437:, she was killed. Gertrude's body was torn to pieces, while her brother and Duke Leopold narrowly escaped with their lives. According to recent research, the perpetrator could have been a serious lone criminal with a personal motive. It is possible that there was something between him and the queen. It raises questions, e.g. why would the royal bodyguard allow a man armed with a sword into the queen's sleeping tent. Contrary to the previously widespread view, it is now known that when the king found out about his wife's murder, he brutally executed justice and impalement the perpetrator. His son, King Béla IV, used the killing of his mother decades later for political showdowns, accusing non-genuine accomplices of earlier involvement.
375:, who had realised that Andrew's troops outnumbered his armies, went unarmed, wearing only the crown and the sceptre, to Andrew's camp near Varasd, Andrew surrendered voluntarily in the spur of the moment. The king had his brother arrested, but Andrew managed to escape shortly afterwards. During this time, Gertrude was sent back to her father. Things improved for her, when Prince Andrew took over the government of the Hungarian kingdom upon the death of King Emeric in 1204, officially as regent for his minor nephew
477:. They are fictionalized retellings of the assassination, in which the noble men of Hungary conspire against Queen Gertrude (called Gertrudis in the play and the opera) who exploited the people of Hungary as a regent and let them live in fear and poverty, while she herself was throwing feasts in the royal palace and giving titles and estates to her Meranian friends and relatives. The noble men only wait for the approval of
485:
who murdered the queen and no records of him having a wife. Among
Gertrude's brothers, it wasn't Otto, the Duke of Merania, but Berchtold, the Archbishop of Kalocs, who lived with her in Hungary and counseled her. Some sources written well after the events accuse him of seducing or raping Melinda, but such accusations could not be written about a priest in 1820, when the play was first published.
195:
481:, the most powerful among them, who is resistant to join. However, upon learning that Otto, Gertrude's brother, drugged and raped his wife Melinda with the tacit approval of the queen, he breaks into the bed chamber of Gertrude at night and confronts her, which leads to a heated argument ending in the murder of the queen.
29:
484:
This story is strongly fictionalized and likely very inaccurate, as there are no reliable sources on the details of the assassination. There is no proof that
Gertrude was an exploitative or negligent regent, and although Bánk bán was a real historical person, there's no evidence that he was the one
492:, and national sentiments were strongly discouraged, while any straightforward criticism against the sovereign or the royal family was impossible because of the strict censorship rules.
387:
While the king was in battle, Gertrude gave out
Hungarian land as "gifts" to her favorites. According to medieval chroniclers, one third of the country was given away but the
929:
1299:
1169:
391:
got it back after the queen's death. Thus, Hungary did not prosper. During the frequent absence of her husband, the queen was regent and, as
285:
Gertrude's parents arranged political marriages for their daughters, creating alliances for her father, Duke
Berthold. Gertrude married the
768:
1444:
1464:
532:"Latin Emperors and Serbian Queens: Anna and Helena: Genealogical and Geopolitical Explorations in the Post-1204 Byzantine World"
1474:
1454:
1429:
1139:
1459:
1449:
1069:
1059:
999:
1469:
1199:
969:
416:
1434:
1424:
809:
355:
127:
1414:
1319:
869:
899:
1249:
1219:
1019:
777:
761:
396:
270:
367:
Ambitious
Gertrude exerted much political influence over her husband. It was probably she who persuaded Andrew to
909:
422:
1329:
1289:
368:
1439:
1279:
1404:
1359:
1269:
348:
258:
149:
1339:
1239:
1189:
754:
430:
310:
1419:
1409:
1259:
488:
The play and the opera quickly became favorites in
Hungary, which was under the rule of the Austrian
207:
1119:
728:
376:
47:
1109:
839:
372:
306:
257:, who inherited the title of Duke of Merania and succeeded their father in his Bavarian domains,
254:
1049:
298:
531:
478:
294:
1394:
1369:
429:, decided to assassinate the queen and in 1213, on a hunt with Berthold and their guest Duke
400:
342:
320:
274:
110:
677:
The Life and
Afterlife of St. Elizabeth of Hungary: Testimony from her Canonization Hearings
426:
331:
114:
1399:
1309:
1159:
959:
889:
738:
465:
448:
338:
290:
211:
179:
123:
119:
98:
8:
1349:
1229:
1089:
1079:
989:
939:
721:
250:
246:
234:
395:
states, conducted the affairs of the kingdom "like a man". In 1206, her younger brother
1179:
1149:
1129:
1009:
879:
392:
286:
849:
799:
789:
551:
238:
219:
159:
105:
1099:
1029:
919:
859:
819:
692:
543:
489:
302:
230:
203:
175:
139:
460:
979:
509:
434:
242:
226:
215:
650:
The
Archaeology and Material Culture of Queenship in Medieval Hungary, 1000–1395
1039:
547:
1388:
1209:
641:
Princely
Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100-1250
555:
470:
474:
404:
324:
668:
The Latin
Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228)
86:
28:
441:
659:
Cistercian Stories for Nuns and Monks: The Sacramental Imagination of
746:
829:
262:
388:
134:
266:
223:
183:
198:
Berthold IV of Andechs and his wife Agnes among their children
194:
577:
567:
565:
618:
616:
444:
style. Her tomb was excavated between 1967 and 1980.
273:
who became a close advisor to Gertrude and was named
562:
613:
301:, joining his father-in-law in his support of Duke
589:
601:
379:, who nevertheless died in exile one year later.
1386:
297:, before 1204. Andrew thereby took sides in the
1300:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
762:
341:(1207 – 10 November 1231), wife of Landgrave
403:. In 1212, he was also appointed Voivode of
182:from 1205 until her assassination. She was
769:
755:
665:
583:
27:
670:. Translated by Longbottom, Peter. Brill.
459:Gertrude is the main antagonist in both
193:
1387:
656:
647:
622:
571:
529:
776:
750:
421:While King Andrew was campaigning in
674:
638:
607:
595:
473:(1861) of the same name composed by
447:On Gertrude's death, Andrew married
417:Assassination of Gertrude of Merania
233:, a famous beauty, who married King
661:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
13:
1320:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
675:Wolf, Kenneth Baxter, ed. (2010).
14:
1486:
202:Gertrude was the daughter of the
530:Tricht, Filip Van (2020-03-16).
1445:13th-century Hungarian nobility
323:(c. 1204 – 1237), wife of Tzar
305:, while his elder brother King
299:conflict over the German throne
111:Anna Maria, Empress of Bulgaria
1465:13th-century murdered monarchs
1330:Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este
1290:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
523:
502:
229:. Gertrude's elder sister was
186:during her husband's absence.
174:1185 – 28 September 1213) was
77:28 September 1213 (aged 27–28)
1:
1475:Mothers of Hungarian monarchs
1455:12th-century Hungarian people
1430:Assassinated Hungarian people
1280:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
495:
454:
237:. Her younger sister was St.
171:
38:
1460:12th-century Hungarian women
1450:13th-century Hungarian women
1270:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
648:Mielke, Christopher (2021).
369:conspire against his brother
349:Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria
150:Berthold IV, Duke of Merania
7:
1470:13th-century queens consort
1340:Caroline Augusta of Bavaria
1240:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
643:. Cornell University Press.
293:, younger son of late King
280:
10:
1491:
1435:13th-century women regents
1425:People murdered in Hungary
679:. Oxford University Press.
666:Van Tricht, Filip (2011).
657:Newman, Martha G. (2020).
639:Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013).
632:
510:"Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon"
414:
261:who took over the rule in
1415:Queens consort of Hungary
1260:Margaret Theresa of Spain
784:
735:
726:
718:
713:
686:
548:10.1163/25895931-12340002
440:Gertrude's tomb was of a
382:
155:
145:
133:
104:
94:
81:
73:
65:
61:
53:
46:
26:
21:
729:Queen consort of Hungary
410:
362:
48:Queen consort of Hungary
16:Queen consort of Hungary
1110:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
840:Adelaide of Rheinfelden
189:
1140:Barbara of Brandenburg
1120:Catherine of Poděbrady
1050:Beatrice of Luxembourg
253:. Their brothers were
208:Berthold IV of Andechs
199:
1370:Zita of Bourbon-Parma
652:. Palgrave Macmillan.
431:Leopold VI of Austria
425:, a Hungarian noble,
415:Further information:
401:Archbishop of Kalocsa
371:again, but when King
343:Louis IV of Thuringia
321:Anna Maria of Hungary
275:Archbishop of Kalocsa
197:
178:as the first wife of
33:Gertrude and Andrew,
1440:13th-century regents
1360:Elisabeth of Bavaria
1310:Maria Luisa of Spain
1160:Anne of Foix-Candale
960:Yolanda of Courtenay
890:Yaroslavna of Halych
739:Yolanda de Courtenay
688:Gertrude of Merania
449:Yolanda de Courtenay
339:Elizabeth of Hungary
212:Margrave of Carniola
124:Coloman of Lodomeria
120:Elizabeth of Hungary
99:Andrew II of Hungary
1350:Maria Anna of Savoy
1230:Maria Anna of Spain
1090:Margaret of Durazzo
1080:Elizabeth of Bosnia
1070:Margaret of Bohemia
1060:Elisabeth of Poland
1000:Elizabeth of Sicily
990:Elizabeth the Cuman
950:Gertrude of Merania
940:Constance of Aragon
722:Constance of Aragon
356:Andrew II of Halych
334:(1206 – 3 May 1270)
295:Béla III of Hungary
251:High Duke of Poland
247:Henry I the Bearded
235:Philip II of France
168:Gertrude of Merania
128:Andrew II of Halych
89:, Budapest, Hungary
22:Gertrude of Merania
1180:Isabella Jagiellon
1150:Beatrice of Naples
1130:Beatrice of Naples
1010:Fenenna of Kuyavia
930:Margaret of France
900:Agnes of Babenberg
880:Euphrosyne of Kiev
427:Peter, son of Töre
393:Dietrich of Apolda
351:(1208 – June 1241)
332:Béla IV of Hungary
311:Otto IV of Germany
200:
115:Béla IV of Hungary
1382:
1381:
1020:Agnes of Habsburg
850:Felicia of Sicily
810:Richeza of Poland
800:Anastasia of Kiev
790:Gisela of Bavaria
778:Queens of Hungary
745:
744:
736:Succeeded by
399:was installed as
307:Emeric of Hungary
239:Hedwig of Silesia
165:
164:
160:Agnes of Rochlitz
35:Landgrafenpsalter
1482:
1420:House of Andechs
1410:Murdered royalty
1375:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1250:Eleonora Gonzaga
1245:
1235:
1225:
1220:Eleonora Gonzaga
1215:
1205:
1200:Maria of Austria
1195:
1185:
1175:
1170:Maria of Austria
1165:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1100:Barbara of Cilli
1095:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1030:Viola of Teschen
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
965:
955:
945:
935:
925:
920:Agnes of Antioch
915:
905:
895:
885:
875:
870:Helena of Serbia
865:
860:Euphemia of Kiev
855:
845:
835:
825:
820:Judith of Swabia
815:
805:
795:
771:
764:
757:
748:
747:
719:Preceded by
709:
702:
693:House of Andechs
684:
683:
680:
671:
662:
653:
644:
626:
620:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
560:
559:
527:
521:
520:
518:
517:
506:
490:Habsburg dynasty
358:(c. 1210 – 1234)
303:Philip of Swabia
231:Agnes of Merania
176:Queen of Hungary
173:
40:
31:
19:
18:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1008:
998:
988:
980:Maria Laskarina
978:
970:Beatrice d'Este
968:
958:
948:
938:
928:
918:
908:
898:
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
818:
808:
798:
788:
780:
775:
741:
732:
724:
703:
697:
696:
689:
635:
630:
629:
621:
614:
606:
602:
594:
590:
584:Van Tricht 2011
582:
578:
570:
563:
542:(1–2): 56–107.
528:
524:
515:
513:
508:
507:
503:
498:
469:(1819) and the
457:
435:Pilis Mountains
419:
413:
385:
365:
283:
227:House of Wettin
218:, and his wife
192:
126:
122:
117:
113:
90:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:House of Árpád
1402:
1397:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1190:Anna Jagiellon
1186:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1040:Maria of Bytom
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
966:
956:
946:
936:
926:
916:
906:
896:
886:
876:
866:
856:
846:
836:
826:
816:
806:
796:
785:
782:
781:
774:
773:
766:
759:
751:
743:
742:
737:
734:
725:
720:
716:
715:
711:
710:
690:
687:
682:
681:
672:
663:
654:
645:
634:
631:
628:
627:
612:
600:
598:, p. 166.
588:
586:, p. 406.
576:
574:, p. 114.
561:
522:
500:
499:
497:
494:
456:
453:
412:
409:
384:
381:
364:
361:
360:
359:
352:
345:
335:
328:
282:
279:
241:, wife of the
191:
188:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
108:
102:
101:
96:
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85:
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71:
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67:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
44:
43:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
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1413:
1411:
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1401:
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1374:
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1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
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1267:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:Anna of Tyrol
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
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1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
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1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
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1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
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1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
987:
984:
981:
977:
974:
971:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
934:
931:
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
911:
910:Maria Komnene
907:
904:
901:
897:
894:
891:
887:
884:
881:
877:
874:
871:
867:
864:
861:
857:
854:
851:
847:
844:
841:
837:
834:
831:
827:
824:
821:
817:
814:
811:
807:
804:
801:
797:
794:
791:
787:
786:
783:
779:
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
753:
752:
749:
740:
731:
730:
723:
717:
714:Royal titles
712:
707:
700:
695:
694:
685:
678:
673:
669:
664:
660:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
636:
625:, p. 30.
624:
619:
617:
610:, p. ix.
609:
604:
597:
592:
585:
580:
573:
568:
566:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
512:. Mek.niif.hu
511:
505:
501:
493:
491:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:
462:
461:József Katona
452:
450:
445:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
380:
378:
377:Ladislaus III
374:
370:
357:
353:
350:
346:
344:
340:
336:
333:
329:
326:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
196:
187:
185:
181:
177:
169:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
37:, Thuringia,
36:
30:
25:
20:
1395:1180s births
1372:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
952:
949:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
882:
872:
862:
852:
842:
832:
822:
812:
802:
792:
727:
705:
698:
691:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
603:
591:
579:
539:
536:Frankokratia
535:
525:
514:. Retrieved
504:
487:
483:
475:Ferenc Erkel
464:
458:
446:
439:
420:
405:Transylvania
386:
366:
325:Ivan Asen II
315:
309:backed King
284:
249:, the later
201:
167:
166:
34:
1400:1213 deaths
1373:(1916–1918)
1363:(1854–1898)
1353:(1831–1848)
1343:(1816–1830)
1333:(1808–1816)
1323:(1792–1807)
1313:(1790–1792)
1303:(1711–1740)
1293:(1699–1711)
1283:(1676–1705)
1273:(1673–1676)
1263:(1666–1673)
1253:(1651–1657)
1243:(1648–1649)
1233:(1631–1646)
1223:(1622–1625)
1213:(1608–1618)
1203:(1563–1576)
1193:(1526–1547)
1183:(1539–1540)
1173:(1515–1526)
1163:(1502–1506)
1153:(1491–1500)
1143:(1490–1491)
1133:(1476–1490)
1123:(1461–1464)
1113:(1437–1442)
1103:(1405–1437)
1093:(1385–1386)
1083:(1353–1382)
1073:(1342–1349)
1063:(1320–1342)
1053:(1318–1319)
1043:(1306–1317)
1023:(1296–1301)
1013:(1290–1295)
1003:(1272–1290)
993:(1270–1272)
983:(1235–1270)
973:(1234–1235)
963:(1215–1233)
953:(1205–1213)
943:(1198–1204)
933:(1186–1196)
923:(1172–1184)
913:(1163–1165)
903:(1168–1172)
893:(1167–1168)
883:(1146–1162)
873:(1131–1141)
863:(1112–1113)
853:(1097–1102)
843:(1077–1090)
833:(1074–1077)
823:(1063–1074)
813:(1060–1063)
803:(1046–1060)
793:(1000–1038)
623:Newman 2020
572:Mielke 2021
327:of Bulgaria
87:Pilis Abbey
1389:Categories
733:1205–1213
516:2013-01-04
496:References
455:In culture
316:They had:
608:Wolf 2010
596:Lyon 2013
556:2589-5931
463:'s play,
291:Andrew II
222:from the
180:Andrew II
57:1205–1213
830:Synadene
479:Bánk bán
466:Bánk bán
397:Berthold
389:magnates
281:Marriage
271:Berthold
263:Carniola
204:Bavarian
633:Sources
433:in the
423:Galicia
354:Prince
289:prince
140:Andechs
69:c. 1185
1033:(1305)
704:
554:
442:Gothic
383:Regent
373:Emeric
337:Saint
269:, and
267:Istria
216:Istria
206:Count
184:regent
156:Mother
146:Father
118:Saint
95:Spouse
82:Burial
54:Tenure
706:Died:
699:Born:
471:opera
411:Death
363:Queen
347:King
330:King
287:Árpád
259:Henry
245:duke
243:Piast
224:Saxon
220:Agnes
135:House
106:Issue
708:1213
701:1185
552:ISSN
265:and
255:Otto
214:and
190:Life
74:Died
66:Born
41:1213
544:doi
1391::
615:^
564:^
550:.
538:.
534:.
451:.
407:.
313:.
277:.
210:,
172:c.
39:c.
770:e
763:t
756:v
558:.
546::
540:1
519:.
170:(
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