Giant panda - Knowledge

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millions of years. The average giant panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg (20 to 31 lb) of bamboo shoots a day to compensate for the limited energy content of its diet. Ingestion of such a large quantity of material is possible and necessary because of the rapid passage of large amounts of indigestible plant material through the short, straight digestive tract. It is also noted, however, that such rapid passage of digesta limits the potential of microbial digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, limiting alternative forms of digestion. Given this voluminous diet, the giant panda defecates up to 40 times a day. The limited energy input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The giant panda tends to limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain to limit its energy expenditures.

2320: 958: 1949:, a global nonprofit that teams volunteers with scientists to conduct important environmental research, launched a program called "On the Trail of Giant Panda". This program, based in the Wolong National Nature Reserve, allows volunteers to work up close with pandas cared for in captivity, and help them adapt to life in the wild, so that they may breed, and live longer and healthier lives. Efforts to preserve the panda bear populations in China have come at the expense of other animals in the region, including snow leopards, wolves, and dholes. In order to improve living and mating conditions for the fragmented populations of pandas, nearly 70 natural reserves have been combined to form the 1170:. Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less. Because of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a species, the giant panda must have at least two different species available in its range to avoid starvation. While primarily herbivorous, the giant panda still retains decidedly ursine teeth and will eat meat, fish, and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically maintain the giant panda's bamboo diet, though some will provide specially formulated biscuits or other dietary supplements. 1915: 1499:. A month after birth, the colour pattern of the cub's fur is fully developed. Its fur is very soft and coarsens with age. The cub begins to crawl at 75 to 80 days; mothers play with their cubs by rolling and wrestling with them. The cubs can eat small quantities of bamboo after six months, though mother's milk remains the primary food source for most of the first year. Giant panda cubs weigh 45 kg (99 lb) at one year and live with their mothers until they are 18 months to two years old. The interval between births in the wild is generally two years. 261: 1036: 117: 1430:

For example, age can be useful for a female to determine sexual maturity and sperm quality. Pandas are also able to determine when the signal was placed, further aiding in the quest to find a potential mate. However, chemical cues are not just used for communication between males and females, pandas can determine individuality from chemical signals. This allows them to be able to differentiate between a potential partner or someone of the same sex, which could be a potential competitor.

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were no longer given as gifts. Instead, China began to offer pandas to other nations only on 10-year loans for a fee of up to US$ 1,000,000 per year and with the provision that any cubs born during the loan are the property of China. As a result of this change in policy, nearly all the pandas in the world are owned by China, and pandas leased to foreign zoos and all cubs are eventually returned to China. As of 2022,

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they can be active at any time of the day. Activity is highest in June and decreases in late summer to autumn with an increase from November through the following March. Activity is also directly related to the amount of sunlight during colder days. There is a significant interaction of solar radiation, such that solar radiation has a stronger positive effect on activity levels of panda bears.

602:), though many encyclopedias and dictionaries in Taiwan still use the "bear cat" form as the correct name. Some linguists argue, in this construction, "bear" instead of "cat" is the base noun, making the name more grammatically and logically correct, which have led to the popular choice despite official writings. This name did not gain its popularity until 1988, when a private zoo in 1409:

odors of other females because reproduction is not their primary motivation. However, during breeding season, odors from the opposite sex will be more attractive. Because they are solitary mammals and their breeding season is so brief, female pandas secrete chemical cues in order to let males know their sexual status. The chemical cues female pandas secrete can be considered to be

2030: 1044: 1871:. The species is scattered into more than 30 subpopulations of relatively few animals. Building of roads and human settlement near panda habitat, result in population declines. Diseases from domesticated pets and livestock is another threat. By 2100, it is estimated that the distribution of giant pandas will shrink by up to 100%, mainly due to the effects of 1351:. Giant pandas are generally solitary. Each adult has a defined territory and a female is not tolerant of other females in her range. Social encounters occur primarily during the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity to one another will gather. After mating, the male leaves the female alone to raise the cub. Pandas were thought to fall into the 1082:. The most important part of their bamboo diet is the shoots, that are rich in starch and have up to 32% protein content. Accordingly, pandas have evolved a higher capability to digest starches than strict carnivores. Raw bamboo is toxic, containing cyanide compounds. Pandas' body tissues are less able than herbivores to detoxify cyanide, but their gut 1438:. Pandas whose habitats are in similar locations will collectively leave scent marks in a unique location which is termed "scent stations". When pandas come across these scent stations, they are able to identify a specific panda and the scope of their habitat. This allows pandas to be able to pursue a potential mate or avoid a potential competitor. 1982:, scientists believed the wild population were as large as 3,000. In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves in 1998. As the species has been reclassified from "endangered" to "vulnerable" since 2016, the conservation efforts are thought to be working. Furthermore, in response to this reclassification, the 6604: 1783:– due to both the underlying symbolism and technical issues such as whether the transfer would be considered "domestic" or "international" or whether any true conservation purpose would be served by the exchange. A contest in 2006 to name the pandas was held in the mainland, resulting in the politically charged names 1490:

of the mother's weight, proportionally the smallest baby of any placental mammal. It nurses from its mother's breast six to 14 times a day for up to 30 minutes at a time. For three to four hours, the mother may leave the den to feed, which leaves the cub defenseless. One to two weeks after birth, the

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period is somewhere between 95 and 160 days - the variability is due to the fact that the fertilized egg may linger in the reproductive system for a while before implanting on the uterine wall. Giant pandas give birth to twins in about half of pregnancies. If twins are born, usually only one survives

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coincides with the dietary switch to herbivory, it is likely a result of, and not the reason for, the dietary change. The mutation time for the T1R1 gene in the giant panda is estimated to 4.2 mya while fossil evidence indicates bamboo consumption in the giant panda species at least 7 mya, signifying

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observed: " like the vegetarian gorilla, the low body surface area to body volume is indicative of a lower metabolic rate. This lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary lifestyle allows the giant panda to subsist on nutrient poor resources such as bamboo." The giant panda's round face is the result

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In the 1970s, gifts of giant pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's Republic of China (PRC), as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between China and the West. This practice has been termed "panda diplomacy". By 1984, however, pandas

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was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the dwindling availability of giant panda semen, which had led to inbreeding. Panda semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species. As of 2009, it is expected that zoos in

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are chemicals found in female urine which promote behavioral responses in males; both chemicals are considered giant panda pheromones. Male pandas also secrete chemical signals that include information about their sexual reproductivity and age, which is beneficial for a female when choosing a mate.

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category, those who are active twice a day, at dawn and dusk; however, pandas may belong to a category all of their own, with activity peaks in the morning, afternoon and midnight. The low nutrition quality of bamboo means pandas need to eat more frequently, and due to their lack of major predators

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In July 2021, Chinese conservation authorities announced that giant pandas are no longer endangered in the wild following years of conservation efforts, with a population in the wild exceeding 1,800. China has received international praise for its conservation of the species, which has also helped

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article outlined the economics of keeping pandas, which costs five times more than keeping the next most expensive animal, an elephant. American zoos generally pay the Chinese government $ 1 million a year in fees, as part of a typical ten-year contract. San Diego's contract with China was to

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Pandas can assess an individual's dominance status, including their age and size, via odor cues and may choose to avoid a scent mark if the signaler's competitive ability outweighs their own. A pandas' size can be conveyed through the height of the scent mark. Since larger animals can place higher

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The season plays a major role in mediating chemical communication. Depending on the season, mainly whether it is breeding season or not, may influence which odors are prioritized. Chemical signals can have different functions in different seasons. During the non-breeding season, females prefer the

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In the 2020s, certain "celebrity pandas" have gained a cult following amongst internet users, with dedicated fan accounts existing to keep tabs on the animals. Known as "giant panda fever" or "panda-monium", individual pandas are known to get billions of views and engagements on social media, as

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Chemical cues, or odors, play an important role in how a panda chooses their habitat. Pandas look for odors that tell them not only the identity of another panda, but if they should avoid them or not. Pandas tend to avoid their species for most of the year, breeding season being the brief time of

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During the shoot season (April–August), pandas store a large amount of food in preparation for the months succeeding this seasonal period, in which pandas live off a diet of bamboo leaves. The giant panda is a highly specialised animal with unique adaptations, and has lived in bamboo forests for

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or not, age, gender, individuality, dominance over territory, and choice of settlement. Giant pandas communicate by excreting volatile compounds, or scent marks, through the anogenital gland. Giant pandas have unique positions in which they will scent mark. Males deposit scent marks or urine by

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The species communicates foremost through a blatting sound; they achieve peaceful interactions through the emission of this sound. When in oestrus, a female emits a chirp. In hostile confrontations or during fights, the giant panda emits vocalizations such as a roar or growl. On the other hand,

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Zhao S, Zheng P, Dong S, Zhan X, Wu Q, Guo X, Hu Y, He W, Zhang S, Fan W, Zhu L, Li D, Zhang X, Chen Q, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Jin X, Zhang J, Yang H, Wang J, Wang J, Wei F (January 2013). "Whole-genome sequencing of giant pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation".

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scent marks, an elevated scent mark advertises a higher competitive ability. Age must also be taken into consideration when assessing a competitor's fighting ability. For example, a mature panda will be larger than a younger, immature panda and possess an advantage during a fight.

999:(BFQ 151.4) at canine teeth and 1815.9 Newton (BFQ 141.8) at carnassial teeth. Adults measure around 1.2 to 1.9 m (3 ft 11 in to 6 ft 3 in) long, including a tail of about 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in), and 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) tall at the 6568: 1395:

are used to spread these chemical cues and are placed on landmarks like rocks or trees. Chemical communication in giant pandas plays many roles in their social situations. Scent marks and odors are used to spread information about sexual status, whether a female is in

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In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes

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a day through its diet. To prevent poisoning, they have evolved anti-toxic mechanisms to protect themselves. About 80% of the cyanide is metabolized to less toxic thiocyanate and discharged in urine, while the remaining 20% is detoxified by other minor pathways.

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in the wild. The mother will select the stronger of the cubs, and the weaker cub will die due to starvation. The mother is thought to be unable to produce enough milk for two cubs since she does not store fat. The father has no part in helping raise the cub.

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Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S. & Hofreiter, M. (2008).

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Zhao, S.; Zheng, P.; Dong, S.; Zhan, X.; Wu, Q.; Guo, X.; Hu, Y.; He, W.; Zhang, S.; Fan, W.; Zhu, L.; Li, D.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Q.; Zhang, H. (2013). "Whole-genome sequencing of giant pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation".

1003:. Males can weigh up to 160 kg (350 lb). Females are generally 10–20% smaller than males. They weigh between 70 kg (150 lb) and 125 kg (276 lb). The average weight for adults is 100 to 115 kg (220 to 254 lb). 2272: 1086:

are significantly enriched in putative genes coding for enzymes related to cyanide degradation, suggesting that they have cyanide-digesting gut microbes. It has been estimated that an adult panda absorbs 54.8–66.1 mg (0.846–1.020 gr) of

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A detailed study of the giant panda's genetic history from 2012 confirms that the separation of the Qinling population occurred about 300,000 years ago, and reveals that the non-Qinling population further diverged into two groups, named the

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with black patches around the eyes, ears, legs and shoulders. Its body is rotund; adult individuals weigh 100 to 115 kg (220 to 254 lb) and are typically 1.2 to 1.9 m (3 ft 11 in to 6 ft 3 in) long. It is

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and infrastructural development, the giant panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived. The wild population has increased again to 1,864 individuals as of March 2015. Since 2016, it has been listed as

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The giant panda has been a target of poaching by locals since ancient times and by foreigners since it was introduced to the West. Starting in the 1930s, foreigners were unable to poach giant pandas in China because of the

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The morphological characteristics of extinct relatives of the giant panda suggest that while the ancient giant panda was omnivorous 7 million years ago (mya), it only became herbivorous some 2–2.4 mya with the emergence of

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carnivorans. It has evolved from previous ancestors to exhibit larger molars with increased complexity and expanded temporal fossa. A study revealed that a 117.5 kg (259 lb) giant panda had a biteforce of 1298.9

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Wilson, A.E.; Sparks, D.L.; Knott, K.K.; Willard, S.; Brown, A. (2020). "Simultaneous choice bioassays accompanied by physiological changes identify civetone and decanoic acid as pheromone candidates for giant pandas".

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The giant panda has a body shape typical of bears. It has black fur on its ears, limbs, shoulders and around the eyes. The rest of the animal's coat is white. The bear's distinctive coloration appears to serve as

1375:. Though the panda is often assumed to be docile, it has been known to attack humans on rare occasions. Pandas have been known to cover themselves in horse manure to protect themselves against cold temperatures. 5651:

White, Angela M.; Swaisgood, Ronald R.; Zhang, Hemin (2002). "The Highs and Lows of Chemical Communication in Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Effect of Scent Deposition Height on Signal Discrimination".

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Zhang, Jindong; Hull, Vanessa; Huang, Jinyan; Zhou, Shiqiang; Xu, Weihua; Yang, Hongbo; McConnell, William J.; Li, Rengui; Liu, Dian; Huang, Yan; Ouyang, Zhiyun; Zhang, Hemin; Liu, Jianguo (24 November 2015).

987:. The black ears may be used to display aggression, while the eye patches might facilitate them identifying one another. The giant panda's thick, woolly coat keeps it warm in the cool forests of its habitat. 344:

The giant panda lives exclusively in six montane regions in a few Chinese provinces at elevations of up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). It is solitary and gathers only in mating seasons. It relies on

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In 2020, the panda population of the new national park was already above 1,800 individuals, which is roughly 80 percent of the entire panda population in China. Establishing the new protected area in the

1572:, pandas were rarely thought to have medical uses. The few known uses include the Sichuan tribal peoples' use of panda urine to melt accidentally swallowed needles, and the use of panda pelts to control 1518:(commonly known as Viagra). In the 2000s, researchers started having success with captive breeding programs, and they have now determined giant pandas have comparable breeding to some populations of the 4309:

Jin, Lei; Huang, Yan; Yang, Shengzhi; Wu, Daifu; Li, Caiwu; Deng, Wenwen; Zhao, Ke; He, Yongguo; Li, Bei; Zhang, Guiquan; Xiong, Yaowu; Wei, Rongping; Li, Guo; Wu, Hongning; Zhang, Hemin (20 May 2021).

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Finley, T. G.; Sikes, Robert S.; Parsons, Jennifer L.; Rude, Brian J.; Bissell, Heidi A.; Ouellette, John R. (2011). "Energy digestibility of giant pandas on bamboo-only and on supplemented diet".

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can be found. Although sharing near-identical ecological niches, competition between the two species has rarely been observed. Nearly 50% of their respective distribution overlaps, and successful

7194: 1216:, and they consume the same resources. When competition for food is fierce, pandas disperse to the outskirts of takin distribution. Other possible competitors include but is not limited to, the 6442:

Duyvendak, J.J.L. (1939). "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century".

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in Shaanxi at elevations of 1,300–3,000 m (4,300–9,800 ft). The typical black and white pattern of Sichuan giant pandas is replaced with a light brown and white pattern. The skull of

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In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm. The technique for freezing the sperm in

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Chen, D. Y.; Wen, D. C.; Zhang, Y. P.; Sun, Q. Y.; Han, Z. M.; Liu, Z. H.; Shi, P.; Li, J. S.; Xiangyu, J. G.; Lian, L.; Kou, Z. H.; Wu, Y. Q.; Chen, Y. C.; Wang, P. Y.; Zhang, H. M. (2002).

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Bai, W.; Connor, T.; Zhang, J.; Yang, H.; Dong, X.; Gu, X.; Zhou, C. (2018). "Long-term distribution and habitat changes of protected wildlife: giant pandas in Wolong Nature Reserve, China".

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Huang, Guangping; Wang, Le; Li, Jian; Hou, Rong; Wang, Meng; Wang, Zhilin; Qu, Qingyue; Zhou, Wenliang; Nie, Yonggang; Hu, Yibo; Ma, Yingjie; Yan, Li; Wei, Hong; Wei, Fuwen (January 2022).

979:. The white areas serve as camouflage in snow, while the black shoulders and legs conceal them in shade. Studies in the wild have found that when viewed from a distance, the panda displays 6740: 5083: 5836:

Nie, Yonggang; Swaisgood, Ronald R.; Zhang, Zejun; Hu, Yibo; Ma, Yisheng; Wei, Fuwen (2012). "Giant panda scent-marking strategies in the wild: role of season, sex and marking surface".

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The species have been located at elevations of 2,400 to 3,000 m (7,900 to 9,800 ft) above sea level. They frequent habitats with a healthy concentration of bamboos, typically

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Zhu, Jiao; Arena, Simona; Spinelli, Silvia; Liu, Dingzhen; Zhang, Guiquan; Wei, Rongping; Cambillau, Christian; Scaloni, Andrea; Wang, Guirong; Pelosi, Paolo (14 November 2017).

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Giant pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20. The mating season is between March and May, when a female goes into

1046: 4646:"Progress in the utilization of urea-ammonia treated crop residues: biological and socio-economic aspects of animal production and application of the technology on small farms" 827: 6837: 5702:

White, A.M.; Swaisgood, R.R.; Zhang, H. (2004). "Urinary chemosignals in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Seasonal and developmental effects on signal discrimination".

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Abella, J.; Pérez-Ramos, A.; Valenciano, A.; Alba, D. M.; Ercoli, Marcos D.; Hontecillas, Daniel; Montoya, P.; Morales, J. (2015). "Tracing the origin of the panda's thumb".

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their backside, or standing in order to rub the anogenital gland onto a landmark. Females, however, exercise squatting or simply rubbing their genitals onto a landmark.

1018:– helps it to hold bamboo while eating. The giant panda's tail, measuring 10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 5.9 in), is the second-longest in the bear family, behind the 3971:

Zhang, W.; Liu, W.; Hou, R.; Zhang, L.; Schmitz-Esser, S.; Sun, H.; Xie, J.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, C.; Li, L.; Yue, B.; Huang, H.; Wang, H.; Shen, F.; Zhang, Z. (2018).

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The giant panda is among the world's most adored and protected rare animals, and is one of the few in the world whose natural inhabitant status was able to gain a

1462:, which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year. When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. 5225:

Bi, Wenlei; Hou, Rong; Owens, Jacob R.; Spotila, James R.; Valitutto, Marc; Yin, Guan; Paladino, Frank V.; Wu, Fanqi; Qi, Dunwu; Zhang, Zhihe (17 November 2021).

13914: 7491: 352: as chemical cues and on landmarks like rocks or trees. Females rear cubs for an average of 18 to 24 months. The oldest known giant panda was 38 years old. 2791:"Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation" 2560:"Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation" 7269: 3047:

Hull, V.; Roloff, G.; Zhang, J.; Liu, W.; Zhou, S.; Huang, J.; Xu, W.; Ouyang, Z.; Zhang, H.; Liu, J. (2014). "A synthesis of giant panda habitat selection".

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Li, R.; Xu, M.; Wong, M. H. G.; Qiu, S.; Li, X.; Ehrenfeld, Davis; Li, Dianmo (2015). "Climate change threatens giant panda protection in the 21st century".

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A giant panda cub. At birth, the giant panda typically weighs 100 to 200 g (3.5 to 7.1 oz) and measures 15 to 17 cm (5.9 to 6.7 in) long.

1998:, the possibility to improve their living conditions by offering them a habitat. Other species who benefit from the protection of their habitat include the 927:

led to large-scale habitat loss. In 2001, it was estimated that the range of the giant panda had declined by about 99% of its range in earlier millenniums.

7346: 1961:. Small, isolated populations run the risk of inbreeding and smaller genetic variety makes the individuals more vulnerable to various defects and genetic 6415: 5795:

Swaisgood, Ronald R.; Lindburg, Donald; White, Angela M.; Zhang, Hemin; Zhou, Xiaoping (31 December 2019). "7. Chemical Communication in Giant Pandas".

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Pandas will travel between different habitats if they need to, so they can get the nutrients that they need and to balance their diet for reproduction.

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O'Brien, S.J.; Nash, W.G.; Wildt, D.E.; Bush, M.E. & Benveniste, R.E. (1985). "A molecular solution to the riddle of the giant panda's phylogeny".

774: 6110: 4622: 4140:"Seasonal shift of the gut microbiome synchronizes host peripheral circadian rhythm for physiological adaptation to a low-fat diet in the giant panda" 6051: 2068: 1863:. Its range is confined to a small portion on the western edge of its historical range, which stretched through southern and eastern China, northern 7424: 6569:"Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Diplomats and Refugees: Panda Diplomacy, Soft "Cuddly" Power, and the New Trajectory in Panda Conservation" 6232: 6545: 1541:

where cloned panda embryos were implanted into the uterus of an animal of another species. This has resulted in panda fetuses, but no live births.

5113: 4591: 4221:"Feeding habits and foraging patch selection strategy of the giant panda in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China" 4194: 3531: 1934:

and covering seven natural reserves, were inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 2006. A 2015 paper found that the giant panda can serve as an

13631: 5377: 6732: 6002: 5087: 1363:. They are able to climb and take shelter in hollow trees or rock crevices, but do not establish permanent dens. For this reason, pandas do not 12510: 6787: 6485: 6288: 4902:

Feng, Bin; Bai, Wenke; Fan, Xueyang; Fu, Mingxia; Song, Xinqiang; Liu, Jingyi; Qin, Weirui; Zhang, Jindong; Qi, Dunwu; Hou, Rong (April 2023).

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Zhao, Y.; Chen, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Ma, Q.; Jiang, Y. (2020). "Quantifying the heavy metal risks from anthropogenic contributions in Sichuan panda (

7304: 889:, a species known to degrade the landscape—the giant panda population is generally low. This is mainly attributed to the panda's avoidance of 13696: 13670: 13184: 12581: 3690: 1836: 5399:

Zhou, Wenliang; Yang, Shilong; Li, Bowen; Nie, Yonggang; Luo, Anna; Huang, Guangping; Liu, Xuefeng; Lai, Ren; Wei, Fuwen (2 December 2020).

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Jin, K.; Xue, C.; Wu, X.; Qian, J.; Zhu, Y.; Yang, Z.; Yonezawa, T.; Crabbe, M. J. C.; Cao, Y.; Hasegawa, M.; Zhong, Y.; Zheng, Y. (2011).

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announced that they would not accordingly lower the conservation level for panda, and would instead reinforce the conservation efforts.

1367:, which is similar to other subtropical mammals, and will instead move to elevations with warmer temperatures. Pandas rely primarily on 1252:

is achieved through distinct habitat selection. They alter their behavioral patterns to feeding at dawn till the early twilight stages.

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cub's skin turns grey where its hair will eventually become black. Slight pink colour may appear on the cub's fur, as a result of a

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Pimm, Stuart L.; Li, Binbin V. (2015). "China's endemic vertebrates sheltering under the protective umbrella of the giant panda".

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Hagey, Lee; MacDonald, Edith (2003). "Chemical cues identify gender and individuality in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)".

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as found in meat and may have thus altered the food choice of the giant panda. Although the pseudogenisation (conversion into a

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of powerful jaw muscles, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw. Large molars crush and grind fibrous plant material.

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due to human activities remains its biggest threat. In areas with a high concentration of medium-to-large-sized mammals—such as

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Lai, Xin-Lei; Zhou, Wen-Liang; Gao, Hua-Lei; Wang, Meng; Gao, Kai; Zhang, Bao-Wei; Wei, Fu-Wen; Nie, Yong-Gang (18 May 2020).

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Zhang, Y.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Ran, J.; Price, M. (2018). "Distribution of a giant panda population influenced by land cover".

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Zeng, Ying; Han, Han; Gong, Yihua; Qubi, Shibu; Chen, Minghua; Qiu, Lan; Huang, Youyou; Zhou, Hong; Wei, Wei (1 April 2023).

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Huang, H.; Yie, S.; Liu, Y.; Wang, C.; Cai, Z.; Zhang, W.; Lan, J.; Huang, X.; Luo, L.; Cai, Ka.; Hou, R.; Zhang, Z. (2016).

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He, K.; Dai, Qiang; Gu, Xianghui; Zhang, Zejun; Zhou, Jiang; Qi, D.; Gu, X.; Yang, X.; Zhang, W.; Yang, B.; Yang, Z. (2019).

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Liu, Z.-X.; Dayananda, B.; Jeffree, R. A.; Tian, C.; Zhang, Y.-Y.; Yu, B.; Zheng, Y.; Jing, Y.; Si, P.-Y.; Li, J.-Q. (2020).

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When the cub is first born, it is pink, blind, and toothless, weighing only 90 to 130 g (3.2 to 4.6 oz), or about

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time ranges from 30 seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilisation. The

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Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese language has given the bear many different names, including

7591: 5295: 4904:"Species coexistence and niche interaction between sympatric giant panda and Chinese red panda: A spatiotemporal approach" 4649: 432:), which was described some 40 years earlier and over that period was the only animal known as a panda. The binomial name 13929: 7680: 6369: 6163: 1155:

that although complete herbivory occurred around 2 mya, the dietary switch was initiated prior to T1R1 loss-of-function.

7133: 6993: 13939: 13924: 1126:. Genome sequencing of the giant panda suggests that the dietary switch could have initiated from the loss of the sole 734: 673:

Two subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the basis of distinct cranial measurements, colour patterns, and

13909: 13766: 13177: 9050: 7522: 7485: 3644: 3412: 3267: 2914: 2428: 1729:

expire in 2008, but got a five-year extension at about half of the previous yearly cost. The last contract, with the

1568:

is said to have given Japan two pandas and a sheet of panda skin as a sign of goodwill. Unlike many other animals in

7279: 5466:

Charlton, Benjamin D.; Martin-Wintle, Meghan S.; Owen, Megan A.; Zhang, Hemin; Swaisgood, Ronald R. (October 2018).

2501:"Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary" 13511: 13458: 7644: 4743:

Li, Sheng; McShea, William J.; Wang, Dajun; Gu, Xiaodong; Zhang, Xiaofeng; Zhang, Li; Shen, Xiaoli (October 2020).

1689: 1287:, a deadly disease that kills more wild pandas than any other cause. Additionally, the population is threatened by 7068: 1181:

Although adult giant pandas have few natural predators other than humans, young cubs are vulnerable to attacks by

13884: 13701: 13538: 13422: 13357: 9394: 4684: 2011: 1927: 1379:

squeals typically indicate inferiority and submission in a dispute. Other vocalizations include honks and moans.

1265: 634:

indicated that the giant panda is a true bear, part of the family Ursidae. These studies show it diverged about

13372: 7373: 7336: 6769: 1958: 1908: 1796: 1771:

only allows US zoos to import a panda if the zoo can ensure China channels more than half of its loan fee into

428:, which is native to Nepal. In many older sources, the name "panda" or "common panda" refers to the red panda ( 6412: 6392: 3494: 745:

Of the eight extant species in the bear family Ursidae, the giant panda's lineage branched off the earliest.

13846: 13206: 11612: 5137: 5030:

Wang, Tao; Xie, Yue; Zheng, Youle; Wang, Chengdong; Li, Desheng; Koehler, Anson V.; Gasser, Robin B. (2018),

3506: 2043: 1788: 1675: 1283:, a parasitic nematode known to infect giant panda intestines. This nematode species is known to give pandas 4522:"Why does the giant panda eat bamboo? A comparative analysis of appetite-reward-related genes among mammals" 1702:

noted that the panda was the most treasured animal in the emperor's garden of exotic animals in the capital

957: 13894: 13377: 13170: 6168: 6102: 4614: 4583: 369: 30: 6047: 2264:

Harper, Donald (2013), "The Cultural History of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in Early China",

13904: 13683: 13561: 13556: 11603: 8806: 7274: 6224: 1240:). Giant pandas avoid areas with a mid-to-high density of livestock, as they depress the vegetation. The 626:

classification of the giant panda was under debate because it shares characteristics with both bears and

6541: 1831:

assumed the presidency in 2008, the offer was accepted and the pandas arrived in December of that year.

13889: 13352: 13068: 12724: 5109: 4190: 4030:"Potential mechanism of detoxification of cyanide compounds by gut microbiomes of bamboo-eating Pandas" 3537: 1761: 1360: 1277:

that infects most warm-blooded animals, including humans. They are likely susceptible to diseases from

611: 116: 11090: 5373: 4683:

Ma, Ying-Jie; Wang, Meng; Hu, Xiao-Yu; Gu, Xiao-Dong; Li, Yu-Mei; Wei, Fu-Wen; Nie, Yong-Gang (2023).

4311: 1839:, certain of these "celebrity pandas" are known to garner hours-long lines specifically to see them. 1413:

for sexual reproduction. Females deposit scent marks through their urine which induces an increase in

412:

was borrowed into English from French, but no conclusive explanation of the origin of the French word

13879: 13297: 13287: 13247: 9929: 6627:"In memory of panda queen nicknamed "Granny Basi," five amazing things you may not know about pandas" 6006: 2240: 1954: 1950: 890: 6784: 6481: 6292: 869:. It is found in small, fragmented populations in six mountainous regions in the country, mainly in 12987: 12882: 11621: 9911: 9639: 9606: 9582: 9403: 8655: 6863:

Swaisgood, Ronald R.; Wei, Fuwen; Wildt, David E.; Kouba, Andrew J.; Zhang, Zejun (23 April 2010).

2003: 1892: 1279: 984: 3705: 13387: 13332: 13327: 13292: 13272: 12649: 11630: 11361: 11054: 10989: 10371: 9947: 9420: 8942: 7673: 7625: 4079:"Dietary resources shape the adaptive changes of cyanide detoxification function in giant panda ( 3555: 2848:

Kumar, V.; Lammers, F.; Bidon, T.; Pfenninger, M.; Kolter, L.; Nilsson, M. A.; Janke, A. (2017).

1900: 1884: 1784: 1565: 1538: 1503: 689:, consists of most extant populations of the giant panda. These animals are principally found in 345: 13740: 6920: 5916: 5879: 4621:. Vol. 22. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. p. 81. 4590:. Vol. 22. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. p. 93. 2397: 1907:, acts generally ignored by the local officials at the time. In 1963, the PRC government set up 13934: 13636: 13525: 13473: 13432: 13362: 12873: 12625: 12438: 12314: 11926: 11908: 11736: 11430: 11421: 11063: 9801: 8593: 7247:

The Panda is still endangered species, and the conservation efforts still need to be reinforced

6281: 6258: 4312:"Diet, habitat environment and lifestyle conversion affect the gut microbiomes of giant pandas" 3883: 2909:. Animals of the rain forest (illustrated ed.). Heinemann-Raintree Library. pp. 7–8. 2680: 1780: 1388: 1186: 904:

habitats. The Daxiangling Mountain population inhabits both coniferous and broadleaf forests.

26: 6626: 3402: 13899: 13874: 13735: 13412: 13347: 13267: 13242: 13050: 12305: 12287: 12278: 12269: 11754: 11745: 11117: 9887: 9878: 9869: 9818: 9756: 9738: 9729: 9666: 9615: 9453: 9444: 7881: 5181: 1942:

in China, including 70% of the country's forest birds, 70% of mammals and 31% of amphibians.

1856: 1772: 1750: 1711: 1435: 1321: 1241: 1160: 980: 650: 211: 13727: 11072: 10968: 7631: 6389: 3016:"Characteristics and Roles of Large Trees in Giant Panda Habitat of Wanglang Nature Reserve" 1879:, meaning trade of their parts is prohibited and that they require this protection to avoid 13761: 13592: 13520: 13367: 13193: 12891: 12792: 12751: 12465: 11976: 11704: 11030: 10095: 9845: 9836: 9792: 9747: 9370: 8876: 8611: 8437: 7445: 6511: 5588: 5412: 5238: 4915: 4868: 4756: 4533: 4471: 4323: 4232: 4094: 3984: 3973:"Age-associated microbiome shows the giant panda lives on hemicelluloses, not on cellulose" 3925: 3826: 3769: 3334: 3219: 3163: 3091: 2980: 2943: 2932:"Giant panda distribution and habitat preference: The influence of sympatric large mammals" 2861: 2802: 2716: 2645: 2571: 2512: 2453: 2048: 1946: 1679: 1555: 1463: 1011: 441: 385: 368:. In July 2021, Chinese authorities also classified the giant panda as vulnerable. It is a 260: 56: 7246: 6567:

Buckingham, Kathleen Carmel; David, Jonathan Neil William; Jepson, Paul (September 2013).

6422:. Supposed Chinese historical terminology appears in the Chinese version of this article, 3815:"Earliest giant panda false thumb suggests conflicting demands for locomotion and feeding" 3813:

Wang, X.; Su, D. F.; Jablonski, N. G.; Ji, X.; Kelley, J.; Flynn, L. J.; Deng, T. (2022).

3730: 2189: 1775:

efforts for giant pandas and their habitat. In May 2005, China offered a breeding pair to

1710:). Not until the 1950s were pandas again recorded to have been exhibited in China's zoos. 8: 13662: 13417: 13217: 13131: 13077: 12849: 12296: 12182: 12164: 12009: 11858: 11763: 11013: 10959: 10708: 10450: 10441: 9705: 8978: 8960: 8815: 8664: 8167: 6423: 5949: 3584: 1953:

in 2020. With a size of 10,500 square miles, the park is roughly three times as large as

1923: 1904: 1852: 1820: 1719: 1695: 1600: 1519: 1510:

once they were captured. This led some scientists to trying methods such as showing them

1309: 1139: 682: 674: 64: 10201: 7217: 5592: 5416: 5242: 4944: 4919: 4903: 4872: 4760: 4720: 4537: 4475: 4458:

Jin, C.; Ciochon, R. L.; Dong, W.; Hunt Jr, R. M.; Liu, J.; Jaeger, M.; Zhu, Q. (2007).

4327: 4236: 4098: 3988: 3929: 3830: 3773: 3338: 3223: 3167: 3095: 2984: 2947: 2865: 2806: 2649: 2575: 2516: 2457: 1914: 1593:(貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted as giant panda. The dictionary 13237: 12946: 12173: 11695: 11385: 11108: 11081: 10344: 10086: 9938: 9041: 8933: 8833: 8773: 8158: 8094: 7771: 7666: 7560: 7450: 7387: 7337:"Conservation efforts have saved China's giant pandas from the endangered species list" 7115: 6975: 6897: 6864: 6720: 6596: 6451: 5861: 5818: 5764: 5677: 5669: 5619: 5576: 5557: 5500: 5467: 5443: 5400: 5267: 5226: 5058: 5007: 4968: 4832: 4815: 4799: 4703: 4556: 4521: 4494: 4459: 4437: 4115: 4078: 4054: 4029: 4005: 3972: 3948: 3913: 3876: 3847: 3814: 3459: 3355: 3322: 3184: 3151: 3064: 2882: 2849: 2825: 2790: 2735: 2594: 2559: 2535: 2500: 2477: 1860: 1848: 1734: 1561: 1340: 1304: 1249: 1193:. Sub-adults weighing up to 50 kg (110 lb) may be vulnerable to predation by 1122: 722: 623: 377: 361: 310: 111: 79: 7597: 7575:. (About Mei Xiang, Tai Shan and the Wolong Panda Research Facility in Chengdu China). 7011: 6198: 6132: 5343: 2294: 13802: 13722: 13569: 12825: 12742: 12522: 12018: 11985: 10909: 10416: 10138: 9920: 9774: 9648: 9532: 8885: 8715: 8673: 8620: 8400: 8382: 8140: 7518: 7481: 7465: 7409: 7377: 7107: 6967: 6902: 6884: 6600: 6588: 6337: 6031: 5853: 5822: 5808: 5768: 5756: 5624: 5606: 5549: 5505: 5487: 5448: 5430: 5321: 5272: 5254: 5157: 5063: 5043: 5012: 4994: 4949: 4931: 4884: 4837: 4819: 4780: 4772: 4725: 4707: 4561: 4499: 4429: 4347: 4339: 4291: 4256: 4248: 4169: 4161: 4120: 4059: 4010: 3953: 3887: 3852: 3795: 3640: 3629: 3592: 3498: 3451: 3408: 3360: 3263: 3189: 2996: 2910: 2887: 2830: 2771: 2686: 2661: 2599: 2540: 2469: 2424: 2220: 2063: 2058: 1896: 1511: 1492: 1315: 1300: 1292: 1273: 897: 705: 7368:

Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan, eds. (2020).

7119: 5865: 5681: 5561: 4744: 4335: 3463: 2657: 2139: 2099: 13807: 13574: 13104: 12937: 12215: 11645: 10935: 10717: 10467: 9657: 9556: 9340: 9331: 8915: 8706: 8697: 8491: 8482: 8040: 7550: 7099: 6959: 6892: 6876: 6717: 6580: 6327: 5845: 5800: 5748: 5711: 5661: 5614: 5596: 5541: 5495: 5479: 5438: 5420: 5262: 5246: 5193: 5149: 5053: 5035: 5002: 4984: 4967:

Ma, Hongyu; Wang, Zedong; Wang, Chengdong; Li, Caiwu; Wei, Feng; Liu, Quan (2015).

4939: 4923: 4876: 4827: 4811: 4764: 4715: 4699: 4551: 4541: 4489: 4479: 4441: 4421: 4331: 4283: 4240: 4151: 4110: 4102: 4049: 4041: 4000: 3992: 3943: 3933: 3842: 3834: 3785: 3777: 3588: 3490: 3441: 3383: 3350: 3342: 3301: 3227: 3179: 3171: 3130: 3099: 3056: 3027: 2988: 2951: 2877: 2869: 2820: 2810: 2763: 2725: 2653: 2589: 2579: 2530: 2520: 2481: 2461: 1935: 1876: 1569: 1359:

Pandas communicate through vocalisation and scent marking such as clawing trees or

1327: 1288: 1233: 1213: 1190: 1067: 901: 7654:

iPanda-50: annotated image dataset for fine-grained panda identification on Github

7459: 7161:"China's focus on panda conservation has come at the cost of other species: study" 5849: 5180:

Zhang, Jindong; Hull, Vanessa; Huang, Jinyang; Zhou, Shiqiang (24 November 2015).

4856: 1903:, demand for panda skins from Hong Kong and Japan led to illegal poaching for the 13793: 13709: 13202: 13122: 13113: 13041: 12996: 12658: 12608: 12599: 12474: 12420: 12364: 12233: 12206: 12099: 11917: 11876: 11841: 11586: 10649: 10362: 10329: 10320: 9827: 9565: 9014: 8464: 8391: 8349: 8085: 7890: 7824: 7801: 7648: 7309: 7253: 6838:"Giant pandas at China base to shut out tourists every Monday from Christmas Day" 6791: 6773: 6430: 6419: 6396: 6252: 6250: 4880: 4546: 4370: 4156: 4139: 3636: 3578: 3231: 3152:"Effects of roads on giant panda distribution: a mountain range scale evaluation" 2276: 1939: 1754: 1683: 1621:

simply as a "white leopard". The interpretation of the legendary fierce creature

1526: 1194: 1104: 1099:

Two of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and round face, are

886: 797: 642: 417: 373: 13753: 13675: 7598:

Panda Pioneer: the release of the first captive-bred panda 'Xiang Xiang' in 2006

6316:"Interspecies implantation and mitochondria fate of panda-rabbit cloned embryos" 6073: 5039: 4685:"Identifying priority protection areas of key food resources of the giant panda" 4028:

Zhu, L.; Yang, Z.; Yao, Ran; Xu, L.; Chen, H.; Gu, X.; Wu, T.; Yang, X. (2018).

2956: 2931: 2850:"The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species" 2443: 1158:

Pandas eat any of 25 bamboo species in the wild, with the most common including

13095: 13014: 12816: 12563: 12456: 12429: 11482: 11099: 10699: 10563: 10246: 9783: 9765: 9696: 9307: 9298: 8900: 8861: 7815: 7727: 7614: 6332: 6315: 5581:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4244: 3838: 3346: 3175: 3060: 2035: 1995: 1872: 1824: 1724: 1631: 1368: 1343:

and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding in the bamboo forests of the

1059: 908: 326: 7642:

Texts and pictures of the Panda exhibition at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin

7511: 7137: 6584: 6247: 5804: 5715: 5665: 5545: 4857:"Shared resources between giant panda and sympatric wild and domestic mammals" 4768: 3996: 3781: 2992: 1035: 923:, climate change affected panda populations, and the subsequent domination of 13863: 13657: 13059: 12955: 12928: 12554: 12252: 12197: 11719: 11663: 11404: 11045: 10500: 10062: 9227: 9194: 8996: 8987: 8924: 8824: 8782: 8634: 8227: 7653: 7578:

Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 96, Issue 6, 24 November 2015, Pages 1116–1127,

7065:"Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries – Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains" 6971: 6888: 6592: 5857: 5610: 5491: 5434: 5258: 5198: 5161: 5153: 4998: 4935: 4888: 4823: 4776: 4711: 4343: 4252: 4220: 4165: 4045: 2108: 2018:

the country establish itself as a leader in endangered species conservation.

1645: 1595: 1560:

In Ancient China, people thought pandas to be rare and noble creatures – the

1426: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1372: 1344: 1261: 1225: 1166: 1079: 1015: 996: 730: 697: 666: 631: 365: 356: 249: 84: 9684: 9496: 7391: 6997: 5601: 5425: 5032:

Parasites of the Giant Panda: A Risk Factor in the Conservation of a Species

4484: 3387: 3306: 3289: 2815: 2584: 2525: 1417:

levels in males. Androgen is a sex hormone found in both males and females;

13496: 13086: 13032: 12733: 12501: 12447: 12224: 12123: 11678: 11654: 11473: 11464: 11284: 11251: 11174: 11135: 10545: 10527: 10389: 10261: 9720: 9121: 9084: 8969: 8951: 8364: 8310: 8236: 7914: 7658: 7111: 6906: 6880: 6795: 6341: 5760: 5628: 5553: 5509: 5452: 5276: 5067: 5016: 4953: 4841: 4784: 4729: 4565: 4503: 4433: 4351: 4295: 4260: 4173: 4124: 4063: 4014: 3957: 3856: 3799: 3502: 3479:"Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores" 3455: 3364: 3193: 3000: 2891: 2834: 2775: 2665: 2603: 2544: 2135: 1999: 1828: 1699: 1573: 1502:

Initially, the primary method of breeding giant pandas in captivity was by

1418: 1182: 924: 882: 881:. Successful habitat preservation has seen a rise in panda numbers, though 338: 227: 5973:"National Zoo's giant panda Mei Xiang gives birth to two cubs hours apart" 3135: 3118: 2473: 1534:

will be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more giant pandas.

653:

member of this family and equidistant from all other extant bear species.

13714: 13618: 13505: 12700: 11891: 11808: 11781: 11530: 11444: 11376: 11302: 11293: 11260: 11218: 11183: 10900: 10793: 10165: 10077: 9985: 9630: 9203: 9023: 8688: 8602: 8585: 8562: 8525: 8409: 8373: 8218: 8007: 7862: 7741: 7579: 7191:"China's National Panda Park Will Be Three Times the Size of Yellowstone" 6377: 6106: 2412: 1730: 1703: 1608: 1577: 1531: 1364: 1352: 991: 920: 806: 726: 334: 322: 305: 13584: 13548: 7641: 6217: 5483: 3938: 3321:

Nokelainen, O.; Scott-Samuel, N. E.; Nie, Y.; Wei, F.; Caro, T. (2021).

3068: 13820: 13610: 13407: 13322: 12909: 12155: 12086: 12073: 12040: 11826: 11564: 11324: 10872: 10849: 10735: 10726: 10675: 10640: 10616: 10380: 10279: 10228: 10174: 10156: 10129: 10036: 9986: 9385: 9358: 9286: 9269: 9032: 9005: 8851: 8755: 8739: 8575: 8455: 8295: 8131: 7998: 7790: 7758: 7742: 7594:

Giant panda news, and video clips from BBC programmes past and present.

7564: 7103: 7064: 6979: 6948:"The Focus and Role of Biological Research in Giant Panda Conservation" 6947: 6455: 5673: 4745:"Retreat of large carnivores across the giant panda distribution range" 3790: 3288:

Caro, T.; Walker, H.; Rossman, Z.; Hendrix, M.; Stankowich, T. (2017).

3103: 2739: 2682:

The Atlas of Endangered Animals: Wildlife Under Threat Around the World

1880: 1715: 1515: 1147: 1100: 1083: 1078:

is very weak, and their main source of nutrients comes from starch and

1019: 972: 349: 188: 13162: 7608: 7555: 7534: 5752: 4927: 4800:"Impact of sympatric carnivores on den selection of wild giant pandas" 4287: 4106: 3446: 3429: 3427: 3032: 3015: 2873: 2730: 2707: 13623: 13442: 13402: 13317: 13312: 12840: 12775: 12388: 12328: 12114: 11935: 11550: 11542: 11491: 11341: 11227: 11209: 10923: 10757: 10590: 10432: 10398: 10210: 9902: 9176: 8646: 8122: 7690: 6688:"The last panda in Latin America? Mexico to decide what happens next" 6193: 6191: 2465: 2053: 2007: 1757:

in Mexico City, was the last living descendant of the gifted pandas.

1467: 1450: 1410: 1296: 1245: 1217: 1143: 1111: 1071: 1063: 976: 425: 168: 128: 22: 13467: 6963: 6761: 5227:"Field metabolic rates of giant pandas reveal energetic adaptations" 4855:

Wang, Fang; McShea, William J.; Wang, Dajun; Li, Sheng (June 2015).

4425: 2767: 1994:

also gives various other endangered or threatened species, like the

1740: 1666:, only appears during the rule of a benevolent and sincere monarch. 940: 919:. Their range in China spanned much of the southeast region. By the 636: 13787: 13490: 13282: 12537: 12000: 11817: 11793: 11154: 11004: 10950: 10886: 10881: 10834: 10766: 10684: 10554: 10303: 10294: 10192: 10147: 10027: 9860: 9597: 9506: 9475: 9435: 9322: 9254: 9162: 9153: 8473: 8269: 8022: 7905: 7872: 7721: 7709: 7341: 6765: 5034:, Advances in Parasitology, vol. 99, Elsevier, pp. 1–33, 4375:"Bamboozled! The Curious Natural History of the Giant Panda Family" 3882:. Learn & Explore. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 1962: 1707: 1653: 1422: 1414: 1268: 1201: 1000: 607: 148: 6188: 5971:

Ruane, Michael E.; Koh, Elizabeth; Weil, Martin (23 August 2015).

3478: 2215:

Glatston, A. R. (2021). "Introduction". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.).

1611:(Sichuan), is bear-like, but yellow-and-black, although the older 693:

and display the typical stark black and white contrasting colours.

13841: 13427: 13342: 13337: 13307: 13302: 13277: 13262: 13252: 13232: 13227: 13222: 12919: 12766: 12640: 12355: 11867: 11197: 10663: 10219: 10183: 10050: 10018: 10002: 9515: 9218: 8797: 8278: 8185: 8103: 8031: 7973: 7950: 7843: 7635: 5138:"Activity patterns of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca )" 2384: 2382: 2380: 1991: 1931: 1868: 1864: 1764: 1635: 1348: 1142:

within the T1R1 exons. Umami taste corresponds to high levels of

1088: 916: 912: 874: 870: 822: 752: 718: 690: 646: 627: 389: 297: 7305:"Giant pandas no longer endangered in the wild, China announces" 2295:"Discussion about the Chinese name for giant panda (in Chinese)" 661: 47: 13597: 13533: 13437: 13392: 13023: 12970: 12715: 12403: 12137: 10857: 10518: 10353: 10110: 9547: 8319: 8245: 8194: 8176: 8149: 8070: 7932: 7715: 7703: 7257:

State Forestry Administration of the People's Republic of China

5182:"Activity patterns of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)" 3759: 1804: 1776: 1507: 1496: 1459: 1434:

major interaction. Chemical signaling allows for avoidance and

1135: 1131: 1075: 603: 573: 330: 318: 158: 138: 21:"Panda" and "Panda bear" redirect here. For the red panda, see 6074:"National Zoo's Giant Panda Undergoes Artificial Insemination" 5465: 2377: 2219:(Second ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. xix–xxix. 400: 313:, with males being typically 10 to 20% larger than females. A 13748: 13382: 13257: 13005: 12864: 12807: 12680: 12483: 12340: 11967: 11949: 11572: 11242: 10491: 10476: 9137: 8428: 7923: 7503:

Little panda: The World Welcomes Hua Mei at the San Diego Zoo

6996:. Wolong National Natural Reserve. 7 May 2005. Archived from 6413:

China Giant Panda Museum: Historical Records in Ancient China

3914:"The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome" 1979: 1662: 1640: 1623: 1205: 1127: 878: 866: 314: 301: 101: 95: 7089: 6289:"World's 1st giant panda born from frozen sperm in SW China" 5320:. Fox News/Associated Press. 23 October 2007. Archived from 3320: 2097: 1883:. They have been protected and placed in category 1, by the 1564:

was buried with a panda skull in her vault. The grandson of

471:; "bamboo bear"). The most popular names in China today are 12379: 11275: 10600: 10536: 8209: 7941: 7799: 7370:

Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State

5794: 3119:"Modeling Impacts of Climate Change on Giant Panda Habitat" 2847: 2418: 1613: 1582: 436:

means black and white (melanoleuca) cat-foot (ailuropoda).

381: 293: 178: 6353: 6351: 2705: 2497: 1537:

Attempts have also been made to reproduce giant pandas by

533:) was originally used to describe just the red panda, but 10509: 10118: 8446: 7420: 6078: 5468:"Vocal behaviour predicts mating success in giant pandas" 5318:"Teenager hospitalized after panda attack in Chinese zoo" 3495:

10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:BFAEAT]2.0.CO;2

2029: 1975: 1660:

is a legendary "righteous" animal, which, similarly to a

1204:

with other large mammals and bamboo feeders, such as the

1007: 7367: 7299: 7297: 6865:"Giant panda conservation science: how far we have come" 5737: 3688: 3287: 2615: 2613: 1530:

destinations such as San Diego in the United States and

712:

is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger molars.

7439:

Panda Cam: A Nation Watches Tai Shan the Panda Cub Grow

7039:"Panda sanctuary in China added to World Heritage list" 6462: 6348: 5401:"Why wild giant pandas frequently roll in horse manure" 4673:, pp. 63–64 (page numbers as per the 2002 edition) 3428:

Figueirido, B.; Tseng, Z. J.; Martín-Serra, A. (2013).

2929: 1859:, and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in 1835:

well as product lines specifically emulating them. At

7270:"China forges ahead with ambitious national park plan" 6862: 4273: 3116: 2789:

Yu, L.; Li, Y.-W.; Ryder, O. A.; Zhang, Y.-P. (2007).

2558:

Yu, L.; Li, Y.-W.; Ryder, O. A.; Zhang, Y.-P. (2007).

2217:

Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda

1938:

as the preservation of their habitat also helps other

975:

in both winter and summer environments as they do not

7626:

NPR News 2007/08/20 – Panda Romance Stems From Bamboo

7294: 6566: 6542:"Zoo negotiates lower price to rent bears from China" 4457: 3434:

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

3404:

No turning back: the life and death of animal species

3117:

Songer, M.; Delion, M.; Biggs, A.; Huang, Q. (2012).

2610: 1627:(貔貅) as referring to the giant panda is also common. 963:

Close-up of giant panda at ZooParc in Beauval, France

569:) were coined to differentiate between the species. 337:

with a diet consisting almost entirely of bamboo and

11340: 8736: 7457: 5799:. University of California Press. pp. 106–120. 5289: 4670: 4369: 3407:(illustrated ed.). HarperCollins. p. 315. 2025: 424:

possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone of the

5835: 5701: 5650: 5574: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3554:. Giant Panda Species Survival Plan. Archived from 3378:Morell, V. (2017). "How pandas got their patches". 1744:

Adult male giant panda at the San Diego Zoo in 2004

7510: 6505: 6503: 6291:. Xinhua News Agency. 24 July 2009. Archived from 5179: 5134: 3875: 3628: 3430:"Skull shape evolution in durophagous carnivorans" 3046: 2970: 1138:(also known as T1R1 and T1R3), resulting from two 317:is visible on its forepaw, which helps in holding 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5224: 5086:. World Wildlife Federation China. Archived from 4410: 3812: 3205: 3203: 2752: 2069:List of endangered and protected species of China 576:, another popular name for panda is the inverted 13861: 9136: 7533:Wan, Qiu-Hong; Wu, Hua; Fang, Sheng-Guo (2005). 5029: 4854: 4617:. In Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 4586:. In Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 3970: 3863: 3476: 329:to meet its dietary requirements. It can digest 6512:"Eats Shoots, Leaves and Much of Zoos' Budgets" 6500: 6313: 6259:"China announces first panda from frozen sperm" 5939: 5937: 5405:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4515: 4513: 4218: 4076: 3081: 2631: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2208: 2098:Swaisgood, R.; Wang, D. & Wei, F. (2017) . 13915:Species endangered by agricultural development 6376:: like bear, but yellow-and-black, comes from 5775: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5531: 4797: 4742: 4612: 4581: 4308: 4137: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3622: 3620: 3200: 2788: 2557: 1694:Pandas have been kept in zoos as early as the 13178: 10000: 7841: 7674: 6050:. Discovery Communications, LLC. 4 May 2006. 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5398: 4577: 4575: 4460:"The first skull of the earliest giant panda" 4453: 4451: 3664:"Global Species Programme – Giant panda" 2493: 2491: 1837:Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding 1212:). The takin and giant panda share a similar 1176: 1014:; the thumb-like digit – actually a modified 581: 548: 538: 528: 502: 476: 466: 456: 446: 416:has been found. The closest candidate is the 7688: 7458:Lumpkin, Susan; Seidensticker, John (2007). 7158: 7030: 7004: 5970: 5934: 4966: 4901: 4519: 4510: 4225:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 4027: 3911: 3149: 3013: 2973:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2321:"Government Information Office will now use 2282: 1244:is the only known area where both giant and 825:(black, brown, sloth, sun, and polar bears) 6560: 5995: 5722: 4606: 3900: 3666:. World Wildlife Fund. 2007. Archived from 3626: 3617: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3209: 1823:). China's offer was initially rejected by 1814: 1506:, as they seemed to lose their interest in 1012:a digit similar to a thumb and five fingers 860: 737:group respectively, about 2,800 years ago. 587: 554: 508: 482: 13185: 13171: 7861: 7681: 7667: 7617:– Baby Panda Tai Shan and mother Mei Xiang 7209: 7057: 6768:. 15 October 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2008. 6658:"Last pandas at San Diego Zoo are leaving" 6155: 5964: 5688: 5635: 5516: 4960: 4682: 4613:Li, D.-Z.; Guo, Z.; Stapleton, C. (2007). 4582:Li, D.-Z.; Guo, Z.; Stapleton, C. (2007). 4572: 4448: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4365: 4363: 4361: 2488: 1827:, then President of Taiwan. However, when 1382: 1255: 259: 73: 46: 12084: 8573: 7756: 7605:– environmental conservation organization 7571:Warren, Lynne (July 2006). "Panda, Inc." 7554: 7532: 7134:"Earthwatch: On the Trail of Giant Panda" 6896: 6441: 6331: 6225:"First panda cub born using frozen sperm" 6040: 5618: 5600: 5499: 5442: 5424: 5374:"Giant panda in China bites third victim" 5266: 5197: 5057: 5006: 4988: 4943: 4831: 4719: 4555: 4545: 4493: 4483: 4155: 4114: 4053: 4004: 3947: 3937: 3846: 3789: 3526: 3524: 3445: 3371: 3354: 3305: 3290:"Why is the giant panda black and white?" 3183: 3134: 3031: 2955: 2881: 2824: 2814: 2729: 2619: 2593: 2583: 2534: 2524: 2144:Bulletin des Nouvelles Archives du Muséum 1718:became very popular. This influenced the 1421:is the major androgen produced by males. 451:, ancient Chinese name for giant panda), 10430: 7517:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7508: 6544:. SignOnSanDiego.com. 13 December 2008. 6468: 6357: 6100: 5175: 5173: 5171: 3258:. Untamed world (Illustrated ed.). 3238: 2214: 1913: 1911:to save the declining panda population. 1739: 1634:(early 15th century), his relative from 1449: 1110: 1042: 1034: 660: 399: 380:coins since 1982 and as one of the five 13192: 9504: 8267: 7788: 7529:(There are also several later reprints) 7480:, Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002, 6813:"Meet China's beloved celebrity pandas" 6509: 5366: 5336: 4643: 4397: 4358: 3658: 3656: 3580:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals 3576: 3283: 3281: 3279: 2706:Wan, Q.H.; Hua Wu; Fang, S.-G. (2005). 2678: 2355:""bear cat" or "cat bear" (in Chinese)" 1930:, located in the southwest province of 1918:Close-up of a seven-month-old panda cub 1769:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 13862: 12597: 10833: 7580:https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv118 7215: 6986: 6806: 6804: 6101:Prapanya, Narunart (25 January 2006). 6005:. Pandas International. Archived from 5310: 5294:. American Psychological Association. 5078: 5076: 3741:from the original on 14 September 2011 3521: 3377: 3253: 2904: 2551: 2421:Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation 2419:Lindburg, D. G.; Baragona, K. (2004). 2093: 2091: 2089: 1984:State Forestry Administration of China 990:The panda's skull shape is typical of 523:). As with the word panda in English, 13472: 13471: 13166: 12071: 11528: 10832: 9984: 9119: 8560: 7740: 7662: 6698:from the original on 24 February 2024 6655: 6548:from the original on 16 February 2009 6176:from the original on 3 September 2015 5290:Deborah Smith Bailey (January 2004). 5168: 4625:from the original on 10 November 2016 4214: 4212: 4185: 4183: 3400: 3014:Yang, Z.; Wang, X.; Kang, D. (2023). 2365:from the original on 3 September 2015 2335:from the original on 3 September 2015 2196:from the original on 1 September 2008 2134: 1722:to use a panda as its symbol. A 2006 1130:taste receptor, encoded by the genes 948:Smithsonian Museum of Natural History 13847:DB6C22A3-09F4-485F-80CA-9D8F1C386ABA 7478:The Smithsonian Book of Giant Pandas 7476:(An earlier edition is available as 7444:Goodman, Brenda (12 February 2006). 7437:Friends of the National Zoo (2006). 7228:from the original on 27 January 2007 7071:from the original on 29 January 2020 7036: 7018:from the original on 25 January 2020 6945: 6510:Goodman, Brenda (12 February 2006). 6390:Erya, Chapter "釋獸" ("About animals") 6370:Shuowen Jiezi, Chapter 10, radical 豸 6256: 6235:from the original on 16 October 2011 6054:from the original on 7 November 2010 5380:from the original on 18 January 2009 3731:"Giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca" 3653: 3605:from the original on 4 December 2021 3509:from the original on 4 December 2021 3276: 3260:Weigl Educational Publishers Limited 2301:from the original on 24 January 2008 1544: 1054:Pandas eating, standing, and playing 983:, while up close, they rely more on 9051:South African small-spotted genet ( 7446:Pandas Eat Up Much of Zoos' Budgets 7171:from the original on 13 August 2020 7012:"Pandas gain world heritage status" 6952:Bears: Their Biology and Management 6810: 6801: 6199:"Baby panda born from frozen sperm" 6143:from the original on 5 October 2007 5983:from the original on 24 August 2015 5943: 5654:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5073: 4594:from the original on 9 January 2012 3689:Chorn, J.; Hoffmann, R. S. (1978). 3477:Christiansen, P.; Wroe, S. (2007). 2699: 2154:from the original on 12 August 2018 2109:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2086: 1549: 1103:to its bamboo diet. Anthropologist 669:has a light brown-and-white pattern 321:in place for feeding. It has large 304:. It is characterised by its white 13: 7535:"A New Subspecies of Giant Panda ( 7197:from the original on 19 April 2021 7045:from the original on 1 August 2020 6607:from the original on 11 April 2020 6488:from the original on 9 August 2012 6161: 6103:"'Panda porn' to encourage mating" 6048:"Panda Update: September Cub Exam" 5886:from the original on 14 March 2009 5344:"Panda attacks man in Chinese zoo" 5206:from the original on 29 March 2020 4816:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.027 4704:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.526 4209: 4180: 3084:The Journal of Wildlife Management 2708:"A new subspecies of giant panda ( 2685:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 58. 2634:Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca 2423:. University of California Press. 946:The skull of a giant panda at the 14: 13951: 9395:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 7621:Information from Animal Diversity 7585: 7505:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7414:Panda Numbers Exceed Expectations 7349:from the original on 11 July 2021 7317:from the original on 11 July 2021 6522:from the original on 23 June 2011 6269:from the original on 23 June 2011 6205:from the original on 26 July 2009 6113:from the original on 5 April 2008 6082:. Associated Press. 19 March 2008 5354:from the original on 27 June 2009 5298:from the original on 14 June 2008 5116:from the original on 17 July 2008 4197:from the original on 23 June 2012 1495:between the fur and its mother's 1391:to communicate with one another. 1150:) of the umami taste receptor in 13870:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 13454: 13453: 9120: 7361: 7329: 7278:. 27 August 2020. Archived from 7262: 7240: 7218:"Hope for future of giant panda" 7183: 7152: 7126: 7083: 6939: 6913: 6856: 6830: 6785:China sends panda peace offering 6778: 6755: 6743:from the original on 7 July 2023 6725: 6710: 6680: 6668:from the original on 4 June 2022 6656:Fikes, Bradely (25 March 2019). 6649: 6637:from the original on 3 June 2022 6619: 6534: 6474: 6435: 6406: 6383: 6363: 6307: 6125: 4671:Lumpkin & Seidensticker 2007 4652:from the original on 7 July 2011 4316:Science of the Total Environment 3123:International Journal of Ecology 2638:Science of the Total Environment 2325:as the proper name (in Chinese)" 2028: 1779:. The issue became embroiled in 1690:Category:Individual giant pandas 1266:obligate intracellular parasitic 956: 939: 907:Giant pandas once roamed across 826: 805: 773: 610:black and white and created the 115: 11529: 8561: 6733:"History of Panda Conservation" 6094: 6066: 6030:, Page 050, hardcover edition. 6021: 5898: 5872: 5829: 5568: 5459: 5392: 5292:"Understanding the giant panda" 5283: 5218: 5128: 5102: 5023: 4895: 4848: 4791: 4736: 4676: 4664: 4637: 4373:; Eaves-Johnson, K. L. (2007). 4336:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145316 4302: 4267: 4131: 4070: 4021: 3964: 3806: 3753: 3723: 3682: 3570: 3544: 3470: 3421: 3394: 3314: 3143: 3110: 3075: 3040: 3007: 2964: 2936:Global Ecology and Conservation 2923: 2898: 2841: 2782: 2746: 2672: 2658:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140941 2625: 2437: 2347: 2012:complex-toothed flying squirrel 1928:Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries 1875:. The giant panda is listed on 1842: 1669: 1445: 12072: 7374:University of Washington Press 7216:Briggs, Helen (20 June 2006). 7159:Jessie Yeung (4 August 2020). 5084:"Panda behavior & habitat" 4749:Nature Ecology & Evolution 2394:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2313: 2258: 2233: 2182: 2166: 2128: 1959:Wolong National Nature Reserve 1909:Wolong National Nature Reserve 1809: 1800: 1792: 1189:, eagles, feral dogs, and the 930: 865:The giant panda is endemic to 622:For many decades, the precise 348: to communicate and uses 1: 13920:Species endangered by logging 13207:Giant pandas around the world 8807:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 7037:Benn, Joanna (13 July 2006). 5850:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.026 5376:. CNN News. 10 January 2009. 4973:infection in the giant panda" 2074: 2044:Giant pandas around the world 1968: 1676:Giant pandas around the world 1512:videos of giant pandas mating 1387:Giant pandas heavily rely on 1347:and in the hilly province of 1280:Baylisascaris schroederi 656: 13069:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 12725:North American river otter ( 11613:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 8667:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 7615:National Zoo Live Panda Cams 7509:Schaller, George B. (1993). 6169:National Geographic Magazine 6133:"Pandas unexcited by Viagra" 5112:. National Zoological Park. 4881:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.032 4547:10.1371/journal.pone.0022602 4193:. National Zoological Park. 4157:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110203 3912:Li, R.; et al. (2010). 3878:Earth's Changing Environment 3323:"The giant panda is cryptic" 3232:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.037 1885:1988 Wildlife Protection Act 1819:'reunion', implying 1289:canine distemper virus (CDV) 900:, but may also venture into 740: 395: 370:conservation-reliant species 31:Giant panda (disambiguation) 7: 9930:Somalian slender mongoose ( 7441:. New York: Fireside Books. 7275:National Geographic Society 6257:Tran, Tini (24 July 2009). 6028:Guinness World Records 2013 5880:"Animal Info – Giant Panda" 5534:Journal of Chemical Ecology 5040:10.1016/bs.apar.2017.12.003 2957:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01221 2021: 1698:in China, where the writer 1522:, a thriving bear species. 1334: 1260:A captive female died from 873:, and also in neighbouring 617: 10: 13956: 13930:Taxa named by Armand David 12883:Asian small-clawed otter ( 11622:American hog-nosed skunk ( 11604:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 9912:Angolan slender mongoose ( 9607:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 8656:Small-toothed palm civet ( 7611:– panda conservation group 6333:10.1095/biolreprod67.2.637 5946:"Giant Panda Reproduction" 5906:"Giant Panda Reproduction" 5472:Royal Society Open Science 5251:10.1038/s41598-021-01872-5 4245:10.1007/s11356-023-25769-0 3839:10.1038/s41598-022-13402-y 3704:(110): 1–6. Archived from 3347:10.1038/s41598-021-00742-4 3176:10.1038/s41598-018-37447-0 3061:10.2192/URSUS-D-13-00011.1 1924:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1851:, threatened by continued 1687: 1673: 1553: 1177:Interspecific interactions 1025: 612:Tainan fake panda incident 20: 13940:National symbols of China 13925:Mammals described in 1869 13777: 13480: 13451: 13298:Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing 13213: 13200: 12968: 12917: 12908: 12862: 12838: 12805: 12788: 12764: 12713: 12696: 12679: 12650:Saharan striped polecat ( 12638: 12621: 12580: 12535: 12518: 12509: 12500: 12401: 12377: 12353: 12336: 12327: 12250: 12195: 12153: 12136: 12112: 12095: 12080: 12067: 12039: 11998: 11965: 11948: 11889: 11839: 11806: 11789: 11780: 11717: 11676: 11643: 11631:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 11584: 11563: 11541: 11537: 11524: 11460: 11443: 11402: 11374: 11362:Mediterranean monk seal ( 11357: 11323: 11273: 11240: 11205: 11196: 11170: 11153: 11134: 11091:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 11055:South American fur seal ( 11043: 11026: 11002: 10990:South American sea lion ( 10985: 10948: 10931: 10922: 10898: 10870: 10848: 10844: 10828: 10792: 10765: 10756: 10697: 10671: 10662: 10638: 10614: 10599: 10588: 10489: 10463: 10415: 10372:South American gray fox ( 10342: 10316: 10292: 10275: 10260: 10245: 10108: 10075: 10058: 10049: 10016: 9996: 9980: 9948:Common slender mongoose ( 9900: 9858: 9814: 9718: 9692: 9683: 9628: 9595: 9578: 9545: 9528: 9495: 9474: 9433: 9421:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 9416: 9383: 9366: 9357: 9320: 9294: 9285: 9268: 9252: 9216: 9190: 9175: 9151: 9132: 9128: 9115: 9083: 9079: 8943:Crested servaline genet ( 8898: 8859: 8850: 8795: 8769: 8754: 8732: 8686: 8642: 8633: 8584: 8569: 8556: 8524: 8426: 8362: 8345: 8336: 8308: 8291: 8258: 8207: 8120: 8083: 8066: 8057: 8020: 7996: 7987: 7971: 7903: 7870: 7857: 7837: 7784: 7767: 7752: 7736: 7698: 7252:13 September 2016 at the 6790:27 September 2016 at the 6585:10.1017/S1466046613000185 5805:10.1525/9780520930162-015 5716:10.1017/S095283690400562X 5666:10.1007/s00265-002-0473-3 5564:– via SpringerLink. 4769:10.1038/s41559-020-1260-0 3997:10.1038/s41396-018-0051-y 3782:10.1007/s00114-015-1286-3 2993:10.1007/s11356-018-1407-6 2190:"Animal Info – Red Panda" 2173:Oxford English Dictionary 1955:Yellowstone National Park 1951:Giant Panda National Park 1760:Since 1998, because of a 1264:, a disease caused by an 1115:A panda feeding on bamboo 891:interspecific competition 820: 795: 788: 763: 756: 582: 549: 539: 529: 503: 477: 467: 457: 447: 267: 258: 240: 235: 217: 210: 112:Scientific classification 110: 93: 71: 62: 54: 45: 40: 13910:Vulnerable fauna of Asia 13006:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 12874:African clawless otter ( 12626:African striped weasel ( 12439:Yellow-throated marten ( 12315:Formosan ferret-badger ( 12019:Western mountain coati ( 12010:Eastern mountain coati ( 11927:Western lowland olingo ( 11909:Eastern lowland olingo ( 11737:Southern spotted skunk ( 11431:Southern elephant seal ( 11422:Northern elephant seal ( 11212:Pagophilus groenlandicus 9989:("dog-like" carnivorans) 9802:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 9423:Mungotictis decemlineata 8298:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 7745:("cat-like" carnivorans) 6946:Reid, Donald G. (1994). 6842:South China Morning Post 5913:National Zoological Park 4990:10.1051/parasite/2015030 4046:10.1128/mSphere.00229-18 3536:, Arkive, archived from 2795:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2564:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2505:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004:golden snub-nosed monkey 1893:Second Sino-Japanese War 1630:During the reign of the 1401:lifting their hind leg, 861:Distribution and habitat 355:As a result of farming, 13459:Individual giant pandas 13388:Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan 13051:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 12306:Burmese ferret-badger ( 12288:Chinese ferret-badger ( 12279:Bornean ferret badger ( 12270:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 11755:Eastern spotted skunk ( 11746:Western spotted skunk ( 11476:Leptonychotes weddellii 11118:Subantarctic fur seal ( 11064:Australasian fur seal ( 9888:Black-footed mongoose ( 9870:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 9819:White-tailed mongoose ( 9757:Indian brown mongoose ( 9739:Short-tailed mongoose ( 9730:Small Indian mongoose ( 9667:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 9640:Alexander's kusimanse ( 9616:Common dwarf mongoose ( 9583:Pousargues's mongoose ( 9445:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 9404:Grandidier's mongoose ( 8658:Arctogalidia trivirgata 7882:Sunda clouded leopard ( 7492:Panda Facts At a Glance 6811:America, Good Morning. 6772:10 October 2012 at the 6662:San Diego Union-Tribune 6484:. World Wildlife Fund. 6482:"Giant Panda: Overview" 6395:4 December 2021 at the 6320:Biology of Reproduction 6162:W., Lynne (July 2006). 5602:10.1073/pnas.1711437114 5546:10.1023/A:1024225806263 5426:10.1073/pnas.2004640117 4861:Biological Conservation 4648:. University of Arhus. 4584:"Fargesia dracocephala" 4485:10.1073/pnas.0704198104 3388:10.1126/science.aal0840 3212:Biological Conservation 2816:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198 2620:Wan, Wu & Fang 2005 2585:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198 2526:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220 2275:24 January 2022 at the 1901:Chinese economic reform 1785:Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan 1566:Emperor Taizong of Tang 1539:interspecific pregnancy 1504:artificial insemination 1389:olfactory communication 1383:Olfactory communication 1256:Pathogens and parasites 1187:yellow-throated martens 1030: 704:, is restricted to the 639: million years ago 346:olfactory communication 13885:Endemic fauna of China 13539:ailuropoda-melanoleuca 13526:Ailuropoda_melanoleuca 13512:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 13482:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 12892:Congo clawless otter ( 12795:Hydrictis maculicollis 12793:Spotted-necked otter ( 12752:Southern river otter ( 12703:Pteronura brasiliensis 12466:European pine marten ( 11977:South American coati ( 11705:Palawan stink badger ( 11031:New Zealand sea lion ( 10096:Japanese raccoon dog ( 9793:Crab-eating mongoose ( 9748:Indian grey mongoose ( 9371:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 9182:(bone-crushing hyenas) 8877:Central African oyan ( 8438:Chinese mountain cat ( 7539:) from Shaanxi, China" 7537:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 7501:Ryder, Joanne (2001). 7430:Catton, Chris (1990). 7419:Associated Press (via 6881:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0786 6762:China's Panda Politics 6573:Environmental Practice 5199:10.1093/jmammal/gyv118 5154:10.1093/jmammal/gyv118 4081:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 3693:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 3552:"Physical Description" 2712:) from Shaanxi, China" 2710:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 2390:"giant panda (mammal)" 2102:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 1919: 1781:cross-Strait relations 1745: 1455: 1331:, may also be lethal. 1116: 1055: 1040: 770:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 670: 461:; "spotted bear") and 434:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 405: 281:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 221:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 27:Panda (disambiguation) 25:. For other uses, see 13736:Paleobiology Database 13132:Back-striped weasel ( 13078:Black-footed ferret ( 12850:Smooth-coated otter ( 12628:Poecilogale albinucha 12297:Javan ferret-badger ( 12183:Sumatran hog badger ( 12165:Northern hog badger ( 11859:Crab-eating raccoon ( 11764:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 11485:Lobodon carcinophagus 11221:Histriophoca fasciata 11014:Australian sea lion ( 10960:California sea lion ( 10709:American black bear ( 10451:Black-backed jackal ( 10442:Side-striped jackal ( 10282:Chrysocyon brachyurus 9706:Long-nosed mongoose ( 8979:Rusty-spotted genet ( 8816:Large-spotted civet ( 8665:Sulawesi palm civet ( 8594:Owston's palm civet ( 8168:Andean mountain cat ( 7014:. BBC. 12 July 2006. 6633:. 16 September 2017. 6201:. BBC. 25 July 2009. 4908:Ecology and Evolution 3762:The Science of Nature 3307:10.1093/beheco/arx008 1957:and incorporates the 1917: 1847:The giant panda is a 1743: 1514:and giving the males 1453: 1339:The giant panda is a 1322:Klebsiella pneumoniae 1161:Fargesia dracocephala 1114: 1053: 1038: 981:disruptive coloration 664: 403: 284:), also known as the 12947:Long-tailed weasel ( 12525:Lyncodon patagonicus 12174:Greater hog badger ( 11696:Sunda stink badger ( 11386:Hawaiian monk seal ( 11109:Guadalupe fur seal ( 11082:Antarctic fur seal ( 11073:Galápagos fur seal ( 10969:Galápagos sea lion ( 10087:Common raccoon dog ( 9939:Cape gray mongoose ( 9879:Jackson's mongoose ( 9839:Paracynictis selousi 9830:Cynictis penicillata 9454:Durrell's vontsira ( 9042:Giant forest genet ( 8834:Large Indian civet ( 8774:Small Indian civet ( 8383:Sunda leopard cat ( 8159:Southern tiger cat ( 8095:African golden cat ( 7772:African palm civet ( 7647:14 June 2015 at the 7609:Pandas International 7543:Journal of Mammalogy 7092:Conservation Biology 6817:Good Morning America 6694:. 18 November 2022. 6139:. 9 September 2002. 6009:on 24 September 2015 5350:. 22 November 2008. 5186:Journal of Mammalogy 5142:Journal of Mammalogy 4644:Dolberg, F. (1992). 3711:on 24 September 2015 3627:Brown, Gary (1996). 3585:Simon & Schuster 3577:Boitani, L. (1984). 2717:Journal of Mammalogy 2679:Hammond, P. (2010). 2361:. 29 December 1987. 2049:List of giant pandas 1947:Earthwatch Institute 1680:List of giant pandas 1638:sent him a captured 1576:as described in the 1556:Mo (Chinese zoology) 1307:. Bacteria, such as 1140:frameshift mutations 1066:, the giant panda's 1062:classification as a 1039:Pandas eating bamboo 386:2008 Summer Olympics 57:Ocean Park Hong Kong 13895:Herbivorous mammals 13418:Wang Wang and Fu Ni 13194:Famous giant pandas 12990:M. aistoodonnivalis 12826:Hairy-nosed otter ( 12743:Neotropical otter ( 12523:Patagonian weasel ( 11986:White-nosed coati ( 11186:Cystophora cristata 11177:Erignathus barbatus 10910:Northern fur seal ( 10687:Helarctos malayanus 10323:Atelocynus microtis 10030:U. cinereoargenteus 9921:Egyptian mongoose ( 9848:Rhynchogale melleri 9846:Meller's mongoose ( 9837:Selous's mongoose ( 9821:Ichneumia albicauda 9775:Collared mongoose ( 9649:Angolan kusimanse ( 9533:Liberian mongoose ( 8886:West African oyan ( 8785:Civettictis civetta 8716:Golden palm civet ( 8674:Masked palm civet ( 8649:Arctictis binturong 8623:Hemigalus derbyanus 8621:Banded palm civet ( 8612:Hose's palm civet ( 8401:Rusty-spotted cat ( 7573:National Geographic 7464:. London: Collins. 7434:. Christopher Helm. 7000:on 1 December 2006. 6798:. 28 December 2008. 6737:World Wildlife Fund 6429:6 July 2012 at the 6418:6 July 2012 at the 6372:: "貘：似熊而黃黑色，出蜀中" (" 6295:on 26 December 2009 5977:The Washington Post 5593:2017PNAS..114E9802Z 5587:(46): E9802–E9810. 5484:10.1098/rsos.181323 5417:2020PNAS..11732493Z 5411:(51): 32493–32498. 5243:2021NatSR..1122391B 4920:2023EcoEv..13E9937F 4873:2015BCons.186..319W 4804:Zoological Research 4761:2020NatEE...4.1327L 4692:Zoological Research 4538:2011PLoSO...622602J 4476:2007PNAS..10410932J 4470:(26): 10932–10937. 4328:2021ScTEn.77045316J 4237:2023ESPR...3049125Z 4231:(17): 49125–49135. 4191:"Giant Panda Facts" 4099:2016NatSR...634700H 3989:2018ISMEJ..12.1319Z 3939:10.1038/nature08696 3930:2010Natur.463..311L 3831:2022NatSR..1210538W 3774:2015SciNa.102...35A 3540:on 23 December 2014 3339:2021NatSR..1121287N 3254:Dudley, K. (1997). 3224:2015BCons.182...93L 3168:2019NatSR...9.1110H 3136:10.1155/2012/108752 3096:2018JWMan..82.1199Z 2985:2018ESPR...2511400B 2979:(12): 11400–11408. 2948:2020GEcoC..2401221L 2905:Scheff, D. (2002). 2866:2017NatSR...746487K 2807:2007BMCEE...7..198Y 2650:2020ScTEn.74540941Z 2576:2007BMCEE...7..198Y 2517:2008BMCEE...8..220K 2458:1985Natur.317..140O 1797:traditional Chinese 1720:World Wildlife Fund 1696:Western Han Dynasty 1601:Eastern Han Dynasty 1589:The creature named 1520:American black bear 1310:Clostridium welchii 1230:Naemorhedus griseus 683:nominate subspecies 675:population genetics 203:A. melanoleuca 65:Conservation status 55:Giant panda at the 13905:Vulnerable animals 13779:Ursus melanoleucus 13358:Su Lin (born 2005) 13105:European polecat ( 12938:Colombian weasel ( 12588:(African polecats) 12216:Caucasian badger ( 12144:(Eurasian badgers) 11594:(hog-nosed skunks) 11331:("southern seals") 11230:Halichoerus grypus 11161:("northern seals") 11033:Phocarctos hookeri 10938:Eumetopias jubatus 10936:Steller sea lion ( 10718:Asian black bear ( 10468:African wild dog ( 10422:(wolf-like canids) 9699:Atilax paludinosus 9658:Common kusimanse ( 9585:Dologale dybowskii 9557:Gambian mongoose ( 9341:Western falanouc ( 9332:Eastern falanouc ( 9301:Cryptoprocta ferox 9206:Parahyaena brunnea 8961:Johnston's genet ( 8916:Abyssinian genet ( 8868:(African linsangs) 8776:Viverricula indica 8707:Brown palm civet ( 8698:Asian palm civet ( 8605:Cynogale bennettii 8596:Chrotogale owstoni 8492:European wildcat ( 8483:Black-footed cat ( 8073:Leptailurus serval 8041:Asian golden cat ( 7807:(Asiatic linsangs) 7451:The New York Times 7412:) (20 June 2006). 7104:10.1111/cobi.12618 6844:. 24 December 2023 6516:The New York Times 5944:Kleiman, Devra G. 5704:Journal of Zoology 5231:Scientific Reports 4087:Scientific Reports 3819:Scientific Reports 3631:Great Bear Almanac 3558:on 4 December 2011 3401:Ellis, R. (2004). 3327:Scientific Reports 3294:Behavioral Ecology 3156:Scientific Reports 3104:10.1002/jwmg.21477 2854:Scientific Reports 2116:: e.T712A121745669 1920: 1849:vulnerable species 1789:simplified Chinese 1746: 1735:Memphis, Tennessee 1562:Empress Dowager Bo 1456: 1341:terrestrial animal 1305:canine coronavirus 1210:Budorcas taxicolor 1117: 1056: 1041: 1006:The giant panda's 898:old-growth forests 802:Tremarctos ornatus 710:A. m. qinlingensis 702:A. m. qinlingensis 671: 406: 378:Chinese Gold Panda 311:sexually dimorphic 268:Giant panda range 250:A. m. qinlingensis 13890:Clawed herbivores 13857: 13856: 13723:Open Tree of Life 13474:Taxon identifiers 13465: 13464: 13160: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13123:Siberian weasel ( 13114:American ermine ( 13042:Japanese weasel ( 12997:Mountain weasel ( 12981: 12904: 12903: 12690: 12675: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12659:Striped polecat ( 12609:Marbled polecat ( 12591: 12576: 12575: 12548: 12496: 12495: 12475:Japanese marten ( 12421:American marten ( 12414: 12272:M. cucphuongensis 12263: 12246: 12245: 12234:European badger ( 12207:Japanese badger ( 12147: 12100:American badger ( 12063: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12035: 12034: 12031: 12030: 11959: 11918:Northern olingo ( 11902: 11877:Cozumel raccoon ( 11852: 11776: 11775: 11730: 11689: 11597: 11578: 11520: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11494:Ommatophoca rossi 11467:Hydrurga leptonyx 11454: 11451:(Antarctic seals) 11424:M. angustirostris 11415: 11398: 11397: 11364:Monachus monachus 11351: 11334: 11319: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11164: 11147: 11130: 11129: 10992:Otaria flavescens 10981: 10980: 10892: 10860:Odobenus rosmarus 10824: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10775: 10752: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10650:Spectacled bear ( 10608: 10584: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10424: 10411: 10410: 10330:Crab-eating fox ( 10321:Short-eared dog ( 10269: 10254: 10241: 10240: 10123: 10065:Otocyon megalotis 10009: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9828:Yellow mongoose ( 9679: 9678: 9566:Banded mongoose ( 9535:Liberiictus kuhni 9489: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9353: 9352: 9279: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9184: 9145: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9015:Servaline genet ( 8934:Bourlon's genet ( 8909: 8870: 8846: 8845: 8728: 8727: 8700:P. hermaphroditus 8552: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8465:African wildcat ( 8422: 8421: 8392:Flat-headed cat ( 8332: 8331: 8116: 8115: 8053: 8052: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7891:Clouded leopard ( 7850: 7825:Spotted linsang ( 7809: 7774:Nandinia binotata 7556:10.1644/BRB-226.1 7471:978-0-06-120578-1 7410:Discovery Channel 7383:978-0-295-74791-0 6446:. Second Series. 6403:, white leopard). 6036:978-1-904994-87-9 5814:978-0-520-93016-2 5753:10.1002/zoo.21532 5049:978-0-12-815192-1 4971:Toxoplasma gondii 4928:10.1002/ece3.9937 4755:(10): 1327–1331. 4288:10.1002/zoo.20340 4107:10.1038/srep34700 3893:978-1-61535-339-2 3735:Animal Fact Guide 3702:Mammalian Species 3598:978-0-671-42805-1 3447:10.1111/evo.12059 3262:. pp. 9–26. 3033:10.3390/f14101993 2874:10.1038/srep46487 2731:10.1644/BRB-226.1 2692:978-0-7614-7872-0 2452:(6033): 140–144. 2331:. 9 August 1990. 2268:35/36: 185-224. ( 2245:Futura - Sciences 2226:978-0-12-823753-3 2140:"Voyage en Chine" 2064:Wildlife of China 2059:Pygmy giant panda 1926:designation. The 1897:Chinese Civil War 1817: 1737:, ended in 2013. 1545:Human interaction 1493:chemical reaction 1345:Qinling Mountains 1316:Proteus mirabilis 1301:canine adenovirus 1293:canine parvovirus 1274:Toxoplasma gondii 1218:Eurasian wild pig 1200:Giant pandas are 1051: 857: 856: 848: 847: 839: 838: 706:Qinling Mountains 687:A. m. melanoleuca 649:; it is the most 632:molecular studies 272: 271: 244:A. m. melanoleuca 105: 88: 13947: 13880:Mammals of China 13850: 13849: 13837: 13836: 13824: 13823: 13811: 13810: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13770: 13769: 13757: 13756: 13744: 13743: 13731: 13730: 13718: 13717: 13705: 13704: 13692: 13691: 13679: 13678: 13666: 13665: 13653: 13652: 13640: 13639: 13627: 13626: 13614: 13613: 13601: 13600: 13588: 13587: 13578: 13577: 13565: 13564: 13552: 13551: 13542: 13541: 13529: 13528: 13516: 13515: 13514: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13469: 13468: 13457: 13456: 13187: 13180: 13173: 13164: 13163: 13096:Malayan weasel ( 13015:Steppe polecat ( 12988:Sichuan weasel ( 12980: 12979: 12975: 12915: 12914: 12852:L. perspicillata 12817:Eurasian otter ( 12694: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12684: 12595: 12594: 12590: 12589: 12585: 12564:Greater grison ( 12547: 12546: 12542: 12516: 12515: 12507: 12506: 12457:Nilgiri marten ( 12430:Pacific marten ( 12413: 12412: 12408: 12334: 12333: 12317:M. subaurantiaca 12262: 12261: 12260:(ferret-badgers) 12257: 12151: 12150: 12146: 12145: 12141: 12093: 12092: 12082: 12081: 12069: 12068: 11963: 11962: 11958: 11957: 11953: 11901: 11900: 11896: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11787: 11786: 11729: 11728: 11727:(spotted skunks) 11724: 11688: 11687: 11683: 11596: 11595: 11591: 11582: 11581: 11577: 11576: 11568: 11539: 11538: 11526: 11525: 11483:Crabeater seal ( 11458: 11457: 11453: 11452: 11448: 11414: 11413: 11412:(elephant seals) 11409: 11388:N. schauinslandi 11355: 11354: 11350: 11349: 11345: 11338: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11203: 11202: 11168: 11167: 11163: 11162: 11158: 11151: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11139: 11100:Brown fur seal ( 11075:A. galapagoensis 10962:Z. californianus 10929: 10928: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10876: 10846: 10845: 10838: 10830: 10829: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10678:Melursus ursinus 10669: 10668: 10612: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10597: 10596: 10564:Ethiopian wolf ( 10428: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10273: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10258: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10139:Blanford's fox ( 10122: 10115: 10056: 10055: 10014: 10013: 10008: 10005: 9998: 9997: 9990: 9982: 9981: 9784:Ruddy mongoose ( 9766:Javan mongoose ( 9697:Marsh mongoose ( 9690: 9689: 9669:C. platycephalus 9502: 9501: 9493: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9364: 9363: 9308:Malagasy civet ( 9292: 9291: 9283: 9282: 9278: 9273: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9149: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9117: 9116: 9081: 9080: 8908: 8905: 8869: 8866: 8857: 8856: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8734: 8733: 8640: 8639: 8582: 8581: 8571: 8570: 8558: 8557: 8352:Otocolobus manul 8343: 8342: 8265: 8264: 8141:Geoffroy's cat ( 8064: 8063: 7994: 7993: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7868: 7867: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7846: 7839: 7838: 7816:Banded linsang ( 7808: 7805: 7797: 7796: 7786: 7785: 7765: 7764: 7754: 7753: 7746: 7738: 7737: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7660: 7659: 7568: 7558: 7528: 7516: 7496:www.wwfchina.org 7475: 7396: 7395: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7345:. 10 July 2021. 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7266: 7260: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7136:. Archived from 7130: 7124: 7123: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6927:. 14 August 1983 6917: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6808: 6799: 6782: 6776: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6729: 6723: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6439: 6433: 6410: 6404: 6387: 6381: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6335: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6231:. 25 July 2009. 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6195: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6044: 6038: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5952:on 7 August 2008 5948:. Archived from 5941: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5915:. Archived from 5910: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5838:Animal Behaviour 5833: 5827: 5826: 5792: 5773: 5772: 5735: 5720: 5719: 5699: 5686: 5685: 5648: 5633: 5632: 5622: 5604: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5540:(3): 1479–1488. 5529: 5514: 5513: 5503: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5446: 5428: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5270: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5201: 5192:(6): 1116–1127. 5177: 5166: 5165: 5148:(6): 1116–1127. 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5061: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5010: 4992: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4689: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4549: 4517: 4508: 4507: 4497: 4487: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4408: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4381:. Archived from 4367: 4356: 4355: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4159: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4118: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4008: 3983:(5): 1319–1328. 3977:The ISME Journal 3968: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3941: 3909: 3898: 3897: 3881: 3872: 3861: 3860: 3850: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3793: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3710: 3699: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3634: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3589:Touchstone Books 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3528: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3449: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3358: 3333:(21287): 21287. 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3285: 3274: 3273: 3251: 3236: 3235: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3187: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3090:(6): 1199–1209. 3079: 3073: 3072: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2885: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2828: 2818: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2733: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2597: 2587: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2538: 2528: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2466:10.1038/317140a0 2441: 2435: 2434: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2396:. Archived from 2386: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2291: 2280: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2095: 2038: 2033: 2032: 1992:Sichuan Province 1936:umbrella species 1877:CITES Appendix I 1818: 1815: 1811: 1802: 1794: 1603:) says that the 1550:Early references 1489: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1328:Escherichia coli 1238:Ursus thibetanus 1234:Asian black bear 1214:ecological niche 1191:Asian black bear 1052: 960: 943: 902:secondary forest 830: 809: 791: 790: 777: 759: 758: 749: 748: 640: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 585: 584: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 552: 551: 542: 541: 532: 531: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 506: 505: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 480: 479: 470: 469: 460: 459: 450: 449: 263: 223: 120: 119: 99: 82: 77: 76: 50: 38: 37: 13955: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13945: 13944: 13860: 13859: 13858: 13853: 13845: 13840: 13832: 13827: 13819: 13814: 13806: 13801: 13792: 13791: 13786: 13773: 13765: 13760: 13752: 13747: 13739: 13734: 13726: 13721: 13713: 13710:Observation.org 13708: 13700: 13695: 13687: 13682: 13674: 13669: 13661: 13656: 13648: 13643: 13635: 13630: 13622: 13617: 13609: 13604: 13596: 13591: 13583: 13581: 13573: 13568: 13560: 13555: 13547: 13545: 13537: 13532: 13524: 13519: 13510: 13509: 13504: 13495: 13494: 13489: 13476: 13466: 13461: 13447: 13209: 13203:Panda diplomacy 13196: 13191: 13161: 13140: 13116:M. richardsonii 13060:European mink ( 12977: 12976: 12974: 12964: 12956:American mink ( 12929:Amazon weasel ( 12900: 12858: 12834: 12801: 12784: 12760: 12709: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12667: 12634: 12617: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12572: 12555:Lesser grison ( 12544: 12543: 12541: 12531: 12492: 12410: 12409: 12407: 12397: 12373: 12349: 12323: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12242: 12191: 12143: 12142: 12140: 12132: 12108: 12089: 12076: 12055: 12027: 11994: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11944: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11885: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11835: 11802: 11772: 11739:S. angustifrons 11726: 11725: 11723: 11713: 11686:(stink badgers) 11685: 11684: 11682: 11672: 11664:Striped skunk ( 11639: 11633:C. semistriatus 11593: 11592: 11590: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11559: 11553:Ailurus fulgens 11533: 11500: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11439: 11411: 11410: 11408: 11394: 11370: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11311: 11269: 11236: 11192: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11126: 11039: 11022: 10998: 10977: 10944: 10918: 10885: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10866: 10840: 10836: 10808: 10788: 10771: 10770: 10744: 10693: 10658: 10634: 10605: 10603: 10593: 10572: 10501:Golden jackal ( 10485: 10459: 10421: 10419: 10407: 10338: 10332:Cerdocyon thous 10312: 10288: 10266: 10264: 10251: 10249: 10237: 10202:Rüppell's fox ( 10116: 10114: 10104: 10089:N. procyonoides 10071: 10063:Bat-eared fox ( 10045: 10010: 10006: 9992: 9988: 9956: 9941:H. pulverulenta 9896: 9854: 9810: 9777:U. semitorquata 9732:U. auropunctata 9714: 9675: 9624: 9591: 9574: 9541: 9524: 9486: 9484: 9479: 9478: 9462: 9429: 9412: 9379: 9373:Galidia elegans 9349: 9316: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9262: 9257: 9236: 9228:Spotted hyena ( 9212: 9195:Striped hyena ( 9181: 9179: 9171: 9142: 9140: 9124: 9099: 9059: 8997:Aquatic genet ( 8988:Pardine genet ( 8925:Angolan genet ( 8906: 8904: 8894: 8879:P. richardsonii 8867: 8865: 8842: 8825:Malayan civet ( 8791: 8783:African civet ( 8759: 8758: 8748: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8724: 8682: 8629: 8614:Diplogale hosei 8578: 8565: 8540: 8500: 8418: 8358: 8338: 8328: 8304: 8287: 8260: 8254: 8228:Eurasian lynx ( 8203: 8112: 8079: 8059: 8049: 8016: 7989: 7981: 7976: 7959: 7899: 7851: 7847: 7833: 7806: 7793: 7780: 7761: 7748: 7744: 7732: 7694: 7687: 7649:Wayback Machine 7588: 7525: 7472: 7400: 7399: 7384: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7313:. 9 July 2021. 7310:TheGuardian.com 7303: 7302: 7295: 7285: 7283: 7282:on 3 March 2021 7268: 7267: 7263: 7254:Wayback Machine 7245: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7140:on 1 March 2012 7132: 7131: 7127: 7088: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6964:10.2307/3872681 6944: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6869:Biology Letters 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6809: 6802: 6792:Wayback Machine 6783: 6779: 6774:Wayback Machine 6760: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6654: 6650: 6640: 6638: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6508: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6440: 6436: 6431:Wayback Machine 6420:Wayback Machine 6411: 6407: 6397:Wayback Machine 6388: 6384: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6349: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6255: 6248: 6238: 6236: 6229:The Irish Times 6223: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6057: 6055: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5942: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5834: 5830: 5815: 5793: 5776: 5736: 5723: 5700: 5689: 5649: 5636: 5573: 5569: 5530: 5517: 5464: 5460: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5288: 5284: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5178: 5169: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5050: 5028: 5024: 4965: 4961: 4900: 4896: 4853: 4849: 4796: 4792: 4741: 4737: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4615:"Fargesia rufa" 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4580: 4573: 4518: 4511: 4456: 4449: 4426:10.1038/ng.2494 4414:Nature Genetics 4409: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4385:on 21 July 2007 4368: 4359: 4307: 4303: 4272: 4268: 4217: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4181: 4136: 4132: 4075: 4071: 4026: 4022: 3969: 3965: 3924:(21): 311–317. 3910: 3901: 3894: 3874: 3873: 3864: 3811: 3807: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3697: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3639:. p. 340. 3637:The Lyons Press 3625: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3599: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3475: 3471: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3399: 3395: 3376: 3372: 3319: 3315: 3286: 3277: 3270: 3252: 3239: 3208: 3201: 3148: 3144: 3115: 3111: 3080: 3076: 3045: 3041: 3012: 3008: 2969: 2965: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2903: 2899: 2846: 2842: 2787: 2783: 2768:10.1038/ng.2494 2756:Nature Genetics 2751: 2747: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2611: 2556: 2552: 2496: 2489: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2388: 2387: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2283: 2277:Wayback Machine 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2096: 2087: 2077: 2034: 2027: 2024: 1971: 1940:endemic species 1867:, and northern 1845: 1755:Chapultepec Zoo 1692: 1686: 1684:Panda diplomacy 1674:Main articles: 1672: 1652:was sighted in 1648:), and another 1558: 1552: 1547: 1527:liquid nitrogen 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1448: 1385: 1337: 1285:baylisascariasi 1258: 1242:Tibetan Plateau 1179: 1105:Russell Ciochon 1043: 1033: 1028: 968: 967: 966: 965: 964: 961: 952: 951: 950: 944: 933: 887:domestic cattle 883:loss of habitat 863: 858: 849: 840: 798:Spectacled bear 743: 659: 643:common ancestor 635: 620: 599: 596: 593: 590: 566: 564:little bear cat 563: 560: 557: 520: 517: 514: 511: 494: 491: 488: 485: 430:Ailurus fulgens 404:Four panda cubs 398: 384:mascots of the 374:national symbol 231: 225: 219: 206: 114: 106: 89: 78: 74: 67: 34: 17: 16:Species of bear 12: 11: 5: 13953: 13943: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13851: 13838: 13825: 13812: 13799: 13783: 13781: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13771: 13758: 13745: 13732: 13719: 13706: 13693: 13680: 13667: 13654: 13641: 13628: 13615: 13602: 13589: 13579: 13566: 13553: 13543: 13530: 13517: 13502: 13486: 13484: 13478: 13477: 13463: 13462: 13452: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13353:Su Lin (1930s) 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13190: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13167: 13158: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13150: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13134:M. strigidorsa 13129: 13120: 13111: 13102: 13093: 13087:Least weasel ( 13084: 13075: 13066: 13057: 13048: 13039: 13033:Haida ermine ( 13030: 13021: 13017:M. eversmannii 13012: 13003: 12994: 12984: 12982: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12962: 12953: 12944: 12935: 12925: 12923: 12912: 12906: 12905: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12898: 12889: 12880: 12870: 12868: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12856: 12846: 12844: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12832: 12823: 12813: 12811: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12799: 12789: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12772: 12770: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12758: 12749: 12745:L. longicaudis 12740: 12734:Marine otter ( 12731: 12721: 12719: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12707: 12697: 12691: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12656: 12646: 12644: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12632: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12615: 12605: 12603: 12592: 12578: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12561: 12551: 12549: 12533: 12532: 12530: 12529: 12519: 12513: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12481: 12472: 12463: 12454: 12448:Beech marten ( 12445: 12436: 12427: 12417: 12415: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12395: 12385: 12383: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12371: 12361: 12359: 12351: 12350: 12348: 12347: 12337: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12312: 12303: 12294: 12285: 12276: 12266: 12264: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12241: 12240: 12231: 12225:Asian badger ( 12222: 12213: 12203: 12201: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12189: 12180: 12171: 12167:A. albogularis 12161: 12159: 12148: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12124:Honey badger ( 12120: 12118: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12106: 12096: 12090: 12085: 12078: 12077: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12045: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12016: 12006: 12004: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11992: 11983: 11973: 11971: 11960: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11942: 11933: 11924: 11915: 11905: 11903: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11883: 11874: 11865: 11861:P. cancrivorus 11855: 11853: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11829:B. sumichrasti 11824: 11814: 11812: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11790: 11784: 11778: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11761: 11752: 11743: 11733: 11731: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11702: 11692: 11690: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11670: 11661: 11655:Hooded skunk ( 11651: 11649: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11637: 11628: 11619: 11610: 11600: 11598: 11579: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11547: 11545: 11535: 11534: 11522: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11506: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11489: 11480: 11474:Weddell seal ( 11471: 11465:Leopard seal ( 11461: 11455: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11428: 11418: 11416: 11400: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11382: 11380: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11358: 11352: 11335: 11321: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11300: 11291: 11285:Caspian seal ( 11281: 11279: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11267: 11258: 11252:Spotted seal ( 11248: 11246: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11225: 11216: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11190: 11181: 11175:Bearded seal ( 11171: 11165: 11148: 11144:or true seals) 11142:(earless seals 11132: 11131: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11124: 11115: 11106: 11097: 11088: 11079: 11070: 11061: 11051: 11049: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11027: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11010: 11008: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10996: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10975: 10966: 10956: 10954: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10932: 10926: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10906: 10904: 10893: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10864: 10854: 10852: 10842: 10841: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10778: 10776: 10760: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10733: 10724: 10715: 10705: 10703: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10691: 10682: 10672: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10646: 10644: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10632: 10628:A. melanoleuca 10622: 10620: 10609: 10594: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10561: 10552: 10546:Eastern wolf ( 10543: 10534: 10528:African wolf ( 10525: 10516: 10510:Domestic dog ( 10507: 10497: 10495: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10474: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10448: 10438: 10436: 10425: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10396: 10390:Sechuran fox ( 10387: 10383:L. gymnocercus 10378: 10369: 10363:Darwin's fox ( 10360: 10350: 10348: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10336: 10327: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10300: 10298: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10286: 10276: 10270: 10255: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10226: 10217: 10208: 10199: 10190: 10181: 10172: 10163: 10154: 10145: 10136: 10132:V. bengalensis 10126: 10124: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10059: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10034: 10024: 10022: 10011: 10001: 9994: 9993: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9945: 9936: 9927: 9918: 9908: 9906: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9885: 9876: 9872:B. crassicauda 9866: 9864: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9843: 9834: 9825: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9799: 9790: 9781: 9772: 9763: 9754: 9745: 9736: 9726: 9724: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9703: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9664: 9655: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9613: 9603: 9601: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9563: 9553: 9551: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9499: 9490: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9460: 9451: 9441: 9439: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9406:G. grandidieri 9401: 9391: 9389: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9338: 9328: 9326: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9305: 9295: 9289: 9280: 9263: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9224: 9222: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9201: 9191: 9185: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9159: 9157: 9146: 9126: 9125: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9048: 9039: 9030: 9021: 9012: 9003: 8994: 8985: 8976: 8970:Letaba genet ( 8967: 8958: 8952:Common genet ( 8949: 8940: 8931: 8922: 8912: 8910: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8883: 8873: 8871: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8831: 8822: 8813: 8803: 8801: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8789: 8780: 8770: 8764: 8749: 8737: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8718:P. zeylonensis 8713: 8704: 8694: 8692: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8676:Paguma larvata 8671: 8662: 8653: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8618: 8609: 8600: 8590: 8588: 8579: 8574: 8567: 8566: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8530: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8489: 8480: 8471: 8462: 8453: 8447:Domestic cat ( 8444: 8434: 8432: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8407: 8403:P. rubiginosus 8398: 8389: 8380: 8376:P. bengalensis 8370: 8368: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8350:Pallas's cat ( 8346: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8243: 8237:Iberian lynx ( 8234: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8192: 8183: 8174: 8165: 8156: 8147: 8138: 8128: 8126: 8118: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8101: 8091: 8089: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7991: 7982: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7921: 7915:Snow leopard ( 7911: 7909: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7865: 7852: 7842: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7794: 7789: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7768: 7762: 7757: 7750: 7749: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7728:Laurasiatheria 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7686: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7639: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7595: 7587: 7586:External links 7584: 7583: 7582: 7576: 7569: 7549:(2): 397–402. 7530: 7523: 7513:The Last Panda 7506: 7499: 7489: 7470: 7455: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7417: 7405: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7382: 7360: 7328: 7293: 7261: 7239: 7208: 7182: 7151: 7125: 7098:(2): 329–339. 7082: 7067:. Unesco WHC. 7056: 7029: 7003: 6994:"About Wolong" 6985: 6938: 6912: 6875:(2): 143–145. 6855: 6829: 6800: 6777: 6754: 6724: 6709: 6679: 6648: 6618: 6579:(3): 262–270. 6559: 6533: 6499: 6473: 6461: 6434: 6405: 6382: 6362: 6347: 6326:(2): 637–642. 6306: 6280: 6246: 6216: 6187: 6154: 6124: 6093: 6065: 6039: 6020: 5994: 5963: 5933: 5922:on 27 May 2008 5897: 5871: 5828: 5813: 5774: 5747:(3): 176–185. 5721: 5710:(3): 231–238. 5687: 5660:(6): 519–529. 5634: 5567: 5515: 5478:(10): 181323. 5458: 5391: 5365: 5335: 5324:on 9 June 2009 5309: 5282: 5217: 5167: 5127: 5101: 5090:on 7 June 2008 5072: 5048: 5022: 4959: 4894: 4847: 4810:(3): 273–280. 4790: 4735: 4698:(5): 860–866. 4675: 4663: 4636: 4619:Flora of China 4605: 4588:Flora of China 4571: 4509: 4447: 4396: 4371:Ciochon, R. L. 4357: 4301: 4282:(2): 121–133. 4266: 4208: 4179: 4130: 4069: 4020: 3963: 3899: 3892: 3862: 3805: 3752: 3722: 3681: 3670:on 4 July 2008 3652: 3645: 3616: 3597: 3569: 3543: 3520: 3489:(2): 347–358. 3469: 3440:(7): 1975–93. 3420: 3413: 3393: 3370: 3313: 3300:(3): 657–667. 3275: 3268: 3237: 3199: 3142: 3109: 3074: 3055:(2): 148–162. 3039: 3006: 2963: 2922: 2915: 2897: 2840: 2781: 2745: 2724:(2): 397–402. 2698: 2691: 2671: 2624: 2609: 2550: 2487: 2436: 2429: 2411: 2400:on 15 May 2013 2376: 2346: 2312: 2281: 2257: 2232: 2225: 2207: 2181: 2165: 2127: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036:Mammals portal 2023: 2020: 1996:Siberian tiger 1970: 1967: 1873:climate change 1844: 1841: 1825:Chen Shui-bian 1725:New York Times 1671: 1668: 1632:Yongle Emperor 1554:Main article: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1447: 1444: 1384: 1381: 1369:spatial memory 1361:spraying urine 1336: 1333: 1257: 1254: 1178: 1175: 1080:hemicelluloses 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 962: 955: 954: 953: 945: 938: 937: 936: 935: 934: 932: 929: 909:Southeast Asia 862: 859: 855: 854: 851: 850: 846: 845: 842: 841: 837: 836: 833: 832: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 794: 789: 787: 784: 783: 780: 779: 762: 757: 755: 747: 742: 739: 714: 713: 694: 658: 655: 619: 616: 597:giant cat bear 492:giant bear cat 397: 394: 376:, appeared on 333:and is mostly 327:temporal fossa 270: 269: 265: 264: 256: 255: 254: 253: 246: 238: 237: 233: 232: 226: 215: 214: 208: 207: 200: 198: 194: 193: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 108: 107: 94: 91: 90: 72: 69: 68: 63: 60: 59: 52: 51: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13952: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13935:Ailuropodinae 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13865: 13848: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13830: 13826: 13822: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13804: 13800: 13795: 13789: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13780: 13776: 13768: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13750: 13746: 13742: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13724: 13720: 13716: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13672: 13668: 13664: 13659: 13655: 13651: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13580: 13576: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13544: 13540: 13535: 13531: 13527: 13522: 13518: 13513: 13507: 13503: 13498: 13492: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13470: 13460: 13450: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13248:Chuang Chuang 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13199: 13195: 13188: 13183: 13181: 13176: 13174: 13169: 13168: 13165: 13137: 13135: 13130: 13128: 13126: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13112: 13110: 13108: 13103: 13101: 13099: 13094: 13092: 13090: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13076: 13074: 13072: 13071:M. lutreolina 13067: 13065: 13063: 13058: 13056: 13054: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13031: 13029: 13027: 13022: 13020: 13018: 13013: 13011: 13009: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12995: 12993: 12991: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12961: 12959: 12954: 12952: 12950: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12936: 12934: 12932: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12922: 12921: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12907: 12897: 12895: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12881: 12879: 12877: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12855: 12853: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12831: 12829: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12810: 12809: 12804: 12798: 12796: 12791: 12790: 12787: 12781: 12779: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12763: 12757: 12755: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12741: 12739: 12737: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12727:L. canadensis 12723: 12722: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12712: 12706: 12704: 12701:Giant otter ( 12699: 12698: 12695: 12692: 12682: 12678: 12664: 12662: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12631: 12629: 12624: 12623: 12620: 12614: 12612: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12601: 12596: 12593: 12583: 12579: 12569: 12567: 12562: 12560: 12558: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12528: 12526: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12489: 12487: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12459:M. gwatkinsii 12455: 12453: 12451: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12394: 12392: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12382: 12381: 12376: 12370: 12368: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12352: 12346: 12344: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12318: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12299:M. orientalis 12295: 12293: 12291: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12239: 12237: 12232: 12230: 12228: 12223: 12221: 12219: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12188: 12186: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12157: 12152: 12149: 12139: 12135: 12129: 12127: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12116: 12111: 12105: 12103: 12102:Taxidea taxus 12098: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12070: 12066: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12038: 12024: 12022: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12012:N. meridensis 12008: 12007: 12005: 12003: 12002: 11997: 11991: 11989: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11969: 11964: 11961: 11951: 11947: 11941: 11939: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11894: 11893: 11888: 11882: 11880: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11799: 11797: 11792: 11791: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11779: 11769: 11767: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11722: 11721: 11716: 11710: 11708: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11698:M. javanensis 11694: 11693: 11691: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11669: 11667: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11653: 11652: 11650: 11648: 11647: 11642: 11636: 11634: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11624:C. leuconotus 11620: 11618: 11616: 11615:C. humboldtii 11611: 11609: 11607: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11589: 11588: 11583: 11580: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11556: 11554: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11527: 11523: 11497: 11495: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11481: 11479: 11477: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11463: 11462: 11459: 11456: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11434: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11391: 11389: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11367: 11365: 11360: 11359: 11356: 11353: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11326: 11322: 11308: 11306: 11303:Baikal seal ( 11301: 11299: 11297: 11294:Ringed seal ( 11292: 11290: 11288: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11277: 11272: 11266: 11264: 11261:Harbor seal ( 11259: 11257: 11255: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11245: 11244: 11239: 11233: 11231: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11219:Ribbon seal ( 11217: 11215: 11213: 11208: 11207: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11189: 11187: 11184:Hooded seal ( 11182: 11180: 11178: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11166: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11137: 11133: 11123: 11121: 11120:A. tropicalis 11116: 11114: 11112: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11098: 11096: 11094: 11089: 11087: 11085: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11047: 11046:Arctocephalus 11042: 11036: 11034: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11019: 11017: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11006: 11001: 10995: 10993: 10988: 10987: 10984: 10974: 10972: 10971:Z. wollebaeki 10967: 10965: 10963: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10941: 10939: 10934: 10933: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10921: 10915: 10913: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10897: 10894: 10888: 10883: 10879:(eared seals: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10831: 10827: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10755: 10741: 10739: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10720:U. thibetanus 10716: 10714: 10712: 10711:U. americanus 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10701: 10696: 10690: 10688: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10674: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10653: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10637: 10631: 10629: 10626:Giant panda ( 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10592: 10587: 10569: 10567: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10512:C. familiaris 10508: 10506: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10482: 10480: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10470:Lycaon pictus 10466: 10465: 10462: 10456: 10454: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10426: 10418: 10414: 10404: 10402: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10335: 10333: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10319: 10318: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10285: 10283: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10271: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10232: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10166:Tibetan fox ( 10164: 10162: 10160: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10120: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10101: 10099: 10098:N. viverrinus 10094: 10092: 10090: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10074: 10068: 10066: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10040: 10039:U. littoralis 10035: 10033: 10031: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10012: 10004: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9983: 9979: 9953: 9951: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9914:H. flavescens 9910: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9893: 9891: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9851: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9807: 9805: 9804:U. vitticolla 9800: 9798: 9796: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9711: 9709: 9708:Xenogale naso 9704: 9702: 9700: 9695: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9672: 9670: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9621: 9619: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9594: 9588: 9586: 9581: 9580: 9577: 9571: 9569: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9538: 9536: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9521: 9519: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9482: 9481:sensu stricto 9477: 9473: 9459: 9457: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9426: 9424: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9409: 9407: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9356: 9346: 9344: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9313: 9311: 9310:Fossa fossana 9306: 9304: 9302: 9297: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9251: 9233: 9231: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9209: 9207: 9204:Brown hyena ( 9202: 9200: 9198: 9197:Hyaena hyaena 9193: 9192: 9189: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9166: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9114: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9056: 9054: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9024:Hausa genet ( 9022: 9020: 9018: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8927:G. angolensis 8923: 8921: 8919: 8918:G. abyssinica 8914: 8913: 8911: 8903: 8902: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8839: 8837: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8827:V. tangalunga 8823: 8821: 8819: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8788: 8786: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8772: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8761:sensu stricto 8757: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8721: 8719: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8679: 8677: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8645: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8635:Paradoxurinae 8632: 8626: 8624: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8603:Otter civet ( 8601: 8599: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8497: 8495: 8494:F. silvestris 8490: 8488: 8486: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8415: 8413: 8412:P. viverrinus 8410:Fishing cat ( 8408: 8406: 8404: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8385:P. javanensis 8381: 8379: 8377: 8374:Leopard cat ( 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8335: 8325: 8323: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8249: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8221:L. canadensis 8219:Canada lynx ( 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8109: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8076: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8043:C. temminckii 8039: 8037: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8013: 8011: 8008:Marbled cat ( 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7992: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7978:sensu stricto 7975: 7970: 7956: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7827:P. pardicolor 7823: 7821: 7819: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7692: 7684: 7679: 7677: 7672: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7538: 7531: 7526: 7524:0-226-73628-8 7520: 7515: 7514: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7486:1-58834-013-9 7483: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6926: 6922: 6921:"Giant panda" 6916: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6713: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6471:, p. 62. 6470: 6469:Schaller 1993 6465: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6386: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6360:, p. 61. 6359: 6358:Schaller 1993 6354: 6352: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6251: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6164:"Pandas, Inc" 6158: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6008: 6004: 6003:"Panda Facts" 5998: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5938: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5115: 5111: 5110:"Giant Panda" 5105: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4150:(3): 110203. 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3646:1-55821-474-7 3642: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3525: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3414:0-06-055803-2 3410: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271: 3269:0-919879-87-X 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2916:0-7398-5529-8 2912: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2702: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2432: 2430:0-520-23867-2 2426: 2422: 2415: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2316: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2246: 2242: 2241:"Giant panda" 2236: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:fragmentation 1854: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821:reunification 1812: 1806: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1596:Shuowen Jiezi 1592: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1580:encyclopedia 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570:Ancient China 1567: 1563: 1557: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1427:decanoic acid 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1373:visual memory 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1262:toxoplasmosis 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:Chinese goral 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:snow leopards 1174: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1167:Fargesia rufa 1163: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070:is primarily 1069: 1065: 1061: 1037: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1016:sesamoid bone 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 959: 949: 942: 928: 926: 925:modern humans 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 853: 852: 844: 843: 835: 834: 831: 829: 824: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 808: 803: 799: 793: 792: 786: 785: 782: 781: 778: 776: 771: 767: 761: 760: 754: 751: 750: 746: 738: 736: 732: 731:Xiaoxiangling 728: 724: 720: 711: 707: 703: 699: 698:Qinling panda 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679: 678: 676: 668: 667:Qinling panda 663: 654: 652: 648: 644: 638: 633: 629: 625: 615: 613: 609: 605: 579: 575: 570: 546: 536: 526: 500: 497:), or simply 474: 464: 454: 444: 443: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 402: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366:IUCN Red List 363: 358: 357:deforestation 353: 351: 347: 342: 340: 339:bamboo shoots 336: 332: 328: 325:and expanded 324: 320: 316: 312: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 282: 277: 266: 262: 257: 252: 251: 247: 245: 242: 241: 239: 234: 229: 224: 222: 216: 213: 212:Binomial name 209: 205: 204: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 118: 113: 109: 103: 97: 92: 86: 81: 70: 66: 61: 58: 53: 49: 44: 39: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 13900:EDGE species 13875:Giant pandas 13778: 13481: 13133: 13124: 13115: 13106: 13097: 13088: 13079: 13070: 13061: 13052: 13043: 13034: 13025: 13016: 13007: 12998: 12989: 12969: 12957: 12948: 12939: 12930: 12918: 12893: 12884: 12875: 12863: 12851: 12839: 12828:L. sumatrana 12827: 12818: 12806: 12794: 12777: 12765: 12753: 12744: 12735: 12726: 12714: 12702: 12660: 12651: 12639: 12627: 12611:V. peregusna 12610: 12598: 12565: 12556: 12536: 12524: 12511:Lyncodontini 12502:Ictonychinae 12486:M. zibellina 12485: 12476: 12467: 12458: 12449: 12441:M. flavigula 12440: 12431: 12423:M. americana 12422: 12402: 12390: 12378: 12366: 12354: 12343:Eira barbara 12342: 12316: 12308:M. personata 12307: 12298: 12289: 12280: 12271: 12251: 12235: 12226: 12218:M. canescens 12217: 12208: 12196: 12184: 12175: 12166: 12154: 12125: 12113: 12101: 12020: 12011: 11999: 11987: 11978: 11966: 11937: 11928: 11919: 11910: 11890: 11878: 11869: 11860: 11840: 11828: 11827:Cacomistle ( 11819: 11807: 11796:Potos flavus 11795: 11765: 11756: 11747: 11738: 11718: 11706: 11697: 11677: 11665: 11656: 11644: 11632: 11623: 11614: 11605: 11585: 11552: 11493: 11484: 11475: 11466: 11432: 11423: 11403: 11387: 11375: 11363: 11348:(monk seals) 11304: 11295: 11286: 11274: 11262: 11253: 11241: 11229: 11220: 11211: 11185: 11176: 11119: 11111:A. townsendi 11110: 11101: 11093:A. philippii 11092: 11083: 11074: 11065: 11057:A. australis 11056: 11044: 11032: 11015: 11003: 10991: 10970: 10961: 10949: 10937: 10911: 10899: 10859: 10738:U. maritimus 10737: 10736:Polar bear ( 10728: 10727:Brown bear ( 10719: 10710: 10698: 10686: 10677: 10676:Sloth bear ( 10651: 10639: 10627: 10625: 10615: 10565: 10556: 10547: 10538: 10529: 10520: 10511: 10502: 10490: 10479:Cuon alpinus 10478: 10469: 10453:L. mesomelas 10452: 10443: 10431: 10400: 10391: 10382: 10381:Pampas fox ( 10373: 10364: 10355: 10343: 10331: 10322: 10306:S. venaticus 10305: 10293: 10281: 10280:Maned wolf ( 10262:Cerdocyonina 10230: 10229:Fennec fox ( 10221: 10212: 10204:V. rueppelli 10203: 10194: 10185: 10176: 10175:Arctic fox ( 10168:V. ferrilata 10167: 10158: 10157:Corsac fox ( 10149: 10140: 10131: 10130:Bengal fox ( 10109: 10097: 10088: 10076: 10064: 10038: 10037:Island fox ( 10029: 10017: 9950:H. sanguinea 9949: 9940: 9931: 9923:H. ichneumon 9922: 9913: 9901: 9889: 9880: 9871: 9859: 9847: 9838: 9829: 9820: 9803: 9794: 9785: 9776: 9767: 9758: 9750:U. edwardsii 9749: 9741:U. brachyura 9740: 9731: 9719: 9707: 9698: 9668: 9659: 9650: 9642:C. alexandri 9641: 9629: 9617: 9608: 9596: 9584: 9567: 9559:M. gambianus 9558: 9546: 9534: 9518:S. suricatta 9517: 9505: 9480: 9455: 9446: 9434: 9422: 9405: 9396: 9384: 9372: 9342: 9333: 9321: 9309: 9300: 9277:carnivorans) 9258: 9229: 9217: 9205: 9196: 9164: 9152: 9122:Herpestoidea 9085:Herpestoidea 9052: 9044:G. victoriae 9043: 9034: 9033:Cape genet ( 9025: 9017:G. servalina 9016: 9007: 9006:King genet ( 8999:G. piscivora 8998: 8989: 8980: 8971: 8963:G. johnstoni 8962: 8953: 8944: 8935: 8926: 8917: 8899: 8888:P. leightoni 8887: 8878: 8860: 8835: 8826: 8818:V. megaspila 8817: 8809:V. civettina 8808: 8796: 8784: 8775: 8760: 8744: 8717: 8708: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8666: 8657: 8648: 8622: 8613: 8604: 8595: 8493: 8484: 8476:F. margarita 8475: 8466: 8457: 8456:Jungle cat ( 8448: 8439: 8427: 8411: 8402: 8394:P. planiceps 8393: 8384: 8375: 8365:Prionailurus 8363: 8351: 8321: 8309: 8297: 8296:Jaguarundi ( 8280: 8268: 8247: 8238: 8229: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8187: 8178: 8169: 8160: 8151: 8143:L. geoffroyi 8142: 8133: 8132:Pampas cat ( 8121: 8105: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8042: 8033: 8021: 8010:P. marmorata 8009: 7997: 7977: 7952: 7943: 7934: 7925: 7916: 7904: 7892: 7883: 7871: 7826: 7817: 7800: 7773: 7726:Superorder: 7720:Infraclass: 7632:panda genome 7572: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7512: 7502: 7498:. WWF China. 7495: 7477: 7461:Giant Pandas 7460: 7449: 7438: 7431: 7425:Article link 7403:Bibliography 7392:j.ctv19rs1b2 7369: 7363: 7351:. Retrieved 7340: 7331: 7319:. Retrieved 7308: 7284:. Retrieved 7280:the original 7273: 7264: 7259:(in Chinese) 7256: 7242: 7230:. Retrieved 7221: 7211: 7199:. Retrieved 7185: 7173:. Retrieved 7164: 7154: 7142:. Retrieved 7138:the original 7128: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7073:. Retrieved 7059: 7047:. Retrieved 7032: 7020:. Retrieved 7006: 6998:the original 6988: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6929:. Retrieved 6924: 6915: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6846:. Retrieved 6841: 6832: 6820:. Retrieved 6816: 6796:The Guardian 6780: 6757: 6745:. Retrieved 6736: 6727: 6712: 6700:. Retrieved 6691: 6682: 6670:. Retrieved 6661: 6651: 6639:. Retrieved 6630: 6621: 6609:. Retrieved 6576: 6572: 6562: 6550:. Retrieved 6536: 6524:. Retrieved 6515: 6490:. Retrieved 6476: 6464: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6408: 6400: 6385: 6373: 6365: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6297:. Retrieved 6293:the original 6283: 6271:. Retrieved 6262: 6237:. Retrieved 6228: 6219: 6207:. Retrieved 6178:. Retrieved 6167: 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6136: 6127: 6115:. Retrieved 6096: 6084:. Retrieved 6077: 6068: 6056:. Retrieved 6042: 6027: 6023: 6011:. Retrieved 6007:the original 5997: 5985:. Retrieved 5976: 5966: 5954:. Retrieved 5950:the original 5924:. Retrieved 5917:the original 5912: 5900: 5888:. Retrieved 5874: 5844:(1): 39–44. 5841: 5837: 5831: 5797:Giant Pandas 5796: 5744: 5740: 5707: 5703: 5657: 5653: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5537: 5533: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5382:. Retrieved 5368: 5356:. Retrieved 5347: 5338: 5326:. Retrieved 5322:the original 5312: 5300:. Retrieved 5285: 5237:(1): 22391. 5234: 5230: 5220: 5208:. Retrieved 5189: 5185: 5145: 5141: 5130: 5118:. Retrieved 5104: 5092:. Retrieved 5088:the original 5031: 5025: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4962: 4914:(4): e9937. 4911: 4907: 4897: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4695: 4691: 4678: 4666: 4654:. Retrieved 4639: 4627:. Retrieved 4618: 4608: 4596:. Retrieved 4587: 4532:(7): 22602. 4529: 4525: 4467: 4463: 4420:(1): 67–71. 4417: 4413: 4387:. Retrieved 4383:the original 4378: 4319: 4315: 4304: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4228: 4224: 4199:. Retrieved 4147: 4144:Cell Reports 4143: 4133: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4037: 4033: 4023: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3921: 3917: 3877: 3825:(1): 10538. 3822: 3818: 3808: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3745:19 September 3743:. Retrieved 3734: 3725: 3713:. Retrieved 3706:the original 3701: 3692: 3684: 3672:. Retrieved 3668:the original 3630: 3609:27 September 3607:. Retrieved 3579: 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3556:the original 3546: 3538:the original 3532: 3511:. Retrieved 3486: 3482: 3472: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3403: 3396: 3379: 3373: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3297: 3293: 3256:Giant Pandas 3255: 3215: 3211: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3026:(10): 1993. 3023: 3019: 3009: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2907:Giant Pandas 2906: 2900: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2801:(198): 198. 2798: 2794: 2784: 2762:(1): 67–71. 2759: 2755: 2748: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2701: 2681: 2674: 2641: 2637: 2636:) habitat". 2633: 2627: 2570:(198): 198. 2567: 2563: 2553: 2511:(220): 220. 2508: 2504: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2420: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2398:the original 2393: 2367:. Retrieved 2358: 2349: 2337:. Retrieved 2328: 2322: 2315: 2303:. Retrieved 2265: 2260: 2250:12 September 2248:. Retrieved 2244: 2235: 2216: 2210: 2198:. Retrieved 2184: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2156:. Retrieved 2147: 2143: 2130: 2118:. Retrieved 2113: 2107: 2101: 2016: 2000:snow leopard 1988: 1972: 1944: 1921: 1905:black market 1889: 1853:habitat loss 1846: 1843:Conservation 1833: 1829:Ma Ying-jeou 1808: 1773:conservation 1759: 1747: 1723: 1700:Sima Xiangru 1693: 1670:In captivity 1661: 1657: 1649: 1639: 1629: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1604: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1581: 1574:menstruation 1559: 1536: 1524: 1501: 1473: 1457: 1446:Reproduction 1440: 1432: 1419:testosterone 1407: 1386: 1377: 1371:rather than 1358: 1338: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1259: 1237: 1229: 1221: 1209: 1199: 1180: 1172: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1151: 1121: 1118: 1098: 1094: 1058:Despite its 1057: 1005: 989: 969: 915:to northern 906: 895: 864: 821: 801: 796: 769: 765: 764: 744: 715: 709: 701: 686: 672: 621: 577: 571: 545:xiǎoxióngmāo 544: 534: 524: 498: 472: 462: 452: 440: 438: 433: 429: 421: 413: 409: 407: 354: 343: 289: 285: 280: 279: 275: 273: 248: 243: 220: 218: 202: 201: 189: 41:Giant panda 35: 18: 13619:iNaturalist 13506:Wikispecies 13398:Xiang Xiang 13378:Tian Tian ♂ 13373:Tian Tian ♀ 13125:M. sibirica 13107:M. putorius 13080:M. nigripes 13062:M. lutreola 13035:M. haidarum 12931:N. africana 12894:A. congicus 12885:A. cinereus 12876:A. capensis 12776:Sea otter ( 12754:L. provocax 12661:I. striatus 12582:Ictonychini 12477:M. melampus 12389:Wolverine ( 12367:P. pennanti 12290:M. moschata 12281:M. everetti 12227:M. leucurus 12185:A. hoevenii 12176:A. collaris 12126:M. capensis 12021:N. olivacea 11936:Olinguito ( 11892:Bassaricyon 11879:P. pygmaeus 11809:Bassariscus 11782:Procyonidae 11757:S. putorius 11748:S. gracilis 11666:M. mephitis 11657:M. macroura 11551:Red panda ( 11531:Musteloidea 11492:Ross seal ( 11445:Lobodontini 11377:Neomonachus 11305:P. sibirica 11263:P. vitulina 11228:Grey seal ( 11210:Harp seal ( 11102:A. pusillus 11066:A. forsteri 10901:Callorhinus 10835:Pinnipedia 10794:Musteloidea 10566:C. simensis 10530:C. lupaster 10399:Hoary fox ( 10392:L. sechurae 10365:L. fulvipes 10356:L. culpaeus 10252:(true dogs) 10211:Swift fox ( 10186:V. macrotis 10078:Nyctereutes 9987:Caniformia 9932:H. ochracea 9890:B. nigripes 9881:B. jacksoni 9768:U. javanica 9685:Herpestinae 9660:C. obscurus 9651:C. ansorgei 9631:Crossarchus 9487:(mongooses) 9476:Herpestidae 9456:S. durrelli 9447:S. concolor 9397:G. fasciata 9334:E. goudotii 9255:Herpestidae 9165:P. cristata 9026:G. thierryi 8981:G. maculata 8945:G. cristata 8936:G. bourloni 8689:Paradoxurus 8647:Binturong ( 8586:Hemigalinae 8563:Viverroidea 8526:Viverroidea 8485:F. nigripes 8337:Leopard cat 8322:P. concolor 8239:L. pardinus 8188:L. tigrinus 8179:L. pardalis 8170:L. jacobita 8161:L. guttulus 8134:L. colocola 7893:N. nebulosa 7863:Pantherinae 7743:Feliformia 7592:BBC Nature: 7372:. Seattle: 7232:14 February 7144:24 February 6702:11 February 6518:. Atlanta. 6107:Time Warner 5741:Zoo Biology 5358:3 September 4867:: 319–325. 4276:Zoo Biology 3791:11336/41623 3533:Giant Panda 3162:(1): 1110. 3129:: e108752. 2266:Early China 2158:21 February 1978:from panda 1731:Memphis Zoo 1578:Qin dynasty 1532:Mexico City 1436:competition 1393:Scent marks 1353:crepuscular 1250:coexistence 1101:adaptations 1084:microbiomes 1072:herbivorous 992:durophagous 985:blending in 931:Description 921:Pleistocene 766:Giant panda 727:Daxiangling 630:. In 1985, 350:scent marks 335:herbivorous 323:molar teeth 276:giant panda 236:Subspecies 13864:Categories 13408:Xiao Qi Ji 13323:Meng Xiang 13098:M. nudipes 13089:M. nivalis 13053:M. kathiah 13008:M. erminea 12999:M. altaica 12949:N. frenata 12940:N. felipei 12910:Mustelinae 12652:I. libycus 12566:G. vittata 12432:M. caurina 12209:M. anakuma 12087:Mustelidae 12074:Mustelidae 12050:see below↓ 12041:Mustelidae 11938:B. neblina 11849:(raccoons) 11820:B. astutus 11818:Ringtail ( 11794:Kinkajou ( 11766:S. pygmaea 11707:M. marchei 11565:Mephitidae 11433:M. leonina 11325:Monachinae 11296:P. hispida 11287:P. caspica 11084:A. gazella 11016:N. cinerea 10912:C. ursinus 10850:Odobenidae 10803:see below↓ 10783:see below↓ 10767:Pinnipedia 10685:Sun bear ( 10652:T. ornatus 10641:Tremarctos 10617:Ailuropoda 10555:Red wolf ( 10521:C. latrans 10444:L. adustus 10401:L. vetulus 10374:L. griseus 10304:Bush dog ( 10195:V. pallida 10193:Pale fox ( 10177:V. lagopus 10148:Cape fox ( 10028:Gray fox ( 9786:U. smithii 9618:H. parvula 9609:H. hirtula 9497:Mungotinae 9386:Galidictis 9359:Galidiinae 9287:Euplerinae 9270:Eupleridae 9259:sensu lato 9230:C. crocuta 9163:Aardwolf ( 9094:see below↓ 9035:G. tigrina 9008:G. poensis 8990:G. pardina 8972:G. letabae 8954:G. genetta 8852:Genettinae 8836:V. zibetha 8756:Viverrinae 8745:sensu lato 8740:Viverrinae 8709:P. jerdoni 8576:Viverridae 8535:see below↓ 8474:Sand cat ( 8281:A. jubatus 8106:C. caracal 7999:Pardofelis 7818:P. linsang 7759:Feliformia 7423:) (2006). 7075:17 January 7049:17 January 7022:17 January 6611:18 January 6492:26 October 6450:(5): 402. 6444:T'oung Pao 6399:: "貘，白豹" ( 6273:24 January 5384:10 January 4629:7 November 4598:7 November 4322:: 145316. 3715:5 February 3562:26 October 3513:3 November 3218:: 93–101. 2942:: e01221. 2644:: 140941. 2404:23 January 2323:dàxióngmāo 2305:17 January 2120:15 January 2075:References 1969:Population 1881:extinction 1716:London Zoo 1688:See also: 1617:describes 1516:sildenafil 1464:Copulation 1411:pheromones 1246:red pandas 1232:) and the 1222:Sus scrofa 1152:Ailuropoda 1148:pseudogene 1123:A. microta 1064:carnivoran 1020:sloth bear 973:camouflage 657:Subspecies 606:painted a 578:dàmāoxióng 535:dàxióngmāo 473:dàxióngmāo 362:Vulnerable 288:or simply 286:panda bear 190:Ailuropoda 98:Appendix I 80:Vulnerable 13794:Q37927494 13443:Zhen Zhen 13423:Yang Yang 13403:Xiao Liwu 13333:Ming Ming 13328:Meng Yuan 13318:Mei Xiang 13313:Mei Sheng 13293:Ling Ling 13273:Kang Kang 13044:M. itatsi 12978:(weasels) 12841:Lutrogale 12778:E. lutris 12736:L. felina 12545:(grisons) 12468:M. martes 12411:(martens) 12329:Guloninae 12115:Mellivora 11988:N. narica 11929:B. medius 11920:B. gabbii 11911:B. alleni 11899:(olingos) 11868:Raccoon ( 11720:Spilogale 11606:C. chinga 11587:Conepatus 11543:Ailuridae 11342:Monachini 11254:P. largha 10924:Otariinae 10887:sea lions 10882:fur seals 10873:Otariidae 10758:Mustelida 10729:U. arctos 10591:Arctoidea 10548:C. lycaon 10503:C. aureus 10433:Lupulella 10345:Lycalopex 10222:V. vulpes 10220:Red fox ( 10184:Kit fox ( 10159:V. corsac 9903:Herpestes 9516:Meerkat ( 9275:(Malagasy 9177:Hyaeninae 9138:Hyaenidae 9053:G. felina 8467:F. lybica 8279:Cheetah ( 8197:L. wiedii 8186:Oncilla ( 8152:L. guigna 8123:Leopardus 8104:Caracal ( 8097:C. aurata 8032:Bay cat ( 7953:P. pardus 7951:Leopard ( 7926:P. tigris 7884:N. diardi 7802:Prionodon 7702:Kingdom: 7691:Carnivora 7630:View the 7408:AFP (via 7175:16 August 6972:1936-0614 6958:: 23–33. 6889:1744-9561 6601:154378167 6593:1466-0466 6424:我国古代的历史记载 6263:USA TODAY 6013:26 August 5987:24 August 5858:0003-3472 5823:226766316 5769:210133833 5611:0027-8424 5492:2054-5703 5435:0027-8424 5259:2045-2322 5162:0022-2372 4999:1776-1042 4936:2045-7758 4889:0006-3207 4824:2095-8137 4777:2397-334X 4712:2095-8137 4656:10 August 4344:0048-9697 4253:1614-7499 4166:2211-1247 4093:: 34700. 3768:(5): 35. 2860:: 46487. 2136:David, A. 2054:Panda tea 2008:red panda 1980:droppings 1945:In 2012, 1861:captivity 1706:(present 1468:gestation 1365:hibernate 1297:rotavirus 1271:known as 1269:protozoan 1202:sympatric 1144:glutamate 1060:taxonomic 977:hibernate 741:Phylogeny 735:Liangshan 641:from the 624:taxonomic 426:red panda 408:The word 396:Etymology 197:Species: 169:Carnivora 135:Kingdom: 129:Eukaryota 23:red panda 13788:Wikidata 13749:Species+ 13689:14000941 13637:11403556 13546:BioLib: 13491:Wikidata 13433:Yuan Zai 13363:Tai Shan 13283:Lin Bing 13024:Ferret ( 12958:N. vison 12819:L. lutra 12687:(otters) 12681:Lutrinae 12538:Galictis 12450:M. foina 12365:Fisher ( 12253:Melogale 12236:M. meles 12156:Arctonyx 12001:Nasuella 11979:N. nasua 11956:(coatis) 11870:P. lotor 11646:Mephitis 11405:Mirounga 11155:Phocinae 11136:Phocidae 11005:Neophoca 10951:Zalophus 10858:Walrus ( 10557:C. rufus 10539:C. lupus 10519:Coyote ( 10354:Culpeo ( 10295:Speothos 10231:V. zerda 10213:V. velox 10150:V. chama 9861:Bdeogale 9759:U. fusca 9598:Helogale 9568:M. mungo 9507:Suricata 9436:Salanoia 9343:E. major 9323:Eupleres 9154:Proteles 9143:(hyenas) 8907:(genets) 8458:F. chaus 8449:F. catus 8440:F. bieti 8320:Cougar ( 8270:Acinonyx 8248:L. rufus 8246:Bobcat ( 8195:Margay ( 8177:Ocelot ( 8150:Kodkod ( 8071:Serval ( 8034:C. badia 8023:Catopuma 7933:Jaguar ( 7917:P. uncia 7906:Panthera 7873:Neofelis 7791:Feloidea 7722:Eutheria 7716:Mammalia 7710:Chordata 7708:Phylum: 7704:Animalia 7645:Archived 7494:(N.d.). 7347:Archived 7342:CBS News 7315:Archived 7286:31 March 7250:Archived 7226:Archived 7222:BBC News 7201:31 March 7195:Archived 7169:Archived 7120:34750531 7112:26332026 7069:Archived 7043:Archived 7016:Archived 6931:27 April 6907:19864275 6788:Archived 6770:Archived 6766:Newsweek 6741:Archived 6739:. 2020. 6696:Archived 6692:NBC News 6666:Archived 6635:Archived 6631:Newsweek 6605:Archived 6546:Archived 6526:9 August 6520:Archived 6486:Archived 6427:Archived 6416:Archived 6393:Archived 6342:12135908 6267:Archived 6233:Archived 6203:Archived 6180:10 April 6174:Archived 6147:13 April 6141:Archived 6137:BBC News 6117:13 April 6111:Archived 6086:13 April 6058:9 August 6052:Archived 5981:Archived 5956:14 April 5926:13 April 5884:Archived 5866:53256022 5761:31919913 5682:42122274 5629:29078359 5562:22335820 5554:12918929 5510:30473861 5453:33288697 5378:Archived 5352:Archived 5348:BBC News 5296:Archived 5277:34789821 5204:Archived 5114:Archived 5068:29530307 5017:26514595 4977:Parasite 4954:37091556 4945:10121233 4842:32279465 4785:32747773 4730:37537140 4721:10559099 4650:Archived 4623:Archived 4592:Archived 4566:21818345 4526:PLOS ONE 4504:17578912 4434:23242367 4379:Scitizen 4352:33517011 4296:20814990 4261:36773257 4195:Archived 4174:35045306 4125:27703267 4064:29898983 4015:29391488 3958:20010809 3857:35773284 3800:26036823 3739:Archived 3737:. 2011. 3603:Archived 3507:Archived 3503:17479753 3464:23918004 3456:23815654 3365:34711890 3194:30710093 3069:24643781 3001:29423692 2892:28422140 2835:17956639 2776:23242367 2666:32731070 2604:17956639 2545:18662376 2369:31 March 2363:Archived 2339:31 March 2333:Archived 2299:Archived 2273:Archived 2270:abstract 2200:4 August 2194:Archived 2152:Archived 2138:(1869). 2022:See also 2010:and the 1963:mutation 1895:and the 1810:tuanyuan 1704:Chang'an 1654:Shandong 1423:Civetone 1415:androgen 1335:Behavior 1195:leopards 1001:shoulder 723:Qionglai 721:and the 628:raccoons 618:Taxonomy 608:sun bear 525:xióngmāo 518:bear cat 499:xióngmāo 463:zhúxióng 453:huāxióng 388:held in 296:species 175:Family: 159:Mammalia 149:Chordata 145:Phylum: 139:Animalia 125:Domain: 85:IUCN 3.1 13842:ZooBank 13821:7888034 13676:1005930 13611:2433399 13428:You You 13413:Xin Xin 13348:Shi Shi 13343:Pan Dee 13338:Pan Dah 13308:Mei Lan 13303:Lun Lun 13288:Lin Hui 13278:Lan Lan 13268:Jia Jia 13263:Hua Mei 13253:Gao Gao 13243:Chi Chi 13233:Bei Bei 13228:Bao Bao 13223:Bai Yun 13026:M. furo 12971:Mustela 12920:Neogale 12767:Enhydra 12641:Ictonyx 12600:Vormela 12557:G. cuja 12484:Sable ( 12391:G. gulo 12356:Pekania 12341:Tayra ( 12138:Melinae 11950:Nasuina 11842:Procyon 11198:Phocini 10837:(seals) 10772:(seals) 10664:Ursinae 10606:(bears) 10601:Ursidae 10477:Dhole ( 10267:(zorro) 10141:V. cana 10051:Vulpini 10019:Urocyon 10003:Canidae 9795:U. urva 9299:Fossa ( 9219:Crocuta 8901:Genetta 8798:Viverra 8339:lineage 8261:lineage 8230:L. lynx 8086:Caracal 8060:lineage 8058:Caracal 7990:lineage 7988:Bay cat 7974:Felinae 7935:P. onca 7924:Tiger ( 7844:Felidae 7714:Class: 7693:species 7689:Extant 7636:Ensembl 7565:4094359 7353:11 July 7321:11 July 7041:. WWF. 6980:3872681 6898:2865067 6848:13 July 6822:13 July 6456:4527170 6299:26 July 6239:26 July 6209:26 July 5674:4602087 5620:5699065 5589:Bibcode 5501:6227945 5444:7768701 5413:Bibcode 5328:29 July 5302:17 June 5268:8599739 5239:Bibcode 5210:8 March 5120:17 July 5094:16 June 5059:7103118 5008:4626621 4969:"Fatal 4916:Bibcode 4869:Bibcode 4833:7231472 4757:Bibcode 4557:3144909 4534:Bibcode 4495:1904166 4472:Bibcode 4442:1261505 4389:22 July 4324:Bibcode 4233:Bibcode 4116:5050549 4095:Bibcode 4055:6001608 4034:mSphere 4006:5931968 3985:Bibcode 3949:3951497 3926:Bibcode 3848:9246853 3827:Bibcode 3770:Bibcode 3674:22 July 3483:Ecology 3380:Science 3356:8553760 3335:Bibcode 3220:Bibcode 3185:6358623 3164:Bibcode 3092:Bibcode 3020:Forests 2981:Bibcode 2944:Bibcode 2883:5395953 2862:Bibcode 2826:2151078 2803:Bibcode 2740:4094359 2646:Bibcode 2595:2151078 2572:Bibcode 2536:2518930 2513:Bibcode 2482:4352629 2474:4033795 2454:Bibcode 2175:, s.v. 1932:Sichuan 1869:Vietnam 1865:Myanmar 1765:lawsuit 1753:at the 1751:Xin Xin 1714:at the 1712:Chi Chi 1636:Kaifeng 1607:, from 1488:⁠ 1476:⁠ 1403:rubbing 1349:Sichuan 1089:cyanide 1026:Ecology 917:Vietnam 913:Myanmar 875:Shaanxi 871:Sichuan 823:Ursinae 753:Ursidae 719:Minshan 691:Sichuan 647:Ursidae 645:of the 591: 558: 512: 486: 390:Beijing 364:on the 298:endemic 292:, is a 185:Genus: 179:Ursidae 165:Order: 155:Class: 100: ( 83: ( 13834:933385 13741:104016 13728:872573 13650:621845 13598:328070 13582:ECOS: 13562:103255 13534:ARKive 13497:Q33602 13438:Yun Zi 13393:Xi Lan 13368:Taotao 12716:Lontra 12404:Martes 11679:Mydaus 11573:skunks 10537:Wolf ( 10417:Canina 10247:Canini 10111:Vulpes 10007:(dogs) 9548:Mungos 8862:Poiana 7944:P. leo 7942:Lion ( 7848:(cats) 7563: 7521: 7484: 7468: 7432:Pandas 7390: 7380: 7118: 7110: 6978: 6970: 6905: 6895: 6887: 6747:6 July 6672:3 June 6641:3 June 6599: 6591: 6552:23 May 6454: 6340: 6034: 5890:29 May 5864: 5856: 5821: 5811: 5767: 5759: 5680: 5672: 5627: 5617: 5609: 5560: 5552: 5508: 5498: 5490: 5451: 5441: 5433: 5275: 5265: 5257: 5160: 5066: 5056: 5046: 5015: 5005: 4997: 4983:: 30. 4952: 4942: 4934: 4887: 4840: 4830: 4822: 4783: 4775: 4728: 4718: 4710: 4564: 4554: 4502: 4492: 4440: 4432: 4350: 4342: 4294: 4259: 4251: 4201:8 June 4172: 4164: 4123: 4113: 4062: 4052: 4013: 4003: 3956: 3946: 3918:Nature 3890: 3855: 3845: 3798: 3643: 3595: 3501: 3462: 3454: 3411: 3363: 3353: 3266: 3192: 3182: 3067: 2999: 2913: 2890: 2880: 2833: 2823: 2774: 2738: 2689: 2664: 2602: 2592: 2543: 2533: 2480: 2472: 2446:Nature 2427: 2223: 2150:: 13. 2006:, the 2002:, the 1807:: 1805:pinyin 1799:: 1791:: 1787:(from 1777:Taiwan 1767:, the 1682:, and 1508:mating 1497:saliva 1460:estrus 1398:estrus 1325:, and 1303:, and 1136:TAS1R3 1132:TAS1R1 1076:lignin 997:Newton 604:Tainan 574:Taiwan 543:) and 422:ponya, 418:Nepali 331:starch 319:bamboo 230:, 1869 13808:7F2J8 13715:80739 13632:IRMNG 13624:41659 13575:6673Q 13383:Tohui 13258:Gu Gu 13218:An An 12865:Aonyx 12808:Lutra 12198:Meles 11968:Nasua 11243:Phoca 10700:Ursus 10492:Canis 10119:foxes 8429:Felis 7561:JSTOR 7388:JSTOR 7116:S2CID 6976:JSTOR 6925:CITES 6721:45839 6597:S2CID 6452:JSTOR 5920:(PDF) 5909:(PDF) 5862:S2CID 5819:S2CID 5765:S2CID 5678:S2CID 5670:JSTOR 5558:S2CID 4688:(PDF) 4438:S2CID 4040:(3). 3709:(PDF) 3698:(PDF) 3460:S2CID 3065:JSTOR 3049:Ursus 2736:JSTOR 2478:S2CID 2179:n. 1. 2177:panda 2080:Notes 1708:Xi'an 1663:qilin 1658:Zouyu 1650:zouyu 1641:zouyu 1624:pixiu 1206:takin 1128:umami 911:from 879:Gansu 867:China 651:basal 420:word 414:panda 410:panda 315:thumb 302:China 290:panda 228:David 102:CITES 96:CITES 13829:ITIS 13816:GBIF 13767:1347 13754:3057 13702:9646 13697:NCBI 13658:IUCN 13645:ITIS 13606:GBIF 13585:6600 13557:BOLD 13549:1811 13238:Basi 12380:Gulo 11276:Pusa 9721:Urva 8311:Puma 8259:Puma 8210:Lynx 7519:ISBN 7482:ISBN 7466:ISBN 7378:ISBN 7355:2021 7323:2021 7288:2021 7234:2007 7203:2021 7177:2020 7146:2012 7108:PMID 7077:2020 7051:2020 7024:2020 6968:ISSN 6933:2024 6903:PMID 6885:ISSN 6850:2024 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