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to this fate but continues loving nonetheless; the lyrical impetus of the poem derives from this tension. Representations of the lover's powerlessness to resist his feelings often include lyrically exaggerated violence. The beloved's power to captivate the speaker may be represented in extended metaphors about the "arrows of his eyes", or by referring to the beloved as an assassin or a killer. Take, for example, the following couplets from
45:
933:
1479:. Despite often being written in strong Urdu and rendered with classical Indian Ragas along with complex terminology most usually accessible to the upper classes, in South Asia ghazals are nonetheless popular among all ages. They are most popular in Turkey and South Asia, and readings or musical renditions of ghazals—such as at
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Can usually be interpreted for a higher being or for a mortal beloved. Love is always viewed as something that will complete a human being, and if attained will lift him or her into the ranks of the wise or will bring satisfaction to the soul of the poet. Traditional ghazal law may or may not have an
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The ghazal is always written from the point of view of the unrequited lover whose beloved is portrayed as unattainable. Most often, either the beloved has not returned the poet's love or returns it without sincerity or else the societal circumstances do not allow it. The lover is aware and resigned
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The ghazal has historically been one of the most popular poetic forms across the Middle East and South Asia. Even into the modern era the ghazal has retained its extreme popularity among South Asian royalty and nobility, among whom its education and patronisation has traditionally found shelter,
838:
However, the most significant changes to the ghazal occurred in its introduction into Iran in the 10th century. The early
Persian ghazals largely imitated the themes and form of the Arabian ghazal. These "Arabo-Persian" ghazals introduced two differences compared to their Arabian poetic roots.
768:
During the
Umayyad and early Abbasid eras, the ghazal blossomed. It inherited the structure of the qaṣīda, focusing on meter and end rhymes. With time, it adapted for musical presentation, becoming shorter. Lighter meters were preferred, and themes shifted towards romance and eroticism.
868:
The
Persian ghazal evolved into its own distinctive form between the 12th and 13th centuries. Many of those innovations created what we now recognize as the archetypical ghazal form. These changes occurred in two periods, separated by the Mongol Invasion of Persia from 1219 to 1221 AD.
1410:
Ghazal "Gayaki", the art of singing or performing the ghazal in the Indian classical tradition, is very old. Singers like Ustad Barkat Ali and many other singers in the past used to practice it, but the lack of historical records make many names anonymous. It was with
1262:, ghazals are often sung by Afghan, Pakistani, and Indian musicians. The form has roots in seventh-century Arabia, and gained prominence in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, thanks to such Persian poets as Rumi and Hafiz, and later to Indian poets such as
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A ghazal commonly consists of five to fifteen couplets, which are independent, but are linked – abstractly, in their theme; and more strictly in their poetic form. The structural requirements of the ghazal are similar in stringency to those of the
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Enormous collections of ghazal have been created by hundreds of well-known poets over the past thousand years in
Persian, Turkish, and Urdu as well as in the Central Asian Turkic languages. Ghazal poems are performed in Uzbek-Tajik
1508:
in which the lyrics were rendered were also difficult to understand. The ghazal has undergone some simplification in recent years, in terms of words and phrasings, which helps it to reach a larger audience around the world. Modern
1786:, etc., many of whom did not adhere wholly or in part to the traditional principles of the form, experiments dubbed as "the bastard Ghazal," the ghazal finally began to be recognized as a viable closed form in poetry of the
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all contain a thematic or tonal connection to each other, which may be highly allusive. A common conceit that traces its history to the origins of the ghazal form is that the poem is addressed to a beloved by the narrator.
328:. For a poem to be considered a true ghazal, it must have no fewer than five couplets. Almost all ghazals confine themselves to less than fifteen couplets (poems that exceed this length are more accurately considered as
2133:
Ghazals has been used in music throughout South Asia and has become a genre of its own, simply called "Ghazal" which refers to the music genre. The Ghazal music genre is most popular in
Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
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Firstly, the
Persian ghazals did not employ radical enjambment between the two halves of the couplet, and secondly, the Persian ghazals formalized the use of the common rhyme in both lines of the opening couplet (
162:. Ghazals often deal with topics of spiritual and romantic love and may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation from the beloved and the beauty of love in spite of that pain.
1091:. When the Sultan invited Hafez to complete an incomplete ghazal by the ruler, the renowned poet responded by acknowledging the grandeur of the king's court and the literary quality of Bengali-Persian poetry.
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The ghazal came into its own as a poetic genre during the
Umayyad era (661–750) and continued to flower and develop in the early Abbasid era. The Arabic ghazal inherited the formal verse structure of the
1498:
The ghazal's beauty goes beyond rich or poor, or where you come from. Whether it's spoken in fancy places or sung in everyday life, its powerful words touch deep inside, staying with us for a long time.
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mystics and the courts of the new
Islamic sultanates. This period coincided with the early Islamic Sultanates in India, through the wave of Islamic invasions into the region in that period.
1513:(poets) are also moving towards a less strict adherence to form and rules, using simpler language and words (sometimes even incorporating words from other languages, such as English - see
876:(which lasted until 1187) till a little after the Mongol Invasion. Apart from the movement towards brevity, this period also saw two significant and lasting changes to the ghazal form.
549:, a ghazal's couplets do not need a common theme or continuity. Each sher is self-contained and independent from the others, containing the complete expression of an idea. However, the
856:, and became the most popular poetry form in Persia. Much like Arabian ghazals, early Persian ghazals typically employed more musical meters compared to other Persian poetry forms.
193:. In style and content, due to its highly allusive nature, the ghazal has proved capable of an extraordinary variety of expression around its central themes of love and separation.
334:). Ghazal couplets end with the same rhyming pattern and are expected to have the same meter. The ghazal's uniqueness arises from its rhyme and refrain rules, referred to as the
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A ghazal is composed of couplets, five or more. The couplets may have nothing to do with one another except for the formal unity derived from a strict rhyme and rhythm pattern.
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1419:
that classical rendering of ghazals became popular in the masses. The categorization of ghazal singing as a form of "light classical" music is a misconception.
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language were pioneered in the 1960s by poet
Shantarasam, though recordings of their poetry only began to be made in the early 2000s. Legendary musician
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The Ghazal tradition is marked by the poetry's ambiguity and simultaneity of meaning. Learning the common tropes is key to understanding the ghazal.
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and other classical and light classical genres. However, those forms of the ghazal are looked down on by purists of the Indian classical tradition.
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Understanding the complex lyrics of traditional ghazals required education typically available only to the upper classes. The traditional classical
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The ghazal later spread throughout the Middle East and South Asia. It was famous all around the Indian subcontinent in the 18th and 19th centuries
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was a proponent of the form, both in
English and in other languages; he edited a volume of "real Ghazals in English". Ghazals were also written by
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some time in the early to mid-1990s. It came about largely as a result of serious, true-to-form examples being published by noted American poets
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or the poet's spiritual master. It is the intense Divine Love of Sufism that serves as a model for all the forms of love found in ghazal poetry.
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1102:, he was inspired by Persian ghazals and experimented with a stream of Bengali music which was later enriched profusely by the contribution of
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The nature of the ghazals also changed to meet the demands of musical presentation, becoming briefer in length. Lighter poetic meters, such as
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is typically more personal than the other couplets in a ghazal. The creativity with which a poet incorporates homonymous meanings of their
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The second marked change from Arabian ghazal form in Persian ghazals was a movement towards far greater autonomy between the couplets.
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860:(858–941 CE) is considered the most important Persian ghazal poet of this period, and the founder of classical Persian literature.
1118:"The ghazal was initially composed to a purely religious theme". Now in this era ghazals are more likely to have romantic themes.
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considers the content of old Persian ghazal to include four elements: love, mysticism, education or excellence, and Qalandari.
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explicit element of sexual desire in it, and the love may be spiritual. The love may be directed to either a man or a woman.
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Kanda, K.C., editor. Masterpieces of the Urdu Ghazal: From the 17th to the 20th Century. Sterling Pub Private Ltd., 1991
2042:, "A Ghazel (for Pauline)" (1968); "Prometheus: a ghazel" (1976); "Remembering Nine (a ghazel for Peter Russell)" (1981)
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1806:, who had been teaching and spreading word of the Ghazal at American universities over the previous two decades.
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Classical ghazals are difficult to render because of the varying moods of the "shers" or couplets in the ghazal.
745:). Topically, the ghazal focus also changed from nostalgic reminiscences of the homeland and loved ones, towards
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66:
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817:. Ghazals in the Arabic form have also been written in a number of major West African literary languages like
88:
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and many others have been able to give a new shape to the ghazal by incorporating elements of Western music.
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and many more. Some notable ghazals of those prominent writers have been sung by Bollywood playback singer
852:
Because of its comparative brevity, thematic variety and suggestive richness, the ghazal soon eclipsed the
688:
was typically nostalgic and/or romantic in theme, and highly ornamented and stylized in form. In time, the
362:
may be described as AA BA CA DA, and so on. In its strictest form, a ghazal must follow a number of rules:
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4881:
4242:
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1598:
1495:. The ragas to which ghazals are sung are usually chosen to be in consonance with their lyrical content.
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The ghazal form is ancient, tracing its origins to 7th-century Arabic poetry. The ghazal spread into the
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In 1996, Ali compiled and edited the world's first anthology of English-language ghazals, published by
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1451:
1335:
2024:, "Sheffield Ghazal 4: Driving West", "Sheffield Ghazal 5: Passing the Cemetery" (Mariner Books), 2001
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2452:
1818:
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77:
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Ahmed, Safdar (June 2012). "Literary Romanticism and Islamic Modernity: The Case of Urdu Poetry".
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in Bengal". Its stature is illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence with the Persian poet
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Lall, Inder jit. "The Ghazal – Evolution & Prospects", The Times of India, November 8, 1970
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3424:
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3158:(A History of Arab Literature: 2- The Islamic Era). Cairo: Dâr al-Ma`ârif. 1963. (pp. 347–348)
1266:. In the eighteenth century, the ghazal was used by poets writing in Urdu. Among these poets,
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1980:
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797:. The popularity of ghazals in a particular region was usually preceded by a spread of the
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is immediately preceded by words or phrases with the same end rhyme pattern, called the
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He is best known for his songs, in which he pioneered new forms such as Bengali ghazals
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1962:
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539:: The second line of each verse must be the proof of statement given in the first line.
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of ghazals) for his exposition of the ghazal form of poetry and its adaptation to the
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being profound composers of ghazals. In the 19th century ghazals gained popularity in
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2001:
A Stranger's Mirror: New and Selected Poems 1994 - 2014 (2015) ISBN 978-0-393-24464-9
1986:
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1327:
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Most ghazal scholars today recognize that some ghazal couplets are exclusively about
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Lall, Inder jit. "Charm of ghazal lies in lyricism", Hindustan Times, August 8, 1985
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Many of the major historical ghazal poets were either avowed Sufis themselves (like
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to offer additional layers of meaning to the couplet is an indicator of their skill.
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1940:
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1968:
1950:
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1491:—are well attended in these countries, even by the laity. Ghazals are popular in
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1427:
1363:
1355:
1095:
941:
885:, the practice of mentioning the poet's penname in the final couplet (called the
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249:
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Lall, Inder Jit. "Ghazal: Melodies and minstrels", Sunday Patriot, June 29, 1986
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Lall, Inder jit. "Heightened sensibility" The Economic Times, December 31, 1978
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2015:
1996:
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510:: Each line of a ghazal must follow the same metrical pattern and syllabic (or
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Lall, Inder jit. "Tuning into modern ghazals", Sunday Herald, January 29, 1989
3280:
1079:, with many publications of prose and poetry. The period is described as the "
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The 'Early Persian poetry' period spanned approximately one century, from the
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906:(1210–1291 AD), the most important ghazal poet of this period, it had become
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159:
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All around me were half-slaughtered victims of love, tossing about in agony.
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2005:
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began to be written as standalone, shorter poems, which became the ghazal.
635:
623:
145:
An illustrated headpiece from a mid-18th century collection of ghazals and
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https://www.setumag.com/2016/10/celebrating-inability-canadas-bizarre.html
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There was a nymph-like beloved with cypress-like form and tulip-like face,
4640:
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4284:
4222:
3981:
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The Divan-e Ghalib – in Urdu, with Devanagari and Roman transliterations.
3801:
Mufti, Aamir. "Towards a Lyric History of India." boundary 2, 31: 2, 2004
3529:"Evolution of "Ghazal" — The Most popular form of Poetry in 21st Century"
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or erotic themes. These included sub-genres with themes of courtly love (
669:
were typically much longer poems, with up to 100 couplets. Thematically,
3571:"Kannada ghazals to take centre stage | Bengaluru News - Times of India"
3044:
1750:
was the pioneer & the one who introduced the ghazal in the world of
1134:
is one of the most famous Arabic tales of unrequited, unconditional love
936:
Amir Khusrow teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of
902:
became a gradually accepted part of the ghazal form, and by the time of
412:
sets the tone of the ghazal, as well as its rhyming and refrain pattern.
4670:
4405:
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3844:
Lall, Inder jit. "Ghazal: A Sustainer of Spasms", Thought, May 20, 1967
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2227:
2217:
2197:
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1927:
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A ghazal in English observes the traditional restrictions of the form:
1725:
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continued the tradition, blending Urdu and Marathi verses in his work.
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1550:
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1209:
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The ghazal originated in Arabia in the 7th century, evolving from the
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were preferred, instead of longer, more ponderous meters favored for
674:
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368:
3939:
Rare Book & Manuscript Library University of Pennsylvania LJS 44
3597:"How Kerala came to embrace the unfamiliar musical genre of ghazals"
3195:
1399:. There are many published translations from Persian and Turkish by
622:, where the poet drinks wine in search of enlightenment, union with
146:
44:
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4456:
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Lall, Inder Jit. "The New Ghazal", The Times of India, July 3, 1971
2658:
2152:
Some notable Pakistani and Indian ghazal singers are (Urdu/Hindi):
2141:
1770:
After nearly a century of "false starts," the early experiments of
1520:
Most of the ghazals are now sung in styles that are not limited to
1487:
1377:
1225:
969:
Sugar-shattering (excited), have become all the parrots (poets) of
582:
316:
The ghazal is a short poem consisting of rhyming couplets, called
4787:
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2677:
2517:
2347:
1703:
1669:
1665:
1629:, there have been many notable Gujarati ghazal writers including
1606:
1468:
1392:
1351:
1339:
1206:
1099:
1022:
970:
585:. The poet is singing to the beloved, who is often embodied as a
231:(ḡazila) - To sweet-talk, to flirt, to display amorous gestures.
3385:"Nazrul Islam: The unparalleled lyricist and composer of Bengal"
1915:
1475:'s translations, as well as with Spanish ghazal writers such as
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Doty, Gene (ed. 1999–2014) and Jensen, Holly (ed. 2015-today).
2427:
1690:. Some of his amazing ghazals were sung by famous artists like
1677:
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1586:
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1307:
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1267:
1191:
1007:
984:
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786:
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729:
701:
700:, specifically, a strict adherence to meter and the use of the
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578:
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The Garden, where the poet often takes on the personage of the
442:
339:
330:
3950:
3911:
3462:
1810:
created his own free-form Ghazal true to his poetic vision in
960:
And with the three washers (cups of wine), this dispute goeth.
932:
677:
for a tribe or ruler, lampoons, or moral maxims. However, the
271:
4802:
4742:
4706:
4675:
4635:
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Masterpieces of Urdu Ghazal from the 17th to the 20th Century
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is not only credited as the first Urdu poet but also created
999:
980:
964:
778:
417:
351:
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2927:
845:). The imitation of Arabian forms in Persia extended to the
4573:
4187:
4182:
4137:
4122:
4107:
3337:
Firoza Begum too sang these Bengali ghazals of Nazrul Islam
1874:
In the heart's veined temple, all statues have been smashed
1530:
1504:
1279:
1246:
1236:
1217:
1198:
1098:
pioneered the introduction of Bengali ghazals. Residing in
1054:
1015:
761:), and as a highly stylized introduction to a larger poem (
586:
545:
170:
30:
This article is about the poetic form. For other uses, see
3832:
Lall, Inder jit. "Ghazal Movements", Century, May 23, 1964
1724:, composing numerous poems which are still famous in both
1454:, Moinuddin Ahamed, are popular classical ghazal singers.
1342:
during the 19th century; the form was used extensively by
3713:
Anthology of the Ghazal in the Sufi Poetry of Afghanistan
2137:
Some notable Afghan ghazal singers are (Persian/Pashtu):
1879:
God, limit these punishments, there's still Judgment Day–
1612:
631:
mir un neem-baaz ankhon men saari masti sharab ki si hai
297:
291:
288:
265:
262:
1463:
especially with several Indian rulers including several
1182:
Ruthlessly playing havoc with the hearts of the lovers.
921:
864:
Early Persian ghazal poetry (12th to early 13th century)
141:
1839:
Where are you now? Who lies beneath your spell tonight?
1656:
Renowned ghazal singer, and pioneer of Telugu ghazals,
1205:), or were sympathizers with Sufi ideas. Somewhat like
813:. It is possible that ghazals were also written in the
801:
in that country. In medieval Spain, ghazals written in
607:
I sing from the warmth of the passionate joy of thought
177:, and is now most prominently a form of poetry of many
27:
Form of poetry of many languages, originating in Arabic
1876:
No priest in saffron's left to toll its knell tonight.
1258:
Traditionally invoking melancholy, love, longing, and
914:
Late Persian poetry in the Early Mongol Period (1221–)
3768:
The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A handbook and Commentary
1856:
All the archangels– their wings frozen– fell tonight.
1846:"Trinket"— to gem– "Me to adorn– How– tell"— tonight?
1841:
Whom else from rapture's road will you expel tonight?
1825:. (Fewer than one in ten of the ghazals collected in
1581:
are known for ghazal renditions. Indian Singers like
1362:(1866–1896), the pioneer of Nepali ghazal writing in
294:
268:
3103:
Nets of awareness : Urdu poetry and its critics
1844:
Those "Fabrics of Cashmere—" "to make Me beautiful—"
1163:
be har sū raqs eh besmel būd shab jayi ke man būdam.
1130:
Layla visits Majnun in the wilderness; the story of
1033:
ghazal. Sijzi's contemporary, the poet and musician
300:
1871:
He's left open– for God– the doors of Hell tonight.
1176:
I wonder what was the place where I was last night,
529:: The first line of each verse must be a statement.
285:
259:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3865:
1517:), and moving away from a strictly male narrator.
1255:), but many can be interpreted in either context.
834:Early Arabo-Persian ghazals (10th to 11th century)
1896:This is mere insult, this is no farewell tonight.
1894:My rivals for your love– you've invited them all?
1869:He's freed some fire from ice in pity for Heaven.
1859:Lord, cried out the idols, Don't let us be broken
158:is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in
4868:
3926:One of the Best ghazal of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.
2940:
2124:, "The Chimney Stone" (Nightwood Editions), 2010
1378:Translations and performance of classical ghazal
1165:pari paikar negar eh sarv qaad e lalhaa rokhsar;
1161:namidanam chi manzil būd shab jayi ke man būdam;
944:. Amir Khusrow is considered the first Urdu poet
422:: The refrain word or phrase. Both lines of the
3863:
3715:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
3156:Târîkh al-Adab al-Islâmî: 2 – al-`Asr al-Islâmî
2532:are famous for singing ghazals, such as these:
1983:, "Ghazals at Twilight" (SD Publications), 2009
1889:The hunt is over, and I hear the Call to Prayer
1854:God's vintage loneliness has turned to vinegar–
1338:(1749–1832), the ghazal became very popular in
1121:
772:
704:, a common end rhyme on each couplet (called a
665:, a much older pre-Islamic Arabic poetic form.
465:: The last couplet of the ghazal is called the
219:). This genre of Arabic poetry is derived from
4543:
2628:are famous for singing Ghazal, such as these:
1891:fade into that of the wounded gazelle tonight.
1864:Mughal ceilings, let your mirrored convexities
1849:I beg for haven: Prisons, let open your gates–
594:hoon garmi-i-nishat-i-tasavvur se naghma sanj
196:
4529:
4269:
3966:
3740:Ravishing Disunities: Real Ghazals in English
3514:Women in India: A Social and Cultural History
3196:"Hasan Sijzi of Dehli and the Persian Ghazal"
1916:Notable poets who composed ghazals in English
1886:Damn you, Elijah, I'll bless Jezebel tonight.
1866:multiply me at once under your spell tonight.
1823:Ravishing DisUnities: Real Ghazals in English
1250:
1240:
1167:sarapa afat-e del būd shab jayi ke man būdam.
1159:
433:must end in the same refrain word called the
324:. Most ghazals have between seven and twelve
2954:on December 16, 2020 – via Wiktionary.
1899:And I, Shahid, only am escaped to tell thee–
1762:. They have become an important part of it.
239:
226:
220:
210:
169:in the 12th century due to the influence of
3023:. New York: Paulist Press. pp. 56–61.
2718:
2674:, Indian filmi music based on ghazal poetry
1851:A refugee from Belief seeks a cell tonight.
612:I am the bulbul of a garden not yet created
4536:
4522:
4276:
4262:
3973:
3959:
3885:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3754:Call Me Ishmael Tonight: A Book of Ghazals
3060:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
2724:
1884:Executioners near the woman at the window.
1881:I'm a mere sinner, I'm no infidel tonight.
1676:and popularized this form of music across
3382:
3100:
2104:Water and Light: Ghazals and Anti Ghazals
1273:
879:The first change was the adoption of the
828:
597:Main andalib-i-gulshan-i-na afridah hoon
472:. It is common in ghazals for the poet's
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
3659:
3425:"Listen to some of the Timeless Ghazals"
3349:Islam, Mohammad Shafiqul (25 May 2007).
3171:. En.banglapedia.org. 15 February 2015.
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
1861:Only we can convert the infidel tonight.
1621:, ghazals have been very popular in the
1125:
1014:in the 12th century by the influence of
931:
561:
140:
3864:Blachère, R. & Bausani, A. (1965).
3241:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
3232:
2030:, "Ghazals for the Turn of the Century"
1936:My Sentence Was a Thousand Years of Joy
976:Zin qand-e Pārsi ke be Bangāle miravad.
673:did not include love, and were usually
429:and the second lines of all subsequent
14:
4869:
3484:"Hamza Sinwari Bhatta – We All Nepali"
3383:Chaudhuri, Dilip (22 September 2006).
3238:
3194:Gould, Rebecca Ruth (April 19, 2016).
3175:from the original on 11 September 2017
1829:observe the constraints of the form.)
1625:. For around a century, starting with
1613:Ghazals in other South Asian languages
957:Vin bahs bā salāse-ye ghassāle miravad
4517:
4257:
3954:
3930:One of the Best ghazal of Naqi Naqvi
3710:
3623:. Bihar rashtrabhasha parishad. 1960.
3526:
3351:"Nazrul: An ardent lover of humanity"
3348:
3243:. Taylor & Francis. p. 851.
3193:
3057:
3018:
2991:
2976:
2804:"A new Hindustani-English dictionary"
1932:The Night Abraham Called to the Stars
1802:as well as by Kashmiri-American poet
1029:is regarded as the originator of the
994: – Jointly penned by
963:Shekkar-shekan shavand hame tutiān-e
922:Introduction into Indian subcontinent
253:. In English, the word is pronounced
248:
3594:
3427:,"drvidyahattangadi",August 16, 2018
3376:
3361:from the original on 4 February 2018
3323:. The News on Sunday. Archived from
3228:from the original on 2 January 2017.
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2827:
2825:
2118:, "Ghazal on What's to Lose, or Not"
1153:
849:, which was also popular in Persia.
654:
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
3314:
3278:
3266:Atul Prasad Sen'er Shreshtha Kabita
3263:
3257:
2896:
2732:
2702:
809:have been found as far back as the
785:ghazal spread both westwards, into
569:There are several locations a Urdu
240:
227:
221:
211:
24:
3511:
3342:
3127:
2998:. Sterling Publishing. p. 2.
2128:
1224:context, with the Beloved being a
1220:, most ghazals can be viewed in a
641:'Mir' is in those half-closed eyes
173:mystics and the courts of the new
25:
4943:
3857:
3315:Ali, Sarwat (21 September 2014).
2964:Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation
2875:
2822:
1991:Twenty-Six Ways Out of This World
644:all flirtation is a bit like wine
4897:Arabic and Central Asian poetics
4612:
4283:
2950:. March 17, 2023. Archived from
281:
255:
43:
3980:
3704:
3690:
3678:
3653:
3627:
3613:
3595:Nair, Malini (28 August 2018).
3588:
3563:
3539:
3520:
3505:
3476:
3449:
3430:
3417:
3308:
3296:from the original on 2021-11-10
3272:
3214:
3187:
3161:
3148:
3094:
3051:
3037:
3012:
2899:"A Short History of the Ghazal"
2680:, a music genre from South Asia
1370:, He is known as the father of
1366:. Ghazals were also written by
54:needs additional citations for
3795:; various postings, 1999—today
3780:de Brujn, “ḠAZAL i. HISTORY”,
3687:. Retrieved on March 14, 2023.
3621:Pañcadaś Lokbhāṣā Nibandhāvalī
3101:Pritchett, Frances W. (2004).
2967:
2958:
2921:
2849:
2833:"Meaning of ghazal in English"
2796:
2691:
2090:, "Stilt Jack" (Anansi), 1978.
1075:became an important centre of
518:Other optional rules include:
311:
13:
1:
3732:
3551:www.ghazalcharitabletrust.com
3281:"Rereading Kazi Nazrul Islam"
3135:"Ghazal – Islamic literature"
1765:
1457:
1149:Nemidanam che manzel būd shab
793:, as well as eastwards, into
4452:Perfect and imperfect rhymes
3387:. Press Information Bureau,
3072:10.1080/00856401.2011.633300
2928:"Types of Urdu mark: Ghazal"
2790:
1122:Unconditional, superior love
1041:as we know today by merging
773:Spread of the Arabian ghazal
681:opening prelude, called the
7:
3808:; various issues, 1996–2000
3711:Smith, Paul (28 May 2015).
2937:,"Urdu Mark",August 8, 2012
2665:
1686:popularized ghazals in the
1334:. Through the influence of
1251:
1241:
1160:
1006:The ghazal was spread from
447:: The rhyming pattern. The
197:Etymology and pronunciation
10:
4948:
4922:Ancient Persian literature
4545:Hindustani classical music
2463:Bhupinder and Mitali Singh
2273:Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain
1754:due to which he is called
1660:popularized the ghazal in
1591:Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain
1270:is the recognized master.
1061:and other local dialects.
925:
649:
377:in a ghazal is called the
29:
4801:
4725:
4689:
4621:
4610:
4551:
4414:
4291:
3988:
3920:A list of ghazal writers.
3829:; Nos. 1 and 2, 2003–2004
3547:"Ghazal Charitable Trust"
3202:(90 (Winter 2016)): 46–51
2973:Oxford English Dictionary
2780:
2772:
2764:
2719:
2710:
2453:Mohammad Hussain Sarahang
2083:Ghazals: Homage to Ghalib
1965:, "Qutub" (Xoanon), 1995.
1819:Wesleyan University Press
1740:, his ghazals collection
1190:
1113:
626:, and desolation of self.
358:respectively. A ghazal's
4892:Urdu-language literature
2684:
2096:, "Miscegenation", 2006.
1977:, "Bones in Their Wings"
1947:(Beguine Library, 1974).
1924:, "Ghazal ('...exiles')"
1278:Ghazals were written by
1064:During the reign of the
3914:dedicated ghazal radio.
3893:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
3813:Early Islamic Mysticism
3804:Reichhold, Jane (ed.).
3738:Agha Shahid Ali (ed.).
3239:Arnold, Alison (2000).
3222:"Persian – Banglapedia"
3169:"Persian - Banglapedia"
3021:Early Islamic Mysticism
3019:Sells, Michael (1996).
2903:The Ghazal Page Journal
2458:Mohammad Reza Shajarian
2298:Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan
1959:, "The Anonymous Lover"
1827:Real Ghazals in English
1744:was published in 1895.
1720:brought ghazals to the
898:). The adoption of the
179:Languages of South Asia
32:Ghazal (disambiguation)
3825:Watkins, R. W. (ed.).
3664:. Simon and Schuster.
3660:Harrison, Jim (1971).
3321:The News International
3268:. Bharbi. p. 142.
2808:dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu
2756:
2748:
2740:
2573:Srilekha Parthasarathy
2530:Pakistani film singers
1913:
1736:introduced ghazals in
1493:South Asian film music
1274:Important ghazal poets
1260:metaphysical questions
1174:
1157:
1135:
991:
945:
829:Dispersion into Persia
647:
615:
482:to be featured in the
149:
4726:Semi-classical genres
3782:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3527:Karsh (4 June 2018).
3045:"Neoclassical ghazal"
2288:Ustad Amanat Ali Khan
2283:Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
2048:, "Guzzle", "Drizzle"
2018:, "Ghazal On Ghazals"
1971:, "Storybook Ghazal"
1901:God sobs in my arms.
1837:
1772:James Clarence Mangan
1627:Balashankar Kantharia
1575:Ustad Amanat Ali Khan
1477:Federico García Lorca
1424:Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
1129:
1069:Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah
954:
935:
926:Further information:
629:
592:
573:might take place in:
562:Interpreting a ghazal
144:
4927:Persian poetic forms
3937:Ghazals Manuscript,
3906:A Desertful of Roses
3827:Contemporary Ghazals
3264:Som, Shovan (2002).
2992:Kanda, K.C. (1992).
2433:Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
2293:Asad Amanat Ali Khan
2106:(Coach House), 1984.
1981:Sukhdarshan Dhaliwal
1672:composed ghazals in
1641:, Shunya Palanpuri,
1245:). Others are about
390:. Both lines of the
205:originates from the
63:improve this article
4932:Arabic poetry forms
3662:Outlyer and Ghazals
3577:. TNN. Jan 26, 2013
3488:www.weallnepali.com
3389:Government of India
3317:"A taste of Bengal"
2368:Habib Wali Mohammad
2308:Bade Fateh Ali Khan
2233:Beauty Sharma Barua
2010:Outlyer and Ghazals
1957:G.S. Sharat Chandra
1812:Outlyer and Ghazals
1776:James Elroy Flecker
1415:and later on Ustad
1405:Arthur John Arberry
1012:Indian Subcontinent
777:With the spread of
618:The Tavern, or the
167:Indian subcontinent
4882:Persian literature
4470:Off-centered rhyme
3944:2017-04-04 at the
3811:Sells, Michael A.
3641:on 12 January 2015
3575:The Times of India
3512:Anandi, Sita Ram.
3442:2020-11-10 at the
3423:Hattangadi, Vidya.
3411:2018-06-28 at the
3395:on 5 November 2002
2933:2020-11-02 at the
2863:. 9 September 2018
2478:Adithya Srinivasan
2193:Ateeq Hussain Khan
2110:John Edgar Wideman
2012:(Touchstone), 1971
1963:Andrew D. Chumbley
1953:, "Ghazal for M."
1698:. He was known as
1599:Adithya Srinivasan
1585:(who first used a
1401:Annemarie Schimmel
1147:'s Persian ghazal
1136:
1085:Persian literature
1077:Persian literature
946:
815:Mozarabic language
757:), homoeroticism (
150:
4917:Music of Pakistan
4902:Pakistani poetics
4864:
4863:
4511:
4510:
4251:
4250:
3924:Mere Rashke Qamar
3752:Agha Shahid Ali.
3698:"Maryann Corbett"
3005:978-81-207-1195-2
2861:Poetry Foundation
2837:Rekhta Dictionary
2583:Shiv Dayal Batish
2418:Roop Kumar Rathod
2094:Natasha Trethewey
1987:Judith Fitzgerald
1760:Nepali Literature
1752:Nepali literature
1718:Kazi Nazrul Islam
1664:. Ghazals in the
1623:Gujarati language
1407:and many others.
1350:(1796–1835). The
1348:August von Platen
1344:Friedrich Rückert
1328:Kazi Nazrul Islam
1188:
1187:
1104:Kazi Nazrul Islam
1021:The 13th century
938:Majlis al-Ushshaq
655:Origins in Arabia
397:must contain the
191:Petrarchan sonnet
175:Islamic Sultanate
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
4939:
4616:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4255:
4254:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3902:
3869:
3727:
3726:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3637:. Archived from
3631:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3490:. Archived from
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3461:. Archived from
3453:
3447:
3437:"Ghazal Singers"
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3391:. Archived from
3380:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3285:
3279:Hussain, Azfar.
3276:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3200:The Sufi Journal
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2989:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2938:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2905:. Archived from
2897:Jalajel, David.
2894:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2800:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2704:
2695:
2398:Bhimrao Panchale
2248:Rahmatullah Dard
2178:Anuradha Paudwal
2060:, "Sam's Ghazal"
2054:, "The Causeway"
2046:William Matthews
2036:, "On the Table"
1941:Francis Brabazon
1788:English language
1722:Bengali language
1708:Marathi language
1688:Marathi language
1647:Khalil Dhantejvi
1430:, Begum Akhtar,
1346:(1788–1866) and
1254:
1244:
1169:
1154:
1132:Layla and Majnun
1108:Moniruddin Yusuf
1094:It is said that
1066:Sultan of Bengal
1002:
983:candy , that to
897:
893:
888:
708:in Arabic and a
556:Abdolhamid Ziaei
494:
487:
470:
427:
410:
395:
389:
385:
380:
357:
349:
345:
337:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
252:
250:[ˈɣazal]
243:
242:
230:
229:
224:
223:
214:
213:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4907:Literary genres
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4797:
4721:
4685:
4617:
4608:
4547:
4542:
4512:
4507:
4504:Weak/Unaccented
4410:
4401:Verse paragraph
4287:
4282:
4252:
4247:
3984:
3979:
3946:Wayback Machine
3860:
3792:The Ghazal Page
3735:
3730:
3723:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3635:"wordsters.net"
3633:
3632:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3605:
3603:
3593:
3589:
3580:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3525:
3521:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3458:Shayari Network
3455:
3454:
3450:
3444:Wayback Machine
3435:
3431:
3422:
3418:
3413:Wayback Machine
3398:
3396:
3381:
3377:
3364:
3362:
3347:
3343:
3330:
3328:
3327:on 28 June 2018
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3284:(Video lecture)
3283:
3277:
3273:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3237:
3233:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3113:
3105:. Katha Books.
3099:
3095:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2990:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2935:Wayback Machine
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2668:
2663:
2622:
2568:Lata Mangeshkar
2522:
2473:Ghazal Srinivas
2468:Jasvinder Singh
2403:Shishir Parkhie
2383:Nizami Brothers
2353:Lata Mangeshkar
2203:Kiran Ahluwalia
2131:
2129:Ghazal in Music
2112:, "Lost Letter"
2074:Florida Ghazals
1993:(Oberon), 1999.
1969:Maryann Corbett
1951:Fern G. Z. Carr
1922:Agha Shahid Ali
1918:
1910:Agha Shahid Ali
1903:Call me Ishmael
1900:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1804:Agha Shahid Ali
1768:
1710:. His disciple
1692:Lata Mangeshkar
1658:Ghazal Srinivas
1617:In addition to
1615:
1465:Indian Emperors
1460:
1428:Amanat Ali Khan
1380:
1360:Moti Ram Bhatta
1356:Agha Shahid Ali
1276:
1195:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1124:
1116:
1096:Atul Prasad Sen
1004:
993:
990:
977:
975:
967:
962:
958:
953:
942:Husayn Bayqarah
930:
924:
916:
895:
891:
886:
866:
836:
831:
799:Arabic language
775:
657:
652:
564:
492:
485:
468:
425:
408:
393:
387:
383:
378:
360:rhyming pattern
355:
347:
343:
335:
314:
284:
280:
258:
254:
199:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4945:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4912:Music of India
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4887:Persian poetry
4884:
4879:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4465:Internal rhyme
4462:
4461:Imperfect/Near
4459:
4454:
4449:
4448:Forced/Oblique
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Sapphic stanza
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3998:Bait-ul-Ghazal
3995:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3859:
3858:External links
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3823:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3766:Bailey, J. O.
3764:
3750:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3722:978-1512363326
3721:
3703:
3689:
3677:
3670:
3652:
3626:
3612:
3587:
3562:
3538:
3519:
3516:. p. 215.
3504:
3475:
3448:
3446:,"Urdu Duniya"
3429:
3416:
3375:
3355:The Daily Star
3341:
3307:
3271:
3256:
3249:
3231:
3213:
3186:
3160:
3154:Dayf, Shawqî.
3147:
3126:
3111:
3093:
3066:(2): 434–455.
3050:
3036:
3029:
3011:
3004:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2939:
2920:
2909:on 17 May 2021
2874:
2848:
2821:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Noraniza Idris
2646:
2641:
2636:
2634:Jamal Abdillah
2630:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Shreya Ghoshal
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Sabri Brothers
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Malika Pukhraj
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2313:Hamid Ali Khan
2310:
2305:
2303:Shreya Ghoshal
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2116:Eleanor Wilner
2113:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2040:Edward Lowbury
2037:
2031:
2025:
2022:Galway Kinnell
2019:
2016:John Hollander
2013:
2003:
1997:Marilyn Hacker
1994:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1945:In Dust I Sing
1938:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1792:John Hollander
1767:
1764:
1748:Motiram Bhatta
1742:Badmash Darpan
1614:
1611:
1515:Parveen Shakir
1459:
1456:
1379:
1376:
1368:Hamza Shinwari
1320:Muhammad Iqbal
1312:Ottoman Empire
1275:
1272:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1071:, the city of
955:
948:
947:
923:
920:
915:
912:
865:
862:
835:
832:
830:
827:
774:
771:
753:), eroticism (
656:
653:
651:
648:
628:
627:
591:
590:
563:
560:
541:
540:
530:
516:
515:
501:
456:
438:
413:
313:
310:
247:is pronounced
198:
195:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4944:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Perfect rhyme
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Ballad stanza
4304:
4302:
4301:Alcaic stanza
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Shehr a'ashob
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:9780809136193
3818:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:0-8078-1135-1
3773:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:0-393-05195-1
3759:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:0-8195-6437-0
3745:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3508:
3494:on 2020-09-18
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3465:on 2018-02-24
3464:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3250:0-8240-4946-2
3246:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3112:81-87649-65-8
3108:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3030:9780809136193
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2970:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Sharifah Aini
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2626:Malay singers
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Mohammad Rafi
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Talat Mahmood
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Suresh Wadkar
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Sunali Rathod
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Mohammed Rafi
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:Talat Mahmood
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Farida Khanum
2326:
2324:
2323:Khalil Haider
2321:
2319:
2318:Shahabaz Aman
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Gulbahar Bano
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Ataullah Khan
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Abida Parveen
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:John Thompson
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:Adrienne Rich
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:Spencer Reece
2068:
2065:
2064:Robert Pinsky
2062:
2059:
2058:Elise Paschen
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:Marilyn Krysl
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
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1975:Lorna Crozier
1973:
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1805:
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1800:Elise Paschen
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:Adrienne Rich
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:Ghazal Samrat
1753:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:Ilahi Jamadar
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:Ghazal Samrat
1697:
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1689:
1685:
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1679:
1675:
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1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
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1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:Barkat Virani
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:in ghazals),
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:Farida Khanum
1560:
1559:Abida Parveen
1556:
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1466:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:Farida Khanum
1445:
1441:
1440:Abida Parveen
1437:
1433:
1432:Talat Mahmood
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1406:
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1398:
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1325:
1321:
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1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Saadi Shirazi
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1252:ishq-e-majazi
1248:
1243:
1242:ishq-e-haqiqi
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
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1078:
1074:
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1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Ameer Khusrow
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
989:
988:
986:
982:
974:
972:
966:
961:
952:
951:Divan-e-Hafez
949:Excerpt from
943:
939:
934:
929:
919:
911:
909:
905:
904:Saadi Shirazi
901:
894:
884:
883:
877:
875:
874:Ghaznavid era
870:
861:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
843:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
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764:
760:
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752:
748:
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740:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
713:
712:in Persian).
711:
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680:
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531:
528:
527:
526:
525:Misra-e-uulaa
521:
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218:
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161:
160:Arabic poetry
157:
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133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4792:
4783:NatyaSangeet
4492:Rhyme scheme
4434:Broken rhyme
4424:Alliteration
4335:
4316:Burns stanza
4285:Poetic forms
4117:
4083:Tah-Tul-Lafz
4018:Husn-E-Matla
3918:Ghazal poets
3912:Ghazal Radio
3890:
3883:
3826:
3812:
3805:
3791:
3767:
3753:
3739:
3712:
3706:
3692:
3680:
3661:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3639:the original
3629:
3620:
3615:
3604:. Retrieved
3600:
3590:
3579:. Retrieved
3574:
3565:
3554:. Retrieved
3550:
3541:
3532:
3522:
3513:
3507:
3496:. Retrieved
3492:the original
3487:
3478:
3467:. Retrieved
3463:the original
3457:
3451:
3432:
3419:
3399:22 September
3397:. Retrieved
3393:the original
3378:
3370:
3363:. Retrieved
3354:
3344:
3336:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:the original
3320:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3287:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3240:
3234:
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3199:
3189:
3179:22 September
3177:. Retrieved
3163:
3155:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3129:
3102:
3096:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3039:
3020:
3014:
2994:
2969:
2960:
2952:the original
2942:
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2907:the original
2902:
2865:. Retrieved
2860:
2851:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:
2812:. Retrieved
2807:
2798:
2693:
2672:Filmi-ghazal
2623:
2608:Chitra Singh
2598:K. L. Saigal
2553:Jagjit Singh
2548:Mehdi Hassan
2538:Ahmed Rushdi
2523:
2498:Pankaj Udhas
2493:Nirmal Udhas
2488:Manhar Udhas
2443:Jagjit Singh
2388:Nayyara Noor
2358:Penaz Masani
2338:Master Madan
2278:Cassius Khan
2268:Mehdi Hassan
2258:Pankaj Udhas
2253:Chandan Dass
2208:Begum Akhtar
2173:Amjad Parvez
2158:Ahmed Rushdi
2151:
2136:
2132:
2103:
2100:Phyllis Webb
2082:
2073:
2066:, "The Hall"
2052:W. S. Merwin
2034:Maxine Kumin
2009:
2006:Jim Harrison
2000:
1990:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1907:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1821:in 2000, as
1816:
1811:
1808:Jim Harrison
1796:W. S. Merwin
1784:Phyllis Webb
1769:
1746:
1716:
1699:
1696:Asha Bhosale
1682:
1655:
1651:Manhar Udhas
1643:Amrut Ghayal
1639:Asim Randeri
1616:
1603:Pankaj Udhas
1583:Jagjit Singh
1579:Parvez Mehdi
1571:Ahmed Rushdi
1547:Mehdi Hassan
1541:In Pakistan,
1540:
1521:
1519:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1461:
1444:Jagjit Singh
1436:Mehdi Hassan
1421:
1417:Mehdi Hassan
1413:Begum Akhtar
1409:
1381:
1316:Mirza Ghalib
1277:
1264:Mirza Ghalib
1257:
1247:earthly love
1234:
1196:
1175:
1158:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1117:
1093:
1063:
1031:Indo-Persian
1020:
1005:
992:
978:
968:
959:
956:
937:
917:
907:
899:
889:
880:
878:
871:
867:
853:
851:
846:
840:
837:
811:11th century
776:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
738:
734:
728:
724:
720:
716:
714:
709:
705:
697:
694:
689:
682:
678:
670:
666:
660:
658:
643:
640:
639:
636:Mir Taqi Mir
633:
630:
619:
611:
610:
606:
605:
599:
596:
593:
570:
568:
565:
550:
544:
543:Unlike in a
542:
535:Misra-e-sani
534:
533:
524:
523:
517:
504:
503:
497:
490:
483:
477:
474:nom de plume
473:
466:
459:
458:
452:
448:
441:
440:
434:
430:
423:
416:
415:
406:
402:
398:
391:
381:
374:
373:: The first
367:
366:
350:
338:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
244:
233:
216:
202:
200:
187:
164:
154:
153:
151:
125:
119:October 2011
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
4623:Instruments
4444:Cross rhyme
4356:Rhyme royal
3982:Urdu poetry
3880:Schacht, J.
3876:Pellat, Ch.
3206:9 September
3140:9 September
2867:9 September
2814:9 September
2737:Azerbaijani
2654:Rhoma Irama
2644:Rosiah Chik
2613:Asha Bhosle
2603:Saleem Raza
2513:Alka Yagnik
2483:Tahira Syed
2243:Asha Bhosle
2238:Munni Begum
2183:Anup Jalota
1734:Teg Ali Teg
1684:Suresh Bhat
1543:Saleem Raza
1395:and Uyghur
1324:North India
1237:Divine Love
1216:instead of
1212:, but with
1145:Amir Khusro
1047:khadhi boli
1027:Hasan Sijzi
928:Urdu ghazal
908:de rigueur.
805:as well as
476:, known as
312:Poetic form
225:(ḡazal) or
4871:Categories
4439:Consonance
4406:Villanelle
4396:Terza rima
4381:Tail rhyme
4341:Quatorzain
3889:Volume II:
3867:"G̲h̲azal"
3733:References
3671:0671208527
3645:18 January
3606:2020-08-28
3581:2022-03-13
3556:2022-03-13
3498:2016-06-21
3469:2018-02-23
2842:2023-02-10
2715:Hindi-Urdu
2593:Ghulam Ali
2558:Noor Jehan
2508:Ahmad Wali
2448:Sajjad Ali
2378:Sonu Nigam
2333:Runa Laila
2228:Iqbal Bano
2218:Talat Aziz
2213:Ghulam Ali
2198:Salma Agha
2122:Rob Winger
1928:Robert Bly
1766:In English
1726:Bangladesh
1637:'Befaam',
1567:Ghulam Ali
1555:Iqbal Bano
1551:Noor Jehan
1458:Popularity
1452:Ghulam Ali
1450:and Ustad
1391:, Persian
1387:, Turkish
1385:Shashmakom
1300:Yunus Emre
1214:melancholy
1210:soul music
1081:golden age
1039:Hindustani
1025:Sufi poet
979:That this
675:panegyrics
89:newspapers
4671:Harmonium
4604:Swaralipi
4496:Semirhyme
4482:Pararhyme
4477:Monorhyme
4429:Assonance
4173:Mukhammas
4088:Takhallus
3899:495469475
3872:Lewis, B.
3601:Scroll.in
3121:419075128
3088:144687955
3080:0085-6401
2791:Footnotes
2618:Tina Sani
2543:Hariharan
2393:Noorjehan
2363:Aziz Mian
2263:Hariharan
2168:Ali Sethi
1905:tonight.
1674:Malayalam
1595:Hariharan
1488:mushairas
1374:Ghazals.
1222:spiritual
1073:Sonargaon
996:Azam Shah
900:takhallus
882:Takhallus
759:mudhakkar
733:(such as
498:takhallus
479:takhallus
201:The word
147:rubāʻīyāt
4836:Bhairavi
4758:Bhatiali
4681:Pakhavaj
4552:Concepts
4500:Syllabic
4457:Holorime
4351:Quintain
4346:Quatrain
4326:Cinquain
4321:Chaubola
4168:Musaddas
4148:Manqabat
4093:Tarannum
4053:Mushaira
4013:Kulliyat
3942:Archived
3882:(eds.).
3440:Archived
3409:Archived
3359:Archived
3294:Archived
3226:Archived
3173:Archived
2931:Archived
2913:26 March
2857:"Ghazal"
2769:Gujarati
2666:See also
2659:M. Nasir
2142:Sarahang
1814:(1971).
1738:Bhojpuri
1352:Kashmiri
1226:metaphor
1207:American
823:Fulfulde
747:romantic
725:muqtarab
679:qaṣīda's
620:maikhana
583:songbird
514:) count.
78:"Ghazal"
4831:Bhairav
4826:Asavari
4811:Bilaval
4788:Qawwali
4697:Dhrupad
4666:Tanpura
4661:Sarangi
4656:Shehnai
4651:Santoor
4646:Bansuri
4599:Gharana
4594:Bandish
4391:Triolet
4366:Sestain
4331:Couplet
4293:Stanzas
4238:Tazkira
4233:Wasokht
4203:Qawwali
4163:Munajat
4158:Masnavi
4153:Marsiya
4098:Triveni
4078:Shayari
3784:. 2012.
3406:Alt URL
3365:28 June
3331:28 June
3300:15 July
3289:YouTube
2777:Punjabi
2753:Turkmen
2745:Turkish
2729:Persian
2707:Bengali
2678:Qawwali
2518:Umbayee
2348:Mahwash
1704:Emperor
1670:Umbayee
1666:Kannada
1607:Umbayee
1511:shayars
1482:mehfils
1469:Germany
1393:Dastgah
1340:Germany
1310:in the
1100:Lucknow
1059:Persian
1023:Chishti
981:Persian
783:Arabian
763:tamhîdî
730:qaṣīdas
671:qaṣīdas
667:Qaṣīdas
650:History
331:qasidas
103:scholar
18:Ghazals
4877:Ghazal
4856:Kalyan
4816:Khamaj
4803:Thaats
4793:Ghazal
4778:Abhang
4773:Bhajan
4763:Sawani
4753:Chaiti
4748:Kajari
4733:Thumri
4712:Tarana
4702:Dhamar
4690:Genres
4579:Sargam
4569:Shruti
4416:Rhymes
4386:Tercet
4376:Sonnet
4371:Sestet
4336:Ghazal
4311:Biolet
4193:Qasida
4118:Ghazal
4073:Shayar
4058:Qafiya
4048:Misra'
4038:Matla'
4033:Maqta'
4028:Kulyat
3897:
3878:&
3819:
3774:
3760:
3746:
3719:
3668:
3533:Medium
3247:
3119:
3109:
3086:
3078:
3027:
3002:
2810:. 1879
2765:gʻazal
2699:Arabic
2526:Indian
2428:Reshma
2373:Mukesh
1678:Kerala
1662:Telugu
1631:Kalapi
1587:guitar
1577:, and
1527:thumri
1523:khayāl
1473:Goethe
1372:Pashto
1364:Nepali
1336:Goethe
1332:Bengal
1326:; and
1308:Nasimi
1304:Fuzuli
1298:poets
1296:Turkic
1294:; the
1292:Persia
1268:Ghalib
1192:Sufism
1114:Themes
1008:Persia
987:goeth.
985:Bengal
858:Rudaki
854:qaṣīda
847:qaṣīda
842:matla'
807:Arabic
803:Hebrew
795:Persia
787:Africa
781:, the
751:udharî
741:, and
723:, and
717:khafîf
702:qafiya
698:qaṣīda
662:qasida
602:Ghalib
579:bulbul
489:. The
461:Maqta'
453:qafiya
443:Qafiya
405:. The
399:qafiya
369:Matla'
340:qafiya
236:Arabic
228:غَزِلَ
207:Arabic
203:ghazal
183:Turkey
155:ghazal
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
4851:Marva
4846:Purvi
4743:Tappa
4738:Dadra
4717:Sadra
4707:Khyal
4676:Tabla
4641:Veena
4636:Sarod
4631:Sitar
4559:Swara
4243:Poets
4218:Sehra
4213:Salam
4208:Rubai
4198:Qat'ã
4143:Madah
4128:Hazal
4063:Radif
4043:Mavra
4023:Kalam
4008:Diwan
3870:. In
3084:S2CID
2948:"غزل"
2781:ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ
2761:Uzbek
2757:gazal
2749:gazel
2741:qəzəl
2725:غَزَل
2720:ग़ज़ल
2703:غَزَل
2685:Notes
2624:Some
2524:Many
2147:Ulfat
1730:India
1702:(the
1505:rāgas
1471:with
1397:Muqam
1389:Makam
1354:poet
1284:Hafiz
1203:Hafiz
1089:Hafez
1051:Hindi
1010:into
1000:Hafez
896:'
892:'
890:maqta
887:'
819:Hausa
791:Spain
779:Islam
755:hissî
743:rajaz
739:basît
735:kâmil
721:ramal
690:nasīb
684:nasīb
551:shers
512:morae
493:'
491:maqta
486:'
484:maqta
469:'
467:maqta
449:radif
435:radif
431:shers
426:'
424:matla
418:Radif
409:'
407:matla
403:radif
394:'
392:matla
388:'
384:'
382:matla
379:'
356:'
352:radif
348:'
344:'
336:'
326:bayts
245:ġazal
238:word
222:غَزَل
217:ġazal
209:word
110:JSTOR
96:books
4841:Todi
4821:Kafi
4768:Hori
4589:Laya
4584:Tala
4574:Raga
4564:That
4188:Noha
4183:Nazm
4178:Naat
4138:Kafi
4133:Hijv
4123:Hamd
4113:Geet
4108:Fard
4103:Doha
4068:Sher
4003:Bahr
3993:Bait
3895:OCLC
3817:ISBN
3806:Lynx
3772:ISBN
3758:ISBN
3744:ISBN
3717:ISBN
3666:ISBN
3647:2015
3401:2006
3367:2018
3333:2018
3302:2016
3245:ISBN
3208:2023
3181:2017
3142:2018
3117:OCLC
3107:ISBN
3076:ISSN
3025:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2915:2019
2869:2018
2816:2018
2528:and
1934:and
1798:and
1728:and
1694:and
1619:Urdu
1535:tāla
1531:rāga
1485:and
1318:and
1306:and
1286:and
1280:Rumi
1228:for
1218:funk
1199:Rumi
1106:and
1055:Urdu
1043:braj
1016:Sufi
998:and
971:Hind
965:Hind
821:and
789:and
710:sher
706:bayt
587:rose
581:, a
571:sher
546:nazm
506:Bahr
401:and
375:sher
346:and
322:sher
318:bayt
234:The
181:and
171:Sufi
152:The
82:news
4228:Soz
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