinisch-kölnischen Dialekt und im Englischen. Note: O. Baist p. 455; J.P.Migne; Dictionnaire des apocryphes, Paris 1856, vol I, p. 1023. ... So in La Vie de St. Gilles; Li Roumans de Berte: Melcior, Jaspar,

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group is said to represent Baltasar from Africa and so, that child typically wears blackface makeup. Many Germans do not consider this to be racist because it is not intended to be a negative portrayal of a black person, but rather, a "realistic" or "traditional" portrayal of one. The dialogue

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Baltazar; Rymbybel des Jakob von Märlant: Balthasar, Melchyor, Jaspas; ein altenglisches Gedicht des dreizehnten oder vierzehnten Jahrhunderts (13th century!!) Note: C.Horstmann, Altenglische Legenden, Paderborn 1875, p. 95; ... La Vie des trois Roys Jaspar Melchior et Balthasar, Paris 1498"

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Apart from their names, the three Magi developed distinct characteristics in Christian tradition, so that between them they represented the three ages of (adult) man, three geographical and cultural areas, and sometimes other concepts. In one tradition, reflected in art by at least the 14th

2225:, from which the Three Magi set out when they went to worship Jesus Christ; and in this city they are buried, in three very large and beautiful monuments, side by side. And above them there is a square building, carefully kept. The bodies are still entire, with the hair and beard remaining. 1950:

A tradition in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and German-speaking Catholic areas is the writing of the three kings' initials above the main door of Catholic homes in chalk. This is a new year's blessing for the occupants and the initials also are believed to also stand for

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was vehemently opposed to referring to the Magi as kings, writing: "But the most ridiculous contrivance of the Papists on this subject is, that those men were kings... Beyond all doubt, they have been stupefied by a righteous judgment of God, that all might laugh at gross ignorance."

2163:, in the city of Sessania of the Adrumeti". First appearing in 1610, the Chronicon of Dexter was immensely popular throughout the 17th century, particularly in Spain. However, by the 19th century, certain historians and Catholic officials in Rome declared the work a pious forgery. 1566:

What subsequently happened to these gifts is never mentioned in the scripture, but several traditions have developed. One story has the gold being stolen by the two thieves who were later crucified alongside Jesus. Another tale has it being entrusted to and then misappropriated by

1896:. Another dying custom is children leaving shoes out on Epiphany Eve, so that they may receive sweets and money from the Three Kings. With the arrival of American culture in the early 20th century, the Three Kings as gift-givers have been largely replaced in urban areas by 633:, which reads, "Yea, all kings shall fall down before him: all nations serve him." Early readers reinterpreted Matthew in light of these prophecies and elevated the Magi to kings, which became widely accepted by at least 500 A.D. Later Christian interpretation stressed the 617:

Although the Magi are commonly referred to as "kings", there is nothing in the Gospel of Matthew that implies they were rulers of any kind. The identification of the Magi as kings is linked to Old Testament prophecies that describe the Messiah being worshipped by kings in

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of gold, green and purple. To prevent accidental injury or choking, the baby Jesus figurine is frequently not inserted into the cake at the bakery, but included in the packaging for optional use by the buyer to insert it themselves. Mardi Gras-style beads and

4024:(It is reported that he is the descendant of those Magi of old who are mentioned in the Gospel, and to rule over the same nations as they did, enjoying such glory and prosperity that he uses no sceptre but one of emerald). Otto von Freising, 2693:. The narrator ends the story by claiming that (in comparison between the biblical figures' wealth with the Dillingham Youngs' possessions) those who sacrifice the things they value for the people they love are as wise as the magi themselves. 235:, which states that they came "from the east" to worship the "one who has been born king of the Jews". Their names, origins, appearances, and exact number are unmentioned and derive from the inferences or traditions of later Christians. In 1798:

In Spain and also in Latin America, children prepare a drink for each of the Magi on January 5. It is also traditional to prepare food and drink for the camels, because it is believed that this is the only night of the year when they eat.

2064:. The one who gets the figurine is "crowned" (with a crown made of cardboard or paper), but whoever gets the bean has to pay the value of the cake to the person who originally bought it. In Mexico they also have the same ring-shaped cake 2021:

In 2010, Epiphany was made a holiday in Poland, thus reviving a pre-World War II tradition. Since 2011, celebrations with biblical costuming have taken place throughout the country. For example, in Warsaw there are processions from

2431:. Sometimes only the lead king, kneeling to Christ, has a halo the two others lack, probably indicating that the two behind had not yet performed the act of worship that would ensure their status as saints. Medieval artists also 1562:

suggested that the gifts were fit to be given not just to a king but to God, and contrasted them with the Jews' traditional offerings of sheep and calves, and accordingly Chrysostom asserts that the Magi worshiped Jesus as God.

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primus fuisse dicitur Melchior, senex et canus, barba prolixa et capillis, tunica hyacinthina, sagoque mileno, et calceamentis hyacinthino et albo mixto opere, pro mitrario variae compositionis indutus: aurum obtulit regi

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Fertur enim iste de antiqua progenie illorum, quorum in Evangelio mentio fit, esse Magorum, eisdemque, quibus et isti, gentibus imperans, tanta gloria et habundancia frui, ut non nisi sceptro smaragdino uti

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to strengthen faith and raise money for earthquake victims. The relics were displayed in Ukraine and Belarus in Christmas of 2014, and thus left Greece for the first time since the 15th century.

1983:". After singing, the children write the three kings' initials on the door frame in exchange for charitable donations. Each year, German and Austrian dioceses pick one charity towards which all 1624:, gold symbolises the power over the material world as a king on earth, frankincense symbolises the power over the spiritual world as a deity, and myrrh symbolises the healing power over death. 1536:, which report gifts being given by kings, and this has played a central role in the perception of the Magi as kings, rather than as astronomer-priests. In a hymn of the late 4th-century 1022:

Although Matthew's account does not explicitly cite the motivation for their journey (other than seeing the star in the east, which they took to be the star of the King of the Jews), the

1955:" ("May/Let Christ Bless This House"). Depending on the city or town, this will be happen sometime between Christmas and the Epiphany, with most municipalities celebrating closer to the 2672:

from Balthasar's point of view. Here Balthasar comes from Egypt and is joined by Melchior, a Hindu, and Gaspar, a Greek. Balthasar remains a recurring character throughout the novel.

1737:, each one of the Magi is supposed to represent a different continent: Europe (Melchior), Asia (Caspar) and Africa (Balthasar). According to the tradition, the Magi come from the 2655:. The rest of the plot revolves around Artaban traveling the world throughout Jesus' 33 years on Earth and of the protagonist's multiple attempts to pay homage to the Son of God. 4416: 1256:(modern southern Yemen). Their ages were often given as 60, 40 and 20 respectively, and their geographical origins were rather variable, with Balthazar increasingly coming from 309:

on the night of his birth, in a manger accompanied by the shepherds and angels, but this should be understood as an artistic convention allowing the two separate scenes of the

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is traditionally scented with myrrh, and receiving either of these sacraments is commonly referred to as "receiving the myrrh". The picture of the Magi on the 7th-century

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Another competing tradition, most likely originating from Germany, likewise asserts that the biblical Magi were martyred for their faith, albeit without further details.

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Tertius, fuscus, integre barbatus, Balthasar nomine, habens tunicam rubeam, albo vario, calceamentis inimicis amicus: per myrrham filium hominis moriturum professus est.

2483:(1996). Intended to represent the "many connections between the Third Reich and the Christian churches in Austria and Germany", Nazi officers in uniform stand around an 3654:

Secundum, nomine Caspar, juvenis imberbis, rubicundus, mylenica tunica, sago rubeo, calceamentis hyacinthinis vestitus: thure quasi Deo oblatione digna, Deum honorabat.

3538:: "At that time in the reign of Augustus, on 1st January the Magi brought him gifts and worshipped him. The names of the Magi were Bithisarea, Melichior and Gathaspa.". 895:

and ruled a kingdom spanning present-day Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. According to historian Ernst Herzfeld, his name is perpetuated in the name of the Afghan city

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variation depending on the tradition. The gift of gold is sometimes associated with Melchior as well, and in some traditions Melchior is the oldest of the three Magi.

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All three gifts are ordinary offerings and gifts given to a king. Myrrh being commonly used as an anointing oil, frankincense as a perfume, and gold as a valuable.

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tells the story of Artaban, a fourth magus whose mission of kindness delays his arrival in Bethlehem by one day, missing Jesus and His parents who by then had

2366: 9842: 1432:" in which the magi describe their gifts. The last verse includes a summary of the interpretation: "Glorious now behold Him arise/King and God and sacrifice." 873:, which was likewise a Latin translation from an original Greek account, continues the tradition of three kings and their names and gives additional details. 9127: 1575:

plan to kill Jesus. And another story proposes the theory that the myrrh given to them at Jesus' birth was used to anoint Jesus' body after his crucifixion.

1248:, land of merchants" on the Mediterranean coast of modern Turkey, and is first in line to kneel to Christ. Melchior is middle-aged, giving frankincense from 5214: 3872:'Being Religious and Living through the Eyes': Studies in Religious Iconography and Iconology: A Celebratory Publication in Honour of Professor Jan Bergman 1668:

celebrate the visit of the Magi on the same date as their Christmas, which is either 25 December, 6 January, or 7 January, depending on if they follow the

1571:. One tradition suggests that Joseph and Mary used the gold to finance their travels when they fled Bethlehem after an angel had warned, in a dream, about 294: 7650: 5075: 4599: 4392: 5588: 891:(21– c. 47 AD), also known as Gudapharasa, from which "Caspar" might derive as corruption of "Gaspar". Gondophares had declared independence from the 435:- translated as, "Severa, may you live in God", Severa being the woman buried in the sarcophagus and likely the figure to the left of the inscription. 2203:

There are several traditions on where the remains of the Magi are located, none of which have been verified or given veracity by secular historians.

282: 2068:(Kings Bagel or Thread) with figurines inside it. Whoever gets a figurine is supposed to organize and be the host of the family celebration for the 9898: 1396:). There are various theories and interpretations of the meaning and symbolism of the gifts, particularly with respect to frankincense and myrrh. 2766: 1703:

The Three Wise Men receiving children at a shopping centre in Spain. Letters with gift requests are left in the letterbox on the left-hand side.

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Hultgård, Anders (1998). "The Magi and the Star—the Persian Background in Texts and Iconography". In Schalk, Peter; Stausberg, Michael (eds.).

3082: 2252: 1687:, writing in the ninth century, gives the familiar symbolism of the gifts of the Magi, citing the late seventh century Persian-Yemenite writer 4871: 4430: 405:

after seeing Jesus, and what Herod had learned from their earlier meeting. The star which they followed has traditionally become known as the

4269: 1795:. Because so many people have become increasingly offended by this, a campaign of protest to eliminate this practice began in Spain in 2009. 5046: 965: 7992: 7353: 521:, which was at that time highly regarded as a science. Their religious practices and astrological abilities caused derivatives of the term 3451: 394:

included boys up to two years old. Some more recent commentators, not tied to the traditional feast days, suggest a variety of intervals.

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The mystery of the Magi's identities and background, combined with their theological significance, has made them prominent figures in the

8874: 8442: 4696: 1916: 3995:, Leipzig, Band VII, Heft 8, 1879, S.826–1028; Band I, Heft 8, 1883, S. 1–186), re-published in one volume by G. Olms, Hildesheim, 1980. 2318:

produced in the region. The city continues to celebrate its part in the tradition by holding a medieval costume parade every 6 January.

9664: 8761: 7251: 7082: 2503: 3359: 3339: 3033: 2944: 1525:). It was these three gifts, it is thought, which were the chief cause for the number of the Magi becoming fixed eventually at three. 1011:), stretched from eastern Syria to the fringes of India. Though the empire was tolerant of other religions, its dominant religion was 9570: 9203: 9862: 9903: 5644: 4651: 595: 4699: 3107: 954: 7586: 5528: 2756: 9625: 4189: 2159:(379–396) describes "the martyrdom of the holy kings, the three Magi, Gaspar, Balthassar, and Melchior who adored Christ." in " 4986: 2618: 255:, they were increasingly identified as kings by at least the third century, which conformed with Christian interpretations of 9605: 9210: 8674: 7981: 7788: 4577: 3879: 3841: 3800: 2302:. In response to growing pilgrimages to the relics, von Dassel's successor, Philipp von Hochstaden, commissioned the current 1833:, the Christmas Season officially starts on December 25 and partially ends on January 7, the day after The Epiphany. In the 1785: 1633: 9867: 4806: 9918: 7862: 6337: 6325: 5016: 3874:. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Historia Religionum, 14. Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksell International. pp. 215–25. 3652:("the first , named Melchior, was an old white-haired man, with a full beard and hair, : the king gave gold to our Lord.") 2588: 2143:

record nothing about the biblical Magi after reporting that they returned to their own country. The Chronicon of Dexter, a

1380: 71: 999:), more literally "from the rising ", is the only information Matthew provides about the region from which they came. The 668:

The names and origins of the Magi are never given in scripture, but have been provided by various traditions and legends.

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simply presents an event at an unspecified point after Christ's birth in which an unnumbered party of unnamed "wise men" (

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There was a 15th-century golden case purportedly containing the Gift of the Magi housed in the Monastery of St. Paul of

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in Bethlehem until it is time for Jesus' dedication in Jerusalem, after which they return to their home in Nazareth.

166: 132: 17: 3548: 2439:. Beginning in the 12th century, and very often by the 15th, the Kings also represent the three parts of the known ( 1874:) follows Hispanic influence, with the Feast of the Epiphany considered by many Filipinos as the traditional end of 1392: 1368: 9923: 9585: 8062: 7857: 7752: 5654: 5624: 5608: 1837: 1101:

A model for the homage of the Magi might have been provided, it has been suggested, by the journey to Rome of King

517:. Within this tradition, priests paid particular attention to the stars and gained an international reputation for 9852: 3832:

Brock, Sebastian (1982). "Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A Case of Divided Loyalties". In Mews, Stuart (ed.).

2555:, Op. 8, which contain the song "Die Könige" (The Kings), which became popular in an English choral arrangement, " 2108: 1148:, whose Mongol descendants were sought as allies against the Muslims by contemporary European monarchs and popes. 8867: 8435: 6588: 5649: 5629: 4396: 3395: 2291: 2287:—where they were interned in a special tomb beneath its basilica. In 1162, following the conquest of the city by 630: 626: 599: 39: 4303:, Vol. XVI, 1, Stuttgart, 1933, col. 1145; Leonardo Olschki, "The Wise Men of the East in Oriental Traditions", 1063:

Sebastian Brock, a historian of Christianity, has said: "It was no doubt among converts from Zoroastrianism that

551: 7766: 7149: 6928: 6353: 5438: 5374: 4955: 4941: 4923: 4898: 3371: 3194:(Harper One, 1999) page 179: "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual." 1109:, which took place in AD 66, a few years before the date assigned to the composition of the Gospel of Matthew. 3993:

Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Classe der Koeniglichen Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften

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is now rarely practised in the West, it is still relatively common in the Eastern Churches, especially during

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in 288/7 BC, and this may have been the precedent for the mention of these three gifts in Gospel of Matthew (

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and shepherds as the first recognition by humans of Christ as the Redeemer. However, the Protestant reformer

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adhuc multi magni et nobiles inveniunt inter Tartaros de cognatione illa, qui tenent firmiter fidem Christi.

3156: 567: 9913: 9893: 9656: 8552: 7842: 7546: 7092: 6485: 4147: 4032:, Leipzig, Hirzel, 1879 (repr. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim and New York, 1980, p. 848; Adolf Hofmeister, 2751: 2565: 2443:) world in Western art, especially in Northern Europe. Balthasar is thus represented as a young African or 2424: 1875: 1684: 1293: 1029:

states in its third chapter that they were pursuing a prophecy from their prophet, Zoradascht (Zoroaster).

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Some Christmas carols refer to the biblical Magi or Three Kings, especially hymns meant to be sung by the

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riches, and she brought them into Constantinople... and laid them in a church that is called Saint Sophia.

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A Lytell Cronycle: Richard Pynson's Translation (c. 1520) of La Fleur des Histoires de la Terre d'Orient

1060:(in present-day Punjab, Pakistan) that one of the Magi passed through the city on the way to Bethlehem. 9595: 9297: 9225: 8860: 8533: 8428: 6754: 6540: 6535: 5765: 5219: 4843:

Baker, Kenneth (9 August 2004). "Dark and detached, the art of Gottfried Helnwein demands a response".

2498: 310: 3954:, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1934, pp. 53, 111, 115; cited in Ugo Monneret de Villard, 2027: 9688: 9198: 7998: 7987: 7907: 7759: 7680: 7499: 7256: 7144: 6858: 6819: 6613: 6395: 6071: 5964: 5847: 5695: 3900:

14; cited in J. Duchesne-Guillemin, "Die Drei Weisen aus dem Morgenlande und die Anbetung der Zeit",

3302: 2967: 2303: 2231: 2129: 1620: 1033: 919: 391: 35: 2806: 9632: 9615: 9282: 9262: 8756: 8733: 8014: 7800: 7722: 7640: 7633: 7536: 7419: 7139: 6841: 6673: 6545: 6460: 6277: 5974: 5903: 5770: 5730: 4869: 4672: 4578:"German Chancellor Angela Merkel poses with children in blackface for Three King's Day celebration" 3215: 2982: 2330: 2256: 1788:

is also presented on Epiphany Eve. There is also a "Roscón" (Spain) or "Rosca de Reyes" (Mexico).

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The three gifts had a spiritual meaning: gold as a symbol of kingship on earth, frankincense (an

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Sometimes this is described more generally as gold symbolizing virtue, frankincense symbolizing

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Emmerich, Anne Catherine (1914). "vols. 1, 3". In Brentano, Clement; Schmöger, Carl E. (eds.).

2423:. Crowns appear from the 10th century. Despite being saints, they are very often shown without 2104: 1102: 650: 4902: 247:, they often number twelve. Likewise, the Magi's social status is never stated: Although some 9580: 9403: 9368: 9332: 9272: 8728: 8670: 8484: 7794: 7566: 7464: 7211: 6814: 6747: 6565: 6410: 6106: 6014: 5593: 5508: 5498: 5443: 5407: 5319: 5067: 4915: 3681: 3644: 3573: 2396: 2352: 2260: 2148: 1089:

in Judaea with their gifts and worshipped Jesus Christ, and they are entombed in the city of

1026: 903: 634: 427: 314: 3928:. Schweich Lectures of the British Academy. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 65–6. 2244:

Paul William Roberts provides some modern-day corroboration of this possibility in his book

1791:

In Spain, the role of Balthazar has always been played by a Spaniard, or "white" person, in

9317: 9220: 7977: 7932: 7581: 7556: 7521: 7511: 7506: 7484: 7271: 7241: 7196: 7171: 6390: 6131: 6111: 5939: 5921: 5895: 5680: 5537: 4488: 3781:". Archive.org. Gebbie & Co., Publishers, Philadelphia. See: Retrieved 26 January 2017. 2680: 2630: 2593: 1643: 1286: 1252:, and Balthazar is a young man, very often and increasingly black-skinned, with myrrh from 1149: 672: 240: 236: 9235: 4744:

R. R. Madden, M.D. (1864). "On certain Literary Frauds and Forgeries in Spain And Italy".

3472: 2587:

Numerous films have included these characters in some scenes depicting the Nativity, from

2031: 1683:

does not contain Matthew's episode of the Magi. However, the Persian Muslim encyclopedist

239:, they are usually assumed to have been three in number, corresponding with each gift; in 8: 9418: 9240: 9156: 9151: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9122: 9117: 9112: 7952: 7927: 7867: 7773: 7739: 7707: 7596: 7576: 7571: 7561: 7551: 7541: 7531: 7489: 7479: 6963: 6779: 6583: 6505: 6465: 6385: 6266: 6059: 6039: 5913: 5865: 5836: 5478: 5458: 5359: 5233: 5007: 4967: 4831:Émaux méridionaux: Catalogue international de l'oeuvre de Limoges – Tome I: Epoque romane 2737: 2701: 2237: 2152: 1447: 655: 531: 267: 244: 5208: 5149:

Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe, eds. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.

3356:

A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641: The Transformation of the Ancient World

2174: 1611:). After the Athens earthquake of September 7, 1999, they were temporarily displayed in 9908: 9649: 9600: 9590: 9443: 9423: 9353: 9302: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 8407: 7912: 7526: 7409: 7348: 7343: 7326: 7286: 6794: 6701: 6637: 6575: 6560: 6470: 6455: 6116: 6086: 5989: 5885: 5870: 5797: 5583: 5578: 5468: 4753: 4724: 4486: 3902: 2647: 2560: 2474: 2322: 2264: 1956: 1908: 1730: 1669: 1647: 1506: 1244:

in 1305—Caspar is old, normally with a white beard, and gives the gold; he is "King of

1160:, visited the Mongol court in Karakorum in 1247–1250 and in 1254. He wrote a letter to 1120:, were descended from the biblical Magi. This heritage passed to the Mongol dynasty of 1049: 881: 539: 260: 248: 213: 2427:, perhaps to avoid distracting attention from either their crowns or the halos of the 1959:. Also in Catholic parts of the German-speaking world, these markings are made by the 382:

occurring up to two winters later. This maximum interval explained Herod's command at

9287: 9267: 9193: 9183: 9178: 8883: 8771: 8738: 8723: 8612: 8517: 8451: 8057: 7917: 7822: 7728: 7673: 7370: 7236: 7216: 6938: 6865: 6836: 6824: 6687: 6044: 5760: 5675: 5543: 5261: 5244: 5159: 5035:

The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel.

4951: 4937: 4919: 4894: 4891:

Sanctuaries of Earth, Stone, and Light: The Churches of Northern New Spain, 1530–1821

4861: 4251: 4233: 4123: 4033: 3929: 3875: 3837: 3796: 3677: 3235: 3164: 2923: 2669: 2508: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2133: 1928: 1880: 1764: 1688: 1161: 1037: 781: 660: 591: 432: 406: 232: 217: 50: 7129: 5028:

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke

4307:, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Vol.11, 1951, pp. 375 3532: 2196: 1583: 9826: 9388: 9383: 9337: 9307: 9292: 9250: 9215: 8803: 8786: 8507: 8240: 8098: 8067: 8027: 7972: 7957: 7742: 7429: 7301: 7291: 7226: 7042: 6943: 6618: 6420: 6415: 6318: 6217: 6205: 6101: 6034: 6029: 6019: 5994: 5880: 5860: 5831: 5690: 5448: 5430: 5324: 5175: 5116: 5093: 5024: 4213: 2723: 2400: 2388: 2124: 1661: 1257: 1157: 822: 787: 752: 723: 685: 679: 611: 143: 109: 83: 8776: 7399: 5079:

The Magi: Who They Were, How They've Been Remembered, and Why They Still Fascinate

4466: 1699: 1425:: "gold, as to a king; myrrh, as to one who was mortal; and incense, as to a God." 9680: 9413: 9363: 9322: 8538: 8355: 8235: 8193: 8173: 8158: 8037: 7877: 7872: 7852: 7628: 7618: 7404: 7336: 7296: 7231: 7181: 7114: 6799: 6358: 6247: 6240: 6024: 5826: 5775: 5573: 5568: 5513: 5473: 5194: 5154: 5138: 5041: 4875: 4273: 4228: 3959: 3923: 3737: 2652: 2556: 2455: 2308: 2192: 1976: 1849: 1673: 1572: 1559: 1544:, the three gifts have already gained their medieval interpretation as prophetic 1228: 1193: 1041: 1000: 977: 603: 402: 362: 7276: 6968: 5002:(Regensburg, 1973) pp. 125–142, Ikonographie der Magierbilder, Inschriften. 3474:

Calvin's Commentaries, Vol. 31: Matthew, Mark and Luke, Part I, tr. by John King

3058:"Magi | Definition, Scripture, Names, Traditions, & Importance | Britannica" 1509:

is recorded to have offered gold, frankincense and myrrh (among other items) to

1322: 9933: 9565: 9539: 9428: 9408: 9398: 9230: 8781: 8685: 8512: 8286: 8148: 8093: 7967: 7897: 7847: 7694: 7414: 7382: 7266: 7206: 7072: 7047: 7015: 6953: 6923: 6853: 6363: 6348: 6343: 6272: 6076: 5855: 5841: 5819: 5670: 5523: 5518: 5503: 5412: 5311: 5061: 5011: 4929: 4342: 4325: 3614: 2820: 2776: 2686: 2642: 2602: 2570: 2516: 2479: 2315: 2276: 2140: 1830: 1822:" on the night of January 5th (Epiphany Eve) or Epiphany morning, January 6th, 1665: 1608: 1594: 1587: 1568: 1549: 1429: 1277:. Kneeling has remained an important element of Christian worship to this day. 1245: 1012: 892: 877: 717: 623: 514: 477:), as used in the original Greek text of the Gospel of Matthew (in the plural: 463: 454: 302: 7376: 5168:

Powell, Mark Allan. "The Magi as Wise Men: Re-examining a Basic Supposition."

5105:"The Magi and the Star in the Gospel of Matthew and Early Christian Tradition" 4807:"How the 'Three Wise Men from the East' ended up in Cologne – DW – 01/06/2024" 1137: 176: 9928: 9882: 9146: 8896: 8841: 8793: 8350: 8271: 8209: 7316: 7311: 7191: 7186: 7109: 6831: 6789: 6694: 6598: 6425: 6311: 6233: 6185: 6175: 6141: 6121: 6091: 5251: 4907: 4509: 4176: 4172: 4127: 4035:

Ottonis Episcopi Frisingensis Chronica; sive, Historia de Duabus Civitatibus,

3933: 3705:

Witold Witakowski, "The Magi in Syriac Tradition", in George A. Kiraz (ed.),

3434: 3168: 2598: 2459: 2440: 2416: 2380: 1901: 1834: 1781: 1708: 1484: 1459: 1421: 1076: 981: 885: 865:

which is a Latin translation of a lost Greek manuscript probably composed in

79: 4785: 4530: 4091: 2078:

Switzerland, but the figurine is a miniature king. The practice is known as

1729:) receive letters from children and so bring them gifts on the night before 1220: 1144:. Toghrul became identified with the legendary Central Asian Christian king 458: 9524: 9393: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8590: 8489: 8474: 8345: 8293: 8128: 7887: 7387: 7261: 6918: 6809: 6769: 6715: 6530: 6500: 6495: 6480: 6450: 6155: 5715: 5453: 5084: 4981: 2771: 2761: 2542: 2492: 2467: 2420: 2376: 2284: 2272: 2160: 2156: 2060:

of one of the Magi (or another surprise depending on the region) and a dry

2023: 1966: 1912: 1522: 1410:) as a symbol of deity, and myrrh (an embalming oil) as a symbol of death. 1349: 1332: 1304: 1237: 1170: 1145: 1125: 1121: 1106: 1045: 1008: 969: 398: 387: 383: 354: 306: 201: 99: 91: 8375: 8052: 5000:

Franks Casket. Zu den Bildern und Inschriften des Runenkästchens von Auzon

4650:[Three Kings already a public holiday] (in Polish). Archived from 4367: 2189: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9438: 9312: 9255: 8466: 8385: 8360: 8281: 8261: 8256: 8230: 8183: 8163: 8113: 8047: 7494: 7281: 7221: 7201: 7161: 7156: 7077: 7027: 6525: 6190: 6160: 5875: 4702:

2010-06-01 at the Portuguese Web Archive Matosinhos Hoje, 6 January 2010.

4287: 3468: 3187: 3006: 2831: 2659: 2607: 2436: 2428: 2372: 2144: 2088: 1998: 1975:

carry a star representing the one followed by the biblical magi and sing

1897: 1841: 1818:, there is a long tradition of children receiving presents by the three " 1776:

parade and throw sweets to the children (and parents) in attendance. The

1752: 1747: 1646:

churches separately from Christmas. The visit of the Magi is part of the

1579: 1476: 1463: 1428:

These interpretations are alluded to in the verses of the popular carol "

1357: 1141: 888: 638: 619: 571: 496: 422: 350: 4467:"Duden | Sternsingen | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition" 3609: 3057: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9327: 9245: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8088: 7937: 7424: 7365: 7331: 7124: 7104: 7057: 7052: 6948: 6913: 6903: 6680: 6490: 6440: 5745: 5700: 5392: 5269: 3696:, London, Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1935, p. 63. 3331: 2696: 2334: 2206: 2061: 1893: 1885: 1541: 866: 583: 8123: 4487:

Name bedeutet: Gott schütze sein Leben (babylon.-hebr.) (2007-03-25).

4290:. This inscription was in the past erroneously dated to about 243 B.C. 3978:, edited by Glenn Burger, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1988, 3660:("The third one, dark-haired, with a full beard, named Balthasar, .") 3038:

Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church

2949:

Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church

9711: 9706: 9519: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9473: 9468: 9463: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8831: 8620: 8567: 8365: 8153: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8108: 7434: 7067: 7062: 7037: 6993: 6933: 6784: 6660: 6555: 6405: 6282: 6195: 6170: 6054: 5750: 5740: 5735: 5725: 5705: 5598: 5533: 5121: 5104: 4848: 4346: 4005:

Letter of Sempad the Constable to the King and Queen of Cyprus, 1243,

3216:

Waxman, Olivia B., "Here's What History Can Tell Us About the Magi",

2746: 2520: 2311: 2268: 2222: 2100: 2092: 2070: 2043: 1900:, and they only survive in the greeting "Happy Three Kings!" and the 1853: 1803: 1792: 1604: 1529: 1495: 1385: 1373: 1361: 1197: 1165: 1129: 1086: 1053: 587: 518: 490: 472: 366: 252: 221: 209: 8852: 8420: 8188: 7360: 4934:

The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume II, Venice 1540–1600

3958:, Citta del Vaticano, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1952, p. 161. 2685:

hair. In addition to the eponymous magi, the text also mentions the

1829:

In Spain and most Latin American countries, which are predominantly

9672: 9610: 9560: 9555: 9373: 9358: 8766: 8379: 8370: 8324: 8168: 8042: 7942: 7439: 7393: 7134: 6988: 6893: 6882: 6520: 6445: 6430: 6294: 6260: 6254: 6200: 6096: 6004: 5999: 5949: 5483: 5387: 5369: 5354: 3836:. Studies in Church History, 18. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 1–19. 2675: 2448: 2432: 2113: 2057: 2051: 1811: 1756: 1600: 1537: 1533: 1455: 1253: 1209: 1201: 1153: 1117: 1082: 896: 858:

These names first appear in an eighth century religious chronicle,

87: 27:

Group of distinguished foreigners who visited Jesus after his birth

6973: 6908: 4550: 3707:

Malphono w-Rabo d-Malphone: Studies in Honor of Sebastian P. Brock

2255:

in Germany. According to tradition, they were first discovered by

2099:, and surrounding regions, a similar ring-shaped cake known as a " 1859:

In the Philippines, beliefs concerning the Three Kings (Filipino:

1784:

claims to be the oldest in the world, having started in 1886. The

1292:"Gold, frankincense, and myrrh" redirects here. For the film, see 1208:), and a "city, whose name sounded to me something like Acajaja" ( 9534: 9514: 9489: 9448: 8314: 8309: 8214: 8178: 8103: 8072: 7119: 6958: 6898: 6764: 6593: 6550: 6515: 6510: 6377: 6180: 6165: 6049: 5954: 5934: 5603: 5488: 5425: 5397: 4775:, Paul William Roberts, (2006) Tauris Parke Paperbacks, pgs 27-38 3190:, 'The Meaning of the Birth Stories' in Marcus Borg, N T Wright, 3132:"The journey of the magi is long and risky, but it ends with joy" 2731: 2690: 2329:("History of the Three Kings"), which begins with the journey of 2186: 1815: 1518: 1499: 1488: 1480: 1407: 1313: 1181: 1113: 1090: 503: 75: 5088:

The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary.

3749:

Hattaway, Paul; Brother Yun; Yongze, Peter Xu; and Wang, Enoch.

3441:. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Dec. 2016. 2606:

was released, directed by Antonio Navarro and nominated for the

899:, which he is said to have founded under the name Gundopharron. 9458: 9433: 8826: 8798: 8718: 8693: 8319: 8276: 8266: 7902: 7780: 7246: 7032: 6978: 6759: 6288: 6081: 5984: 5979: 5908: 5493: 5402: 5339: 4167: 3322:

33.7: "ýâ sruyê parê magâunô" = "so I can be heard beyond Magi"

2524: 2488: 2463: 2214: 2103:" traditionally becomes available in bakeries from Epiphany to 2004: 1889: 1807: 1738: 1612: 1597: 1545: 1514: 1510: 1436: 1416: 1249: 1241: 1094: 1057: 902:

Within Eastern Christianity, the Magi have varied names. Among

876:

One candidate for the origin of the name Caspar appears in the

778:; also Gaspar, Jaspar, Jaspas, Gathaspa, and other variations). 575: 563: 526: 317:

to be combined for convenience. The single biblical account in

271: 216:—sometimes called "Three Kings Day"—and commonly appear in the 5054:. Translated by Philip Schaff. T. & T. Clark in Edinburgh. 4676: 4148:"Matthew 2; – Passage Lookup – New International Version – UK" 3952:

La flor de las ystorias de Orient by Hethum prince of Khorghos

1992: 1070: 846: 741: 9529: 9509: 9378: 8891: 8595: 8478: 8118: 6804: 6435: 6146: 6136: 5755: 5638: 5553: 5364: 5308: 5187:

Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story

4912:

New Testament Studies: Philological, Versional, and Patristic

4866:

Radar, Selections from the Collection of Vicki and Kent Logan

3319: 2484: 2444: 2321:

A version of this account is conveyed by 14th century cleric

2280: 2210: 2096: 1943: 1742: 1734: 1680: 1353: 1336: 1285:"Gifts of the Magi" redirects here. For the short story, see 1260:

or other parts of Africa, and being represented accordingly.

1133: 654:

The three Magi (named Balthazar, Caspar, and Melchior), from

510: 370: 205: 193: 6629: 4950:, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, 4697:À mesa com o tradicional Bolo-rei – Uma instituição nacional 4054:. Rockford, IL: Tan. pp. III:568, I:248, III:566, I:248 869:

roughly two centuries earlier. Another eighth century text,

837: 811: 802: 770: 706: 8585: 8340: 8004: 6722: 5099:

Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1982.

5060: 3962:

Haithoni Armeni ordinis Praemonstratenis de Tartaris liber,

3354:(Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 293; Stephen Mitchell, 3181: 2634: 2395:

Most depictions of the Magi in European art focus on their

1844:, however, there are eight more days of celebration called 1471:

the 15th century. The "holy oil" traditionally used by the

1345: 1274: 1205: 1185: 1004: 994: 805: 703: 694: 484: 340: 328: 228: 197: 158: 124: 118: 56: 5097:

Matthew: A Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art.

4446:"Christus Mansionem Benedicat « Catholic Sensibility" 3908:, pp. 234–252, 245; cited in Mary Boyce and Frantz Genet, 2882:, in those areas where Caspar is spelled Kaspar or Gašper. 2048:

In Spain and Portugal, a ring-shaped cake (in Portuguese:

1884:

is today done only in some areas, such as the old city of

1164:

King of Cyprus and Queen Stephanie (Sempad's sister) from

155: 121: 4011:

Oxford, Hakluyt society, 1866, Vol.I, pp. cxxvii, 262–3."

3966:

Novus orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum,

2814: 2209:

claimed that he was shown the three tombs of the Magi at

1582:. It was donated to the monastery in the 15th century by 1085:, from which came the Three Wise Kings, and they came to 840: 828: 796: 761: 732: 546:; the same translation is applied to the wise men led by 152: 4214:"Franks Casket – F – panel (Front) – Pictures: The Magi" 2559:". Balthazar, Caspar, and Melchior are also featured in 1627: 1494:

It has been suggested by scholars that the "gifts" were

1136:, the youngest son of Genghis, and became the mother of 5211:: the Cologne reliquary and the BBC popular documentary 4553:"Und die Sternsinger? – Leser-Kommentar – FOCUS Online" 4311:, p. 380, n. 46; cited in Mary Boyce and Frantz Genet, 2477:

depicted a more controversial tableau in his painting,

2084:(Drawing the Kings). A queen is sometimes also chosen. 1487:

shows the third visitor – he who brings myrrh – with a

1189: 397:

The wise men are mentioned twice shortly thereafter in

4301:

Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft

4190:"Frankincense and myrrh: Ancient scents of the season" 3777:

Hone, William (1890 (4th edit); 1820 (1st edition)). "

3364: 3352:

The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture

1176:

In her four volumes of visions of the life of Christ,

297:, showing the Three Magi with Joseph, Mary, and Jesus. 4717:

A Harmonized Exposition of the Four Gospels, Volume 1

4277:". Pharmaceutical journal. Vol 271, 2003. pharmj.com. 3860:, Citta del Vaticano, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana. 3656:("The second, with name Caspar, a beardless boy, .") 2251:

The bones of the Magi are allegedly contained at the

1969:") – a group of children dressed up as the magi. The 1657:

on that date the Magi are also celebrated as saints.

843: 808: 764: 758: 735: 729: 700: 167: 133: 78:, Italy (restored during the 19th century). As here, 3709:, Piscataway (NJ), Gorgias Press, 2008, pp. 809–844. 2895:, noting one country, territory or region of origin. 2713: 2419:

they are depicted as Persians, wearing trousers and

831: 825: 799: 793: 767: 738: 697: 582:. Several translations refer to the men outright as 295:

Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)

4714: 3344:

Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices

1852:, the full Christmas Season is from December 25 to 1745:to visit the houses of all the children, much like 1399:The theories generally break down into two groups: 988: 834: 790: 755: 726: 691: 688: 478: 334: 322: 149: 146: 115: 112: 4743: 4598: 4343:"Gifts of the Magi delivered to Minsk for worship" 4092:"Melchior | Magus, Gift, & Facts | Britannica" 3896:Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 3372:"Who were the three kings in the Christmas story?" 1491:over his back, a pagan symbol referring to Death. 1344:Three gifts are explicitly identified in Matthew: 1331:The three gifts of the magi, left to right: gold, 30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 5071:. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4627:"Sternsinger: Schwarzes Gesicht und weisse Hände" 4600:"Angela Merkel pictured with blacked-up children" 4051:The Life of Jesus Christ and Biblical Revelations 3108:"Strange visitors - the significance of the magi" 2271:in 326–28. She took the remains to the church of 1036:tradition identifying the "Magi of Bethlehem" as 9880: 4994:. New York: Benziger Brothers. pp. 110–119. 4232:". University of Toronto Press, 2004. 64 pages. 3753:(Authentic Publishing, 2003). retrieved May 2007 2983:"Here's What History Can Tell Us About the Magi" 2049: 1180:says that the Magi came from the border between 1173:was reportedly a descendant of one of the Magi. 960: 357:describes the visit of the Magi in this manner: 5215:Caroline Stone, "We Three Kings of Orient Were" 4448:. Catholicsensibility.wordpress.com. 2006-01-05 3894:A. Dietrich, "Die Weisen aus dem Morgenlande", 3637:Die Heiligen Drei Könige in Literatur und Kunst 208:in homage to him. They are commemorated on the 2891:Matthew 2:12 uses the feminine singular noun, 2705:by is told from an aged king's point of view. 2253:Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral 1642:The visit of the Magi is commemorated in most 957:believe that one of the magi came from China. 854:; also Balthasar, Balthassar, and Bithisarea). 8868: 8436: 6645: 5285: 5155:The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi 4746:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol 8 4252:Astrology: Between Religion and the Empirical 3336:A History of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period 2528: 2447:, and Caspar may be depicted with distinctly 1724: 1718: 1712: 1112:There was a tradition that the Central Asian 4932:, National Gallery Catalogues (new series): 4624: 3991:Friedrich Zarncke, "Der Priester Johannes", 3034:"Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated" 2945:"Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated" 2079: 2012: 1996: 1984: 1970: 1960: 1937: 1907:. The Three Kings are especially revered in 1762:Almost every Spanish city or town organises 645: 5220:"Procession of the Three Kings in Valencia" 5209:Mark Rose, "The Three Kings & the Star" 4936:, 2008, National Gallery Publications Ltd, 2523:decorations that have their origins in the 2491:toddler who stands on Mary's lap resembles 1917:National Shrine of Virgen La Divina Pastora 1548:of Jesus' identity, familiar in the carol " 448: 8875: 8861: 8443: 8429: 6652: 6638: 5292: 5278: 5158:. Rutgers University Press, 1999. 187 pp. 5040: 4758:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4729:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4489:"Balthasar – Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon" 4249:Gustav-Adolf Schoener and Shane Denson , " 4140: 3790: 3712: 3664:("The clothes of all were Syrian-style.") 3662:Omnia autem vestimenta eorum Syriaca sunt. 3452:Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated 3338:(Brill, 1989, 2nd ed.), vol. 1, pp. 10–11 2977: 2975: 2549:". Peter Cornelius composed a song cycle, 1989:donations nationwide will be contributed. 1848:(the little eight days). According to the 675:, the earliest and most common names are: 5120: 4385: 3956:Le Leggende orientali sui Magi evangelici 3858:Le Leggende orientali sui Magi evangelici 3779:The Apocryphal Books of the New Testament 3629: 3563: 3211: 3209: 2294:, the Magi's remains were transferred to 1212:), as well as other cities farther east. 192:, are distinguished foreigners who visit 5299: 4977:New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971. 4715:Andrew Edward Breen (February 1, 1908). 4710: 4708: 4675:. Orszak.org. 2013-01-01. Archived from 4047: 4041: 3921: 3869: 3762: 3580: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3497: 3494:See Metzger, 23–29 for a lengthy account 3105: 2617: 2497: 2361: 2279:; in 344, they were transferred to Milan 2173: 2123: 1991: 1932: 1863:, lit. "Three Magi Kings"; shortened to 1698: 1446: 1219: 1215: 1069: 964: 649: 596:Phillips New Testament in Modern English 416: 281: 55: 9899:Christian saints from the New Testament 5102: 5052:Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Volume X 5005: 3541: 2972: 2757:List of names for the biblical nameless 2283:in some accounts by the city's bishop, 2119: 1140:and his younger brother and successor, 1081:1375, fol. V: "This province is called 529:in general and led to the English term 14: 9881: 5139:A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels 5037:Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4980: 4395:. Saudiaramcoworld.com. Archived from 4330:A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels 4315:, Leiden, Brill, 1991, p. 450, n. 438. 3912:, Leiden, Brill, 1991, p. 453, n. 449. 3724: 3485:Quote from Commentary on Matthew 2:1–6 3206: 2515:More generally they appear in popular 2346: 2333:to Jerusalem, where she recovered the 1267: 1105:, with his magi, to pay homage to the 439:The Magi are popularly referred to as 8882: 8856: 8450: 8424: 7982:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus 6633: 5273: 5195:A Biblical and Theological Dictionary 5047:"Homily VI. on Matt. II. 1, 2." 4992:Meditations For Every Day In The Year 4893:, 2007, University of Arizona Press, 4842: 4705: 4673:"Orszak Trzech Króli | Warszawa" 4648:"Trzech Króli już świętem państwowym" 4555:(in German). Focus.de. Archived from 3831: 3667: 3519: 3083:""We Three Kings" Who were the Magi?" 1786:Mystery Play of the Three Magic Kings 1634:Mystery Play of the Three Magic Kings 1628:Religious significance and traditions 401:, in reference to their avoidance of 305:depict three "wise men" visiting the 5058: 4948:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I 4551:Reader's comment by Dieter Schmeer. 4431:Vídeo demanding true black Baltazars 4286:Greek inscription RC 5 (OGIS 214) – 3964:Simon Grynaeus Johannes Huttichius, 2589:The Life and Passion of Jesus Christ 1878:. The tradition of the Three Kings' 1280: 509:, referring to the Iranian priestly 286:Biblical Magi stained glass window, 9665:The Gospel According to St. Matthew 5189:. Princeton University Press, 1997. 5180:The Good News According to Matthew. 4299:August Friedrich von Pauly et al., 4267:Frankincense: festive pharmacognosy 3822:) by John of Hildesheim (1364–1375) 3793:The Bible in the Armenian Tradition 3731:Concerning The Magi And Their Names 3647:. Quote from the Latin chronicle: 2916:Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary 2217:in present day Iran, in the 1270s: 1694: 1116:and their Christian relatives, the 1052:relates a tradition in the ancient 277: 24: 5330:Life of Jesus in the New Testament 5109:Laval Théologique et Philosophique 5020:. Vol. III. pp. 203–206. 4961: 3467: 3346:(Routledge, 2001, 2nd ed.), p. 48 1979:as they go door to door, such as " 1650:on 6 January, which concludes the 1498:rather than precious material for 1439:, and myrrh symbolizing suffering. 614:(K. Taylor, 1962, New Testament). 502:which in turn originated from the 196:after his birth, bearing gifts of 25: 9945: 5202: 4510:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Baltasar" 4469:(in German). Duden.de. 2012-10-30 3856:de Villard, Ugo Monneret (1952). 3192:The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions 3031: 2942: 2480:Epiphany I: Adoration of the Magi 2435:the theme to represent the three 2298:at the behest of its archbishop, 1922: 1475:for performing the sacraments of 313:on the birth night and the later 72:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 47:Gaspard, Melchior & Balthazar 8551: 8403: 8402: 7858:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 7753:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 5065:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 4393:"We, three kings of Orient were" 3682:XCIV, page 541(D) Online version 3358:(Wiley–Blackwell, 2007), p. 387 3011:The Nativity: History and Legend 2846:Sometimes referred to simply as 2730: 2716: 2011:Traditionally, one child in the 1321: 1312: 1303: 821: 786: 751: 722: 684: 274:rather than historical figures. 142: 108: 9904:Groups of Roman Catholic saints 5182:Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975. 5090:Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985. 4987:"Journey of the Wise Men" 4883: 4855: 4836: 4829:Gauthier M-M. and François G., 4823: 4799: 4778: 4766: 4737: 4690: 4665: 4640: 4618: 4607:from the original on 2022-01-10 4591: 4580:. NY Daily News. 5 January 2013 4570: 4544: 4523: 4502: 4480: 4459: 4438: 4424: 4417:News about blackface Balthazars 4410: 4360: 4335: 4318: 4293: 4280: 4258: 4243: 4220: 4206: 4182: 4161: 4108: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4014: 3998: 3985: 3940: 3915: 3888: 3863: 3850: 3825: 3809: 3784: 3771: 3756: 3743: 3699: 3686: 3602: 3488: 3461: 3444: 3427: 3414: 3401: 3389: 3325: 3313: 3295: 3270: 3245: 3224: 3197: 3149: 3124: 3106:Whittock, Martyn (2022-01-06). 3099: 3075: 3050: 2885: 2861: 1802:Not only in Spain, but also in 1231:. Oil on panel. Circa 1640–1650 600:Twentieth Century New Testament 40:Three Wise Men (disambiguation) 7838:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland 7767:Christmas Day in the Workhouse 7150:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer 6929:Legend of the Christmas Spider 5133:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981 4028:, 1146, in Friedrich Zarncke, 4026:Historia de Duabus Civitatibus 3925:Archaeological History of Iran 3834:Religion and National Identity 3767:. Basic Books. pp. 31–43. 3694:Archaeological History of Iran 3025: 3016: 3013:, London, Penguin, 2006, p. 22 3000: 2961: 2936: 2908: 2840: 2795: 2263:, on her famous pilgrimage to 2109:traditional Mardi Gras colours 1911:, where they are enshrined as 1528:This episode can be linked to 550:of earlier Hebrew Scriptures ( 412: 263:would be worshipped by kings. 13: 1: 8699:Annunciation to the shepherds 7789:Christmas television specials 7688:The New Oxford Book of Carols 6775:Annunciation to the shepherds 6659: 5145:Levine, Amy-Jill. "Matthew." 4970:, and C. S. Mann. "Matthew." 4786:"Sant' Eustorgio I di Milano" 4531:"Blackface! Around the World" 4229:Magic In Medieval Manuscripts 3306:, Third edition, April 2010, 2783: 2613: 2597:(2017). In 2003, the spanish 2357: 1768:in the evening, in which the 1128:, niece of the Keraite ruler 961:Country of origin and journey 880:, which gives the account of 554:). The same word is given as 287: 64: 7843:Christmas and holiday season 5655:People named Simon or Simeon 4788:. Santiebeati.it. 2001-09-09 4305:Semitic and Oriental Studies 2902: 2815: 2752:Christian views on astrology 2566:Amahl and the Night Visitors 1953:Christus mansionem benedicat 1778:cavalcade of the three kings 1452:Adoración de los Reyes Magos 1386: 1374: 1362: 1294:Gold, Frankincense and Myrrh 1236:century—for example, in the 995: 987:The phrase "from the east" ( 491: 485: 473: 347:New Revised Standard Version 341: 329: 82:usually depicts the Magi in 32:Three Kings (disambiguation) 7: 9919:Unnamed people of the Bible 6072:Mary, mother of (John) Mark 5030:. London: G. Chapman, 1977. 4625:Ücgür, Ogdan (2012-01-06). 4324:Lambert, John Chisholm, in 4313:A History of Zoroastrianism 4009:Cathay and the Way Thither, 3910:A History of Zoroastrianism 3253:"The Visit of the Wise Men" 2709: 421:Incised third century A.D. 10: 9950: 9596:Five Discourses of Matthew 8577: 6755:Adoration of the Shepherds 5645:People named Judas or Jude 5033:Clarke, Howard W. (2003). 5006:Benecke, P. V. M. (1900). 3820:History of the Three Kings 3763:Axworthy, Michael (2008). 2805: 2580: 2466:(a protecting spirit, and 2350: 2041: 1926: 1714:Los Reyes Magos de Oriente 1631: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1291: 1284: 989: 479: 466: 365:, after Jesus was born in 335: 323: 311:Adoration of the Shepherds 44: 29: 9863:American Standard Version 9835: 9699: 9689:The Visual Bible: Matthew 9641: 9548: 9482: 9346: 9199:Massacre of the Innocents 9169: 9058: 8905: 8890: 8819: 8747: 8711: 8684: 8611: 8604: 8576: 8560: 8549: 8526: 8498: 8465: 8458: 8398: 8333: 8302: 8249: 8223: 8202: 8081: 8026: 8013: 7999:WWE Tribute to the Troops 7811: 7760:A Visit from St. Nicholas 7706: 7681:The Oxford Book of Carols 7617: 7448: 7257:Feast of the Seven Fishes 7170: 7091: 7002: 6879: 6820:Massacre of the Innocents 6733: 6669: 6574: 6396:Alexander the Coppersmith 6376: 6303: 6225: 6214: 5894: 5848:Disciple whom Jesus loved 5788: 5696:Female disciples of Jesus 5663: 5617: 5347: 5338: 5307: 5258: 5249: 5241: 5229:Adoration of the Wise Men 5227: 5147:Women's Bible Commentary. 5017:A Dictionary of the Bible 4889:Giffords, Gloria Fraser, 4603:. Telegraph. 2013-01-04. 3791:Nersessian, Vrej (2001). 3590:. Collins Dictionary. n.d 3551:. Collins Dictionary. n.d 3507:. Collins Dictionary. n.d 3422:Oxford English Dictionary 3303:Oxford English Dictionary 3087:www.catholiceducation.org 2627:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 2576: 2504:The Adoration of the Magi 2304:Shrine of the Three Kings 2221:In Persia is the city of 2130:Shrine of the Three Kings 2116:may be included as well. 1621:The Travels of Marco Polo 920:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 878:apocryphal Acts of Thomas 646:Identities and background 392:Massacre of the Innocents 333:) visits him in a house ( 36:Wise men (disambiguation) 9616:Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew 9263:Jesus preaches in a ship 7801:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 5771:Women at the crucifixion 5136:Lambert, John Chisholm, 4868:, Gwen F. Chanzit, 2006 3980:Of the realme of Tharsey 3922:Herzfeld, Ernst (1935). 3424:(Third ed.). April 1910. 2918:. Nashville, Tennessee: 2837:'Zoroastrian clergyman'. 2536: 2169: 2056:) contains both a small 1942:– Christmas carolers in 1653:twelve days of Christmas 1152:, elder brother of King 602:(1904 revised edition); 578:by the early Church, in 257:Old Testament prophecies 9924:Christmas gift-bringers 9621:Rabbinical translations 7963:Small Business Saturday 7833:Black Friday (shopping) 7828:Black Friday (partying) 7322:Nine Lessons and Carols 7252:Events and celebrations 6010:James, brother of Jesus 5930:Ananias son of Nedebeus 5564:Simon, brother of Jesus 4973:The Anchor Bible Series 4845:San Francisco Chronicle 4038:Hannover. 1912, p. 366. 3968:Basel, 1532, caput ii, 3534:Excerpta Latina Barbari 3409:Encyclopædia Britannica 3234:by Bart D. Ehrman 1999 2920:Holman Bible Publishers 2668:tells the story of the 2583:List of Christmas films 2527:variety of the Italian 2233:The Book of the Million 2037: 2028:Krakowskie Przedmieście 1554:John Henry Hopkins, Jr. 1473:Eastern Orthodox Church 1178:Anne Catherine Emmerich 861:Excerpta Latina Barbari 610:(1935, Goodspeed); and 608:An American Translation 606:(1958, New Testament); 495:itself is derived from 9576:Augustinian hypothesis 9414:Mary, sister of Martha 8837:Church of the Nativity 7607:Post-War United States 5815:James, son of Alphaeus 5514:Mary, sister of Martha 5170:New Testament Studies. 4719:. Rochester, New York. 4194:extension.missouri.edu 3898:, Bd. III, 1902, p. 1 3112:www.christiantoday.com 2922:. 2003. p. 1066. 2638: 2529: 2512: 2392: 2344: 2242: 2200: 2137: 2080: 2050: 2013: 2008: 1997: 1985: 1971: 1961: 1947: 1938: 1876:their Christmas season 1725: 1719: 1713: 1709:Spanish-speaking world 1704: 1618:According to the book 1467: 1232: 1103:Tiridates I of Armenia 1098: 1093:two days journey from 1074:The Three Wise Kings, 984: 665: 598:(J.B.Phillips, 1972); 457: 449: 436: 379: 298: 175: 95: 9868:World English Version 9586:Matthean Posteriority 9581:Two-gospel hypothesis 9273:Feeding the multitude 9236:Behold the bridegroom 8734:Saint Joseph's dreams 8729:Virgin birth of Jesus 8671:Adoration of the Magi 7656:Hit singles in the US 7651:Hit singles in the UK 7212:Carols by Candlelight 7140:Santa Claus' daughter 6748:Adoration of the Magi 6566:Tryphena and Tryphosa 5827:James, son of Zebedee 5509:Mary, mother of James 5499:Mary, mother of Jesus 5131:The Gospel of Matthew 5103:Hegedus, Tim (2003). 5081:Fortress Press, 2022. 5068:Catholic Encyclopedia 5059:Drum, Walter (1910). 4030:Der Priester Johannes 3674:Collectanea et Flores 3639:(reprinted in 1976). 3439:Catholic Encyclopedia 2623:Adoration of the Magi 2621: 2569:. The popular carol " 2501: 2456:Anglo-Saxon depiction 2368:Adoration of the Magi 2365: 2353:Adoration of the Magi 2339: 2261:Constantine the Great 2219: 2183:Adoration of the Magi 2177: 2149:Flavius Lucius Dexter 2127: 2074:feast on February 2. 1995: 1936: 1927:Further information: 1702: 1450: 1223: 1216:Later interpretations 1196:, anciently known as 1073: 1027:Syriac Infancy Gospel 968: 871:Collectanea et Flores 653: 635:adoration of the Magi 542:translates "magi" as 525:to be applied to the 428:Adoration of the Magi 420: 359: 345:), not a stable. The 315:Adoration of the Magi 285: 249:biblical translations 231:appear solely in the 180:), also known as the 59: 45:For the novel titled 9633:Joseph Smith–Matthew 9318:Crucifixion of Jesus 7948:Santa's Candy Castle 7272:Google Santa Tracker 6391:Alexander of Ephesus 5589:Syrophoenician woman 5538:Nicodemus ben Gurion 5301:New Testament people 5185:Trexler, Richard C. 5152:Molnar, Michael R., 4491:. Heiligenlexikon.de 3982:, p. 8, lines 29–38. 3816:Historia Trium Regum 3635:Hugo Kehrer (1908), 3569:Hugo Kehrer (1908), 3458:, December 16, 2016. 3398:(King James Version) 3282:Oremus Bible Browser 2767:Patron saint archive 2681:The Gift of the Magi 2678:'s 1905 short story 2631:Toledo Museum of Art 2547:Stern über Bethlehem 2533:or Nativity crèche. 2405:Journey of the Magi, 2327:Historia Trium Regum 2157:Theodosius the Great 2141:Christian scriptures 2120:Martyrdom traditions 2095:, parts of southern 1981:Stern über Bethlehem 1892:, and the island of 1720:Los Tres Reyes Magos 1287:The Gift of the Magi 1150:Sempad the Constable 1048:of India. Historian 1015:, with its priestly 241:Eastern Christianity 237:Western Christianity 63:, Byzantine mosaic, 9914:Zoroastrian priests 9894:Ancient astrologers 9241:Sermon on the Mount 7953:Santa Claus Village 7868:Christmas Mountains 7774:Journey of the Magi 6780:Baptism of the Lord 6466:Euodia and Syntyche 5635:People named Joseph 5529:Son of Nain's widow 5459:Joseph of Arimathea 5360:Anna the Prophetess 5198:, pp. 608–611. 4833:, p. 11, Paris 1987 4773:Journey of the Magi 4288:English translation 4116:"The rule of three" 3220:, December 29, 2020 3157:"The rule of three" 2738:Christianity portal 2702:Journey of the Magi 2399:; beginning in the 2347:Cultural depictions 2246:Journey of the Magi 2179:Journey of the Magi 2153:bishop of Barcelona 2145:martyrological text 2136:, Germany, c. 1200. 1861:Tatlóng Haring Mago 1711:, the Three Kings ( 1415:This dates back to 1268:Gestures of respect 1192:, "Mozian" (Iraq's 974:The Magi Journeying 656:Herrad of Landsberg 268:Christian tradition 9858:King James Version 9650:St Matthew Passion 9601:Calling of Matthew 9591:Genealogy of Jesus 9204:Return to Nazareth 8063:Twelve-dish supper 7913:Jews and Christmas 7863:Christmas Lectures 7592:American Civil War 7327:NORAD Tracks Santa 6703:Saint Nicholas Day 6065:cousin of Barnabas 5625:People named James 5579:Simon the Pharisee 5142:. pp. 97–101. 4946:Schiller, Gertud, 4874:2008-06-09 at the 4272:2007-06-15 at the 4150:. BibleGateway.com 4096:www.britannica.com 3751:Back to Jerusalem. 3736:2009-04-20 at the 3549:"Caspar or Gaspar" 3456:Christianity Today 3062:www.britannica.com 2658:The first part of 2648:The Other Wise Man 2639: 2561:Gian Carlo Menotti 2513: 2511:, 1609 and 1628-29 2475:Gottfried Helnwein 2413:Dream of the Magi. 2393: 2337:and other relics: 2323:John of Hildesheim 2300:Rainald von Dassel 2289:Holy Roman Emperor 2238:book I, chapter 13 2201: 2138: 2009: 1948: 1909:Gapan, Nueva Ecija 1705: 1670:Gregorian calendar 1607:the Conqueror (of 1586:, daughter of the 1507:Seleucus I Nicator 1468: 1233: 1099: 1050:John of Hildesheim 985: 955:Chinese Christians 936:Armenian Catholics 886:Indo-Parthian King 882:Thomas the Apostle 714:; also Melichior). 673:Western Christians 666: 540:King James Version 437: 299: 96: 38:, and 9876: 9875: 9606:Kingdom of heaven 9288:Great Commandment 9268:Calming the storm 9226:Galilean ministry 9211:Kingdom of heaven 9194:Flight into Egypt 9184:Star of Bethlehem 9165: 9164: 8884:Gospel of Matthew 8850: 8849: 8782:Nativity displays 8772:Christmas village 8739:Flight into Egypt 8724:Star of Bethlehem 8707: 8706: 8613:Gospel of Matthew 8578:Gifts of the Magi 8547: 8546: 8452:Nativity of Jesus 8418: 8417: 8394: 8393: 8058:Thirteen desserts 7978:Virginia O'Hanlon 7823:Advent Conspiracy 7737:Films (Christmas, 7729:A Christmas Carol 7674:Carols for Choirs 7217:Cavalcade of Magi 7197:Boar's Head Feast 6866:Star of Bethlehem 6837:Nativity of Jesus 6825:flight into Egypt 6710:St. Stephen's Day 6627: 6626: 6372: 6371: 5784: 5783: 5761:Seventy disciples 5650:People named Mary 5630:People named John 5431:Impenitent thief 5268: 5267: 5262:Flight into Egypt 5259:Succeeded by 5245:Star of Bethlehem 5192:Watson, Richard, 5176:Schweizer, Eduard 5094:Gundry, Robert H. 5076:Eric Vanden Eykel 5025:Brown, Raymond E. 4901:, 9780816525898, 4862:Denver Art Museum 4349:. 17 January 2014 3881:978-91-554-4199-9 3843:978-0-631-18060-9 3802:978-0-89236-640-8 3765:A History of Iran 3678:Patrologia Latina 3232:The New Testament 3230:Schiller, I, 96; 2813: 2509:Peter Paul Rubens 2409:Magi before Herod 2296:Cologne Cathedral 2134:Cologne Cathedral 2032:Plac Piłsudskiego 1929:Chalking the door 1689:Wahb ibn Munabbih 1644:Western Christian 1603:and godmother to 1513:in his temple at 1281:Gifts of the Magi 904:Syrian Christians 661:Hortus deliciarum 592:New English Bible 588:Matthew Chapter 2 566:the sorcerer" in 562:when describing " 453:is the plural of 433:Catacombs of Rome 425:slab depicts the 407:Star of Bethlehem 251:describe them as 243:, especially the 233:Gospel of Matthew 86:, which includes 51:The Four Wise Men 18:Gifts of the Magi 16:(Redirected from 9941: 9853:Wycliffe Version 9827:Magdalen papyrus 9653:(Bach, 1727/29) 9571:Textual variants 9389:John the Baptist 9338:Great Commission 9308:Passion of Jesus 9293:Olivet Discourse 9278:Walking on water 8903: 8902: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8854: 8853: 8609: 8608: 8555: 8463: 8462: 8445: 8438: 8431: 8422: 8421: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8241:Redcurrant sauce 8030: 8024: 8023: 8019: 7993:Winter festivals 7743:Christmas horror 7710: 7621: 7452: 7307:Meals and feasts 7227:Christmas jumper 7174: 7145:Santa's reindeer 7097: 7043:Father Christmas 7007: 6964:Santa's workshop 6885: 6847:in later culture 6725: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6663: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6631: 6630: 6619:Whore of Babylon 6223: 6222: 6030:Judas of Galilee 6020:Joseph Barsabbas 5995:Ethiopian eunuch 5925: 5917: 5881:Simon the Zealot 5676:Jesus's brothers 5449:John the Baptist 5439:Jairus' daughter 5434: 5416: 5383: 5345: 5344: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5271: 5270: 5242:Preceded by 5225: 5224: 5126: 5124: 5122:10.7202/000790ar 5072: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5042:Chrysostom, John 5021: 4998:Becker, Alfred: 4995: 4989: 4926:, 9789004061637. 4878: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4847:. accessed with 4840: 4834: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4757: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533:. Black-face.com 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4368:"ВОЛХВЫ - Древо" 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4339: 4333: 4322: 4316: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4186: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4088: 4082: 4081:Schiller, I, 113 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4045: 4039: 4018: 4012: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3919: 3913: 3906:, Vol. VII, 1965 3892: 3886: 3885: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3829: 3823: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3788: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3692:Ernst Herzfeld, 3690: 3684: 3671: 3665: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3584: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3545: 3539: 3530: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3465: 3459: 3448: 3442: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3368: 3362: 3350:; Linda Murray, 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3278:"Matthew 2:1–23" 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3249: 3243: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3136:America Magazine 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2979: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2912: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2865: 2859: 2844: 2838: 2818: 2812:romanized: 2811: 2809: 2799: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2726: 2724:Biography portal 2721: 2720: 2719: 2645:'s 1895 novella 2552:Weihnachtslieder 2532: 2473:Austrian artist 2458:survives on the 2401:Late Middle Ages 2240: 2083: 2055: 2016: 2002: 1988: 1977:Christmas carols 1974: 1964: 1941: 1856:on February 2. 1728: 1722: 1716: 1695:Hispanic customs 1662:Eastern Orthodox 1505:The Syrian King 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1325: 1316: 1307: 1158:Cilician Armenia 1066: 998: 992: 991: 884:'s visit to the 853: 852: 849: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 612:The Living Bible 494: 488: 482: 481: 476: 470: 462:, borrowed from 452: 376: 344: 338: 337: 332: 326: 325: 292: 289: 278:Biblical account 220:celebrations of 170: 165: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 136: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 84:Persian clothing 69: 66: 21: 9949: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9831: 9695: 9637: 9544: 9478: 9342: 9283:Transfiguration 9171: 9161: 9054: 8894: 8886: 8881: 8851: 8846: 8815: 8743: 8703: 8680: 8600: 8572: 8556: 8543: 8539:Herod the Great 8522: 8494: 8454: 8449: 8419: 8414: 8408: 8390: 8356:Pickled herring 8329: 8298: 8245: 8236:Cranberry sauce 8219: 8198: 8174:Red velvet cake 8159:Poppy seed roll 8077: 8028: 8017: 8015: 8009: 7988:White Christmas 7878:Christmas truce 7873:Christmas seals 7853:Christmas creep 7815: 7813: 7807: 7708: 7702: 7619: 7613: 7450: 7444: 7297:Lord of Misrule 7232:Christmas Peace 7182:Advent calendar 7172: 7166: 7115:Knecht Ruprecht 7095: 7093: 7087: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6800:Herod the Great 6735: 6729: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6628: 6623: 6570: 6368: 6299: 6248:Herod the Great 6216: 6210: 6025:Judas Barsabbas 5923: 5915: 5890: 5861:Judas Thaddaeus 5780: 5659: 5613: 5574:Simon the Leper 5569:Simon of Cyrene 5549:Samaritan woman 5432: 5414: 5413:Penitent thief 5381: 5334: 5320:In Christianity 5303: 5298: 5264: 5254: 5247: 5237: 5230: 5205: 4968:Albright, W. F. 4964: 4962:Further reading 4930:Penny, Nicholas 4918:, 1980, BRILL, 4886: 4881: 4876:Wayback Machine 4860: 4856: 4841: 4837: 4828: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4751: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4706: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4610: 4608: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4549: 4545: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4515: 4513: 4512:. Newadvent.org 4508: 4507: 4503: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4323: 4319: 4298: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4274:Wayback Machine 4263: 4259: 4248: 4244: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4132: 4130: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4046: 4042: 4019: 4015: 4007:in Henry Yule, 4003: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3970:De Regno Tarsae 3945: 3941: 3920: 3916: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3830: 3826: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3761: 3757: 3748: 3744: 3738:Wayback Machine 3729: 3725: 3721:, May, I, 1780. 3717: 3713: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3531: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3466: 3462: 3449: 3445: 3433:Drum, Walter. 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1270: 1229:Jan van Bijlert 1218: 1194:Maysan Province 1064: 1044:of Persia, and 1001:Parthian Empire 978:Brooklyn Museum 963: 824: 820: 789: 785: 754: 750: 725: 721: 687: 683: 648: 604:Amplified Bible 574:, considered a 415: 374: 361:In the time of 303:nativity scenes 290: 280: 245:Syriac churches 168: 145: 141: 134: 111: 107: 67: 54: 49:in French, see 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9947: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9693: 9685: 9677: 9676:(1971 musical) 9669: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9645: 9643: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9566:Gospel of Mark 9563: 9558: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9540:Sea of Galilee 9537: 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6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6854:Nativity scene 6851: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6739: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6689:Children's Day 6685: 6678: 6675:Blue Christmas 6670: 6667: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6634: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6229: 6227: 6220: 6218:Herod's family 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5919: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5856:Judas Iscariot 5853: 5852: 5851: 5844: 5839: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5531: 5526: 5524:Naked fugitive 5521: 5519:Mary of Clopas 5516: 5511: 5506: 5504:Mary Magdalene 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5257: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5204: 5203:External links 5201: 5200: 5199: 5190: 5183: 5173: 5172:Vol. 46, 2000. 5166: 5150: 5143: 5134: 5127: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5056: 5038: 5031: 5022: 5012:James Hastings 5003: 4996: 4978: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4944: 4927: 4908:Metzger, Bruce 4905: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4854: 4835: 4822: 4798: 4777: 4765: 4736: 4704: 4689: 4664: 4639: 4617: 4590: 4569: 4543: 4522: 4501: 4479: 4458: 4437: 4423: 4409: 4384: 4359: 4334: 4326:James Hastings 4317: 4292: 4279: 4257: 4242: 4226:Page, Sophie," 4219: 4205: 4181: 4160: 4139: 4107: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4040: 4013: 3997: 3984: 3939: 3914: 3887: 3880: 3862: 3849: 3842: 3824: 3808: 3801: 3783: 3770: 3755: 3742: 3723: 3719:Acta Sanctorum 3711: 3698: 3685: 3666: 3645:Online version 3628: 3615:Britannica.com 3601: 3579: 3574:Online version 3562: 3540: 3518: 3496: 3487: 3460: 3450:Ashby, Chad. " 3443: 3426: 3413: 3400: 3388: 3363: 3342:; Mary Boyce, 3324: 3312: 3294: 3269: 3244: 3223: 3205: 3196: 3180: 3148: 3123: 3098: 3074: 3049: 3024: 3015: 2999: 2971: 2960: 2935: 2928: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2884: 2860: 2839: 2821:Middle Persian 2793: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2777:Saint Nicholas 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2727: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2694: 2687:Queen of Sheba 2673: 2662:'s 1880 novel 2656: 2643:Henry van Dyke 2615: 2612: 2603:The 3 Wise Men 2578: 2575: 2571:We Three Kings 2563:'s 1951 opera 2538: 2535: 2397:visit to Jesus 2359: 2356: 2351:Main article: 2348: 2345: 2316:Limoges enamel 2277:Constantinople 2227: 2197:Musée de Cluny 2171: 2168: 2121: 2118: 2081:tirer les Rois 2066:Rosca de Reyes 2042:Main article: 2039: 2036: 1924: 1923:Central Europe 1921: 1831:Roman Catholic 1696: 1693: 1666:Greek Orthodox 1629: 1626: 1609:Constantinople 1593:, wife to the 1588:King of Serbia 1584:Mara Branković 1550:We Three Kings 1445: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1430:We Three Kings 1426: 1404: 1330: 1329: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1282: 1279: 1269: 1266: 1217: 1214: 1013:Zoroastrianism 1003:, centered in 962: 959: 856: 855: 779: 715: 664:(12th century) 647: 644: 515:Zoroastrianism 414: 411: 279: 276: 182:Three Wise Men 61:The Three Magi 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9946: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9889:Biblical Magi 9887: 9886: 9884: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9848:Latin Vulgate 9846: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9698: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9481: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9251:Lord's Prayer 9249: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9168: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8897:New Testament 8893: 8889: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8871: 8866: 8864: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8843: 8842:Nativity Fast 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8818: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8794:Nativity play 8792: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8441: 8439: 8434: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8411: 8401: 8400: 8397: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334:Meat and fish 8332: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8272:Hot chocolate 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8012: 8006: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7973:Ugly sweaters 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7883:Controversies 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7810: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7718:In literature 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7705: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7587:United States 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7317:Moravian star 7315: 7313: 7312:Midnight Mass 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7202:Candle arches 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:Advent wreath 7190: 7188: 7187:Advent candle 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7094:Companions of 7090: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006:Gift-bringers 7001: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6878: 6872: 6871:Twelfth Night 6869: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6832:Nativity Fast 6830: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6790:Christmastide 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6765:Angel Gabriel 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6743:Biblical Magi 6741: 6740: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6721: 6719: 6714: 6712: 6707: 6705: 6700: 6698: 6696:Christmas Eve 6693: 6691: 6686: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6655: 6650: 6648: 6643: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6599:Two witnesses 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6589:Four Horsemen 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278:Pilate's wife 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6142:Seven Deacons 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5263: 5256: 5253: 5252:New Testament 5246: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5234:Life of Jesus 5226: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5165: 5164:0-8135-2701-5 5161: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5132: 5129:Hill, David. 5128: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5085:France, R. T. 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4982:Baxter, Roger 4979: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4826: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4787: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4761: 4755: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4711: 4709: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4679:on 2013-04-15 4678: 4674: 4668: 4654:on 2016-11-21 4653: 4649: 4643: 4628: 4621: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4579: 4573: 4559:on 2013-12-03 4558: 4554: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4511: 4505: 4490: 4483: 4468: 4462: 4447: 4441: 4432: 4427: 4418: 4413: 4399:on 2010-01-13 4398: 4394: 4388: 4373: 4372:drevo-info.ru 4369: 4363: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4238:0-8020-3797-6 4235: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4215: 4209: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173:Contra Celsum 4169: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4120:The Economist 4117: 4111: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3774: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3641:Vol. I, p. 66 3638: 3632: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3605: 3589: 3583: 3575: 3572: 3571:Vol. I, p. 70 3566: 3550: 3544: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3506: 3500: 3491: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3298: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3258: 3257:Bible Gateway 3254: 3248: 3241: 3240:0-19-512639-4 3237: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3212: 3210: 3203:Schiller, 114 3200: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3161:The Economist 3158: 3152: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3039: 3035: 3032:Ashby, Chad. 3028: 3019: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2969: 2968:Matthew 2:1–2 2964: 2950: 2946: 2943:Ashby, Chad. 2939: 2931: 2929:0-8054-2836-4 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2699:'s 1927 poem 2698: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2660:Lewis Wallace 2657: 2654: 2653:fled to Egypt 2650: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2599:animated film 2596: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2487:Madonna. The 2486: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460:Franks Casket 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441:pre-Columbian 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:phrygian caps 2418: 2417:Byzantine art 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:Filippo Lippi 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2354: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2226: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1965:(literally, " 1963: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1913:patron saints 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:las octavitas 1843: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1485:Franks Casket 1482: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1461: 1460:Museo Soumaya 1457: 1453: 1449: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422:Contra Celsum 1418: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1295: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1200:), "Sikdor" ( 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188:, mentioning 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1077:Catalan Atlas 1072: 1068: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 983: 982:New York City 979: 975: 971: 967: 958: 956: 951: 949: 945: 944:Badadakharida 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 889:Gondophares I 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 862: 851: 816: 783: 780: 775: 746: 719: 716: 711: 681: 678: 677: 676: 674: 669: 663: 662: 657: 652: 643: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625: 621: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 533: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 505: 501: 498: 493: 489:). The Greek 487: 475: 469: 465: 461: 460: 456: 451: 446: 442: 434: 430: 429: 424: 419: 410: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 378: 372: 368: 364: 358: 356: 352: 348: 343: 331: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 296: 284: 275: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 178: 173: 172: 163: 139: 138: 129: 105: 104:Biblical Magi 101: 93: 92:Phrygian caps 90:, capes, and 89: 85: 81: 80:Byzantine art 77: 73: 62: 58: 52: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9687: 9679: 9671: 9663: 9648: 9525:Jordan River 9379:Jesus Christ 9333:Resurrection 9188: 9179:Jesus' birth 8820:Remembrances 8666:Matthew 2:11 8661:Matthew 1:25 8656:Matthew 1:24 8651:Matthew 1:23 8646:Matthew 1:22 8641:Matthew 1:21 8636:Matthew 1:20 8631:Matthew 1:19 8626:Matthew 1:18 8591:Frankincense 8499: 8475:Christ Child 8346:Gefilte fish 8294:Ponche crema 8129:Melomakarono 7997: 7888:Cyber Monday 7793: 7758: 7727: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7669:Music books 7662: 7500:Nazi Germany 7392: 7388:Secret Santa 7375: 7262:Flying Santa 6969:Tió de Nadal 6919:Korvatunturi 6770:Annunciation 6742: 6736:Christianity 6717:Sol Invictus 6614:Three Angels 6481:Jesus Justus 6451:Epaphroditus 6336: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6287: 6265: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6156:Simeon Niger 5716:Myrrhbearers 5710: 5250: 5232: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5169: 5153: 5146: 5137: 5130: 5115:(1): 81–95. 5112: 5108: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5066: 5062:"Magi" 5051: 5034: 5027: 5015: 4999: 4991: 4971: 4947: 4933: 4911: 4903:google books 4890: 4884:Bibliography 4865: 4857: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4814:. Retrieved 4810: 4801: 4790:. Retrieved 4780: 4772: 4768: 4745: 4739: 4716: 4692: 4681:. Retrieved 4677:the original 4667: 4656:. Retrieved 4652:the original 4642: 4631:. Retrieved 4620: 4609:. Retrieved 4593: 4582:. Retrieved 4572: 4561:. Retrieved 4557:the original 4546: 4535:. Retrieved 4525: 4514:. Retrieved 4504: 4493:. Retrieved 4482: 4471:. Retrieved 4461: 4450:. Retrieved 4440: 4434:(in Spanish) 4426: 4420:(in Spanish) 4412: 4401:. Retrieved 4397:the original 4387: 4376:. Retrieved 4374:(in Russian) 4371: 4362: 4351:. Retrieved 4337: 4329: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4282: 4265: 4260: 4250: 4245: 4227: 4222: 4208: 4197:. Retrieved 4193: 4184: 4171: 4163: 4152:. Retrieved 4142: 4131:. Retrieved 4119: 4110: 4099:. Retrieved 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4056:. 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Retrieved 3064:. 2024-01-04 3061: 3052: 3041:. Retrieved 3037: 3027: 3022:Metzger, 24 3018: 3010: 3002: 2991:. Retrieved 2989:. 2020-12-29 2986: 2963: 2952:. Retrieved 2948: 2938: 2915: 2910: 2892: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2797: 2788: 2787: 2772:Saint Caspar 2762:Mystery play 2700: 2691:King Solomon 2679: 2663: 2646: 2622: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2564: 2550: 2543:star singers 2540: 2514: 2502: 2493:Adolf Hitler 2478: 2472: 2468:shapeshifter 2453: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2377:Fra Angelico 2367: 2340: 2326: 2320: 2285:Eustorgius I 2273:Hagia Sophia 2259:, mother of 2250: 2245: 2243: 2232: 2230:Marco Polo, 2220: 2205: 2202: 2185:(side) on a 2182: 2178: 2165: 2161:Arabia Felix 2147:ascribed to 2139: 2086: 2076: 2069: 2065: 2047: 2024:Plac Zamkowy 2020: 2010: 1967:star singers 1952: 1949: 1904: 1879: 1871: 1865:Tatlóng Harì 1864: 1860: 1858: 1845: 1828: 1824:Día de Reyes 1823: 1819: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1759:elsewhere. 1746: 1706: 1678: 1659: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1619: 1617: 1577: 1573:King Herod's 1565: 1558: 1527: 1504: 1493: 1469: 1451: 1420: 1398: 1360:, these are 1350:frankincense 1343: 1333:frankincense 1271: 1262: 1238:Arena Chapel 1234: 1224: 1175: 1171:Prester John 1146:Prester John 1126:Sorghaghtani 1122:Genghis Khan 1111: 1107:Emperor Nero 1100: 1075: 1062: 1032:There is an 1031: 1021: 1016: 996:apo anatolon 990:ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν 986: 973: 970:James Tissot 952: 947: 943: 939: 931: 927: 923: 915: 911: 907: 901: 875: 870: 859: 857: 670: 667: 659: 616: 590:, including 568:Acts 13:6–11 559: 555: 543: 537: 530: 522: 506: 499: 444: 440: 438: 426: 396: 384:Matthew 2:16 380: 360: 307:infant Jesus 301:Traditional 300: 265: 226: 202:frankincense 189: 185: 181: 174:; singular: 103: 100:Christianity 97: 60: 46: 9700:Manuscripts 9692:(1993 film) 9684:(1973 film) 9668:(1964 film) 9439:Simon Peter 9313:Last Supper 9298:Ten Virgins 9256:Golden Rule 9172:and phrases 8467:Holy Family 8361:Roast goose 8282:Mulled wine 8262:Champurrado 8257:Apple cider 8231:Bread sauce 8184:Szaloncukor 8164:Pumpkin pie 8114:Gingerbread 8068:Smörgåsbord 7709:Other media 7547:Philippines 7537:New Zealand 7420:Twelve Days 7377:Räuchermann 7332:Nutcrackers 7282:Las Posadas 7242:Decorations 7222:Christingle 7162:Zwarte Piet 7157:Snegurochka 7078:Sinterklaas 7028:Santa Claus 6526:Onesiphorus 6161:Simon Magus 6055:(John) Mark 5945:Aristarchus 5876:Simon Peter 5803:Bartholomew 5701:God-fearers 5691:Evangelists 5382:(Bethsaida) 5348:Individuals 3621:24 November 3588:"Balthasar" 3420:s.v. magi. 3396:Psalm 72:11 3188:Marcus Borg 3007:Geza Vermes 2832:Old Persian 2802:Koinē Greek 2629:, c. 1655 ( 2608:Goya Awards 2545:, such as " 2437:ages of man 2433:allegorised 2429:Holy Family 2383:, c. 1450 ( 2312:reliquaries 2292:Frederick I 2213:, south of 2195:, c. 1200 ( 2089:New Orleans 2014:Sternsinger 1999:Sternsinger 1986:Sternsinger 1972:Sternsinger 1962:Sternsinger 1939:Sternsinger 1905:Tatlóngharì 1898:Santa Claus 1842:Puerto Rico 1820:Reyes Magos 1753:Santa Claus 1748:Sinterklaas 1580:Mount Athos 1477:chrismation 1464:Mexico City 1358:Koine Greek 1142:Kublai Khan 1138:Möngke Khan 1040:of Arabia, 976:(c. 1890), 922:, they are 906:, they are 639:John Calvin 631:Psalm 72:10 620:Isaiah 60:3 584:astrologers 580:Acts 8:9–13 572:Simon Magus 552:Daniel 2:48 497:Old Persian 447:. The word 431:, from the 423:sarcophagus 413:Description 351:Matthew 2:1 291: 1896 253:astrologers 186:Three Kings 9883:Categories 9843:Greek Text 9642:In culture 9328:Empty tomb 9246:Beatitudes 9221:Temptation 8749:In culture 8605:Narratives 8089:Candy cane 8038:Joulupöytä 7938:Pikkujoulu 7602:New Mexico 7451:By country 7425:Wassailing 7366:Poinsettia 7173:Traditions 7125:Mrs. Claus 7105:Belsnickel 7058:Julemanden 7053:Joulupukki 6984:Wenceslaus 6949:North Pole 6914:Jack Frost 6904:Christkind 6859:Neapolitan 6682:Boxing Day 6576:Revelation 6441:Diotrephes 6401:Andronicus 6319:Agrippa II 6215:Romans and 6060:Evangelist 5916:(Damascus) 5837:Evangelist 5746:Samaritans 5736:Proselytes 5594:Theophilus 5433:("Gestas") 5415:("Dismas") 5393:Celidonius 5380:Blind man 5375:Bartimaeus 5325:Historical 4956:0853312702 4942:1857099133 4924:9004061630 4899:0816525897 4816:2024-01-08 4792:2010-06-28 4683:2013-07-04 4658:2016-11-21 4633:2013-12-16 4611:2013-12-16 4584:2013-12-16 4563:2013-12-16 4537:2013-12-16 4516:2013-12-16 4495:2013-12-16 4473:2013-12-16 4452:2012-01-12 4403:2010-06-28 4378:2023-10-02 4353:2014-01-17 4332:. p. 100. 4199:2023-05-27 4154:2010-06-28 4133:2024-01-11 4101:2024-01-07 4072:Penny, 401 4058:24 October 3536:, page 51B 3505:"Melchior" 3480:2010-05-15 3382:2024-01-07 3332:Mary Boyce 3174:2024-01-11 3142:2024-01-11 3117:2024-01-11 3092:2024-01-07 3068:2024-01-07 3043:2024-01-11 2993:2024-01-07 2954:2024-01-11 2784:References 2697:T.S. Eliot 2614:Literature 2591:(1897) to 2581:See also: 2525:Neapolitan 2519:and other 2451:features. 2389:Washington 2358:Visual art 2335:True Cross 2269:Holy Lands 2207:Marco Polo 2181:(top) and 2105:Mardi Gras 2071:Candelaria 2062:broad bean 1894:Marinduque 1886:Intramuros 1872:Tres Reyes 1772:and their 1765:cabalgatas 1723:or simply 1632:See also: 1542:Prudentius 1132:, married 1024:apocryphal 916:Hormisdas; 912:Gushnasaph 867:Alexandria 363:King Herod 190:Three Magi 68: 565 9909:Matthew 2 9707:Papyrus 1 9657:Structure 9520:Jerusalem 9505:Capernaum 9500:Bethsaida 9495:Bethlehem 9474:Sanhedrin 9469:Sadducees 9464:Pharisees 9303:Anointing 9068:Matthew 1 8915:Matthew 1 8832:Christmas 8621:Matthew 1 8568:Bethlehem 8534:Shepherds 8518:Balthazar 8376:Tourtière 8366:Romeritos 8303:Dumplings 8250:Beverages 8154:Pecan pie 8144:Panettone 8139:Pampushka 8134:Mince pie 8109:Fruitcake 8053:Réveillon 7933:NFL games 7928:NBA games 7923:In August 7893:Economics 7663:Billboard 7517:Indonesia 7460:Australia 7435:Yule goat 7410:Stockings 7344:Ornaments 7073:Père Noël 7068:Olentzero 7063:Noel Baba 7038:Ded Moroz 6994:Yule Lads 6934:Mari Lwyd 6785:Bethlehem 6662:Christmas 6556:Sosipater 6476:Hymenaeus 6411:Aretas IV 6406:Archippus 6332:Cornelius 6283:Quirinius 6241:Archelaus 6196:Trophimus 6171:Sosthenes 6117:Prochorus 6112:Priscilla 5975:Dionysius 5970:Demetrius 5960:Cornelius 5808:Nathanael 5766:Shepherds 5751:Sanhedrin 5741:Sadducees 5726:Pharisees 5706:Herodians 5686:Disciples 5609:Zechariah 5599:Zacchaeus 5534:Nicodemus 5421:Elizabeth 4916:Volume 10 4849:EBSCOHost 4754:cite book 4748:. Dublin. 4725:cite book 4629:. M-Media 4347:ITAR-TASS 4128:0013-0613 3934:651983281 3795:. 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