German Americans - Knowledge

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consciousness raising, German ethnicity fell into a protracted and permanent slump. The war damaged public expression of German ethnic, linguistic, and cultural institutions almost beyond repair". He states that, after the war, German ethnicity "would never regain its prewar public acclaim, its larger-than-life public presence, with its symbols, rituals, and, above all, its large numbers of people who took pride in their Teutonic ancestry and enjoyed the role of Uncle Sam's favored adopted son". He states "A key indicator of the decline of "Deutschtum" in Chicago was the census: the number identifying themselves to the census-taker as German-born plummeted from 191,000 in 1910 to 112,000 in 1920. This drop far exceeds the natural mortality rate or the number who might be expected to move. Self-identifiers had found it prudent to claim some nationality other than German. To claim German nationality had become too painful an experience". Along similar lines, Terrence G. Wiley states that, in Nebraska, "around 14 percent of the population had identified itself as being of German-origin in 1910; however, only 4.4 percent made comparable assertions in 1920. In Wisconsin, the decline in percentage of those identifying themselves as Germans was even more obvious. The 1920 census reported only 6.6. percent of the population as being of German-origin, as opposed to nearly 29 percent ten years earlier

5742:. Whereas only 471 congregations nationwide held English services in 1910, the number preaching in English in the synod skyrocketed to 2,492 by 1919. The German Evangelical Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states also anglicized its name by dropping German from the title". Writing about Fort Wayne, Indiana, Cynthia Moothart O'Bannon states that, in the First World War, "Local churches were forced to discontinue sermons in German, schools were pressured to stop teaching in German, and the local library director was ordered to purchase no more books written in German. The library shelves also were purged of English-language materials deemed sympathetic to or neutral on Germany. Anti-German sentiment forced the renaming of several local institutions. Teutonia Building, Loan & Savings became Home Loan & Savings, and The German-American bank became Lincoln National Bank & Trust Co." She continues that "in perhaps the most obvious bend to prevailing trends, Berghoff Brewery changed its motto from "A very German brew" to "A very good brew," according to "Fort Wayne: A Most German Town," a documentary produced by local public television station WFWA, Channel 39". Film critic 5113: 2945: 5922:

on to state that "The subcultures of German America, meanwhile, had ample opportunity for contact, however testy, with non-German counterparts. The latter beckoned as destinations when the cost of being German-American rose too high". It is not just Kazal who has pointed out the internal dividedness of the German American community. Kathleen Neils Conzen has pointed it out; David Peterson states that Conzen, "along with many others, concludes that German-Americans' heterogeneity, particularly in religion, hampered their ability to build socially and politically stable ethnic communities", and that Conzen "stresses that German Americans assimilated relatively rapidly and that their diversity played a key role in that assimilation". (Conzen is also drawn upon by Joy Kristina Adams, who cites Conzen when she (Adams) states that "The diversity and size of the German settlements made them susceptible to long-term Americanization by fostering factionalism, increasing contacts between Germans and non-Germans, and weakening unified leadership".) The

2519:("East Frisian News") from 1881 to 1971. It connected the 20,000 immigrants from East Friesland (Ostfriesland), Germany, to each other across the Midwest, and to their old homeland. In Germany East Friesland was often a topic of ridicule regarding backward rustics, but editor Leupke Hündling shrewdly combined stories of proud memories of Ostfriesland. The editor enlisted a network of local correspondents. By mixing local American and local German news, letters, poetry, fiction, and dialogue, the German-language newspaper allowed immigrants to honor their origins and celebrate their new life as highly prosperous farmers with much larger farms than were possible back in impoverished Ostfriesland. During the world wars, when Germania came under heavy attack, the paper stressed its humanitarian role, mobilizing readers to help the people of East Friesland with relief funds. Younger generations could usually speak German but not read it, so the subscription base dwindled away as the target audience Americanized itself. 2339:

customs, and physical features. A majority had been farmers in Germany, and most arrived seeking economic opportunities. A few dissident intellectuals fleeing the 1848 revolutions sought political freedom, but few, save perhaps the Wends, went for religious freedom. The German settlements in Texas reflected their diversity. Even in the confined area of the Hill Country, each valley offered a different kind of German. The Llano valley had stern, teetotaling German Methodists, who renounced dancing and fraternal organizations; the Pedernales valley had fun-loving, hardworking Lutherans and Catholics who enjoyed drinking and dancing; and the Guadalupe valley had freethinking Germans descended from intellectual political refugees. The scattered German ethnic islands were also diverse. These small enclaves included Lindsay in Cooke County, largely Westphalian Catholic; Waka in Ochiltree County, Midwestern Mennonite; Hurnville in Clay County, Russian German Baptist; and Lockett in Wilbarger County, Wendish Lutheran.

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immigrants transcended local or regional homeland affiliations to craft or further consolidate national identities as Poles, Czechs, and Italians. Such groups escaped the fury of "100 percent Americanism" during the war, in part because of their obvious stake in the defeat of the Central Powers". As for Irish Americans, Kazal states that the lack of enthusiasm of many of them for helping England made them "vulnerable to the wartime "antihyphen" climate", but that "Irish nationalist activity intensified during and immediately after that war, as many Irish Americans became swept up in the events leading to the creation of the Irish Free State", and that "It made a difference for the long-term viability of Irish-American identity that the Irish homeland not only did not go to war with the United States but, in fact, emerged during the interwar years as a sovereign nation".

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Party in St. Louis and nearby immigrant strongholds in Missouri and southern Illinois. The German Americans were angered by a proposed Missouri state constitution that discriminated against Catholics and freethinkers. The requirement of a special loyalty oath for priests and ministers was troublesome. Despite their strong opposition the constitution was ratified in 1865. Racial tensions with the blacks began to emerge, especially in terms of competition for unskilled labor jobs. Germania was nervous about black suffrage in 1868, fearing that blacks would support puritanical laws, especially regarding the prohibition of beer gardens on Sundays. The tensions split off a large German element in 1872, led by Carl Schurz. They supported the Liberal Republican party led by

7510:... lacked sufficient cultural and social unity to impose a single powerful German imprint on the city. They were widely dispersed throughout the Second and Third Municipalities, and in Carrollton and Lafayette, and they were fragmented by differences in religion, region of origin, and class. The proliferation of German clubs, associations, and institutions bespoke the Germans' numerical significance in the city, but it also attested to their divisions, for such organizations tended to cater to very specific groups rather than bind the various German strands together. To be sure, distinct concentrations of Germans existed in various parts of the city, wherein various German cultural values survived and influenced the culture of non-Germans in their midst, and German 1636: 3021: 1228: 2957: 5280: 5779: 5241:. Started in 1848, the organization was strengthened by the arrival of German liberals after the failure of the revolution of that year. By the mid-1850s the Germans formed one-third of Louisville's population and faced nativist hostility organized in the Know-Nothing movement. Violent demonstrations forced the chorus to suppress publicity of its performances that included works by composer Richard Wagner. The Liederkranz suspended operations during the Civil War, but afterward grew rapidly, and was able to build a large auditorium by 1873. An audience of 8,000 that attended a performance in 1877 demonstrated that the Germans were an accepted part of Louisville life. 5715:

and emigres. (An entire German town was moved to Fort Wayne when Wayne Knitting Mills opened.) Mayors, judges, firefighters and other community leaders had strong German ties. Social and sporting clubs and Germania Park in St. Joseph Township provided outlets to engage in traditional German activities". She goes on to state that "The cultural influences were so strong, in fact, that the Chicago Tribune in 1893 declared Fort Wayne a 'most German town'." Melvin G. Holli states that "No continental foreign-born group had been so widely and favorably received in the United States, or had won such high marks from its hosts as had the Germans before World War

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emerged as perhaps the crucial variable accounting for their assimilationist propensities. Otter Tail County, certainly a rural area, had German-American communities that were diverse and small, and these communities succeeded in maintaining crucial ethnic boundaries into the twentieth century. The persistence of these heterogeneous, lightly populated German-American communities suggest that place of residence was the key factor in the rate of German-American assimilation. Urban orientation may have corroded German-American ethnic boundaries more than diversity did, though the two variables were not unrelated".

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language newspapers in the U.S. The papers were owned and operated in the U.S., with no control from Germany. As Wittke emphasizes, press. it was "essentially an American press published in a foreign tongue". The papers reported on major political and diplomatic events involving Germany, with pride but from the viewpoint of its American readers. For example, during the latter half of the 19th century, at least 176 different German-language publications began operations in the city of Cincinnati alone. Many of these publications folded within a year, while a select few, such as the

5382: 3092: 62: 5625:... indicates that the German-American school was a bilingual one much (perhaps a whole generation or more) earlier than 1917, and that the majority of the pupils may have been English-dominant bilinguals from the early 1880s on." By 1914, the older members attended German-language church services, while younger ones attended English services (in Lutheran, Evangelical and Catholic churches). In German parochial schools, the children spoke English among themselves, though some of their classes were in German. In 1917–18, after the American entry into World War 10730: 7478:

German-American family revealed that two of the therapists who had identified themselves as Polish-American at the beginning of the workshop were, in fact, half German. It turned out that they were suppressing their German identity because of the negative connotations associated with being German. "When asked, one explained that she simply considered herself Polish. The other, after some reflection, said that in a group that was half Jewish, she had been reluctant to acknowledge her German heritage" (Winawer-Steiner and Wetzel 1982, 253)".

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of other faiths. These Lutherans did not traffic much with the sizable German Catholic population of the city, who often shared their houses of worship and political stances with the Irish. The small rabbinical German Jewish community remained insular. The Freethinkers, atheists, socialists, et al., had little use for any of these groups. In addition, the Germans, while heavily concentrated in a few pockets of north and south St. Louis, were spread across the city proper and into the larger countryside". And according to the

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German American communities. The German Catholics and Lutherans each operated large networks of parochial schools in the state. Because the language used in the classroom was German, the law meant the teachers would have to be replaced with bilingual teachers, and in most cases shut down. The Germans formed a coalition between Catholics and Lutherans, under the leadership of the Democratic Party, and the language issue produced a landslide for the Democrats, as Republicans dropped the issue until World War

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them and their descendants. As time passed, the Russian monarchy gradually eroded the ethnic German population's relative autonomy. Conscription eventually was reinstated; this was especially harmful to the Mennonites, who practice pacifism. Throughout the 19th century, pressure increased from the Russian government to culturally assimilate. Many Germans from Russia found it necessary to emigrate to avoid conscription and preserve their culture. About 100,000 immigrated by 1900, settling primarily in the

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identity for an American one. None was so divided internally, a characteristic that made German Americans especially vulnerable to such pressure. Among the larger groups that immigrated in the country after 1830, none – despite regional variations – appears to have muted its ethnic identity to so great an extent." This quote from Kazal identifies both external pressures on German Americans and internal dividedness among them as reasons for their high level of assimilation.

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to which Germans belonged. In part this reflects patterns that had developed over centuries in Germany, whose population came to include nearly every variety of Christianity–from Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed groups to more radical Anabaptist pietistic movements such as Amish, Mennonites, Schwenkfelders, and the Moravian church. It is not surprising, then, that nearly all of these denominations were represented among the German immigrant population in North America."

4254: 3813: 2780: 1424: 12861:"'About the Teutonia Männerchor' – THE EARLY 1800s – Around the early and the mid-1800s and through the end of the 20th century, there was a mass immigration from all across Europe to the United States. Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German-speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then "Allegheny City" (now the Northside) – just across the river from the City of Pittsburgh. So many German speakers arrived, the area became known as 'Deutschtown'." 5901:

Lithuanians, Italians, east European Jews, and Irish. "Japanese Americans, of course, suffered far more during the Second World War", but until at least the 1950s, the pressure on Japanese Americans "ran toward exclusion from, rather than inclusion in, the nation". "The state and many ordinary European Americans refused to recognize Asians as potentially American. In contrast, they pressured Germans to accept precisely that American identity in place of a German one".

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notably the Irish, but also Italians and people of other European backgrounds. The resulting lack of a unified and clearly definable German-American community explains in part why only few Americans, including those of German descent, have any idea when Steuben Day or German-American Day falls, whereas the Irish St. Patrick's Day is one of America's most popular celebrations, and Columbus Day, named after the Italian explorer, is a federal holiday".

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ancestry, a fact she attributed to the influence her surname had on how others reacted to her. When I asked about times when the relative influence of one or the other side might be stronger, she revealed that political events in Germany and Poland had a lot to do with how she chose to identify herself". Waters goes on to state that "The association of being German with being a Nazi is still strong for Laurie, forty years after World War

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done by the wartime experience had been largely repaired'. The German language was being taught in the schools again; the German theater still survived; and German Day celebrations were drawing larger and larger crowds. Although the assimilation process had taken its toll of pre-1914 German immigrants, a smaller group of newer postwar arrivals had developed a vocal if not impolitic interest in the rebuilding process in Germany under

3167: 3399: 3999: 3790: 3514: 516: 3107: 5682:... A second example of the virtual invisibility is that, though German Americans have been one of the largest ethnic groups in the Chicago area (numbering near one-half million between 1900 and 1910), no museum or archive exists to memorialize that fact. On the other hand, many smaller groups such as Lithuanians, Poles, Swedes, Jews, and others have museums, archives, and exhibit halls dedicated to their immigrant forefathers". 5678:

examples suffice to illustrate this point: when one surveys the popular television scene of the past decade, one hears Yiddish humor done by comedians; one sees Polish, Greek, and East European detective heroes; Italian-Americans in situation comedies; and blacks such as the Jeffersons and Huxtables. But one searches in vain for quintessentially German-American characters or melodramas patterned after German-American experiences.

7370: 3583: 3422: 1355: 5934:... and unlike many immigrant groups, Germans never united as a powerful ethnic block. Religious disputes brought from the old country prevented them from uniting in the new. The two strongest denominations, Catholics and Lutherans, could not come together; and the Free Thinkers distrusted and shunned them both." "These divisions ran so deep that German-Americans could neither unite to fend off attacks engendered by World War 4137: 1671: 4160: 3953: 3491: 13605: 5806:. As the 1930s moved on, Hitler's brutality and Nazi excesses made Germanism once again suspect. The rise of Nazism, as Luebke notes, 'transformed German ethnicity in America into a source of social and psychological discomfort, if not distress. The overt expression of German-American opinion consequently declined, and in more recent years, virtually disappeared as a reliable index of political attitudes 2484: 841: 6201:, with a large population of German origin, was once the home to four of the world's largest breweries owned by ethnic Germans (Schlitz, Blatz, Pabst, and Miller) and was the number one beer producing city in the world for many years. Almost half of all current beer sales in the United States can be attributed to German immigrants, Capt. A. Pabst, Eberhard Anheuser, and Adolphus Busch, who founded 2355: 5969:, Jennifer Ludden discusses Mel Grulke, who was born in 1941, with German his first language at home; "Grulke's great-grandparents immigrated to the U.S. in the late 1880s, yet three generations later, his farmer parents still spoke German at home, attended German language church services and chatted in German with shopkeepers when they brought their farm eggs into town to sell". 13602: 7463:

Polish, and Eastern European Jewish immigration and culture. Irish bars, Italian restaurants, and Jewish humor abound. German language is rarely studied in high schools or colleges and German restaurants are an endangered culinary species. The blending of so many millions into the American mainstream with barely a trace is one of the major untold stories in American history".

5457:. The Amish, who were originally from southern Germany and Switzerland, arrived in Pennsylvania during the early 18th century. Amish immigration to the United States reached its peak between the years 1727 and 1770. Religious freedom was perhaps the most pressing cause for Amish immigration to Pennsylvania, which became known as a haven for persecuted religious groups. 1180:. They were mercenary soldiers rented out by the rulers of several small German states such as Hesse to fight on the British side. Many were captured; they remained as prisoners during the war but some stayed and became U.S. citizens. In the American Revolution the Mennonites and other small religious sects were neutral pacifists. The Lutherans of Pennsylvania were 2851:) as a personal representative. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States. The war evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country. 5480:, although the Lutherans were themselves split among different groups. The more conservative Lutherans comprised the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Other Lutherans formed various synods, most of which merged with Scandinavian-based synods in 1988, forming the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 483:

opposed women's suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. On the other hand, there were Protestant groups who emerged from European pietism such as the German Methodist and United Brethren; they more closely resembled the Yankee Methodists in their moralism.

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strategies, and carefully planned their inheritances to keep the land in the family. Their communities showed smaller average farm size, greater equality, less absentee ownership and greater geographic persistence. As one farmer explained, "To protect your family has turned out to be the same thing as protecting your land."

10112:, p. 2; Anita Rapone, The Guardian Life Insurance Company, 1860–1920: A History of a German-American Enterprise (New York: New York University Press, 1987); Robert E. Wright and George David Smith, Mutually Beneficial: The Guardian and Life Insurance in America (New York: New York University Press, 2004). 5956:

Institute for German-American Studies, "The diversity of religious expression among German-speaking immigrants was paralleled by a high degree of heterogeneity stemming from differences in regional and linguistic origins. This situation differed from that of other nineteenth-century immigrant groups,

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held public hearings about the menace of Nazi subversives and spies among the German Americans. In 1940, the Democratic party's attack on anti-war elements as disloyal and pro-Nazi, and the advent of the war itself, made German ethnicity too heavy a burden to bear. As Professor Tischauser wrote, "The

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I "German was the primary language in the homes, churches and parochial schools" of German American settlers. She states that "Many street signs were in German. (Main Street, for instance, was Haupt Strasse.) A large portion of local industry and commercial enterprises had at its roots German tooling

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I". According to Kamphoefner, German "was in a similar position as the Spanish language is in the 20th and 21st century"; it "was by far the most widespread foreign language, and whoever was the largest group was at a definite advantage in getting its language into the public sphere". Kamphoefner has

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By the end of the 19th century, there were over 800 German-language publications in the United States. German immigration was on the decline, and with subsequent generations integrating into English-speaking society, the German language press began to struggle. The periodicals that managed to survive

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The Imperial government in Berlin promoted German culture in the U.S., especially music. A steady influx of German-born conductors, including Arthur Nikisch and Karl Muck, spurred the reception of German music in the United States, while German musicians seized on Victorian Americans' growing concern

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At the local level, historians have explored the changing voting behavior of the German-American community and one of its major strongholds, St. Louis, Missouri. The German Americans had voted 80 percent for Lincoln in 1860, and strongly supported the war effort. They were a bastion of the Republican

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published an article regarding his service as a correspondent for America to the German states saying, "His writings during and after the Civil War did more to create understanding and appreciation of the American situation in Germany and to float U.S. bonds in Europe than the combined efforts of all

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in 1762 and 1763 to settle and introduce more advanced German agriculture methods to rural Russia. They had been promised by the manifesto of their settlement the ability to practice their respective Christian denominations, retain their culture and language, and retain immunity from conscription for

2338:

The Germans who settled Texas were diverse in many ways. They included peasant farmers and intellectuals; Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and atheists; Prussians, Saxons, and Hessians; abolitionists and slave owners; farmers and townsfolk; frugal, honest folk and ax murderers. They differed in dialect,

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They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They tolerated slavery (although few were rich enough

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included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values. Lutherans and Catholics typically opposed Yankee moralizing programs such as the prohibition of beer, and favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs. They generally

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was easily accommodated in the city's genial public culture. But, overall, Germans were too diverse and divided to dominate the city". Miller contrasts this situation with the situation of Irish Americans in New Orleans: "Irish immigrants had greater cohesion and wider influence than the Germans. In

5943:

I, political questions of importance to Germans, nor German candidates could unite the German-Americans of Chicago". Jason Todd Baker, meanwhile, writes that "Divided by imported regional prejudices, religious differences, political affiliations, and spread in pockets across the city, the Germans in

5908:

I actually helped fuel ethnic nationalism in the United States among Poles, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians, and east European Jews, who felt their desires for existing or prospective homelands stood to gain from an Allied victory. Indeed, some historians have depicted the following decade as one when

5732:

The transition to the English language was abrupt, forced by federal, state and local governments, and by public opinion, when the U.S. was at war with Germany in 1917–18. After 1917, the German language was seldom heard in public; most newspapers and magazines closed; churches and parochial schools

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once "had so many German-American musicians that the conductor often addressed them in the German language", and he states that "No ethnic theater in Chicago glittered with such a classy repertory as did the German-American theater, or served to introduce so many European classical works to American

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from their homes within the redrawn borders of Central and Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia. Most resettled in Germany, but others came as refugees to the United States in the late 1940s, and established cultural centers in their new

2511:

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the German Americans showed a high interest in becoming farmers, and keeping their children and grandchildren on the land. While they needed profits to stay in operation, they used profits as a tool "to maintain continuity of the family". They used risk averse

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A similar statement about the diversity of German Americans has been made by Andrew R. L. Cayton: "In the process of participating in the public culture of Ohio, some Germans struggled to keep connections with their birthplaces. A coherent community was difficult to maintain, however. Proud as they

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He goes on to state that German Americans in St. Louis "could not be relied upon to do much of anything as a group. St. Louis served (and still does) as the seat of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, a conservative American Lutheran confession, and their local strength led to friction with Germans

5926:

also stresses the internal dividedness, stating "One of the distinguishing characteristics of the German population in North America (especially in comparison to other immigrant groups) has been its relative degree of cultural diversity, reflected especially in the number of Christian denominations

5921:

The power of this synthesis, Kerby Miller argued, explains the survival of Irish-American identity despite the ebbing of organized Irish-American nationalism after the Free State's founding. For German Americans, religion and party politics were sources of division rather than of unity". Kazal goes

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II was still quite strong' in shaping 'popular perceptions of the German-American character', enough so that some individuals of mixed background often would acknowledge only the non-German part of their ancestry." Kazal contrasts this experience with the experiences of the Japanese, Poles, Czechs,

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I, women in particular were becoming more and more involved in a mass consumer culture that lured them out of their German-language neighborhood shops and into English-language downtown department stores. The 1920s and 1930s brought English-language popular culture via movies and radio that drowned

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in Chicago, promoted middle-class values and encouraged German ethnic loyalty among their readership. The Germans were proud of their language, supported many German-language public and private schools, and conducted their church services in German. They published at least two-thirds of all foreign

2507:

Western railroads, with large land grants available to attract farmers, set up agencies in Hamburg and other German cities, promising cheap transportation, and sales of farmland on easy terms. For example, the Santa Fe railroad hired its own commissioner for immigration, and sold over 300,000 acres

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It has been shown that cultural differences between the attitudes towards farming of German Americans, on the one hand, and of British-ancestry "Yankees", on the other, lasted into the 1980s and have to some extent lasted into the 21st century; German Americans have tended to see farming in a

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Kazal points out that German Americans have not had an experience that is especially typical of immigrant groups. "Certainly, in a number of ways, the German-American experience was idiosyncratic. No other large immigrant group was subjected to such strong, sustained pressure to abandon its ethnic

5852:

II, German Americans "were ethnics without any visible national or local leaders. Not even politicians would think of addressing them explicitly as an ethnic constituency as they would say, Polish Americans, Jewish Americans, or African Americans." Holli states that "Being on the wrong side in two

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II was likewise difficult for them and likewise had the impact of forcing them to drop distinctive German characteristics and assimilate into the general U.S. culture. According to Melvin G. Holli, "By 1930, some German American leaders in Chicago felt, as Dr. Leslie Tischauser put it, 'the damage

5677:

German Americans are no longer a conspicuous ethnic group. As Melvin G. Holli puts it, "Public expression of German ethnicity is nowhere proportionate to the number of German Americans in the nation's population. Almost nowhere are German Americans as a group as visible as many smaller groups. Two

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Some 19th-century immigrants, especially the "Forty-Eighters", were secular, rejecting formal religion. About 250,000 German Jews had arrived by the 1870s, and they sponsored reform synagogues in many small cities across the country. About two million Central and Eastern European Jews arrived from

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By the 1890s, Turners numbered nearly 65,000. At the turn of the 21st century, with the ethnic identity of European Americans in flux and Americanization a key element of immigrant life, there were few Turner groups, athletic events were limited, and non-Germans were members. A survey of surviving

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The Justice Department prepared a list of all German aliens, counting approximately 480,000 of them, more than 4,000 of whom were imprisoned in 1917–18. The allegations included spying for Germany or endorsing the German war effort. Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty. The

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wrote passionately against slavery and was very pro-Lincoln. Raster published anti-slavery pamphlets and was the editor of the most influential German language newspaper in America at the time. He helped secure the votes of German-Americans across the United States for Abraham Lincoln. When Raster

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saw themselves as a downtrodden ethnic group separate from Russian Americans and having an entirely different experience from the German Americans who had emigrated from German lands. They settled in tight-knit communities who retained their German language and culture. They raised large families,

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Kazal then goes on to discuss the internal dividedness. He writes: "German-American identity fell victim not only to a peculiar set of events, but also to an extraordinarily high level of internal diversity. All ethnic groups have internal divides, whether of class, religion, gender, politics, or

5685:

But this inconspicuousness was not always the case. By 1910, German Americans had created their own distinctive, vibrant, prosperous German-language communities, referred to collectively as "Germania". According to historian Walter Kamphoefner, a "number of big cities introduced German into their

5218:

The spiritual beliefs of Johann Conrad Beissel (1690–1768) and the Ephrata Cloister—such as the asceticism and mysticism of this Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, group – are reflected in Beissel's treatises on music and hymns, which have been considered the beginning of America's musical heritage.

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and the U.S. entering World War I, many German Americans were arrested for refusing allegiance to the U.S. War hysteria led to the removal of German names in public, names of things such as streets, and businesses. Schools also began to eliminate or discourage the teaching of the German language.

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Peterson himself seems not to fully agree with this, stating "Most community studies have examined very large, heterogeneous German-American urban populations that assimilated relatively quickly or, less commonly, large, homogeneous rural ones that did not. Hence, German-Americans' diversity has

5891:

Regarding the external pressures, Kazal writes: "The pressure imposed on German Americans to forsake their ethnic identity was extreme in both nature and duration. No other ethnic group saw its 'adoptive fatherland' twice enter a world war against its country of origin. To this stigma, the Third

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was a highly controversial state law passed in Wisconsin in 1889 that required the use of English to teach major subjects in all public and private elementary and high schools. It affected the state's many German-language private schools (and some Norwegian schools), and was bitterly resented by

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in the United States were first organized during the mid-19th century so German American immigrants could visit with one another and become involved in social and sports activities. The National Turnerbund, the head organization of the Turnvereine, started drilling members as in militia units in

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could boast of 11 singing societies—Maennerchor, Harmonie, Liedertafel, Beethoven, Concordia, Liederkranz, Germania, Teutonia, Harmonie-Maennerchor, Arion, and Mozart. The first began in 1855; the last folded in 1961. An important aspect of Wheeling social life, these societies reflected various

7506:, Miller states "During the nineteenth century, the Irish and Germans provided the largest numbers of mmigrants and gave the city its immigrant cast. The Irish and Germans differed in their ethnic cohesiveness and interactions with the host culture(s)". Miller then states that "German immigrants 5753:

Melvin G. Holli states, regarding Chicago, that "After the Great War it became clear that no ethnic group was so de-ethnicized in its public expression by a single historic event as German Americans. While Polish Americans, Lithuanian Americans, and other subject nationalities underwent a great

5287:

As for any immigrant population, the development of a foreign-language press helped immigrants more easily learn about their new home, maintain connections to their native land, and unite immigrant communities. By the late 19th century, Germania published over 800 regular publications. The most

2592: 309:

where 50.7 million Americans identified as German. The census is conducted in a way that allows this total number to be broken down in two categories. In the 2020 census, roughly two thirds of those who identify as German also identified as having another ancestry, while one third identified as

7462:

Similarly, W. Bruce Leslie has written that "German American invisibility in contemporary society and in history is an anomaly deserving attention. By standard statistical measurement, the Germans were the largest immigrant group. Yet historians have been far more interested in Italian, Irish,

5938:

I, nor elect German candidates for political office". McCaffery states that "Discussions of the disunity of the Germans are many", giving a work by Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan and a work by Kathleen Neils Conzen as examples, and he states that Leslie V. Tischauser "maintains that

2414:

II, the German language, which had always been used with English for public and official matters, was in serious decline. Today, German is preserved mainly through singing groups, recipes, and educational settings. While most descendants of Germans from Russia primarily speak English, many are

776:

as few as 500 made up the first wave of immigrants to leave France en route to the Americas. Less than 150 of those first indentured German farmers made it to Louisiana and settled along what became known as the German Coast. With tenacity, determination and the leadership of D'arensburg these

7472:

In the book that Kazal appears to be quoting here, Waters states "Many people cited various political or social events as having an effect on their consciousness and degree of ethnic identity. I have already noted Laurie Jablonski's stronger identification with her Polish than with her German

5917:

of these divisions. Irish Americans, for example, had lost their status as primarily a proletarian group by 1900, yet they were united by religion and politics. "Irish American" had come to mean Irish Catholic; the vast majority of Irish Americans subscribed to some form of Irish nationalism

2333:

Texas had about 20,000 German Americans in the 1850s. They did not form a uniform bloc, but were highly diverse and drew from geographic areas and all sectors of European society, except that very few aristocrats or upper middle class businessmen arrived. In this regard, Texas Germania was a

5169:

was the term for transplanted German nationalism, both culturally and politically. Between 1875 and 1915, the German American population in the United States doubled, and many of its members insisted on maintaining their culture. German was used in local schools and churches, while numerous

5868:

I abandoned the last major German characteristics and redefined themselves as old stock or as "Nordic" Americans, stressing their colonial roots in Pennsylvania and distancing themselves from more recent immigrants. On the other hand, working-class and Catholic Germans, groups that heavily

5460:

The Hutterites are another example of a group of German Americans who continue a lifestyle similar to that of their ancestors. Like the Amish, they fled persecution for their religious beliefs, and came to the United States between 1874 and 1879. Today, Hutterites mostly reside in Montana,

7477:

II. A similar story to Laurie's is related in a description by Hinda Winawer-Steiner and Norbert Wetzel of a workshop for family therapists on ethnicity and family therapy. The therapists were supposed to talk about their ethnicity and how it might influence their work. A discussion of a

3082:

have German ancestry. Tejano culture, particularly Tejano music, has been deeply influenced by German immigrants to Texas and Mexico. In German-speaking parts of Texas during the 19th and 20th centuries, many African-Americans spoke German. Many Black people who were enslaved by white

5364:

basketball team, winners of 762 games (against only 85 losses) in the early years of the 20th century. These examples, and others, reflect the evolving place of sport in the assimilation and socialization of much of the German-American population. Notable German Americans include

1073:

or indentured servants. By 1775, Germans constituted about one-third of the population of the state. German farmers were renowned for their highly productive animal husbandry and agricultural practices. Politically, they were generally inactive until 1740, when they joined a

1055:, Maine, Nova Scotia, and North Carolina after their houses were burned and their neighbors killed or carried into captivity by Native Americans. The Germans who remained found it difficult to survive on farming, and eventually turned to the shipping and fishing industries. 5769:

The Catholic high schools were deliberately structured to commingle ethnic groups so as to promote ethnic (but not interreligious) intermarriage. German-speaking taverns, beer gardens and saloons were all shut down by Prohibition; those that reopened in 1933 spoke English.

5337:

also had a destabilizing impact on the German immigrant communities upon which the German-language publications relied. By 1920, there were only 278 German language publications remaining in the country. After 1945, only a few publications have been started. One example is

3005:, 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent. According to the 2005 American Community Survey, 50 million Americans have German ancestry. German Americans represent 17% of the total U.S. population and 26% of the non-Hispanic white population. 3011:

magazine in 2015 interviewed Petra Schürmann, the director of the German-American Heritage Museum in Washington D.C. for a major article on German-Americans. She notes that all over the United States, celebrations such as German fests and Oktoberfests have been appearing.

2402:

built German-style churches, buried their dead in distinctive cemeteries using cast iron grave markers, and sang German hymns. Many farmers specialized in the production of sugar beets and wheat, which are still major crops in the upper Great Plains. During World War

5389:

German immigrants who arrived before the 19th century tended to have been members of the Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Germany, and created the Lutheran Synods of Pennsylvania, North Carolina and New York. The largest Lutheran denominations in the U.S. today—the

1086:

during the Revolution, possibly because they feared their royal land grants would be taken away by a new republican government, or because of loyalty to a British German monarchy who had provided the opportunity to live in a liberal society. The Germans, comprising

2759: 2075:

arrived in 1853). They formed small German-Jewish communities in cities and towns. They typically were local and regional merchants selling clothing; others were livestock dealers, agricultural commodity traders, bankers, and operators of local businesses.

7790: 2826:

between 1940 and 1948. Civil rights violations occurred. An unknown number of "voluntary internees" joined their spouses and parents in the camps and were not permitted to leave. Many Americans of German ancestry had top war jobs, including General

2616:(in English) was a major conservative voice read closely by church leaders and intellectuals from 1894 until 1934. He was intensely loyal to the Vatican. Preuss upheld the German Catholic community, denounced the "Americanism" heresy, promoted the 5265:

groups and members reflects these radical changes in the role of Turner societies and their marginalization in 21st-century American society, as younger German Americans tended not to belong, even in strongholds of German heritage in the Midwest.

5354:

Germans brought organized gymnastics to America, and were strong supporters of sports programs. They used sport both to promote ethnic identity and pride and to facilitate integration into American society. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the

777:

Germans felled trees, cleared land, and cultivated the soil with simple hand tools as draft animals were not available. The German coast settlers supplied the budding City of New Orleans with corn, rice, eggs. and meat for many years following.

7519:... New Orleans was small enough so that dispersal did not diminish Irish power; in fact, Irish immigrants everywhere shared so many common cultural and class interests that dispersion served to broaden Irish influence on the city's culture". 2747: 5818:

notoriety gained by those who supported the German government between 1933 and 1941 cast a pall over German-Americans everywhere. Leaders of the German-American community would have great difficulty rebuilding an ethnic consciousness

5174:, associations dedicated to literature, humor, gymnastics, and singing, sprang up in German American communities. German Americans tended to support the German government's actions, and, even after the United States entered World War 13387: 5873:

and other European ethnics; they also gave up German characteristics but came to identify themselves as White ethnics, distancing themselves above all from African American recent arrivals in nearby neighborhoods. Well before World

5733:

switched to English. Melvin G. Holli states, "In 1917, the Missouri Synod's Lutheran Church conference minutes appeared in English for the first time, and the synod's new constitution dropped its insistence on using the language of

1119:). Eventually the word came to refer to people who speak a Germanic language, and only in the last couple centuries the people of the Netherlands. Other Germanic language variants for "deutsch/deitsch/dutch" are: Dutch "Duits" and " 13674:

Olson, Audrey Louise. "St. Louis Germans, 1850–1920: The Nature of an Immigrant Community and Its Relation to the Assimiliation Process" (PhD dissertation, University of Kansas; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7025388).

5359:

movement offered exercise and sports programs, while also providing a social haven for the thousands of new German immigrants arriving in the United States each year. Another highly successful German sports organization was the

347:

There is a German belt consisting of areas with predominantly German American populations that extends across the United States from eastern Pennsylvania, where many of the first German Americans settled, to the Oregon coast.

2624:

I. He provided lengthy commentary regarding the National Catholic Welfare Conference, the anti-Catholic factor in the presidential campaign of 1928, the hardships of the Great Depression, and the liberalism of the New Deal.

6024:. The three Amish dialects as well as Hutterite German are still learned by all children of the group, whereas Plautdietsch-speakers tend much more to switch to English. Another group of German-speakers can be found in the 405:, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, and others for the chance to start fresh in the New World. The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their 4355:

Today, most German Americans have assimilated to the point they no longer have readily identifiable ethnic communities, though there are still many metropolitan areas where German is the most reported ethnicity, such as

5620:

After two or three generations, most German Americans adopted mainstream American customs – some of which they heavily influenced – and switched their language to English. As one scholar concludes, "The overwhelming

1114:

Etymologically, the word Dutch originates from the Old High German word "diutisc" (from "diot" "people"), referring to the Germanic "language of the people" as opposed to Latin, the language of the learned (see also

491:

The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, and were accompanied by the first German that was to settle in North America, physician and botanist Johannes (John) Fleischer (in South America

7794: 5162:) to prepare students and teachers in German language training. By the late 19th century, the Germania Publishing Company was established in Milwaukee, a publisher of books, magazines, and newspapers in German. 9805: 7515:

the great waves of late antebellum immigration, the vast majority of Irish immigrants entering New Orleans came from a few select counties in Ireland. They shared a common faith, poverty, and national identity.

2140:

In the 19th century, German immigrants settled in Midwest, where land was available. Cities along the Great Lakes, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers attracted a large German element. The

5737:

only and instead suggested bilingualism. Dozens of Lutheran schools also dropped instruction in the German language. English-language services also intruded themselves into parishes where German had been the

814:(Canada and Louisiana) in the early 1700s. His letter said "these 9,000 Germans, who were raised in the Palatinate (Alsace part of France) were in Arkansas. The Germans left Arkansas en masse. They went to 11256:

Peter Conolly-Smith, "Transforming an Ethnic Readership Through "Word and Image": William Randolph Hearst's Deutsches Journal and New York's German-Language Press, 1895–1918", Volume 19, Number 1, 2009 in

5206:

in North Carolina had highly developed musical cultures. Choral music, Brass and String Music and Congregational singing were highly cultivated. The Moravian Church produced many composers and musicians.

13706: 5313:, lasted nearly a century. Other cities experienced similar turnover among immigrant publications, especially from opinion press, which published little news and focused instead on editorial commentary. 2810:

during the years before the war. German aliens were the subject of suspicion and discrimination during the war, although prejudice and sheer numbers meant they suffered as a group generally less than

5965:

Despite the remarkable level of language assimilation reached by German Americans, distinct German usage survived well into the mid-to-late-20th century in some places. Writing about the town of

2574:

Many Germans in late 19th century cities were communists; Germans played a significant role in the labor union movement. A few were anarchists. Eight of the forty-two anarchist defendants in the

2468:(1861–1865). The Germans were the largest immigrant group to participate in the Civil War; over 176,000 U.S. soldiers were born in Germany. A popular Union commander among Germans, Major General 12914:"MÄNNERCHOR, DAMENCHOR, GEMISCHTER CHOR, ALPEN SCHUHPLATTLER UND TRACHTENVEREIN, PITTSBURGH DISTRICT KINDERCHOR, SCHÜTZENKAMERADEN, TEUTONIA HAUSKAPELLE, LUSTIGEN MUSIKANTEN, and 66 CARD LEAGUE" 2818:

required 300,000 German-born resident aliens who had German citizenship to register with the Federal government and restricted their travel and property ownership rights. Under the still active

2499:

Although only one in four Germans fought in all-German regiments, they created the public image of the German soldier. Pennsylvania fielded five German regiments, New York eleven, and Ohio six.

12206: 2092:. This German-speaking group is quite distinct from the Yiddish-speaking East-European Jews who arrived in much larger numbers starting in the late 19th century and concentrated in New York. 12163: 13384: 10562: 5856:

Historians have tried to explain what became of the German Americans and their descendants. Kazal (2004) looks at Germans in Philadelphia, focusing on four ethnic subcultures: middle-class

14477: 11558: 10531: 10124: 5904:

Kazal goes on to state "The burden of "enemy" status made those pressures far greater for Germans than for other European ethnic groups. To some extent, American intervention in World War

10109: 7498:

were of 'Deutschthum', or the sum of Germanness, it became increasingly vague. Germans were too diverse in terms of religion and politics. 'Wherever four Germans gathered,' observed the

6347:

German Americans have been influential in almost every field in American society, including science, architecture, business, sports, entertainment, theology, politics, and the military.

3075:, 15 Black immigrants from Germany were listed living in New Orleans. Afro-German immigrants were also listed on the census living in Memphis, New York City, Charleston, and Cleveland. 2944: 2602:(1863–1916), a German psychologist, moved to Harvard in the 1890s and became a leader in the new profession. He was president of the American Psychological Association in 1898, and the 5719:

I. Some public opinion surveys conducted before the war showed German Americans were even more highly regarded than immigrants from the mother culture, England". Holli states that the

5112: 546:

were better economic conditions, especially the opportunity to own land, and religious freedom. Often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as

5826:... had done to millions of people in pursuit of the 'final solution', and the wisest course for German-Americans was to forget any attachment to the German half of their heritage."" 12814: 7952: 5698:

and other cities "had what we now call two-way immersion programs: school taught half in German, half in English". This was a tradition which continued "all the way down to World War

351:

Pennsylvania, with 3.5 million people of German ancestry, has the largest population of German-Americans in the U.S. and is home to one of the group's original settlements, the

13584:

Knarr, Mary L. "Faith, frauen, and the formation of an ethnic identity: German Lutheran women in south and central Texas, 1831–1890". (Ph.D. dissertation, Texas Christian U. 2009).

5154:

The Germans worked hard to maintain and cultivate their language, especially through newspapers and classes in elementary and high schools. German Americans in many cities, such as

14346:

Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey: English translations of 120,000 pages of newspaper articles from Chicago's foreign language press from 1855 to 1938, many from German papers.

5473:

migrated during the same time as the Hutterites, but assimilated relatively quickly in the United States, whereas groups of "Russian" Mennonites in Canada resisted assimilation.

2948:

Parking meter checker stands by his police vehicle which is imprinted with the German word for police (Polizei). It is part of the town's highlighting its German ethnic origins.

14595: 2543:

was on the ballot, the Germans voted solidly against it. They strongly distrusted moralistic crusaders, whom they called "Puritans", including the temperance reformers and many

10896: 9546: 10177: 10093: 9469: 18652: 8365: 435:; fewer than five percent speak German. German-American societies abound, as do celebrations that are held throughout the country to celebrate German heritage of which the 18192: 9131: 5655:

There were fierce battles in Wisconsin and Illinois around 1890 regarding proposals to stop the use of German as the primary language in public and parochial schools. The

2330:, Germans in Houston built the brewing industry. By the 1920s, the first generation of college-educated German Americans were moving into the chemical and oil industries. 601:

helped them get to the American colonies. The trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease

305:'s figures from 2022, German Americans make up roughly 41 million people in the US, which is approximately 12% of the population. This represents a decrease from the 2012 18006: 17989: 2667:

dropped his efforts to mediate between America and Germany, and threw his efforts behind the German cause. There was also some Anti-German hysteria like the killing of

18213: 9801: 5848:

By the 1940s, Germania had largely vanished outside some rural areas and the Germans were thoroughly assimilated. According to Melvin G. Holli, by the end of World War

15480: 9089: 7891: 7502:

in 1879, 'they will find four different ideas.'" Another similar statement about the diversity of German Americans has been made by Randall M. Miller. Writing about

13588: 13374: 9765: 8153: 5664:

I. By 1917, almost all schools taught in English, but courses in German were common in areas with large German populations. These courses were permanently dropped.

15616: 12101: 10926: 9203: 9158:"Refugees of Revolution; The German Forty-Eighters in America. By Carl Wittke. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1952. ix + 384 pp. Index. $ 6.00.)" 8267: 608:

The Palatine immigration of about 2100 people who survived was the largest single immigration to America in the colonial period. Most were first settled along the

13597:

Krawatzek, Félix, and Gwendolyn Sasse. "Integration and Identities: The Effects of Time, Migrant Networks, and Political Crises on Germans in the United States."

624:. One hundred homesteads were allocated in the Burnetsfield Patent. By 1750, the Germans occupied a strip some 12 miles (19 km) long along both sides of the 15559: 14615: 14396: 13895: 10597: 9053:

American Council of Learned Societies Devoted to Humanistic Studies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States. (1969),

7768: 7544: 13957: 11529:"Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over --50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990" 10071: 9683: 14620: 14521: 12064: 17: 11083: 10836: 10803: 7832: 5860:, working-class socialists, Lutherans, and Catholics. Each group followed a somewhat distinctive path toward assimilation. Lutherans, and the better situated 5636:

About 1.5 million Americans speak German at home, according to the 2000 census. From 1860 to 1917, German was widely spoken in German neighborhoods; see

18429: 16702: 12697: 8482: 12385: 10619: 2719:, the public library was asked to withdraw all German books from its shelves. German-named streets were renamed. The town, Berlin, Michigan, was changed to 1974:, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From 1840 to 1880, they were the largest group of immigrants. Following the 1192:, a Lutheran clergyman in Virginia became a major general and later a Congressman. However, in upstate New York, many Germans were neutral or supported the 18485: 14774: 14155: 14080: 13983: 9287: 7966: 12140: 7334:, whose maternal grandfather Solomon Young was a descendant of Johann Georg Jung and Hans Michael Gutknecht, who emigrated from Germany together in 1752, 2753:

American wartime propaganda depicted the bloodthirsty German "Hun" soldier as an enemy of civilization, with his eyes on America from across the Atlantic.

18509: 18473: 18071: 16828: 16818: 16778: 15267: 15252: 15006: 10470: 9066: 534:

Large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons.

10770: 10686: 10572: 9391: 7663: 981:, translated as House of Passage, the first planned Moravian community in North Carolina, in 1759. Soon after, the German Moravians founded the town of 18446: 11566: 10541: 375: 11401:

Annette R. Hofmann, "Between Ethnic Separation and Assimilation: German Immigrants and Their Athletic Endeavours in Their New American Home Country",

8287: 7576: 3051:. German was the top reported ancestry in 23 states, and it was one of the top five reported ancestries in every state except Maine and Rhode Island. 18531: 18463: 18451: 13189:

Bade, Klaus J. "German emigration to the United States and continental immigration to Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries."

11664: 11624: 12997: 12196: 11756: 11217:

Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht, "Trumpeting down the Walls of Jericho: The Politics of Art, Music and Emotion in German-American Relations, 1870–1920",

10037: 5261:

1854. Nearly half of all Turners fought in the Civil War, mostly on the Union side, and a special group served as bodyguards for President Lincoln.

18669: 14455: 13751: 12530: 12173: 11941: 11694: 10254: 5766:... ethnic origins. One must attribute this reaction to the wave of repression that swept the Continent and enveloped anyone with a German past"". 5222:

In most major cities, Germans took the lead in creating a musical culture, with popular bands, singing societies, operas and symphonic orchestras.

3028:

States with the highest proportions of German Americans tend to be those of the upper Midwest, including Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, and

2434:(1903–1992) became an iconic figure in the German-Russian community of the northern Great Plains—his success story personified the American dream. 13116: 5703:

come across evidence that as late as 1917, a German version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was still being sung in public schools in Indianapolis.

2727:, the governor prohibited all foreign languages in schools and public places. Nebraska banned instruction in any language except English, but the 18752: 18705: 14474: 13854: 12719: 11536: 10121: 10002: 8262:

About 1% of the more than 700,000 objects catalogued by archaeologists at Jamestown so far bear words. More than 90% of these words are in German

8010: 4514: 2536: 2532: 360: 11370:

Shell, Marc. "Hyphens: Between Deitsch and American." Multilingual America. Ed.. Werner Sollors. New York City: New York University Press, 1998.

10237: 6305:

The following German international schools are in operation in the United States, serving German citizens, Americans, and other U.S. residents:

17702: 13955:

Hustad, Bradley Jake. "Problems in Historiography: The Americanization of German Ethnics." (MA thesis, Mankato State University, 2013). online

7438: 7412: 11506: 11011: 18742: 16462: 15473: 11599: 9444:(1966) pp. 285–87, 557; Gordon L. Iseminger, "Are We Germans, or Russians, or Americans? The McIntosh County German-Russians During World War 6324: 4440: 4422: 14416: 14335: 11901: 2071:. The largest numbers arrived after 1820, especially in the mid-19th century. They spread across the North and South (and California, where 14677: 12822: 6230: 4518: 3067:. Some German-speaking African-Americans were adopted by white German-American families. Other Black German-Americans were immigrants from 10564:

Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

7797:

on May 4, 2009: 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.

18732: 18265: 15626: 15594: 15524: 13879: 13575: 13512:

Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Immigrant Epistolary and Epistemology: On the Motivators and Mentality of Nineteenth-Century German Immigrants."

13079: 13021: 12844: 12751: 12664: 12418: 10866: 10280: 6701: 5746:

wrote how "I could hear the pain in my German-American father's voice as he recalled being yanked out of Lutheran school during World War

4542: 2691:

when he was overheard praying in German with a dying woman. Questions of German American loyalty increased due to events like the German

2427:

for cake. Despite the loss of their language, the ethnic group remains distinct, and has left a lasting impression on the American West.

772:

organized the first colonization of Louisiana with German immigrants. Of the over 5,000 Germans initially immigrating primarily from the

11415: 540:

involved worsening opportunities for farm ownership in central Europe, persecution of some religious groups, and military conscription;

18737: 14514: 13979: 12950: 9542:

The number of Confederate soldiers born in Germany is not known. Faust, page 523. Quoting from an 1869 ethnicity study by B. A. Gould;

8867: 7980: 5476:

Immigrants from Germany in the mid-to-late-19th century brought many different religions with them. The most numerous were Lutheran or

5237:

The Liederkranz, a German-American music society, played an important role in the integration of the German community into the life of

2443: 1146:, and their automobile company became one of the largest in America, although never eclipsing the "Big Three", and was a factor in the 13420:

Gross, Stephen John. "Handing down the farm: Values, strategies, and outcomes in inheritance practices among rural German Americans",

12924: 9420: 659:, after the Revolutionary War, became the richest man in America from his fur trading empire and real estate investments in New York. 16771: 15106: 13166: 10892: 10888: 9543: 5762:... to conclude that: "No other North American ethnic group, past or present, has attempted so forcefully to officially conceal their 4536: 15644: 14205: 10174: 5426:

tried to unite all the German-speaking Christians—(Lutheran, Reformed, and Separatists)—into one "Church of God in the Spirit". The

1199:

From names in the 1790 U.S. census, historians estimate Germans constituted nearly 9% of the white population in the United States.

15884: 15544: 15498: 15466: 14437: 14317: 13845: 13781:

Schlossman, Steven L. "Is there an American tradition of bilingual education? German in the public elementary schools, 1840–1919."

10507: 9466: 8504: 4496: 4434: 4428: 2848: 2741:" names (e.g., Schmidt to Smith, Müller to Miller) and limit the use of the German language in public places, especially churches. 2058: 1975: 14087:

Ortlepp, Anke. "Deutsch-Athen Revisited: Writing the History of Germans in Milwaukee" in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene (eds.),

11719: 10649: 10336: 9362: 8362: 8342: 15926: 15768: 15743: 15611: 13058: 8843: 7443: 5896:. In her study of ethnic identity in the 1980s, sociologist Mary Waters noted that the 'effect of the Nazi movement and World War 4410: 2968: 2236: 2068: 10707: 9925: 9124: 7608: 2983:

After 1970, the anti-German sentiment aroused by World War II faded away. Today, German Americans who immigrated after World War

807: 15953: 15584: 15564: 15554: 15519: 10214: 7128:, were brought to the U.S. They contributed decisively to the development of U.S. military rockets, as well as rockets for the 5391: 4548: 4458: 4404: 892:, who was in power at the time of the first settlement at Germanna. In 1721, twelve German families departed Germanna to found 737: 505: 13991:

Kazal, Russell A. (1995). "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History".

12228:

Kazal, Russell A. (1995). "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History".

6297:

in Germany, is also played in areas of the United States with large German American populations, such as Wisconsin and Texas.

6178:, the most-produced beer style in the United States, and have been the dominant ethnic group in the beer industry since 1850. 18383: 16945: 15889: 15539: 14507: 11099: 10366: 9677: 9067: 5841:, who was of German heritage but attempted to pass himself off as Swedish amid the anti-German sentiment sparked by World War 1103:, and other sects, developed a rich religious life with a strong musical culture. Collectively, they came to be known as the 709: 12623: 12577: 12508: 12018: 11977: 11859: 11820: 11054: 8074: 8040: 5829:

A notable example which highlights the generational effect of this de-germanization on German-American cultural identity is

18621: 18177: 15860: 15659: 15589: 15574: 13703: 10388: 10027:"How Eyewitnesses Survived Explosion: Police and Men on Craft Dodged Death on Land and Water to Save Themselves and Others" 7725: 7417: 6045: 5477: 5407: 5399: 4530: 4452: 4446: 2980:

who had maintained language and customs after settlement in Hungary and the Balkans, immigrated to the U.S. after the war.

2326:, both those who came to farm, and later immigrants who more rapidly took industrial jobs in cities such as Houston. As in 2239:. Skilled workers dominated many crafts, while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry; the most famous brands included 2162: 2135: 13175: 9893: 9581:

9 (1906): 485–497; J. Neale Carman, ed. and trans., "German Settlements Along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway,"

628:. The soil was excellent; some 500 houses were built, mostly of stone, and the region prospered in spite of Indian raids. 530:

dynasty and the first millionaire in the United States, making his fortune in the fur trade and New York City real estate.

18747: 18626: 18227: 18186: 16929: 16159: 16152: 16085: 15872: 15758: 15599: 15310: 14569: 14387: 13585: 13499: 13371: 13354:

The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

12460: 10980: 10832: 9068:

American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States

8845:

The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

7427: 2107: 2101: 2017:

beginning in the 1830s—predominantly in Texas and Missouri, but also in other U.S. states—in which German intellectuals (

784:

settled thousands of German pioneers in French Louisiana during 1721. It encouraged Germans, particularly Germans of the

14447: 14300: 13765: 13616:

Der Wanderer of St. Paul: The First Decade, 1867–1877: a Mirror of the German-Catholic Immigrant Experience in Minnesota

13409: 12090: 10918: 9110:

Birte Pfleger, "'Miserable Germans' and Fries's Rebellion: Language, Ethnicity, and Citizenship in the Early Republic,"

8273: 1134:

brothers, forefathers of the wagon and automobile makers, arrived in Pennsylvania in 1736 from the famous blade town of

716: 15980: 15877: 15855: 15674: 15534: 13137: 12871: 11595: 11562: 11048: 10418: 9529:, Vol/ 73, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 117–145; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., 8759: 8751: 8719: 8711: 8679: 8671: 8642: 8605: 8568: 6693: 6613: 6319: 6309: 5411: 5395: 5078: 5042: 3099:

As of 2020, the distribution of German Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:

3020: 2651:

During World War I, German Americans were often accused of being too sympathetic to Imperial Germany. Former president

2603: 1159: 837:. They were attracted to the area through pamphlets such as J. Hanno Deiler's "Louisiana: A Home for German Settlers". 12897: 10593: 10063: 9705:

Anderson, Kristen L. (2008). "German Americans, African Americans, and the Republican Party in St. Louis, 1865–1872".

8975: 7764: 7540: 5178:

I, they often voted for antidraft and antiwar candidates. 'Deutschtum' in the United States disintegrated after 1918.

2369:

were the most traditional of German-speaking arrivals. They were Germans who had lived for generations throughout the

18596: 18348: 17896: 17754: 16858: 15711: 15654: 15606: 15529: 15489: 14607: 14250: 12617: 12571: 12502: 12315: 12012: 11853: 11814: 9759: 9667: 9399: 8913: 8186: 8147: 8120: 7885: 7842: 6537: 6465: 4998: 2956: 948: 756: 690: 12964: 12784: 12053: 9309: 5385:

This 1850 census map shows the Lutheran population. Nearly all were German, since few Scandinavians had arrived yet.

15790: 15748: 15733: 15549: 15413: 14670: 14555: 14117: 14042: 13551:

Keller, Christian B. "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers,"

13520: 11080: 10828: 10792: 10302: 9525:

Christian B. Keller, "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers",

7148:

II, was brought to the United States through a similar path to von Braun, and served as a civilian employee of the

6685: 6629: 6473: 6210: 5334: 5158:, brought their strong support of education, establishing German-language schools and teacher training seminaries ( 2515:

Germany was a large country with many diverse subregions which contributed immigrants. Dubuque was the base of the

2366: 2349: 1165: 504:

and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was

341: 14330: 13567:

Kibler, Amanda. "Speaking like a 'good American': National identity and the legacy of German-language education."

13182:

Bade, Klaus J. "From emigration to immigration: The German experience in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."

12687: 12336:

Peterson, David (1992). ""From Bone Depth": German-American Communities in Rural Minnesota before the Great War".

9038: 8998: 8479: 8293: 5279: 2555:

in 1896. In 1900, many German Democrats returned to their party and voted for Bryan, perhaps because of President

2448:

Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery, especially among Forty-Eighters. Notable Forty-Eighter

723: 15800: 15738: 13789: 13442: 13299: 12364: 10627: 9077: 6267:. Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German-speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then " 4900: 4560: 2634: 440: 397:

by its abundant land and religious freedom, and were pushed out of Germany by shortages of land and religious or

379: 337: 12493:. In Schulze, Mathias; Skidmore, James M.; John, David G.; Liebscher, Grit; Siebel-Achenbach, Sebastian (eds.). 9954: 9278: 8202:

Vandermeer, Philip R. (1981). "Religion, Society, and Politics: A Classification of American Religious Groups".

2527:

Relatively few German Americans held office, but the men voted once they became citizens. In general during the

18591: 15845: 15820: 15701: 15621: 15514: 15406: 13505:

Kamphoefner, Walter D., "Uprooted or Transplanted? Reflections on Patterns of German Immigration to Missouri,"

13264: 12130: 8901: 8792: 8420: 7808: 7750: 6860: 6804: 6329: 6242: 5146:

CE as Rome's greatest defeat, and in the 19th century he became a symbol of unity for German immigrants facing

4884: 4844: 3095:

Americans with German Ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2020

2799: 2679:

barred individuals with German last names from joining in fear of sabotage. One person was killed by a mob; in

2638: 2617: 2544: 2252: 2244: 1193: 1083: 694: 436: 66:

Americans with German Ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2020

10457: 8817: 7656: 5853:

wars had a devastating and long-term negative impact on the public celebration of German-American ethnicity".

5644:, that German was almost the official language of the U.S. There was never any such proposal. The U.S. has no 18416: 18296: 18197: 17836: 17381: 15681: 15649: 15636: 15400: 14201: 10762: 9388: 8531: 8308: 8246: 7877: 6796: 6653: 6645: 6351: 5778: 5418:. Many immigrants joined different churches from those that existed in Germany. Protestants often joined the 5068: 4980: 4770: 4710: 4664: 2790:

Between 1931 and 1940, 114,000 Germans moved to the United States, many of whom—including Nobel prize winner

1181: 974: 884:

to move to Virginia and establish a mining industry in the colony. The name "Germanna", selected by Governor

877: 818:

and demanded passage to Europe. The Mississippi Company gave the Germans rich lands on the right bank of the

705: 621: 432: 15323: 6197:; the brewery's flagship product remains a 19th-century German-style amber lager. By the late 19th century, 2659:", insisting that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime. A small minority came out for Germany, such as 17451: 15753: 15686: 15579: 15437: 13940: 13686:

Contented among Strangers: Rural German-Speaking Women and Their Families in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest

8597: 8560: 7566: 6828: 6139: 5010: 4762: 4742: 4676: 4381: 1075: 889: 598: 578: 12994: 11656: 11639: 6245:

in New York City, held every third Saturday in September. There are also major annual events in Chicago's

1069:

The tide of German immigration to Pennsylvania swelled between 1725 and 1775, with immigrants arriving as

336:

The Mississippi Company of France later transported thousands of Germans from Europe to what was then the

17717: 17692: 17488: 15825: 15444: 14663: 14325: 13715:

Ritter, Luke, "Sunday Regulation and the Formation of German American Identity in St. Louis, 1840–1860,"

13553: 13401: 11748: 11660: 11625:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2011" 11532: 11502: 10922: 10766: 10568: 10537: 10503: 10466: 10149: 10026: 9583: 6280: 5637: 5430:

in America is one of the results of this effort, as are the many "Union" churches in rural Pennsylvania.

5030: 4804: 4790: 4750: 4728: 1138:. With their skills, they made wagons that carried the frontiersmen westward; their cannons provided the 940: 901: 888:, reflected both the German immigrants who sailed across the Atlantic to Virginia and the British queen, 613: 612:

in work camps, to pay off their passage. By 1711, seven villages had been established in New York on the

447:

are popular festivities. There are major annual events in cities with German heritage including Chicago,

302: 14452: 14368: 14256: 13748: 13108: 12538: 11933: 11686: 10919:"Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, All States" 10594:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups" 10258: 8928:

De Grauwe, Luc, "Emerging mother-tongues awareness in Dutch and German". In Linn & McLelland (eds).

7765:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups" 7541:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups" 6791:

for much of American history, beginning with breweries founded in the 19th century by German immigrants

5813:

Holli goes on to state that "The pain increased during the late 1930s and early 1940s, when Congressman

2460:

the U.S. ministers and consuls." Hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteered to fight for the

18373: 18054: 17473: 15696: 14586: 13993: 11230:

Annette R. Hofmann, "Transformation and Americanization: The American Turners and Their New Identity",

8634: 6886: 6621: 6383: 5720: 5423: 5274: 5107: 4756: 3044: 2823: 2704: 2643: 2461: 2131: 1028: 928: 371: 117: 14257:"List of Newspapers and Periodicals Printed Wholly or in Part in Languages Other Than English: German" 13368:

Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775

13286:

Degrees of Allegiance: Harassment and Loyalty in Missouri's German-American Community during World War

12723: 11528: 9991: 6095:(German-American Shooting Society) by William C. Frohne (1885) on St. Mark's Place in the East Village 643:, who led the fight in colonial New York City for freedom of the press in America. A later immigrant, 18245: 17853: 17697: 17664: 17308: 16788: 16386: 15370: 15234: 15208: 14764: 13774: 13734: 13328: 10234: 9252:

The Independent Orders of B'nai B'rith and True Sisters: Pioneers of a New Jewish Identity, 1843–1914

6982: 6284: 6074: 5484:

started immigrating in large numbers in the mid to latter 19th century, spurred in particular by the

5290: 4840: 4524: 3072: 3002: 1640: 1213: 978: 629: 232: 409:

techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where German-speaking districts emerged.

17712: 17687: 16471: 16318: 16040: 15990: 15936: 15728: 14600: 14035:

Nollendorfs, Valters. "The Field, the Boundaries, and the Cultivators of German-American Studies."

12091:"ALLEGIANCE AND HERITAGE: THE GERMAN-AMERICANs OF FREDERICKSBURG, TEXAS IN THE NAZI ERA, 1933–1945" 12054:"FRAGILE AND BELEAGUERED ARE THE MANY:THE RECURRENCE OF ANTI-GERMAN ACTIVITIES DURING WORLD WAR II" 11588: 11498: 8412: 7700: 6966: 6878: 6775: 6341: 6186: 6108: 5203: 5117: 5094: 5086: 5026: 4994: 4984: 4934: 4892: 4796: 2398: 2194: 2142: 1997:"From the Old to the New World" shows German emigrants boarding a steamer in Hamburg, to New York. 1209: 952: 913: 352: 322: 290: 242: 11893: 8018: 7049:

invented the world's first successful airplane in 1903. Famous German-American scientists include

2262:. From Ohio to the Plains states, a heavy presence persists in rural areas into the 21st century. 2193:, Nebraska, where the proportion of German Americans was 57% in 1910. In many other cities of the 597:

region of Germany escaped conditions of poverty, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London.

18497: 18059: 17649: 17256: 16798: 15968: 15904: 15348: 14486: 13434:

Guenther, Karen. "A Question of Loyalty: German Churches in Reading During the First World War,"

7630: 6760: 6355: 6272: 6268: 6246: 6116: 6112: 6078: 5419: 5415: 5309: 5302: 5226: 5191: 5072: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4818: 4746: 4732: 4688: 4612: 2819: 2201:, German Americans were at least 30% of the population. By 1850 there were 5,000 Germans, mostly 2014: 936: 683: 237: 10141: 9073:

Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States

8112:

Christian Clergy Response to Intimate Partner Violence: Attitudes, Training, Or Religious Views?

6452:

Many German Americans have played a prominent role in American industry and business, including

6142:

throughout the country, especially regarding pastries, meats and sausages, and above all, beer.

5469:. Most are able to understand Standard German in addition to their dialect. The German speaking 2084:

in Alabama, was a particularly prominent example of such a German-Jewish immigrant. They formed

310:

German alone. German Americans account for about one third of the total population of people of

18117: 17952: 17939: 17436: 15995: 15850: 15721: 15421: 15257: 13240:

Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender, and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868–1945

12660: 10272: 9055:

Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: An Analysis of National Origins of the Population

7793:. The Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Federal Republic of Germany. 2006. Archived from 7320: 7062: 6836: 6745: 6314: 6255: 5195: 5018: 4880: 4826: 4778: 4682: 4576: 4554: 4400:

The 25 U.S. communities with the highest percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are:

3048: 2990: 2766: 2680: 2552: 2488: 2248: 1982:. They included professionals, journalists, and politicians. Prominent Forty-Eighters included 1020: 973:. They established German settlements on that tract, especially in the area around what is now 542: 536: 15341: 13876: 13076: 13013: 12848: 12748: 12410: 10858: 9868:

Arthur Preuss: Journalist and Voice of German and Conservative Catholics in America, 1871–1934

9623:

Lindaman, Matthew (2004). "Heimat in the Heartland: The Significance of an Ethnic Newspaper".

9071: 7871: 6973:, was an early naturalist and publisher of the first botanical textbook in the United States. 5913:

homeland region. What distinguished German America was that it incorporated not just some but

730: 439:

in New York City is one of the most well-known and is held every third Saturday in September.

18647: 18127: 18122: 18102: 17747: 17616: 17533: 17498: 17493: 17394: 16853: 16823: 16553: 16516: 16438: 16286: 16281: 15894: 15795: 15569: 15334: 15180: 15123: 15021: 14914: 14819: 14149: 14074: 13919: 13910: 13901: 11897: 11421: 9749: 8552: 8176: 8137: 8110: 7094: 7070: 6970: 6852: 6844: 6545: 6430: 6209:

in 1860. Later German immigrants figured prominently in the rebirth of craft brews following

5966: 5918:

conflated with American patriotism; and Irish-American voters were overwhelmingly Democrats.

5633:, nearly all German language instruction ended, as did most German-language church services. 5630: 5326: 5318: 5147: 5064: 5014: 4964: 4926: 4916: 4904: 4870: 4850: 4832: 4786: 4766: 4692: 3064: 3040: 2987:

II share the same characteristics as any other Western European immigrant group in the U.S.

2407: 2258:

Whereas half of German immigrants settled in cities, the other half established farms in the

2240: 1173: 847:

was the first German born US Senator (Missouri, 1868) and later US Secretary of the Interior.

13863:

The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri: A Survey of a Vanishing Culture

13357: 10968: 10763:"Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 8905: 7988: 7346:, whose maternal family's ancestry includes German immigrants from the South German town of 6060: 5381: 3059:

During the 1800s, there were a number of German-speaking African-Americans, including Black

900:, the start of a westward and southward trend of German migration and settlement across the 18240: 17934: 17606: 17596: 17586: 17576: 17528: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17399: 16838: 16803: 16793: 16630: 16448: 16418: 16372: 16238: 16213: 16035: 15973: 15865: 15242: 15118: 15011: 14947: 14929: 14839: 14824: 14642: 12928: 10273:"Text of H.R. 3198 (109th): Wartime Treatment Study Act (Introduced version) – GovTrack.us" 9461:

Timothy J. Kloberdanz, "Symbols of German-Russian Ethnic Identity on the Northern Plains."

9412: 8859: 7397: 7389: 7292: 7098: 6896: 6882: 6755: 6509: 6434: 6426: 6363: 5786: 5442: 5330: 5296: 5238: 5199: 5090: 5082: 5060: 5006: 4908: 4888: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4722: 4658: 4606: 4588: 4508: 4462: 3380: 2828: 2807: 2795: 2707:

until he finalized his naturalization papers. Orchestras replaced music by German composer

2688: 2564: 2217: 2127: 2046: 1785: 1302: 909: 893: 797: 769: 652: 632:

was the best-known of the German settlements in a region long known as the "German Flats".

398: 367: 326: 6194: 5793:

While its impact appears to be less well-known and studied than the impact which World War

5446: 5165:"Germania" was the common term for German American neighborhoods and their organizations. 3091: 1127:." The Japanese "ドイツ" (/doitsu/) also derives from the aforementioned "Dutch" variations. 470:

Around 180,000 permanent residents from Germany were living in the United States in 2020.

61: 8: 18616: 18331: 18142: 18107: 17601: 17571: 17561: 17551: 17431: 17325: 16924: 16917: 16895: 16873: 16868: 16756: 16677: 16496: 16433: 16403: 16355: 16345: 16298: 16274: 16228: 16223: 16071: 15941: 15899: 15830: 15815: 15810: 15706: 15328: 15303: 14986: 14934: 14919: 14869: 14759: 14745: 14420: 10655: 7603: 7433: 7422: 7224: 7050: 6994: 6892: 6780: 6633: 6533: 6485: 6461: 6457: 6263:

outside of Germany and in Milwaukee, which celebrates its German heritage with an annual

6234: 6206: 6189:(approximately 80 miles northwest of Philadelphia), founded in 1829 by an immigrant from 5981: 5834: 5782: 5707: 5450: 5343: 5230:

social classes and enjoyed great popularity until anti-German sentiments during World War

5134: 5052: 5002: 4988: 4976: 4968: 4920: 4866: 4858: 4738: 4716: 4594: 4572:

Large U.S. communities with a high percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are:

4389: 2806:

fleeing government oppression. About 25,000 people became paying members of the pro-Nazi

2692: 2656: 2606:

in 1908, and played a major role in many other American and international organizations.

2382: 2206: 2198: 2111: 1675: 1079: 1064: 993: 897: 885: 869: 781: 594: 444: 18490: 18456: 14314: 14193: 13361: 11687:"Language loyalty in the German-American Church: the Case of an Over-confident Minority" 10494: 9019: 8498: 2664: 2599: 18642: 18611: 18601: 18395: 18358: 18316: 18132: 18076: 18011: 17962: 17929: 17917: 17912: 17884: 17848: 17624: 17591: 17581: 17556: 17465: 17404: 17389: 17374: 16843: 16813: 16741: 16719: 16687: 16665: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16597: 16558: 16548: 16543: 16506: 16481: 16408: 16350: 16313: 16262: 16257: 16129: 16122: 16107: 16090: 16066: 16045: 16030: 16020: 16005: 15985: 15963: 15909: 15840: 15805: 15262: 15128: 15096: 15091: 15081: 15071: 15055: 15026: 15016: 14996: 14976: 14890: 14849: 14814: 14730: 14700: 14686: 14633: 14576: 14548: 14542: 14129: 14054: 14010: 13842: 13749:"Language loyalty in the German-American Church: The Case of an Over-confident Minority 13495: 13308: 13246: 13203:

Baron, Frank, "Abraham Lincoln and the German Immigrants: Turners and Forty-Eighters,"

13075:

ROOTED IN HISTORY: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman, Harry S. Truman Library Genealogy

12345: 12304: 12245: 12201: 11716: 11157:

Lucile E. Hackett, "Johann Conrad Beissel: Early German-American Mystic and Musician",

10799: 10700:"Chronology : The Germans in America (European Reading Room, Library of Congress)" 10660: 9933: 9849: 9730: 9722: 9648: 9640: 9368: 9195: 8400: 8336: 8227: 8219: 7208: 7141: 7137: 7006: 6990: 6928: 6800: 6750: 6597: 6497: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6371: 5985: 5470: 5454: 5449:

had formed and are still in existence today. The Old Order Amish and a majority of the

5121: 5034: 5022: 4972: 4954: 4946: 4862: 4836: 4774: 4704: 4618: 4600: 4567: 4235: 3060: 2949: 2840: 2728: 2724: 2676: 2652: 2528: 2465: 2393:

Negatively influenced by the violation of their rights and cultural persecution by the

2307: 2271: 2212:

Many concentrations acquired distinctive names suggesting their heritage, such as the "

2123: 2089: 1143: 1104: 917: 865: 857: 558: 547: 330: 252: 207: 109: 18277: 14243:

Wurzeln in fremder Erde: Zur Geschichte der südwestdeutschen Auswanderung nach Amerika

13623:

The Spirit of 1848: German Immigrants, Labor Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War

12456:: German Americans in Manchester, New Hampshire and Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1870–1942 10328: 9802:"Beer and Revolution: Some Aspects of German Anarchist Culture in New York, 1880–1900" 5972:

To this day, German speakers can be found in the United States among long-established

1047:

Between 1742 and 1753, roughly 1,000 Germans settled in Broad Bay, Massachusetts (now

18390: 18326: 18306: 18301: 18250: 18235: 18182: 18154: 18137: 18081: 18021: 18016: 17922: 17682: 17566: 17508: 17441: 16900: 16885: 16878: 16848: 16808: 16783: 16766: 16724: 16692: 16682: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16585: 16580: 16573: 16563: 16501: 16486: 16428: 16423: 16391: 16360: 16323: 16308: 16291: 16250: 16218: 16196: 16169: 16117: 16015: 16010: 16000: 15958: 15946: 15835: 15785: 15426: 15273: 15223: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15149: 15133: 15113: 15101: 15086: 15050: 15036: 15031: 14991: 14981: 14960: 14940: 14924: 14900: 14895: 14859: 14844: 14834: 14793: 14751: 14737: 14292: 14246: 13973: 13407:

Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present

13260: 13254: 13198:

Women of Two Countries: German-American Women, Women's Rights and Nativism, 1848–1890

12944: 12613: 12567: 12498: 12311: 12008: 11972: 11849: 11810: 11044: 11040: 10699: 9922: 9755: 9734: 9673: 9652: 9187: 9081: 8909: 8889: 8788: 8765: 8755: 8743: 8725: 8715: 8703: 8685: 8675: 8648: 8638: 8611: 8601: 8574: 8564: 8426: 8416: 8396: 8231: 8182: 8143: 8116: 7960: 7881: 7838: 7802: 7744: 7598: 7264: 7248: 7121: 7114: 7078: 7034: 7030: 6962: 6808: 6741: 6677: 6625: 6593: 6517: 6367: 6147: 6009: 5993: 5645: 5641: 5129: 5038: 4930: 4698: 4642: 4502: 4361: 2832: 2811: 2733: 2158: 2034: 2030: 1635: 1227: 1177: 905: 819: 640: 605:. Many immigrants, particularly children, died before reaching America in June 1710. 493: 406: 402: 387: 257: 222: 212: 17298: 17112: 15458: 14955: 12001:"What Happens After English is Declared the Official Language of the United States?" 10211: 9182: 7938:

On Illinois see, Raymond Lohne, "Team of Friends: A New Lincoln Theory and Legacy",

4395: 18606: 18586: 18564: 18468: 18378: 18363: 18336: 18291: 18283: 18255: 18159: 18112: 18097: 18031: 17999: 17972: 17967: 17877: 17740: 17518: 17513: 17503: 17483: 17162: 17040: 16960: 16890: 16863: 16833: 16729: 16707: 16625: 16536: 16531: 16521: 16457: 16365: 16338: 16328: 16303: 16269: 16201: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16164: 16112: 16102: 16095: 16076: 16052: 16025: 15931: 15664: 15360: 15215: 15188: 15154: 15076: 14885: 14854: 14829: 14788: 14769: 14582: 14264: 14217: 14002: 13800:

German Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Reception, Adaptation, Transformation

13337: 12377: 12237: 12168: 11635: 11263:

Translating America: An Ethnic Press Visualizes Popular American Culture, 1895–1918

9975:

Hickey, Donald R. (Summer 1969), "The Prager Affair: A Study in Wartime Hysteria",

9714: 9632: 9239:

Who Rules the Synagogue?: Religious Authority and the Formation of American Judaism

9177: 9169: 8894: 8592:

Heinemann, Ronald L.; Kolp, John G.; Parent, Anthony S.; Shade, William G. (2007).

8211: 7571: 7402: 7260: 7204: 7074: 7002: 6998: 6924: 6900: 6870: 6832: 6697: 6609: 6589: 6469: 6422: 6411: 6290: 6029: 6005: 5948:

comprised the city's largest immigrant ethnicity and possibly its least cohesive".

5481: 5466: 5465:, and Minnesota, and the western provinces of Canada. Hutterites continue to speak 5453:

still speak dialects of German, including Pennsylvania German, informally known as

5339: 5056: 5048: 4960: 4854: 3888: 3333: 2961: 2783: 2575: 2556: 2492: 2323: 2319: 2006: 1476: 1189: 1185: 1048: 1005: 944: 873: 644: 554: 519: 383: 227: 130: 113: 11110: 10358: 18424: 18321: 18311: 18272: 17944: 17858: 17841: 17814: 17478: 17426: 17067: 17030: 16985: 16912: 16761: 16751: 16714: 16697: 16670: 16605: 16526: 16511: 16491: 16413: 16396: 16377: 16333: 16243: 16233: 16206: 16191: 16147: 15716: 15297: 15281: 15228: 15174: 15042: 15001: 14864: 14798: 14705: 14530: 14481: 14459: 14321: 14304: 14222:(English translations of selected German-language newspaper articles, 1855–1938). 13883: 13849: 13793: 13769: 13755: 13710: 13609: 13592: 13579: 13524: 13446: 13413: 13391: 13378: 13303: 13083: 13043: 13001: 12755: 12605: 12561: 12486: 12000: 11967: 11843: 11802: 11723: 11087: 11034: 10241: 10218: 10181: 10128: 9929: 9550: 9473: 9395: 9042: 9002: 8979: 8486: 8369: 8066: 8044: 7407: 7316: 7216: 7086: 7058: 7054: 7046: 7018: 6952: 6904: 6866: 6840: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6446: 6238: 6101: 5870: 5814: 5427: 5361: 5187: 5125: 4912: 4822: 4468: 4416: 2973: 2844: 2791: 2738: 2720: 2700: 2455: 2416: 2186: 2081: 1734: 1124: 932: 570: 394: 318: 311: 262: 217: 202: 172: 134: 50: 12875: 10396: 9826:

Jutta Spillmann, and Lothar Spillmann. "The rise and fall of Hugo Münsterberg."

9751:

Trade Unions and Community: The German Working Class in New York City, 1870–1900

2612:(1871–1934) was a leading journalist, and theologian. A layman in St Louis. His 18064: 18049: 18026: 17982: 17948: 17889: 17786: 17659: 17320: 17273: 17137: 17132: 17097: 17082: 16660: 16476: 16443: 15921: 15916: 15247: 14780: 14499: 13469:. (1971). Voting behavior of Germans, prohibition, language, and school issues. 11175: 11171: 9901: 9879:

Jutta Spillmann and Lothar Spillmann. "The rise and fall of Hugo Münsterberg."

7375: 7300: 7256: 7252: 7212: 7188: 7184: 7153: 7133: 7110: 7082: 7026: 7022: 6920: 6874: 6856: 6816: 6812: 6665: 6637: 6601: 6585: 6493: 6453: 6202: 6135: 6025: 5989: 4896: 4782: 4670: 4636: 4369: 4073: 3912: 2977: 2712: 2708: 2687:

was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched. A Minnesota minister was

2568: 2487:

The German vote in 1900 was in doubt; they opposed the "repudiation" policy of

2449: 2381:. Their ancestors had come from all over the German-speaking world, invited by 2370: 2235:". Radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the city's 2221: 2213: 2088:

and sponsored numerous local and national philanthropic organizations, such as

2085: 2042: 2038: 1979: 1729: 1705: 1569: 1500: 1169: 1078:-led coalition that took control of the legislature, which later supported the 1009: 1001: 962: 921: 523: 417: 267: 14023:

Other Witnesses: An Anthology of Literature of the German Americans, 1850–1914

13724:

Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America

13279:

Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City

12720:"Friday Lunch Menu | Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh (Deutschtown), PA" 12450: 10986: 9085: 9030:

Theodore G. Tappert, "Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the American Revolution."

8990:

Theodore G. Tappert, "Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the American Revolution."

8430: 8289:

Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the First Germans in America, April 18

8215: 8097:

The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures

7358:

region that is now part of France; both families came to America around 1750.

7124:, and most of the leading engineers from the former German V-2 rocket base at 5882: 2419:

in an attempt to reconnect with their heritage. Germans from Russia often use

18726: 18519: 18402: 17994: 17977: 17956: 17802: 17365: 17236: 17184: 17172: 17167: 17157: 17147: 17142: 17062: 17035: 17025: 17020: 17015: 16568: 15691: 14297: 13762: 13572: 13250: 12692: 10459:

Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980

9191: 8652: 8404: 7335: 7268: 7244: 7236: 7180: 7090: 7010: 6948: 6940: 6932: 6912: 6792: 6729: 6617: 6359: 6120: 5893: 5734: 4876: 4582: 4486: 4474: 4329: 4259: 3818: 3634: 3114: 3035:

Of the four major U.S. regions, German was the most-reported ancestry in the

2684: 2668: 2660: 2609: 2431: 2359: 2311: 2297: 2182: 1987: 1763: 1429: 1406: 1032: 986: 822:

about 25 miles (40 km) above New Orleans. The area is now known as 'the

617: 616:

manor. In 1723 Germans became the first Europeans allowed to buy land in the

14110:

Tolzmann, Don Heinrich. "German-American studies: History and development."

13406: 13141: 11736:

The Bennett Law of Eighteen Eighty-Nine: Education and Politics in Wisconsin

11657:"Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970" 11357:

Dobbert, G.A. "German-Americans between New and Old Fatherland, 1870-1914."

10426: 9355: 9226:

Encounter with Emancipation: The German Jews in the United States, 1830–1914

8769: 8729: 8689: 8615: 8578: 7821:"Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171. 7125: 5402:—are all descended from churches started by German immigrants among others. 2302: 1966:

The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and

18368: 17870: 17345: 17221: 17005: 14723: 14627: 14562: 14043:"The Field, the Boundaries, and the Cultivators of German-American Studies" 14028:

Miller, Zane L. "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group",

13744:. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993. 13693:

German Culture in America, 1600–1900: Philosophical and Literary Influences

13235:. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2006. 12901: 11258: 9936:. Presented to the Society for Military History Annual Meeting, April 1998. 9840:

Conley, Rory T. (1994). "Arthur Preuss, German-Catholic Exile in America".

8972: 7912:

Zane L. Miller, "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group",

7343: 7331: 7308: 7240: 7232: 7164: 7160: 7038: 6986: 6978: 6936: 6916: 6908: 6824: 6788: 6721: 6713: 6673: 6641: 6605: 6581: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6489: 6442: 6438: 6403: 6214: 6174:, which is popular across the United States. Germans introduced America to 6013: 5830: 5687: 5208: 4490: 4373: 4096: 4050: 4027: 3935: 3068: 2387: 2285: 2077: 2072: 2018: 1546: 1523: 1070: 834: 823: 789: 625: 609: 527: 509: 413: 356: 14185:

Kamphoefner, Walter D., Wolfgang Johannes Helbich and Ulrike Sommer, eds.

13562:

States of Belonging: German-American Intellectuals and the First World War

13546:

German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective

12661:"Languages in East Amana, Iowa (Unincorporated Place) – Statistical Atlas" 9923:

The War Department: Keeper of Our Nation's Enemy Aliens During World War I

9788:

German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective

9587:

28 (Autumn 1962): 310–16; cited in Turk, "Germans in Kansas," (2005) p 57.

6028:

in Iowa; according to the website Statistical Atlas, all the residents of

2779: 2169:

was also a favored destination. By 1900, the populations of the cities of

18698: 18146: 17340: 17261: 17241: 17127: 17000: 16905: 11963: 11144:

Andrew Yox, "The German-American Community as a Nationality, 1880–1940",

10681:

Lukas Schemper, "Diasporas and American debates on German unification."

7503: 7351: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7220: 7200: 7196: 7176: 6765: 6733: 6725: 6681: 6565: 6477: 6418: 6395: 6391: 6264: 6260: 6249:

neighborhood, a traditional a center of the city's German population, in

6226: 5997: 5743: 5672: 5656: 5486: 5462: 4480: 3703: 3287: 3083:

German-Americans, as well as their descendants, learned to speak German.

3029: 2723:(honoring those who fought in the Battle of Marne). In Iowa, in the 1918 2548: 2540: 2469: 2374: 2281: 2064: 1983: 1967: 1796: 1255: 1088: 1036: 1013: 844: 830: 815: 582: 562: 501: 460: 157: 100: 14133: 14058: 13702:

edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014, pp. 207–223)

13662:

Little Germany: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in New York City, 1845–80

13517: 13485:

German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-century Texas

12792: 12349: 11842:

Leslie, W. Bruce (1997). "German Americans". In Parish, Peter J. (ed.).

11499:"Appendix Table 2. Languages Spoken at Home: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007" 10306: 9853: 9726: 9644: 1993: 1008:

and quickly distinguished themselves through improved farming, advanced

18502: 17303: 17246: 17077: 14014: 13786: 13296: 12487:"Pulitzer, Preetorius, and the German American Identity Project of the 12249: 9577:

C. B. Schmidt, "Reminiscences of Foreign Immigration Work for Kansas,"

9199: 9035: 8995: 8223: 7291:

There have been three presidents whose fathers were of German descent:

7228: 7172: 7106: 7102: 7066: 6956: 6848: 6709: 6705: 6689: 6557: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6276: 6250: 6163: 6086: 6017: 5973: 5838: 5691: 5370: 4630: 4624: 4385: 4357: 3864: 3841: 3241: 2716: 2473: 2277: 2178: 2166: 2150: 2010: 1700: 1452: 1147: 1139: 1131: 1116: 1024: 811: 697: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 456: 448: 247: 165: 153: 104: 18439: 17863: 17350: 17102: 14407:

The German Society of Pennsylvania (oldest German Society in the U.S.)

14025:. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2007. 13828:

America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History

13439: 12872:"Pittsburgh?s historic Deutschtown – Our Neighborhood Rich in History" 8594:

Old Dominion, New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia, 1607–2007

6000:

to various degrees (though they are generally fluent in English). All

5750:

I and forbidden by his immigrant parents ever to speak German again".

5249:

established German serious music as the superior language of feeling.

4649: 2620:, and anguished over the anti-German America hysteria during World War 985:

in 1766 (now a historical section in the center of Winston-Salem) and

18260: 17793: 17677: 17654: 17629: 17355: 17251: 17107: 17057: 16975: 15318: 14655: 14030:

Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society

12381: 9946: 9718: 9636: 9315: 9016:

The Life of Major-General Peter Muhlenberg: Of the Revolutionary Army

8008: 7914:

Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society

7347: 7324: 7192: 7168: 7042: 6985:

were noted physicians. The 19th century saw pioneering inventions by

6974: 6944: 6770: 6717: 6573: 6569: 6561: 6294: 6241:

are held regularly throughout the country. One of the largest is the

6198: 6182: 6159: 6155: 6001: 5945: 5695: 5438: 5403: 5366: 5155: 5128:, it is the 3rd largest copper statue in the United States after the 4654:

The 25 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Germany are:

4377: 4365: 4282: 4119: 3680: 3565: 2815: 2803: 2378: 2327: 2228: 2202: 2174: 2170: 2154: 2146: 1788:

was an anti-tax movement among Germans in Pennsylvania in 1799–1800.

1337: 1332: 1096: 1092: 982: 574: 566: 497: 464: 452: 425: 295: 161: 17087: 14401: 14006: 13492:

German-American Immigration and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective

13473: 12241: 11435: 11280:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

10722: 9669:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

9173: 7136:

to land on the Moon. Similarly, fellow German aviation technologist

6032:

speak German at home, and only 67.7% can speak English "very well".

5845:

II, a claim which would continue to mislead his family for decades.

4568:

Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry

3024:

Distribution of Americans claiming German Ancestry by county in 2018

1978:, a wave of political refugees fled to America, who became known as 965:, because the streams and meadows reminded Moravian settlers of the 672: 18524: 18514: 17634: 17288: 17278: 17206: 17179: 17092: 17072: 17010: 16990: 16970: 16965: 15376: 15194: 14906: 13467:

The Winning of the Midwest, Social and Political Conflict 1888–1896

12531:"How German Is American? Building Communities – Max Kade Institute" 10064:"Silence Broken, Pardons Granted 88 Years After Crimes of Sedition" 8809: 7953:"Schurz, Margarethe [Meyer] (Mrs. Carl Schurz) 1833 – 1876" 6820: 6283:" and has been revived as such. Within Deutschtown and since 1854, 6190: 5953: 5139: 4211: 3981: 3772: 3726: 3657: 3611: 3542: 3450: 3310: 3264: 3218: 2994:

U.S. Ancestries by County, Germany in light blue, as of 2000 census

2737:). The response of German Americans to these tactics was often to " 2591: 2420: 2354: 2026: 1615: 1383: 1326: 1278: 1135: 861: 856:

Two waves of German colonists in 1714 and 1717 founded a colony in

648: 639:

The most famous of the early German Palatine immigrants was editor

515: 431:

The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become

321:

in the 1670s, and they settled primarily in the colonial states of

14491: 14340: 14309: 13807:

The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941

13231:

Bungert, Heike, Cora Lee Kluge, & Robert C. Ostergren (eds.).

12197:"For Donald Trump's Family, an Immigrant's Tale With 2 Beginnings" 12164:"Donald Trump claimed he was of Swedish ancestry – but it's a lie" 9157: 8525: 7834:

Cat Island: The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island

5494:

the 1880s to 1924, bringing more traditional religious practices.

2041:. A prominent representative of this generation of immigrants was 18579: 18574: 18569: 18536: 17763: 17713:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

17446: 17360: 17335: 17283: 17268: 17152: 16980: 16950: 15669: 14442: 14411: 14236:

Geschichte der Deutschen in Amerika von 1680 bis in die Gegenwart

11180:

Land without Nightingales: Music in the Making of German-America.

11008:"City & County Information, Town & Community Information" 9947:"Get the Rope! Anti-German Violence in World War I-era Wisconsin" 8247:"Tour of German-American Sites at James Fort, Historic Jamestown" 8099:(1979) pp 147–58 maps out the political beliefs of key subgroups. 8067:"Auswandern in die USA – das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten" 7014: 6171: 6167: 6143: 5356: 5257: 4396:

Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry

4305: 4188: 3749: 3473: 3356: 3195: 3149: 3106: 3079: 3036: 2259: 2009:

is the designation of several settlements founded by some of the

1592: 1232: 970: 479: 421: 317:

The first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the

183: 96: 18546: 17732: 14464: 13731:

Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest

9598:

Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest

8269:

Where it All Began – Celebrating 400 Years of Germans in America

3054: 896:. They were swiftly replaced by 70 new German arrivals from the 880:

and encouraged German immigration by advertising in Germany for

18662: 18657: 18434: 18341: 17639: 17231: 17216: 17211: 17199: 17194: 17122: 17052: 16955: 16734: 15201: 14406: 12376:(PhD dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. p. 45. 11803:"German American Ethnic and Cultural Identity from 1890 Onward" 9500:"Inventory of the Hermann Raster Papers". The Newberry Library. 7688:

One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society

7567:"6 Maps That Show How Ethnic Groups Are Divided Across America" 7355: 6737: 6669: 6577: 6481: 6151: 6021: 5803: 5215:

had its American debut in Bethlehem in the early 19th century.

4004: 3795: 3519: 3404: 3172: 2998:

The German American community supported reunification in 1990.

2232: 1202: 1052: 997: 966: 804: 793: 785: 773: 602: 306: 14279: 12610:

Forgotten Doors: The Other Ports of Entry to the United States

11345:, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1984, p. 164. 7283:

became prominent athletes, actors, film directors or artists.

6895:

have been greatly enriched by German-American authors such as

6287:

has been promoting and furthering German cultural traditions.

6279:). So many German speakers arrived, the area became known as " 5333:, which authorized censorship of foreign language newspapers. 5245:

with 'emotion'. The performance of pieces such as Beethoven's

2483: 2157:, Chicago were favored destinations of German immigrants. The 840: 18478: 17330: 17313: 17293: 17226: 17189: 17117: 17047: 14716: 14350: 13317:

German Immigrants: Race and Citizenship in the Civil War Era.

11204:

Erna Ottl Gwinn, "The Liederkranz in Louisville, 1848–1877",

10496:

1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States

9265:

Thirteenth census of the United States taken in the year 1910

8969:

America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army

7955:. June 11, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. 6417:

German Americans were famous American politicians, including

6175: 6073:(German Dispensary), both by William Schickel (1883–1884) on 5977: 5773: 5648:, but use of German was strongly discouraged during World War 5434: 4142: 3588: 3427: 2836: 2190: 1630: 1360: 1120: 1100: 881: 656: 14431: 14345: 13914:

Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America

12041:

Corporation Sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism

11968:"I could hear the pain in my German-American father's voice" 5930:

Robert Paul McCaffery points out that "Despite their numbers

5727: 5317:

in immigrant communities faced an additional challenge with

2769:

in August 1918 for allegedly not supporting war bond drives.

359:, founded in 1683. Germantown is also the birthplace of the 18674: 18541: 17644: 16995: 14469: 14392: 14187:

News from the Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Write Home

13655:

Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900

13539:

Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity

13077:

https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/index.php?m=g_essay

12777: 12287:

Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity

10244:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. 7149: 7129: 5883:

Factors making German-Americans susceptible to assimilation

5833:

erroneous assertion of Swedish heritage as late as 1987 in

4165: 3958: 3496: 2476:, with many German immigrants claiming to enlist to "fight 2394: 1670: 13297:

German-Americans between New and Old Fatherland, 1870–1914

12845:"About the Teutonia Männerchor | Teutonia Männerchor" 12495:

German Diasporic Experiences: Identity, Migration and Loss

11007: 7444:

Ellis County, Kansas#English and Russian-German immigrants

6217:

movement that swept the U.S. beginning in the late 1980s.

2531:(1850s–1890s), the Protestants and Jews leaned toward the 1123:", Yiddish "daytsh", Danish/Norwegian "tysk", or Swedish " 788:

region who had recently fallen under French rule, and the

12135: 10862: 9389:

A 10K Walk Through German-Texas Heritage in Austin, Texas

8331: 8329: 7701:"US Census Bureau - German-American Day: October 6, 2023" 2491:(right poster), but also disliked the overseas expansion 2013:

and other refugees from Europe after rebellions like the

14383: 13679:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

13322:

Ellis, M. and P. Panayi. "German Minorities in World War

13167:

German Americans in the Civil War § Further reading

12991:

Reaching for the Moon: A Short History of the Space Race

11381:

Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History

11036:

Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest

9286:. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Chamber of Commerce. p. 81. 8591: 8463:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

6053:

Late-19th-century German-American buildings in Manhattan

1188:

was especially influential on the Patriot side. His son

1004:

in the 1730s and 1740s. They were actively recruited by

17709:

Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity

14378: 14373: 14363: 11191:

Edward C. Wolf, "Wheeling's German Singing Societies",

10728: 10359:"BBC NEWS – Americas – The lost voices of Crystal City" 9999:

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences

7338:, whose maternal ancestors were Germans who anglicized 6965:

was an important scientist, inventor and astronomer of

14425: 14286: 13429:

German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709–1920

12766: 12764: 10793:"African Americans and the German Language in America" 8326: 5673:

The apparent disappearance of German American identity

5234:

I and changing social values dealt them a death blow.

4336: 4310: 4287: 4264: 4241: 4216: 4193: 4170: 4147: 4124: 4101: 4078: 4055: 4032: 4009: 3986: 3963: 3940: 3917: 3894: 3869: 3846: 3823: 3800: 3777: 3754: 3731: 3708: 3685: 3662: 3639: 3616: 3593: 3570: 3547: 3524: 3501: 3478: 3455: 3432: 3409: 3386: 3361: 3338: 3315: 3292: 3269: 3246: 3223: 3200: 3177: 3154: 3086: 2397:, the Germans from Russia who settled in the northern 1770: 1741: 1713: 1683: 1650: 1620: 1597: 1574: 1551: 1528: 1505: 1482: 1457: 1434: 1411: 1388: 1365: 1342: 1308: 1283: 1260: 15488: 14180:

Germans in the Civil War; The Letters They Wrote Home

13460:

Germania, U.S.A.: Social Change in New Ulm, Minnesota

11353: 11351: 9531:

Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home

8785:

The Moravians in North Carolina: An Authentic History

7791:"Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background" 7657:"Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" 5414:(strongest in the Midwest), which is now part of the 3063:

people. A few German-speaking African-Americans were

1019:

German immigrants also settled in other areas of the

796:

was sold to France within the greater context of the

569:; many belonged to small religious sects such as the 14298:

German Immigrant Culture in America: Syllabus (1998)

13474:

The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West

13431:(Routledge Explorations in Economic History) (2011). 13398:

February 7, 2015, With a statistical map by counties

11383:, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 319. 9112:

Early American Studies: an Interdisciplinary Journal

8930:

Standardization: Studies from the Germanic Languages

7439:

Nativism (politics) in the United States#Anti-German

7365: 2765:

German American farmer John Meints of Minnesota was

2628: 1800:

German population density in the United States, 1872

829:

A thriving population of Germans lived upriver from

14397:

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis

14178:Kamphoefner, Walter D., and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. 14107:(2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations. 13865:(1977; reprint University of Missouri Press, 2006). 13630:

Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans During World War

12965:"1903 Wright Flyer | National Air and Space Museum" 12761: 12523: 11717:

U.S. State Department, "German Language in the U.S"

8518: 5410:(especially in New York and Pennsylvania), and the 4650:

Communities with the most residents born in Germany

1000:region settled in Savannah, St. Simon's Island and 977:. They also founded the transitional settlement of 14118:"German-American Studies: History and Development" 13534:Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2021. 13490:Kamphoefner, Walter D. and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. 13342:. (2013); Astor (1763–1848) came to the US in 1783 13219:Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia 12685: 12303: 11484:Edward S. Shapiro, "Jews", in Elliott Barkan, ed. 11460:, 2001, Scottdale, PA, and Waterloo, ON, page 115. 11348: 9747: 8893: 8476:John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire 7140:, the former top aviation technologist within the 6181:The oldest extant brewery in the United States is 1666: 14105:Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940 13478:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 12898:"Recurring Activities | Teutonia Männerchor" 12749:Yuengling of Pottsville: America's Oldest Brewery 12459:(PhD dissertation). University of New Hampshire. 12131:"Trump's family denied German heritage for years" 11931: 11805:. In Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A. (eds.). 10329:"German Internment Camps in World War II (thing)" 9881:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 9828:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 9665: 8860:"Loyalists (Royalists, Tories) in South Carolina" 8135: 8011:"Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England" 7726:"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012" 7330:Presidents with maternal German ancestry include 6702:International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) 6225:German and German-American celebrations, such as 5960: 5822:... Few German-Americans could defend what Hitler 4537:Town of Marshfield, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin 2595:Hugo Münsterberg, Harvard professor of psychology 2318:Texas attracted many Germans who entered through 1082:. Despite this, many of the German settlers were 947:and purchased 98,985 acres (400.58 km) from 18724: 14529: 14402:The Germantown Historical Society (Philadelphia) 14357: 14282:, German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA 14200:. Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the 14154:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 14079:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 13326:I: A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA", 11891: 10957:, Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin 9977:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 9490:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania press 7965:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7940:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 7869: 6170:are common dishes. German bakers introduced the 5864:with whom they often overlapped, after World War 1807:German Immigration to United States (1820–2004) 1016:-Reformed religious services for the colonists. 955:of North Carolina in 1753. The tract was dubbed 420:tradition, and introduced popular foods such as 340:in present-day Louisiana between 1718 and 1750. 13982:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 13923:We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant 13855:Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 13349:(1949), detailed coverage of Germans and Irish. 13059:"Donald Drumpf: A Funny Label, but is It Fair?" 12370:: Heritage Tourism and Identity in German Texas 12124: 12122: 11934:"WWI altered the German accent of Allen County" 11446:, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society 10094:"Anti-German hysteria swept Cincinnati in 1917" 8668:The Tar Heel State: A History of North Carolina 8491: 7942:Fall/Winter2008, Vol. 101 Issue 3/4, pp 285–314 7041:made significant contributions to the field of 6350:German American general/flag military officers 6020:dialect coming originally from the area around 5837:. This error stems from Donald Trump's father, 2647:Map of German American internment sites in WWII 1696: 1150:and in the industrial foundations of the Army. 14492:Articles and topics related to German American 14384:Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies 14353:by the German Historical Institute Washington. 14136:. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020 14061:. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020 13960:. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023 13256:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 13226:The German Forty-Eighters in the United States 12306:Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America 11927: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11919: 10911: 9600:(U. of North Carolina Press, 1992) pp. 53, 101 8631:Cradle of America : A History of Virginia 8557:Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement 8409:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 7413:German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA 5879:out the few surviving German language venues. 4350: 2967:In the aftermath of World War II, millions of 2472:was the highest-ranking German officer in the 593:In 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or 18400: 17748: 15474: 14671: 14515: 13890:Wilkerson, Miranda E., and Heather Richmond. 13816:, 2 vols. Munich, Germany: K.G. Saur, (1995). 13625:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 13014:"Rating the Top Baseball Players of All Time" 12444: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12436: 11403:International Journal of the History of Sport 11232:International Journal of the History of Sport 10620:"German Missions in the United States – Home" 9352:(2007), p. 208; Gross (1996); Johnson (1951). 8956:The Hessians and the Other German Auxiliaries 8363:Gottlieb Mittleberger on Indentured Servitude 7286: 6787:German Americans were pioneers and dominated 6325:German International School of Silicon Valley 6107:Scheffel Hall by Weber and Drosser (1894) on 3111:Estimated German American population by state 3055:German-speakers and German-Americans of color 2847:(who ironically ran against Roosevelt in the 2703:temporarily stepped down as conductor of the 951:(one of the British Lords Proprietor) in the 18696: 17868: 17800: 17784: 17777: 14448:Interactive German-History Map of Pittsburgh 14417:Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center 13217:Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds. 12815:"About Oktoberfest – Oktoberfest Zinzinnati" 12738: 12606:"Immigration through New Orleans: A Comment" 12411:"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains – GERMANS" 12331: 12329: 12327: 12119: 10295: 10225:by LaVern J. Rippley and Eberhard Reichmann. 9754:. University of Illinois Press. p. 36. 9364:German Settlers in Louisiana and New Orleans 8696: 8551: 8449:Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration 8178:American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition 6039: 5652:I and fell out of daily use in many places. 4226: 2508:(1,200 km) to German-speaking farmers. 1208:Estimated German American population in the 1203:Colonial German American population by state 956: 393:German Americans were drawn to colonial-era 42: 18706:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 14475:Some German Contributions to Wisconsin Life 14040: 13838:. Essays by scholars covering broad themes. 13826:Trommler, Frank & Joseph McVeigh, eds. 13700:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, 13319:New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 12772:Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer 11916: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10192: 10190: 10100:, June 6, 2012. Accessed February 15, 2013. 8628: 8272:, German Information Center, archived from 8139:Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City 8009:Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs. 6093:Deutsch-Amerikanische Schützen Gesellschaft 2029:) met together to devote themselves to the 344:ramped up sharply during the 19th century. 17755: 17741: 15481: 15467: 14678: 14664: 14522: 14508: 14443:German Traces NYC from the Goethe-Institut 14364:German-American Heritage Museum of the USA 14103:Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult. 13691:Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz; 13599:Comparative Studies in Society and History 13347:Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825–1863 13221:(: Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp. 13176:The German-Americans: An Ethnic Experience 13044:"Donald Trump Family Tree | CTV News" 12599: 12597: 12595: 12433: 12297: 12295: 12281: 12279: 12005:Language Legislation and Linguistic Rights 11887: 11885: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11809:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 11796: 11794: 11408: 10255:"Statement of Senator Russell D. Feingold" 10223:The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience 9659: 9382: 9276: 8736: 8442: 8440: 8201: 8108: 6036:more family-oriented manner than Yankees. 5774:Impact of World War II on German Americans 5346:newspaper, which was established in 1997. 5288:prestigious daily newspapers, such as the 3879: 2663:. Similarly, Harvard psychology professor 2444:German Americans in the American Civil War 2227:A particularly attractive destination was 1467: 1012:-construction, and leading joint Lutheran- 500:in 1529). He was followed in 1608 by five 298:who have full or partial German ancestry. 78:44,978,546 (13.6%) alone or in combination 60: 14432:Local German-American history and culture 13836:The Relationship in the Twentieth Century 13742:The German Language in America, 1683–1991 13641:Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln 13370:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996) 12480: 12478: 12448: 12324: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12161: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11456:Donald B. Kraybill and Nelson Hostetter: 11319:The German Language Press of the Americas 10893:Leibniz Institute for the German Language 9521: 9519: 9181: 8888: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8292:, Reuters, March 25, 2008, archived from 7299:and maternal side is also German/Swiss), 7156:was the first human to land on the moon. 5728:Impact of World War I on German Americans 5706:Cynthia Moothart O'Bannon, writing about 3371: 2960:German American kindergarten building in 1293: 757:Learn how and when to remove this message 581:did not arrive in number until after the 561:of Virginia attracted Germans. Most were 14164:German-American Studies: Selected Essays 14115: 14099:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 294–95. 13719:(2012), vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 23–40. 13212:The Catholic Church and German Americans 12335: 12194: 12162:Carlström, Vilhelm (November 28, 2017). 12088: 11807:Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait 11589:"Language Use in the United States:2007" 11159:Studies in Puritan American Spirituality 10941: 10750: 10187: 9704: 9622: 9579:Kansas Historical Collections, 1905–1906 9060: 9057:, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. 8837: 8835: 8801: 8585: 7354:in the historically culturally Germanic 7132:space program and the initiation of the 5777: 5604: 5380: 5283:German newspapers in North America, 1922 5278: 5111: 3090: 3019: 2989: 2955: 2943: 2786:signing a soldier's cast (Belgium, 1944) 2778: 2642: 2590: 2547:. The German community strongly opposed 2482: 2353: 2301: 2231:, which came to be known as "the German 2181:were all more than 40% German American. 2117: 2059:History of the Jews in the United States 1992: 1976:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states 1795: 839: 514: 366:Germantown also was the location of the 18286:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 18280:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 17678:People of the United States / Americans 15927:Southeast Africans in the United States 15885:African immigrants to the United States 14465:Milwaukee German-American Radio Program 14310:Emigrant Letters to Germany (in German) 14091:. (University of Illinois Press, 2009). 13698:Rippley, LaVern J. "German Americans." 13544:Keil, Hartmut and Jentz, John B., eds. 13541:. (2004). a major study of Philadelphia 12644: 12592: 12292: 12143:from the original on September 28, 2018 12129:Hansler, Jennifer (November 28, 2017). 12128: 11874: 11509:from the original on September 18, 2018 11032: 10952: 10196: 10061: 9786:Hartmut Keil, and John B. Jentz, eds., 9263:Census data from Bureau of the Census, 8807: 8782: 8659: 8545: 8446: 8437: 6947:were popular children's authors, while 5186:Beginning in 1741, the German-speaking 4561:Town of Herman, Dodge County, Wisconsin 412:German Americans established the first 14: 18753:European diaspora in the United States 18725: 15954:Southern Africans in the United States 15796:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans 14685: 14094: 13978:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 13532:Germans in America: A Concise History. 13056: 12949:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 12647:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 12626:from the original on November 30, 2023 12603: 12580:from the original on November 30, 2023 12559: 12511:from the original on November 30, 2023 12475: 12391:from the original on November 13, 2018 12301: 12256: 12021:from the original on November 30, 2023 11904:from the original on December 24, 2013 11862:from the original on November 30, 2023 11841: 11823:from the original on November 30, 2023 11771: 11441: 11057:from the original on November 30, 2023 11014:from the original on February 13, 2019 10152:from the original on November 30, 2023 10142:"Cincinnati's Century of Change – May" 10043:from the original on February 24, 2021 10008:from the original on November 13, 2018 9974: 9968: 9839: 9768:from the original on November 30, 2023 9686:from the original on November 30, 2023 9516: 9485: 9479: 9402:. 3/6. Retrieved on November 15, 2009. 9206:from the original on November 30, 2023 9156:Easum, Chester V. (December 1, 1952). 9137:from the original on December 12, 2019 9092:from the original on November 30, 2023 8742: 8702: 8622: 8394: 8375: 8244: 8156:from the original on November 30, 2023 8077:from the original on December 28, 2021 7894:from the original on November 30, 2023 7851:from the original on November 30, 2023 7830: 7669:from the original on February 24, 2012 7221:Henry John Deutschendorf (John Denver) 5392:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 2939: 2824:interned nearly 11,000 German citizens 2343: 2334:microcosm of the Germania nationwide. 2106:The port cities of New York City, and 2095: 1153: 18:German immigrants in the United States 17736: 15890:Central Africans in the United States 15462: 14659: 14503: 14490: 14453:Zinzinnati History (Cincinnati, Ohio) 14198:Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey 13990: 13870:Germany and the Emigration, 1816–1885 13669:German-Americans: an Informal History 13618:(Peter Lang, 1996), newspaper history 13385:German-Americans: The silent minority 13245:Conzen, Kathleen Neils. "Germans" in 13109:"Researchers: Obama has German roots" 12484: 12421:from the original on January 25, 2019 12362: 12227: 12007:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 11998: 11980:from the original on November 9, 2019 11962: 11800: 11469: 11293:The German-Language Press in America. 10899:from the original on November 2, 2023 10600:from the original on October 12, 2023 10476:from the original on January 16, 2019 10283:from the original on February 5, 2012 10086: 9155: 8841: 8832: 8708:North Carolina through Four Centuries 8665: 7771:from the original on October 12, 2023 7649: 7547:from the original on October 12, 2023 7430:, covers diplomacy, trade and culture 7193:Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff (Doris Day) 5640:. There is a false claim, called the 2969:ethnic Germans were forcibly expelled 2551:, and voted heavily against crusader 2276:Few German immigrants settled in the 1224: 1219: 1184:. The Muhlenberg family, led by Rev. 416:in the United States, introduced the 289: 18743:German diaspora in the United States 15861:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans 14379:Germans from Russia Heritage Society 14315:German-American Business Biographies 14182:. (U of North Carolina Press, 2006). 13905:The German-Language Press in America 13887:. New York: Films Media Group, 1976. 13798:Tatlock, Lynne and Matt Erlin, eds. 13340:and the First Great American Fortune 13205:Yearbook of German-American Studies, 12497:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 12209:from the original on August 15, 2018 11331:The German-Language Press in America 11267:The German-Language Press in America 11245:The German-Language Press in America 11033:Murdoch, Adrian (December 1, 2012). 10447:Tischauser, (1990); Tolzmann, (1995) 10303:"German American Internee Coalition" 9992:"Civil Liberties in Times of Crisis" 9989: 9808:from the original on October 3, 2012 9125:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics" 8820:from the original on October 8, 2022 8306: 8245:Grassl, Gary Carl (June–July 2008), 8174: 8041:"The Home of the Hamburger: History" 7449: 7418:German language in the United States 6129: 6069:(Free Library and Reading Hall) and 6046:German language in the United States 5797:I had on German Americans, World War 5606: 5408:Reformed Church in the United States 5400:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 2406:I, their identity was challenged by 2189:had even larger proportions, as did 2136:History of the Germans in Louisville 2037:, science, classical music, and the 695:adding citations to reliable sources 666: 401:. Many arrived seeking religious or 90:Regions with significant populations 27:Americans of German birth or descent 16930:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 16153:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 16086:North Africans in the United States 15873:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 14287:German-American history and culture 14189:. (Cornell University Press, 1991). 13778:. Vol. 6. New York: Appleton, 1909. 13737:, 1992), focus on German Americans. 13207:4 (Supplemental Issue 2012), 1–254. 12700:from the original on March 18, 2019 12566:. The Ohio State University Press. 12463:from the original on April 15, 2023 12195:Horowitz, Jason (August 21, 2016). 11944:from the original on August 2, 2018 11146:Yearbook of German-American Studies 10833:National Museum of American History 10369:from the original on March 22, 2021 10339:from the original on March 22, 2021 9423:from the original on August 7, 2013 9290:from the original on March 16, 2016 8507:from the original on April 11, 2011 8309:"400 Years of Germans In Jamestown" 7731:. United States Census Bureau. 2012 7631:"New York Population Ethnicity Map" 7579:from the original on March 11, 2016 7559: 7281:Kevin George Knipfing (Kevin James) 6340:For a more comprehensive list, see 5996:by a minority of Amish) along with 3087:German American population by state 2314:served as a German-American school. 2102:History of the Germans in Baltimore 989:(an early female college) in 1772. 24: 18733:Ethnic groups in the United States 15981:West Africans in the United States 15856:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans 14208:from the original on June 26, 2023 14171: 14097:Reader's Guide to American History 13814:German Americans in the World Wars 13514:Journal of American Ethnic History 13160: 13024:from the original on March 4, 2021 12686:Fischer, Claude S. (May 4, 2015). 12667:from the original on July 20, 2017 12338:Journal of American Ethnic History 12310:. University of California Press. 12070:from the original on March 8, 2021 11892:Ludden, Jennifer (April 1, 2009). 11845:Reader's Guide to American History 11759:from the original on July 16, 2018 11605:from the original on June 14, 2013 11596:United States Bureau of the Census 11563:United States Bureau of the Census 11539:from the original on July 18, 2018 11079:, 2nd ed., New York: Treat, 1907, 10982:Ancestry Map of German Communities 10929:from the original on July 17, 2022 10773:from the original on July 13, 2022 10513:from the original on July 27, 2017 9957:from the original on June 11, 2016 9799: 9707:Journal of American Ethnic History 9625:Journal of American Ethnic History 8870:from the original on March 8, 2021 8752:University of North Carolina Press 8712:University of North Carolina Press 8672:University of South Carolina Press 8534:from the original on March 3, 2009 8307:Jabs, Albert E. (June–July 2008), 6694:Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. 6614:Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts 6320:German American School of Portland 6310:German International School Boston 5869:overlapped, lived and worked with 5412:Evangelical Synod of North America 5342:(Kutztown, PA), the nation's only 5043:Groveland-Big Oak Flat, California 2604:American Philosophical Association 1160:Germans in the American Revolution 103:, California, New Mexico, and the 25: 18764: 18738:American people of German descent 17762: 17525:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin 16859:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans 15490:Demographics of the United States 14470:Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh 14273: 13948: 13119:from the original on May 13, 2011 12612:. Associated University Presses. 12107:from the original on July 6, 2018 11697:from the original on July 9, 2011 11667:from the original on June 2, 2000 11306:The German-American Radical Press 10869:from the original on May 23, 2023 10839:from the original on May 23, 2023 10809:from the original on May 23, 2023 10710:from the original on May 28, 2023 10074:from the original on May 12, 2011 9562: 9400:The University of Texas at Austin 9280:Ann Arbor the First Hundred Years 7831:Cuevas, John (January 10, 2014). 7611:from the original on May 28, 2023 6881:, left behind visible landmarks. 6538:Westinghouse Electric Corporation 6530:Studebaker Automobile Corporation 6522:Duesenberg Automobile Corporation 6466:Firestone Tire and Rubber Company 6335: 5142:'s victory over Roman troops in 9 4999:Holiday City-Berkeley, New Jersey 4318: 2843:. Roosevelt appointed Republican 2629:World War I anti-German sentiment 2052: 1628: 1051:). Many of the colonists fled to 939:, and a party from Europe led by 876:, had bought land in present-day 17703:Race and ethnicity in the census 15791:African diaspora in the Americas 14089:Perspectives on Milwaukee's Past 13877:Where Have All the Germans Gone? 13832:Immigration, Language, Ethnicity 13130: 13101: 13088: 13069: 13057:Victor, Daniel (March 2, 2016). 13050: 13036: 13006: 12983: 12957: 12917: 12890: 12864: 12837: 12807: 12712: 12679: 12653: 12638: 12553: 12403: 12356: 12221: 12188: 12155: 12082: 12046: 12033: 11992: 11956: 11835: 11741: 11728: 11709: 11679: 11649: 11617: 11581: 11551: 11521: 11491: 11478: 11474:, Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress 11463: 11450: 11395: 11386: 11373: 11364: 11335: 11323: 11311: 11298: 11285: 11272: 11250: 11237: 11224: 11211: 11198: 11185: 11164: 11151: 11138: 11125: 11092: 11069: 11026: 11000: 10973: 10961: 10889:"Black German Speakers in Texas" 10881: 10851: 10821: 10785: 10692: 10683:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 10675: 10642: 10612: 10586: 10555: 10524: 10487: 10450: 10441: 10411: 10381: 10351: 10321: 10265: 10247: 10228: 10205: 10164: 10134: 10115: 8943:Studebaker: The Complete History 8842:Faust, Albert Bernhardt (1909), 8783:Reichel, Levin Theodore (1968). 8345:from the original on May 9, 2020 7927:Milwaukee, the History of a City 7491: 7481: 7466: 7456: 7382: 7368: 6686:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. 6630:Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation 6474:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company 6146:(or "wieners", originating from 6100: 6085: 6059: 5924:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains 5758:... These statistics led Burnell 5063:, Southeast Comanche, Oklahoma, 4322: 4298: 4275: 4252: 4228: 4204: 4181: 4158: 4135: 4112: 4089: 4066: 4043: 4020: 3997: 3974: 3951: 3928: 3905: 3881: 3857: 3834: 3811: 3788: 3765: 3742: 3719: 3696: 3673: 3650: 3627: 3604: 3581: 3558: 3535: 3512: 3489: 3466: 3443: 3420: 3397: 3373: 3349: 3326: 3303: 3280: 3257: 3234: 3211: 3188: 3165: 3142: 3113: 3105: 2758: 2746: 2586: 2578:of 1886 in Chicago were German. 2535:and the Catholics were strongly 2350:Russian Germans in North America 1756: 1728: 1699: 1669: 1634: 1608: 1585: 1562: 1539: 1516: 1493: 1469: 1445: 1422: 1399: 1376: 1353: 1331: 1319: 1295: 1271: 1248: 1226: 671: 553:Large sections of Pennsylvania, 168:but also multiple other branches 95:Nationwide, most notably in the 15801:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans 14426:Indiana German Heritage Society 14412:The Pennsylvania German Society 14393:Max Kade German-American Center 14388:University of Wisconsin–Madison 14374:German American Heritage Center 14341:The German-Hollywood Connection 14280:Discover America´s German Roots 14116:Tolzmann, Don Heinrich (1988). 13843:Germans in Kansas: Review Essay 13527:, on deep-reading their letters 13500:University of Wisconsin–Madison 13224:Brancaforte, Charlotte L., ed. 12449:McCaffery, Robert Paul (1994). 12003:. In Kibbee, Douglas A. (ed.). 11848:. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. 11559:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000" 11442:Allard, William Albert (2006), 10103: 10055: 10019: 9983: 9939: 9916: 9886: 9873: 9860: 9833: 9820: 9793: 9780: 9741: 9698: 9672:. Richard Jensen. p. 292. 9616: 9603: 9590: 9571: 9556: 9536: 9503: 9494: 9455: 9434: 9405: 9342: 9329: 9302: 9270: 9257: 9244: 9231: 9218: 9149: 9117: 9104: 9078:U.S. Government Printing Office 9047: 9024: 9008: 8984: 8961: 8948: 8935: 8922: 8882: 8852: 8787:. Genealogical Publishing Com. 8776: 8468: 8455: 8356: 8238: 8195: 8168: 8129: 8102: 8089: 8073:(in German). January 13, 2015. 8059: 8033: 8002: 7973: 7945: 7932: 7919: 7906: 7863: 7824: 7815: 7783: 7428:Germany–United States relations 5892:Reich added the lasting one of 5667: 5373:, both native German speakers. 5011:Woodlawn-Dotsonville, Tennessee 4901:White House Station, New Jersey 4515:Teutopolis, Illinois (township) 3015: 2822:, the United States government 2774: 2731:ruled the ban illegal in 1923 ( 2635:American entry into World War I 1791: 1752: 1724: 1694: 1664: 1058: 1031:, and Texas, especially in the 868:. Virginia Lieutenant Governor 682:needs additional citations for 486: 363:, which emerged there in 1688. 338:German Coast, Orleans Territory 15846:Kittian and Nevisian Americans 15821:Dominican Americans (Dominica) 14293:Chronology: Germans in America 14095:Parish, Peter J., ed. (2013). 13292:(Ohio University Press, 2012). 13233:Wisconsin German Land and Life 12758:". Retrieved December 8, 2006. 12688:"Family Farms vs. Americanism" 12608:. In Stolarik, M. Mark (ed.). 12230:The American Historical Review 11148:2001 36: 181–193; Kazal (2004) 11077:The Cyclopædia of Fraternities 8902:Johns Hopkins University Press 8447:Knittle, Walter Allen (1937), 8142:. Harvard UP. pp. 31–32. 7757: 7718: 7693: 7681: 7623: 7591: 7533: 6861:Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company 6805:Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. 6330:German School Washington, D.C. 6243:German-American Steuben Parade 6067:Freie Bibliothek und Lesehalle 5961:Persistence of German language 5710:, states that before World War 5396:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 4971:, Yuba Foothills, California, 4885:Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Florida 4845:Basye-Bryce Mountain, Virginia 4555:Town of Brothertown, Wisconsin 4509:Teutopolis, Illinois (village) 4463:Germantown, Illinois (village) 2816:Alien Registration Act of 1940 2639:Internment of German Americans 2618:Catholic University of America 2110:had large populations, as did 2045:who lived most of the time in 1042: 437:German-American Steuben Parade 82:15,447,670 (4.7%) German alone 13: 1: 17382:Hispanic and Latino Americans 14738:German Mennonites from Russia 14358:German-American organizations 14202:Works Progress Administration 14041:Nollendorfs, Valters (1994). 13894:(Southern Illinois UP, 2019) 13783:American Journal of Education 13763:"Germans in the United States 13557:, 73 (January 2009), 117–145. 13462:. (1966). emphasizes Turners. 13453:The Tragedy of German-America 13417:. (2010, updated continually) 12563:Ohio: The History of a People 12560:Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). 11206:Filson Club History Quarterly 11182:(U. of Wisconsin Press, 2002) 10985:, Epodunk.com, archived from 10729:United States Census Bureau, 10199:The Tragedy of German-America 9335:Trudy Knauss Paradis, et al. 8750:(2nd ed.). Chapel Hill: 8181:. NYU Press. pp. 34–35. 7878:University of Wisconsin Press 7526: 7315:; his paternal grandparents, 7159:There were many celebrities. 6797:August Schell Brewing Company 6654:Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. 6646:The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. 5831:U.S. President Donald Trump's 5069:Fort Johnson South, Louisiana 4981:Plainsboro Center, New Jersey 4771:Daytona Beach Shores, Florida 4711:Crestwood Village, New Jersey 4665:Pemberton Heights, New Jersey 4423:Germantown Township, Illinois 2581: 2265: 920:, Virginia German acquired a 526:, 1794, was the first of the 361:American antislavery movement 112:, Plurality in Pennsylvania, 17452:Indigenous Mexican Americans 14331:German-American Hall of Fame 14261:American Newspaper Directory 14227: 14162:Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, ed. 14039:86.3 (1994): 319–330 online 13941:Wisconsin Historical Society 13259:. Harvard University Press. 12363:Adams, Joy Kristina (2006). 11932:Moothart O'Bannon, Cynthia. 11472:One Great Cloud of Witnesses 10389:"German Internees Time Line" 10212:A German-American Chronology 10062:Robbins, Jim (May 3, 2006). 9804:. Social Anarchism journal. 9565:I'm Going to Fight Mit Sigel 9277:Stephenson, Orlando (1927). 8629:Wallenstein, Peter (2014) . 8598:University of Virginia Press 8561:University of Virginia Press 8109:Richardson, Belinda (2007). 6829:Molson Coors Brewing Company 6300: 6220: 6140:cuisine of the United States 5612:Foreign-born population only 5503:German speakers in the U.S. 5433:Before 1800, communities of 5424:Count Nicolas von Zinzendorf 5349: 4763:Millers Falls, Massachusetts 4743:Security-Widefield, Colorado 4677:Cedar Glen Lakes, New Jersey 2495:had delivered (left poster). 2437: 1753: 916:predominated. Meanwhile, in 851: 662: 588: 291:[ˈdɔʏtʃʔameʁɪˌkaːnɐ] 7: 18187:Alsatians and Lotharingians 17693:Maps of American ancestries 17489:French Polynesian Americans 15826:Dutch West Indian Americans 14326:German Historical Institute 13717:Missouri Historical Review, 13554:Journal of Military History 13507:Missouri Historical Review, 13402:German Historical Institute 13390:September 14, 2017, at the 13267:. (1980). pp. 405–425. 12604:Miller, Randall M. (1988). 12089:McIntyre, Jennifer (2004). 11999:Wiley, Terrence G. (1998). 11661:United States Census Bureau 11638:. p. 3. Archived from 11533:United States Census Bureau 11503:United States Census Bureau 10923:United States Census Bureau 10767:United States Census Bureau 10569:United States Census Bureau 10538:United States Census Bureau 10504:United States Census Bureau 10467:United States Census Bureau 10110:Guardian 2009 Annual Report 9953:, George Mason University, 9928:September 12, 2006, at the 9748:Dorothee Schneider (1994). 9584:Kansas Historical Quarterly 9527:Journal of Military History 9162:Journal of American History 9014:Henry Augustus Muhlenberg, 7361: 6622:Hilton Hotels & Resorts 5638:German in the United States 5497: 5376: 5138:. Historians have regarded 5031:Leisure Village, New Jersey 4805:Cedar Glen West, New Jersey 4791:Holiday Heights, New Jersey 4751:Fairbanks Ranch, California 4729:Burnt Store Marina, Florida 4351:German-American communities 4341: 4334: 4314: 4309: 4291: 4286: 4268: 4263: 4245: 4240: 4220: 4215: 4197: 4192: 4174: 4169: 4151: 4146: 4128: 4123: 4105: 4100: 4082: 4077: 4059: 4054: 4036: 4031: 4013: 4008: 3990: 3985: 3967: 3962: 3944: 3939: 3921: 3916: 3898: 3893: 3873: 3868: 3850: 3845: 3827: 3822: 3804: 3799: 3781: 3776: 3758: 3753: 3735: 3730: 3712: 3707: 3689: 3684: 3666: 3661: 3643: 3638: 3620: 3615: 3597: 3592: 3574: 3569: 3551: 3546: 3528: 3523: 3505: 3500: 3482: 3477: 3459: 3454: 3436: 3431: 3413: 3408: 3390: 3385: 3365: 3360: 3342: 3337: 3319: 3314: 3296: 3291: 3273: 3268: 3250: 3245: 3227: 3222: 3204: 3199: 3181: 3176: 3158: 3153: 2855:Number of German Americans 2693:bombing of Black Tom island 2522: 2373:, but especially along the 2216:" district in Cincinnati, " 2001:(New York) November 7, 1874 1775: 1768: 1746: 1739: 1718: 1711: 1688: 1681: 1656: 1647: 1624: 1619: 1601: 1596: 1578: 1573: 1555: 1550: 1532: 1527: 1509: 1504: 1486: 1481: 1461: 1456: 1438: 1433: 1415: 1410: 1392: 1387: 1369: 1364: 1346: 1341: 1312: 1307: 1287: 1282: 1264: 1259: 941:August Gottlieb Spangenberg 303:United States Census Bureau 10: 18769: 18748:German diaspora by country 17474:Pacific Islander Americans 15335:Alabama Creoles and Cajuns 14480:November 13, 2018, at the 14458:November 20, 2015, at the 14369:Steuben Society of America 14351:German Heritage in Letters 14303:November 18, 2016, at the 13994:American Historical Review 13821:German-American Literature 13709:November 30, 2023, at the 13639:Luebke, Frederick C., ed. 13578:November 30, 2023, at the 13509:103 (January 2009), 71–89. 13164: 13138:"Ancestry of Barack Obama" 12789:Oktoberfest-zinzinnati.com 12754:November 12, 2020, at the 12485:Baker, Jason Todd (2008). 11304:Shore, "Introduction". in 9666:Richard J. Jensen (1971). 9513:August 12, 1891: 2. Print. 8967:Charles Patrick Neimeyer, 8848:, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin 8808:Surratt, Jerry L. (2006). 8635:University Press of Kansas 8633:(2nd ed.). Lawrence: 8555:; Kelly, James C. (2000). 8136:Michael A. Lerner (2009). 7981:"The History of Christmas" 7807:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 7749:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7287:German-American presidents 6887:United States Capitol dome 6384:American Revolutionary War 6339: 6077:at St Mark's Place in the 6043: 5721:Chicago Symphony Orchestra 5275:German American journalism 5272: 5252: 5108:List of German restaurants 5105: 5101: 4757:Standing Pine, Mississippi 2849:1940 presidential election 2705:Chicago Symphony Orchestra 2632: 2502: 2441: 2347: 2295: 2269: 2220:" in South St Louis, and " 2132:Germans in Omaha, Nebraska 2121: 2099: 2056: 1725: 1695: 1665: 1629: 1606: 1583: 1560: 1537: 1514: 1491: 1466: 1443: 1420: 1397: 1374: 1351: 1317: 1292: 1269: 1246: 1157: 1062: 996:, Germans mainly from the 931:, an expedition of German 872:, taking advantage of the 864:, located near modern-day 833:, Louisiana, known as the 473: 374:battle fought between the 372:American Revolutionary War 18689: 18635: 18557: 18415: 18226: 18206: 18170: 18090: 18042: 17905: 17829: 17822: 17813: 17770: 17673: 17665:Punjabi Mexican Americans 17615: 17544: 17464: 16938: 16789:Liechtensteiner Americans 16596: 16140: 15778: 15767: 15635: 15505: 15496: 15393: 15311:White Hispanic and Latino 15290: 15142: 15064: 14969: 14878: 14807: 14693: 14538: 14497: 13861:van Ravenswaay, Charles. 13775:The Catholic Encyclopedia 13735:U of North Carolina Press 13671:. (1968), popular history 13571:110.6 (2008): 1241–1268. 13422:Journal of Family History 13352:Faust, Albert Bernhardt. 13332:17 (April 1994): 238–259. 13329:Ethnic and Racial Studies 12819:Oktoberfestzinzinnati.com 12649:. Routledge. p. 101. 11801:Holli, Melvin G. (1995). 11219:Journal of Social History 10953:Zeitlin, Richard (2000), 10122:CCNY Archival Finding Aid 9394:December 4, 2010, at the 8748:North Carolina: A History 8395:Conzen, Kathleen (1980). 8368:February 1, 2009, at the 8216:10.1017/S0145553200014802 8175:Rose, Kenneth D. (1997). 7870:Robert C. Nesbit (2004). 6959:were famous journalists. 6183:D. G. Yuengling & Son 6040:German-American influence 5686:public school programs". 5603: 5291:New Yorker Staats-Zeitung 4841:South Palm Beach, Florida 4835:, Southwest Bell, Texas, 4435:Washington Township, Ohio 2923: 2909: 2895: 2881: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2567:for governor in 1870 and 2517:Ostfriesische Nachrichten 2410:. By the end of World War 1959: 1806: 1210:Continental United States 1176:in Germany, hired 18,000 979:Bethabara, North Carolina 233:Liechtensteiner Americans 197: 192: 145: 140: 129: 124: 94: 89: 76: 71: 59: 40: 17688:Native American ancestry 16463:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies 16319:Indo-Caribbean Americans 16041:Sierra Leonean Americans 15991:Bissau-Guinean Americans 15937:South Sudanese Americans 15258:Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots 14265:Geo. P. Rowell & Co. 14114:(1988): 278–288. online 13930:The Pennsylvania Germans 13858:28 (Spring 2005): 44–71. 13823:(Scarecrow Press, 1977). 13648:Germans in the New World 13601:60.4 (2018): 1029–1065. 13591:August 18, 2016, at the 13523:August 15, 2021, at the 13424:, (1996) 21: 2, 192–217. 13277:Conzen, Kathleen Neils. 13270:Conzen, Kathleen Neils. 13191:Central European History 13184:Central European History 12785:"Oktoberfest Zinzinnati" 12415:plainshumanities.unl.edu 12302:Waters, Mary C. (1990). 11100:"Deutsch-Athen Revisited 9567:, New York: H. de Marsan 9417:Handbook of Texas Online 9183:2027/uiug.30112064439976 8451:, Philadelphia: Dorrance 8413:Harvard University Press 7599:"The Germans in America" 7015:gasoline-powered tractor 6879:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 6342:List of German Americans 6187:Pottsville, Pennsylvania 5268: 5181: 5118:Hermann Heights Monument 5095:Topsfield, Massachusetts 5087:Rodney Village, Delaware 5027:Laguna Woods, California 4995:Oriental, North Carolina 4985:Silver Ridge, New Jersey 4935:Tega Cay, South Carolina 4893:Leisuretowne, New Jersey 4797:Fort Riley North, Kansas 4411:Granville Township, Ohio 4382:Minneapolis – Saint Paul 3043:, and third in both the 2291: 522:, in an oil painting by 506:Germantown, Pennsylvania 441:Oktoberfest celebrations 99:, though less common in 18207:Multinational dimension 17650:Louisiana Creole people 16799:Luxembourgish Americans 15969:South African Americans 15905:Equatoguinean Americans 14336:How German Is American? 13920:Wittke, Carl Frederick. 13911:Wittke, Carl Frederick. 13902:Wittke, Carl Frederick. 13848:April 23, 2023, at the 13830:. (2 vol 1985); vol 1: 13792:March 19, 2017, at the 13768:March 22, 2021, at the 13569:Teachers College Record 13530:Kamphoefner, Walter D. 13472:Johnson, Hildegard B. " 13445:April 14, 2018, at the 13412:August 4, 2023, at the 13377:March 25, 2019, at the 13302:March 19, 2017, at the 11722:March 30, 2009, at the 11361:. 19.4 (1967): 663-680. 11261:; Peter Conolly-Smith, 11195:1980–1981 42(1–2): 1–56 10098:The Cincinnati Enquirer 9842:U.S. Catholic Historian 9549:April 19, 2023, at the 9509:"Honor Herman Raster." 9472:August 1, 2020, at the 9442:History of North Dakota 9041:August 2, 2020, at the 9001:August 2, 2020, at the 8485:March 14, 2021, at the 8316:German-American Journal 8254:German-American Journal 7152:for over twenty years. 6761:The Wall Street Journal 6449:was a famous diplomat. 6356:George Armstrong Custer 6285:The Teutonia Männerchor 5416:United Church of Christ 5310:Cincinnati Freie Presse 5303:Illinois Staats-Zeitung 5227:Wheeling, West Virginia 5073:Townsend, Massachusetts 4951:Point Lookout, New York 4943:White Sands, New Mexico 4939:Margaretville, New York 4819:Highland Beach, Florida 4747:Grandview Plaza, Kansas 4733:Boles Acres, New Mexico 4689:Sunshine Acres, Florida 4613:Levittown, Pennsylvania 4549:Recovery Township, Ohio 2820:Alien Enemy Act of 1798 2571:for president in 1872. 2362:in central Kansas, 1875 2358:Temporary quarters for 2205:living in, and around, 2015:Frankfurter Wachensturm 1023:, including around the 937:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 355:section of present-day 342:Immigration to the U.S. 238:Luxembourgish Americans 18697: 18401: 18128:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17869: 17801: 17785: 17778: 17437:Puerto Rican Americans 15996:Cape Verdean Americans 15851:Saint Lucian Americans 15627:Ethnocultural politics 15595:Racial achievement gap 15525:Educational attainment 14032:42 (Fall 1984): 13–22. 13882:June 18, 2016, at the 13812:Tolzmann, Don H., ed. 13805:Tischauser, Leslie V. 13494:. Madison, Wisconsin: 13315:Efford, Alison Clark. 12645:Skutsch, Carl (2005). 12061:loyolanotredamelib.org 11470:Almen, Lowell (1997), 11075:Albert Clark Stevens, 10596:. September 21, 2023. 10506:, September 18, 1992, 10201:, New York: Arno Press 10197:Hawgood, John (1970), 10180:June 28, 2011, at the 10127:March 3, 2016, at the 10001:(Winter 2006): 26–29, 9488:Refugees of Revolution 9463:Great Plains Quarterly 9311:German Village Society 9034:11.4 (1942): 284–301. 8994:11.4 (1942): 284–301. 8978:July 25, 2020, at the 8932:. p. 101, 104, passim. 8666:Ready, Milton (2005). 8553:Fischer, David Hackett 8338:First German-Americans 8204:Social Science History 7929:(1948) pp. 260–63, 299 7767:. September 21, 2023. 7543:. September 21, 2023. 7321:Elizabeth Christ Trump 7311:(original family name 7303:(original family name 7295:(original family name 7063:Herbert Spencer Gasser 6837:Miller Brewing Company 6746:Arthur Ochs Sulzberger 6546:Levi Strauss & Co. 6315:German School New York 6256:Oktoberfest Zinzinnati 5790: 5422:church. In the 1740s, 5386: 5300:in St. Louis, and the 5284: 5151: 5019:Littlerock, California 4881:Blue Berry Hill, Texas 4827:Langdon, New Hampshire 4779:Beverly Hills, Florida 4683:Alamogordo, New Mexico 4577:Bismarck, North Dakota 3096: 3025: 2995: 2964: 2953: 2787: 2681:Collinsville, Illinois 2657:hyphenated Americanism 2648: 2596: 2553:William Jennings Bryan 2496: 2363: 2341: 2315: 2022: 2002: 1801: 1142:with artillery in the 957: 848: 531: 390:, on October 4, 1777. 282: 43: 17534:New Zealand Americans 17499:Micronesian Americans 17494:Marshallese Americans 17395:Costa Rican Americans 16854:Sammarinese Americans 16824:Montenegrin Americans 16554:Azerbaijani Americans 16517:Palestinian Americans 16439:Singaporean Americans 16287:Bangladeshi Americans 15895:Cameroonian Americans 15617:Unemployment by state 14320:May 29, 2018, at the 14234:Emmerich, Alexander. 13754:July 9, 2011, at the 13646:Luebke, Frederick C. 13628:Luebke, Frederick C. 13608:July 6, 2022, at the 13564:. (Harvard UP, 1979). 13335:Emmerich, Alexander. 13193:13.4 (1980): 348–377. 13186:28.4 (1995): 507–535. 13165:Further information: 13082:June 8, 2020, at the 13000:July 7, 2022, at the 12039:Edward R. Kantowicz, 11898:National Public Radio 11749:"The silent minority" 11645:on September 8, 2019. 11265:(2004); Carl Wittke, 11193:West Virginia History 11086:May 10, 2023, at the 10732:US demographic census 10217:May 13, 2012, at the 9830:29#4 (1993): 322–338. 9486:Wittke, Carl (1952), 8372:, Faulkner University 7916:42 (Fall 1984): 13–22 7575:. September 8, 2013. 7336:Richard Milhous Nixon 7095:J. Robert Oppenheimer 7071:Hermann Joseph Muller 6971:Benjamin Smith Barton 6967:colonial Pennsylvania 6853:Stroh Brewery Company 6845:Pabst Brewing Company 6562:Microsoft Corporation 6431:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. 6213:, culminating in the 5967:Hustisford, Wisconsin 5781: 5629:I on the side of the 5384: 5319:anti-German sentiment 5282: 5150:in the United States. 5148:anti-German sentiment 5115: 5065:Lincolndale, New York 5015:West Hurley, New York 4965:Manasota Key, Florida 4927:Level Plains, Alabama 4917:Waynesville, Missouri 4905:Junction City, Kansas 4871:Desoto Lakes, Florida 4851:Sausalito, California 4833:Forest Home, New York 4787:Annandale, New Jersey 4767:Marco Island, Florida 4693:Leisureville, Florida 4531:Gibson Township, Ohio 4519:Cottonwood, Minnesota 4453:Marion Township, Ohio 3094: 3023: 2993: 2959: 2947: 2782: 2711:with French composer 2646: 2594: 2486: 2408:anti-German sentiment 2357: 2336: 2305: 2270:Further information: 2224:" in Columbus, Ohio. 2122:Further information: 2118:Cities of the Midwest 2100:Further information: 1996: 1799: 1164:Great Britain, whose 843: 518: 193:Related ethnic groups 182:16% others including 18627:United Arab Emirates 17935:Transylvanian Saxons 17607:Venezuelan Americans 17597:Surinamese Americans 17587:Paraguayan Americans 17577:Ecuadorian Americans 17529:Australian Americans 17420:Salvadoran Americans 17415:Panamanian Americans 17410:Nicaraguan Americans 17400:Guatemalan Americans 16839:Portuguese Americans 16804:Macedonian Americans 16794:Lithuanian Americans 16631:Belarusian Americans 16449:Vietnamese Americans 16419:Indonesian Americans 16373:Sri Lankan Americans 16239:Fuzhounese Americans 16036:Senegalese Americans 15974:Zimbabwean Americans 15866:Vincentian Americans 14948:Norwegian Minnesotan 13937:Germans in Wisconsin 13436:Pennsylvania History 13272:Germans in Minnesota 12878:on November 26, 2011 11755:. February 5, 2015. 11569:on February 12, 2020 11458:Anabaptist World USA 11405:2008 25(8): 993–1009 11343:The German Americans 11221:2003 36(3): 585–613, 11208:1975 49(3): 276–290, 10967:U.S. Census Bureau. 10955:Germans in Wisconsin 10654:Teacher Resources – 10630:on September 4, 2008 10544:on February 12, 2020 10240:May 6, 2009, at the 10235:German American Bund 9904:on December 28, 2010 9883:29.4 (1993) 322–338. 9450:North Dakota History 9350:The American Midwest 9348:Richard Sisson, ed. 9228:(Varda Books, 2001). 9224:Naomi Wiener Cohen, 9076:. Washington, D.C.: 8973:complete text online 8276:on November 16, 2008 7873:Wisconsin: A History 7398:Americans in Germany 7390:United States portal 7293:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7120:After World War II, 7099:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 6897:William Dean Howells 6885:designed the famous 6883:Thomas Ustick Walter 6819:, currently part of 6756:Charles Bergstresser 6510:Chrysler Corporation 6435:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 6427:Frederick Muhlenberg 6364:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6071:Deutsches Dispensary 6010:"Russian" Mennonites 5982:Old Order Mennonites 5787:German American Bund 5471:"Russian" Mennonites 5451:Old Order Mennonites 5443:Schwarzenau Brethren 5406:Germans founded the 5297:Anzeiger des Westens 5239:Louisville, Kentucky 5202:, Pennsylvania, and 5091:Palenville, New York 5083:Boca Pointe, Florida 5061:The Meadows, Florida 5007:Ponce Inlet, Florida 4909:Ocean Ridge, Florida 4889:Sherman, Connecticut 4815:Masaryktown, Florida 4811:Pelican Bay, Florida 4801:Copperas Cove, Texas 4723:Vine Grove, Kentucky 4659:Lely Resort, Florida 4633:, Pennsylvania 19.7% 4607:Green Bay, Wisconsin 4589:St. Cloud, Minnesota 3334:District of Columbia 2829:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2808:German American Bund 2796:Erich Maria Remarque 2767:tarred and feathered 2689:tarred and feathered 2669:Pastor Edmund Kayser 2565:Benjamin Gratz Brown 2128:Germans in Milwaukee 2047:Belleville, Illinois 1025:Dutch (Deutsch) Fork 910:Blue Ridge Mountains 691:improve this article 653:Electoral Palatinate 512:on October 6, 1683. 496:had already founded 399:political oppression 368:Battle of Germantown 116:, Colorado, and the 18214:Central and Eastern 18118:Italy (South Tyrol) 17602:Uruguayan Americans 17572:Colombian Americans 17562:Brazilian Americans 17552:Argentine Americans 17432:Dominican Americans 17326:Alaskan Athabaskans 16925:Non-Hispanic whites 16918:Ukrainian Americans 16896:Slovenian Americans 16874:Norwegian Americans 16869:Icelandic Americans 16757:Hungarian Americans 16703:Dagestani Americans 16678:Bulgarian Americans 16497:Jordanian Americans 16434:Malaysian Americans 16404:Cambodian Americans 16356:Pakistani Americans 16346:Maldivian Americans 16299:Bhutanese Americans 16275:Mongolian Americans 16229:Taiwanese Americans 16224:Hong Kong Americans 16072:Ethiopian Americans 15942:Tanzanian Americans 15900:Congolese Americans 15831:Grenadian Americans 15816:Bermudian Americans 15811:Barbadian Americans 15545:Housing segregation 15499:Demographic history 15304:Non-Hispanic whites 14421:Kutztown University 14204:of Illinois. 1942. 14166:(Peter Lang, 2001). 13925:. (1939), ch. 6, 9. 13892:Germans in Illinois 13747:Schiffman, Harold. 13740:Salmons, Joseph C. 13677:Otterness, Philip. 13667:O'Connor, Richard. 13653:Luebke, Frederick. 13438:(2017) 84#3:325-53 13312:19 (1967): 663–680. 13295:Dobbert, Guido A. " 13247:Thernstrom, Stephan 13173:Adams, Willi Paul. 13144:on December 3, 2008 12931:on October 15, 2013 12851:on January 17, 2012 12795:on February 7, 2011 11486:A Nation of Peoples 11424:on November 7, 2006 11379:Thomas Adam (Ed.), 11170:Philip V. Bohlman ( 11113:on December 7, 2008 10969:American FactFinder 10685:15.1 (2017): 41–60 10656:Library of Congress 10575:on January 18, 2015 10261:on August 29, 2008. 9894:"Untitled Document" 9440:Elwyn B. Robinson, 9371:on December 4, 2008 8596:. Charlottesville: 8559:. Charlottesville: 8401:Thernstrom, Stephan 8296:on January 21, 2010 8071:Wohin-Auswandern.de 7880:. pp. 155–57. 7604:Library of Congress 7434:Hyphenated American 7423:German Puerto Rican 7051:Albert A. Michelson 6995:Ottmar Mergenthaler 6893:American literature 6781:The Washington Post 6634:Guggenheim Partners 6598:Steinway & Sons 6534:George Westinghouse 6526:Studebaker brothers 6486:John D. Rockefeller 6462:Harvey S. Firestone 6458:H. J. Heinz Company 6293:, the most popular 6271:" (now part of the 6253:, where its annual 6235:German-American Day 5944:nineteenth-century 5835:The Art of the Deal 5783:Anastasy Vonsyatsky 5708:Fort Wayne, Indiana 5504: 5344:Pennsylvania German 5079:Pine Ridge, Florida 5053:Grayson, California 5003:North Sea, New York 4989:Palm Beach, Florida 4977:Tesuque, New Mexico 4969:Del Mar, California 4921:Mill Neck, New York 4867:Rye Brook, New York 4859:Fanwood, New Jersey 4739:Allenhurst, Georgia 4717:Shandaken, New York 4595:Fargo, North Dakota 3120: 3032:; all at over 30%. 2940:Contemporary period 2856: 2559:'s foreign policy. 2383:Catherine the Great 2367:Germans from Russia 2344:Germans from Russia 2207:Ann Arbor, Michigan 2199:Fort Wayne, Indiana 2112:Hoboken, New Jersey 2096:Northeastern cities 1676:Northwest Territory 1216: 1182:on the patriot side 1154:American Revolution 1080:American Revolution 1065:Pennsylvania German 886:Alexander Spotswood 870:Alexander Spotswood 782:Mississippi Company 548:indentured servants 445:German-American Day 243:Mennonite Americans 37: 18359:Pennsylvania Dutch 17592:Peruvian Americans 17582:Guyanese Americans 17557:Bolivian Americans 17479:Chamorro Americans 17405:Honduran Americans 17390:Belizean Americans 17375:Canadian Americans 16844:Romanian Americans 16814:Moldovan Americans 16742:Galician Americans 16720:Estonian Americans 16688:Croatian Americans 16666:Scottish Americans 16621:Austrian Americans 16616:Asturian Americans 16611:Albanian Americans 16559:Georgian Americans 16549:Assyrian Americans 16544:Armenian Americans 16507:Lebanese Americans 16482:Bahraini Americans 16409:Filipino Americans 16351:Nepalese Americans 16314:Gujarati Americans 16263:Ryukyuan Americans 16258:Japanese Americans 16130:Sudanese Americans 16123:Tunisian Americans 16108:Algerian Americans 16091:Egyptian Americans 16067:Eritrean Americans 16046:Togolese Americans 16031:Nigerian Americans 16021:Liberian Americans 16006:Ghanaian Americans 15986:Beninese Americans 15964:Malawian Americans 15910:Gabonese Americans 15841:Jamaican Americans 15806:Bahamian Americans 15712:Moorish Scientists 15612:Standard of living 15329:French Louisianian 14731:Pennsylvania Dutch 14687:European Americans 14438:Germans in Chicago 14245:DRW-Verlag, 1984. 13935:Zeitlin, Richard. 13841:Turk, Eleanor L. " 13537:Kazal, Russell A. 13496:Max Kade Institute 13309:American Quarterly 13094:Stephen E. Ambose 13063:The New York Times 12969:airandspace.si.edu 12541:on August 22, 2018 12285:Russell A. Kazal, 12202:The New York Times 11966:(April 12, 2002). 11734:Robert J. Ulrich, 11691:Ccat.sas.upenn.edu 11359:American Quarterly 11341:La Verne Rippley, 11234:2002 19(1): 91–118 10800:Max Kade Institute 10419:"Wartime Policies" 10068:The New York Times 10034:The New York Times 9934:Mitchell Yockelson 9250:Cornelia Wilhelm, 9241:(Oxford Up, 2016). 8954:Edward J. Lowell, 8890:Hostetler, John A. 8744:Powell, William S. 8704:Powell, William S. 8461:Philip Otterness, 8021:on August 23, 1999 7607:. April 24, 2014. 7209:Johnny Weissmuller 7142:Reich Air Ministry 7138:Siegfried Knemeyer 7007:tabulating machine 6929:Patricia Highsmith 6801:Christian Moerlein 6751:The New York Times 6498:The Boeing Company 6388:American Civil War 6380:United States Army 6376:Norman Schwarzkopf 6372:Carl Andrew Spaatz 5986:Pennsylvania Dutch 5791: 5785:marching with the 5502: 5455:Pennsylvania Dutch 5387: 5285: 5152: 5122:New Ulm, Minnesota 5035:Readsboro, Vermont 5023:Felton, California 4973:Daleville, Alabama 4955:Terra Mar, Florida 4947:Stamford, New York 4863:Fountain, Colorado 4837:Vineyards, Florida 4775:Radcliff, Kentucky 4705:Quantico, Virginia 4619:Erie, Pennsylvania 4601:Madison, Wisconsin 4543:Santa Fe, Illinois 4441:St. Rose, Illinois 3102: 3097: 3061:Pennsylvania Dutch 3026: 2996: 2965: 2954: 2950:New Ulm, Minnesota 2854: 2841:Carl Andrew Spaatz 2812:Japanese Americans 2788: 2729:U.S. Supreme Court 2725:Babel Proclamation 2653:Theodore Roosevelt 2649: 2614:Fortnightly Review 2597: 2529:Third party System 2497: 2466:American Civil War 2415:choosing to learn 2364: 2316: 2308:Wahrenberger House 2272:Germans in Alabama 2124:Germans in Chicago 2005:"Latin farmer" or 2003: 1802: 1221:State or Territory 1214:U.S Census of 1790 1207: 1144:American Civil War 1105:Pennsylvania Dutch 943:, headed down the 918:Southwest Virginia 866:Culpeper, Virginia 849: 706:"German Americans" 532: 253:Pennsylvania Dutch 208:Austrian Americans 110:Missouri Rhineland 35: 18720: 18719: 18714: 18713: 18685: 18684: 18222: 18221: 18022:Russian Mennonite 17730: 17729: 17726: 17725: 17683:American ancestry 17567:Chilean Americans 17509:Palauan Americans 17442:Mexican Americans 16901:Spanish Americans 16886:Serbian Americans 16879:Swedish Americans 16849:Russian Americans 16829:Occitan Americans 16819:Monacan Americans 16809:Maltese Americans 16784:Latvian Americans 16779:Kosovan Americans 16767:Italian Americans 16725:Finnish Americans 16693:Cypriot Americans 16683:Catalan Americans 16656:English Americans 16651:Cornish Americans 16646:British Americans 16641:Bosnian Americans 16636:Belgian Americans 16586:Turkish Americans 16581:Kurdish Americans 16574:Israeli Americans 16564:Iranian Americans 16502:Kuwaiti Americans 16487:Emirati Americans 16429:Laotian Americans 16424:Iu Mien Americans 16392:Burmese Americans 16361:Punjabi Americans 16324:Punjabi Americans 16309:Bengali Americans 16292:Bengali Americans 16251:Tibetan Americans 16219:Chinese Americans 16197:Turkmen Americans 16170:Pashtun Americans 16118:Moroccan American 16016:Ivorian Americans 16011:Guinean Americans 16001:Gambian Americans 15959:Angolan Americans 15947:Ugandan Americans 15836:Haitian Americans 15786:African Americans 15585:Racial inequality 15555:Income inequality 15520:Gender inequality 15456: 15455: 15447: 15440: 15433: 15427:White Southerners 15416: 15409: 15384: 15379: 15363: 15356: 15351: 15344: 15337: 15313: 15306: 15276: 15237: 15218: 15211: 15204: 15197: 15183: 15045: 14950: 14943: 14941:Norwegian Dakotan 14909: 14783: 14754: 14752:Hungarian Ohioans 14740: 14733: 14726: 14719: 14653: 14652: 14634:Shenandoah Valley 14021:Kluge, Cora Lee. 13928:Wood, Ralph, ed. 13819:Tolzmann, Don H. 13785:(1983): 139–186. 13761:Schirp, Francis. 13560:Keller, Phyllis. 13483:Jordon, Terry G. 13465:Jensen, Richard. 13366:Fogleman, Aaron. 13238:Coburn, Carol K. 13210:Barry, Colman J. 13200:(Berghahn, 2012). 12989:Roger D Launius, 12176:on April 18, 2019 11973:Chicago Sun-Times 11663:. March 9, 1999. 11444:Hutterite Sojourn 11041:The History Press 10829:"Mexican America" 10429:on March 25, 2015 10399:on March 21, 2015 10365:. April 8, 2004. 10171:Meyer v. Nebraska 10036:. July 31, 1916. 9679:978-0-226-39825-9 9611:Prairie Patrimony 9465:8#1 (1988): 3–15 9452:1992 59(2): 2–16. 9419:, June 15, 2010, 9114:2004 2#2: 343–361 8900:. Baltimore: The 8047:on August 5, 2009 7450:Explanatory notes 7265:Leonardo DiCaprio 7249:Michelle Pfeiffer 7122:Wernher von Braun 7115:Norman Ramsey Jr. 7079:Arthur H. Compton 7035:Douglas Engelbart 7031:Joseph Weizenbaum 6963:David Rittenhouse 6809:Eberhard Anheuser 6742:Adolph Simon Ochs 6678:Universal Studios 6626:Guggenheim family 6594:Henry E. Steinway 6518:August Duesenberg 6368:Chester W. Nimitz 6352:Baron von Steuben 6195:Baden-Württemberg 6193:in what is today 6154:, respectively), 6148:Frankfurt am Main 6134:The influence of 6130:Cuisine and beers 5939:neither World War 5646:official language 5642:Muhlenberg legend 5618: 5617: 5613: 5130:Statue of Liberty 5124:. Erected by the 5039:Nolanville, Texas 4931:Kingsbury, Nevada 4699:Wakefield, Kansas 4643:Beaverton, Oregon 4503:Aviston, Illinois 4362:Northern Kentucky 4348: 4347: 2937: 2936: 2833:Chester W. Nimitz 2734:Meyer v. Nebraska 2159:Northern Kentucky 2086:Reform synagogues 2049:until his death. 2031:German literature 1964: 1963: 1960:Total: 7,237,594 1786:Fries's Rebellion 1782: 1781: 906:Shenandoah Valley 902:Virginia Piedmont 820:Mississippi River 798:Thirty Years' War 767: 766: 759: 741: 641:John Peter Zenger 636:to own a slave). 614:Robert Livingston 559:Shenandoah Valley 494:Ambrosius Ehinger 407:intensive farming 403:political freedom 388:George Washington 301:According to the 283:Deutschamerikaner 276: 275: 258:Sorbian Americans 223:Frisian Americans 213:Belgian Americans 44:Deutschamerikaner 16:(Redirected from 18760: 18702: 18653:Papua New Guinea 18491:Kapitaï and Koba 18457:Kapitaï and Koba 18406: 18284:Los Lagos Region 18266:British Columbia 17874: 17827: 17826: 17820: 17819: 17806: 17790: 17781: 17757: 17750: 17743: 17734: 17733: 17519:Tongan Americans 17514:Samoan Americans 17504:Native Hawaiians 17484:Fijian Americans 17386:Central America 16946:Native Americans 16891:Slovak Americans 16864:Danish Americans 16834:Polish Americans 16747:German Americans 16730:French Americans 16708:Lezgin Americans 16626:Basque Americans 16569:Jewish Americans 16537:Yemeni Americans 16532:Syrian Americans 16522:Qatari Americans 16458:Romani Americans 16366:Sindhi Americans 16339:Telugu Americans 16329:Sindhi Americans 16304:Indian Americans 16270:Korean Americans 16202:Uyghur Americans 16187:Kyrgyz Americans 16182:Kazakh Americans 16177:Baloch Americans 16165:Afghan Americans 16113:Libyan Americans 16103:Berber Americans 16096:Coptic Americans 16077:Somali Americans 16053:Yoruba Americans 16026:Malian Americans 15932:Kenyan Americans 15776: 15775: 15769:By continent and 15540:Household income 15483: 15476: 15469: 15460: 15459: 15443: 15436: 15431: 15412: 15405: 15382: 15375: 15361:Creoles of color 15359: 15354: 15349:Louisiana Creole 15347: 15340: 15333: 15309: 15302: 15272: 15233: 15214: 15207: 15200: 15193: 15179: 15041: 14970:Southeast Europe 14946: 14939: 14905: 14779: 14750: 14736: 14729: 14722: 14715: 14680: 14673: 14666: 14657: 14656: 14531:German Americans 14524: 14517: 14510: 14501: 14500: 14488: 14487: 14268: 14221: 14218:Newberry Library 14215: 14213: 14159: 14153: 14145: 14143: 14141: 14100: 14084: 14078: 14070: 14068: 14066: 14018: 13987: 13977: 13969: 13967: 13965: 13729:Salamon, Sonya. 13660:Nadel, Stanley. 13633: 13614:Kulas, S. John. 13480:41 (1951): 1–41. 13356:. 2 vol (1909). 13338:John Jacob Astor 13325: 13289: 13196:Bank, Michaela. 13154: 13153: 13151: 13149: 13140:. Archived from 13134: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13115:, June 4, 2009, 13105: 13099: 13098:chapter 1 (1987) 13092: 13086: 13073: 13067: 13066: 13054: 13048: 13047: 13040: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13018:Baseballguru.com 13010: 13004: 12987: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12976: 12961: 12955: 12954: 12948: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12927:. Archived from 12921: 12915: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12904:on March 6, 2012 12900:. Archived from 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883: 12874:. Archived from 12868: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12847:. Archived from 12841: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12830: 12825:on June 27, 2017 12821:. Archived from 12811: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12791:. Archived from 12781: 12775: 12768: 12759: 12742: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12731: 12726:on July 30, 2013 12722:. Archived from 12716: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12705: 12683: 12677: 12676: 12674: 12672: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12631: 12601: 12590: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12537:. Archived from 12527: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12482: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12446: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12390: 12375: 12360: 12354: 12353: 12333: 12322: 12321: 12309: 12299: 12290: 12283: 12254: 12253: 12225: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12192: 12186: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12172:. Archived from 12169:Business Insider 12159: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12126: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12106: 12095: 12086: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12069: 12058: 12050: 12044: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12026: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11960: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11929: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11889: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11867: 11839: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11798: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11745: 11739: 11732: 11726: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11702: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11636:US Census Bureau 11629: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11604: 11593: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11565:. Archived from 11555: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11495: 11489: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11467: 11461: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11420:, archived from 11412: 11406: 11399: 11393: 11392:Rippley, p. 166. 11390: 11384: 11377: 11371: 11368: 11362: 11355: 11346: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11321: 11315: 11309: 11302: 11296: 11289: 11283: 11278:Richard Jensen, 11276: 11270: 11254: 11248: 11241: 11235: 11228: 11222: 11215: 11209: 11202: 11196: 11189: 11183: 11168: 11162: 11155: 11149: 11142: 11136: 11133:Germania, U.S.A. 11129: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11109:. Archived from 11103: 11096: 11090: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11062: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10989:on July 29, 2016 10977: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10958: 10950: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10855: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10808: 10797: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10759: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10739:on April 3, 2009 10735:, archived from 10726: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10696: 10690: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10659:. Archived from 10650:"Shadows of War" 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10626:. Archived from 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10571:, archived from 10559: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10540:, archived from 10528: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10512: 10501: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10475: 10464: 10454: 10448: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10425:. Archived from 10415: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10395:. Archived from 10385: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10309:on March 5, 2015 10305:. Archived from 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10257:. Archived from 10251: 10245: 10232: 10226: 10221:, adapted from: 10209: 10203: 10202: 10194: 10185: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10138: 10132: 10119: 10113: 10107: 10101: 10092:Kathleen Doane. 10090: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10042: 10031: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10007: 9996: 9990:Brinkley, Alan, 9987: 9981: 9980: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9943: 9937: 9920: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9900:. Archived from 9890: 9884: 9877: 9871: 9866:Rory T. Conley, 9864: 9858: 9857: 9837: 9831: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9797: 9791: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9719:10.2307/27501880 9702: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9637:10.2307/27501458 9620: 9614: 9607: 9601: 9594: 9588: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9563:Poole, John F., 9560: 9554: 9540: 9534: 9523: 9514: 9507: 9501: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9483: 9477: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9409: 9403: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9367:, archived from 9359: 9353: 9346: 9340: 9337:German Milwaukee 9333: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9314:, archived from 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9285: 9274: 9268: 9261: 9255: 9248: 9242: 9235: 9229: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9185: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9136: 9129: 9121: 9115: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9064: 9058: 9051: 9045: 9028: 9022: 9012: 9006: 8988: 8982: 8971:(1995) pp 44=64 8965: 8959: 8952: 8946: 8941:Patrick Foster, 8939: 8933: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8899: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8839: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8527:Germanna History 8522: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8495: 8489: 8472: 8466: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8444: 8435: 8434: 8392: 8373: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8333: 8324: 8323: 8313: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8264: 8251: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8106: 8100: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8043:. Archived from 8037: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8017:. Archived from 8015:News.harvard.edu 8006: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7991:on June 28, 2006 7987:, archived from 7977: 7971: 7970: 7964: 7956: 7949: 7943: 7936: 7930: 7923: 7917: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7806: 7798: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7748: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7637:. August 1, 2007 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7572:Business Insider 7563: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7537: 7520: 7518: 7509: 7500:Deutsche Pionier 7495: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7460: 7403:German Canadians 7392: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7342:to Milhous, and 7323:immigrated from 7261:David Hasselhoff 7205:Marlene Dietrich 7147: 7144:during World War 7117:, among others. 7075:John H. Northrop 7003:Herman Hollerith 6925:Charles Bukowski 6901:Theodore Dreiser 6871:John A. Roebling 6833:Frederick Miller 6698:Herman Hollerith 6610:John Jacob Astor 6590:Kraft Foods Inc. 6470:Frank Seiberling 6423:Friedrich Hecker 6414:, respectively. 6412:Persian Gulf War 6407: 6399: 6231:Rhenish Carnival 6104: 6089: 6063: 6006:Hutterite German 5942: 5937: 5933: 5907: 5899: 5877: 5867: 5851: 5844: 5825: 5821: 5809: 5800: 5796: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5718: 5713: 5701: 5681: 5663: 5651: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5611: 5505: 5501: 5482:Catholic Germans 5467:Hutterite German 5340:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 5324: 5321:during World War 5258:Turner societies 5233: 5177: 5160:Töchter-Institut 5145: 5057:Shokan, New York 5049:Rotonda, Florida 4961:Rifton, New York 4855:Bovina, New York 4525:Dallas, Michigan 4497:Greensburg, Ohio 4429:Jackson, Indiana 4338: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4312: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4289: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4218: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4195: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4172: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4149: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4126: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4103: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4080: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4057: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4034: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4011: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3988: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3965: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3942: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3919: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3871: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3848: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3825: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3802: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3779: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3756: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3733: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3710: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3687: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3664: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3641: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3618: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3595: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3572: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3549: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3526: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3503: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3480: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3457: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3434: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3411: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3363: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3340: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3317: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3294: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3271: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3248: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3225: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3202: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3179: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3156: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3109: 3101: 3039:, second in the 3003:1990 U.S. Census 2986: 2976:, for instance, 2932: 2931: 2918: 2917: 2904: 2903: 2890: 2889: 2876: 2875: 2857: 2853: 2784:Marlene Dietrich 2762: 2750: 2665:Hugo Münsterberg 2623: 2600:Hugo Münsterberg 2576:Haymarket Affair 2557:William McKinley 2533:Republican party 2413: 2405: 2069:the colonial era 2007:Latin Settlement 1999:Harper's Weekly, 1971: 1804: 1803: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1743: 1733: 1732: 1715: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1652: 1645: 1641:1790 Census Area 1639: 1638: 1622: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1599: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1576: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1553: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1459: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1413: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1285: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1231: 1230: 1217: 1212:as of the first 1206: 1190:Peter Muhlenberg 1186:Henry Muhlenberg 1049:Waldoboro, Maine 1006:James Oglethorpe 960: 945:Great Wagon Road 874:headright system 762: 755: 751: 748: 742: 740: 699: 675: 667: 647:, who came from 645:John Jacob Astor 579:German Catholics 555:Upstate New York 520:John Jacob Astor 384:Continental Army 319:British colonies 293: 288: 279:German Americans 228:Jewish Americans 156:, significantly 131:American English 114:Upstate New York 72:Total population 64: 54: 46: 38: 36:German Americans 34: 21: 18768: 18767: 18763: 18762: 18761: 18759: 18758: 18757: 18723: 18722: 18721: 18716: 18715: 18710: 18681: 18631: 18553: 18411: 18278:Los Ríos Region 18218: 18202: 18166: 18091:Southern Europe 18086: 18060:North Schleswig 18043:Northern Europe 18038: 17901: 17842:Sudeten Germans 17809: 17766: 17761: 17731: 17722: 17669: 17611: 17540: 17460: 17427:Cuban Americans 17068:Mission Indians 16934: 16913:Swiss Americans 16762:Irish Americans 16752:Greek Americans 16715:Dutch Americans 16698:Czech Americans 16671:Welsh Americans 16606:White Americans 16592: 16527:Saudi Americans 16512:Omani Americans 16492:Iraqi Americans 16414:Hmong Americans 16397:Karen Americans 16378:Tamil Americans 16334:Tamil Americans 16244:Hoklo Americans 16234:Hakka Americans 16207:Uzbek Americans 16192:Tajik Americans 16148:Asian Americans 16136: 16063:Horn of Africa 15771:ethnic ancestry 15770: 15763: 15729:Native American 15717:Nation of Islam 15707:Five Percenters 15631: 15600:Racial wage gap 15590:Race and health 15575:Personal income 15507: 15501: 15492: 15487: 15457: 15452: 15389: 15371:French Canadian 15298:White Americans 15291:Other Europeans 15286: 15235:Irish Traveller 15138: 15065:Southern Europe 15060: 14965: 14879:Northern Europe 14874: 14803: 14765:Liechtensteiner 14689: 14684: 14654: 14649: 14575:Massachusetts ( 14534: 14528: 14493: 14482:Wayback Machine 14460:Wayback Machine 14434: 14360: 14322:Wayback Machine 14305:Wayback Machine 14289: 14276: 14271: 14255: 14241:Rehs, Michael. 14230: 14225: 14211: 14209: 14192: 14174: 14172:Primary sources 14169: 14147: 14146: 14139: 14137: 14072: 14071: 14064: 14062: 14007:10.2307/2169006 13971: 13970: 13963: 13961: 13958:"Archived copy" 13956: 13951: 13946: 13884:Wayback Machine 13850:Wayback Machine 13794:Wayback Machine 13770:Wayback Machine 13756:Wayback Machine 13711:Wayback Machine 13684:Pickle, Linda. 13631: 13621:Levine, Bruce. 13610:Wayback Machine 13593:Wayback Machine 13580:Wayback Machine 13548:(1983). 252 pp. 13525:Wayback Machine 13516:(2009): 34–54. 13458:Iverson, Noel. 13451:Hawgood, John. 13447:Wayback Machine 13427:Grubb, Farley. 13414:Wayback Machine 13392:Wayback Machine 13379:Wayback Machine 13345:Ernst, Robert. 13323: 13304:Wayback Machine 13287: 13284:DeWitt, Petra. 13169: 13163: 13161:Further reading 13158: 13157: 13147: 13145: 13136: 13135: 13131: 13122: 13120: 13107: 13106: 13102: 13093: 13089: 13084:Wayback Machine 13074: 13070: 13055: 13051: 13042: 13041: 13037: 13027: 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12083: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12056: 12052: 12051: 12047: 12038: 12034: 12024: 12022: 12015: 11997: 11993: 11983: 11981: 11961: 11957: 11947: 11945: 11930: 11917: 11907: 11905: 11890: 11875: 11865: 11863: 11856: 11840: 11836: 11826: 11824: 11817: 11799: 11772: 11762: 11760: 11747: 11746: 11742: 11733: 11729: 11724:Wayback Machine 11714: 11710: 11700: 11698: 11685: 11684: 11680: 11670: 11668: 11655: 11654: 11650: 11642: 11627: 11623: 11622: 11618: 11608: 11606: 11602: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11582: 11572: 11570: 11557: 11556: 11552: 11542: 11540: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11512: 11510: 11497: 11496: 11492: 11483: 11479: 11468: 11464: 11455: 11451: 11440: 11436: 11427: 11425: 11414: 11413: 11409: 11400: 11396: 11391: 11387: 11378: 11374: 11369: 11365: 11356: 11349: 11340: 11336: 11328: 11324: 11316: 11312: 11303: 11299: 11290: 11286: 11277: 11273: 11255: 11251: 11242: 11238: 11229: 11225: 11216: 11212: 11203: 11199: 11190: 11186: 11169: 11165: 11156: 11152: 11143: 11139: 11130: 11126: 11116: 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10284: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10242:Wayback Machine 10233: 10229: 10219:Wayback Machine 10210: 10206: 10195: 10188: 10182:Wayback Machine 10169: 10165: 10155: 10153: 10140: 10139: 10135: 10129:Wayback Machine 10120: 10116: 10108: 10104: 10091: 10087: 10077: 10075: 10060: 10056: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10029: 10025: 10024: 10020: 10011: 10009: 10005: 9994: 9988: 9984: 9973: 9969: 9960: 9958: 9951:History Matters 9945: 9944: 9940: 9930:Wayback Machine 9921: 9917: 9907: 9905: 9892: 9891: 9887: 9878: 9874: 9865: 9861: 9838: 9834: 9825: 9821: 9811: 9809: 9798: 9794: 9785: 9781: 9771: 9769: 9762: 9746: 9742: 9703: 9699: 9689: 9687: 9680: 9664: 9660: 9621: 9617: 9608: 9604: 9596:Sonya Salamon, 9595: 9591: 9576: 9572: 9561: 9557: 9551:Wayback Machine 9541: 9537: 9524: 9517: 9511:Chicago Tribune 9508: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9484: 9480: 9474:Wayback Machine 9460: 9456: 9445: 9439: 9435: 9426: 9424: 9411: 9410: 9406: 9396:Wayback Machine 9387: 9383: 9374: 9372: 9361: 9360: 9356: 9347: 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Chapel Hill: 8701: 8697: 8682: 8664: 8660: 8645: 8627: 8623: 8608: 8590: 8586: 8571: 8550: 8546: 8537: 8535: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8510: 8508: 8500:J. Hanno Deiler 8497: 8496: 8492: 8487:Wayback Machine 8473: 8469: 8460: 8456: 8445: 8438: 8423: 8415:. p. 407. 8393: 8376: 8370:Wayback Machine 8361: 8357: 8348: 8346: 8335: 8334: 8327: 8311: 8299: 8297: 8286: 8279: 8277: 8266: 8249: 8243: 8239: 8200: 8196: 8189: 8173: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8150: 8134: 8130: 8123: 8107: 8103: 8095:Paul Kleppner, 8094: 8090: 8080: 8078: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8024: 8022: 8007: 8003: 7994: 7992: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7958: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7937: 7933: 7924: 7920: 7911: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7888: 7868: 7864: 7854: 7852: 7845: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7816: 7800: 7799: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7742: 7741: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7640: 7638: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7582: 7580: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7550: 7548: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7507: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7408:German diaspora 7388: 7383: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7317:Frederick Trump 7289: 7217:Walter Damrosch 7145: 7087:Charles Richter 7059:Joseph Erlanger 7055:Albert Einstein 7047:Wright brothers 7019:Howard H. Aiken 6991:sewing machines 6953:Walter Lippmann 6905:Wallace Stevens 6873:and architects 6867:Brooklyn Bridge 6841:Frederick Pabst 6662:Diebold Nixdorf 6658:Charles Diebold 6650:Lehman Brothers 6506:Walter Chrysler 6502:United Airlines 6447:Henry Kissinger 6405: 6397: 6345: 6338: 6303: 6275:of the City of 6259:is the largest 6239:Von Steuben Day 6223: 6138:is seen in the 6132: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6042: 5978:Old Order Amish 5963: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5905: 5897: 5885: 5875: 5865: 5862:Vereinsdeutsche 5858:Vereinsdeutsche 5849: 5842: 5823: 5819: 5807: 5798: 5794: 5776: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5730: 5716: 5711: 5699: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5661: 5649: 5626: 5622: 5500: 5428:Moravian Church 5379: 5362:Buffalo Germans 5352: 5325:I and with the 5322: 5277: 5271: 5255: 5231: 5190:Settlements of 5188:Moravian Church 5184: 5175: 5143: 5126:Sons of Hermann 5110: 5104: 4913:Viola, New York 4823:Milford, Kansas 4652: 4570: 4469:Coldwater, Ohio 4417:St. Henry, Ohio 4398: 4353: 4323: 4321: 4299: 4297: 4276: 4274: 4253: 4251: 4229: 4227: 4205: 4203: 4182: 4180: 4159: 4157: 4136: 4134: 4113: 4111: 4090: 4088: 4067: 4065: 4044: 4042: 4021: 4019: 3998: 3996: 3975: 3973: 3952: 3950: 3929: 3927: 3906: 3904: 3882: 3880: 3858: 3856: 3835: 3833: 3812: 3810: 3789: 3787: 3766: 3764: 3743: 3741: 3720: 3718: 3697: 3695: 3674: 3672: 3651: 3649: 3628: 3626: 3605: 3603: 3582: 3580: 3559: 3557: 3536: 3534: 3513: 3511: 3490: 3488: 3467: 3465: 3444: 3442: 3421: 3419: 3398: 3396: 3374: 3372: 3350: 3348: 3327: 3325: 3304: 3302: 3281: 3279: 3258: 3256: 3235: 3233: 3212: 3210: 3189: 3187: 3166: 3164: 3143: 3141: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3089: 3078:In Texas, many 3057: 3018: 2984: 2974:Danube Swabians 2942: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2845:Wendell Willkie 2792:Albert Einstein 2777: 2770: 2763: 2754: 2751: 2721:Marne, Michigan 2701:Frederick Stock 2641: 2631: 2621: 2589: 2584: 2525: 2505: 2456:Chicago Tribune 2446: 2440: 2411: 2403: 2352: 2346: 2300: 2294: 2274: 2268: 2187:Davenport, Iowa 2165:area along the 2138: 2120: 2104: 2098: 2082:Lehman Brothers 2061: 2055: 1969: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1794: 1757: 1755: 1735:Spanish America 1727: 1698: 1668: 1633: 1609: 1607: 1586: 1584: 1563: 1561: 1540: 1538: 1517: 1515: 1494: 1492: 1470: 1468: 1446: 1444: 1423: 1421: 1400: 1398: 1377: 1375: 1354: 1352: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1296: 1294: 1272: 1270: 1249: 1247: 1225: 1205: 1166:King George III 1162: 1156: 1067: 1061: 1045: 914:Palatine German 854: 763: 752: 746: 743: 700: 698: 688: 676: 665: 591: 567:German Reformed 508:, founded near 489: 476: 395:British America 312:German ancestry 286: 272: 268:Texan Silesians 263:Swiss Americans 218:Dutch Americans 188: 108: 84: 80: 67: 55: 48: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18766: 18756: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18718: 18717: 18712: 18711: 18709: 18708: 18703: 18693: 18691: 18687: 18686: 18683: 18682: 18680: 18679: 18678: 18677: 18670:German Samoans 18667: 18666: 18665: 18660: 18650: 18645: 18639: 18637: 18633: 18632: 18630: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 18584: 18583: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18561: 18559: 18555: 18554: 18552: 18551: 18550: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18529: 18528: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18507: 18506: 18505: 18495: 18494: 18493: 18483: 18482: 18481: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18460: 18459: 18449: 18444: 18443: 18442: 18437: 18427: 18421: 18419: 18413: 18412: 18410: 18409: 18408: 18407: 18393: 18388: 18387: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18351: 18346: 18345: 18344: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18288: 18287: 18281: 18270: 18269: 18268: 18263: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18232: 18230: 18224: 18223: 18220: 18219: 18217: 18216: 18210: 18208: 18204: 18203: 18201: 18200: 18198:United Kingdom 18195: 18190: 18180: 18174: 18172: 18171:Western Europe 18168: 18167: 18165: 18164: 18163: 18162: 18152: 18151: 18150: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18094: 18092: 18088: 18087: 18085: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18068: 18067: 18065:Potato Germans 18062: 18052: 18046: 18044: 18040: 18039: 18037: 18036: 18035: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18004: 18003: 18002: 18000:North Caucasus 17997: 17987: 17986: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17942: 17937: 17927: 17926: 17925: 17915: 17909: 17907: 17906:Eastern Europe 17903: 17902: 17900: 17899: 17894: 17893: 17892: 17882: 17881: 17880: 17875: 17866: 17861: 17851: 17846: 17845: 17844: 17837:Czech Republic 17833: 17831: 17830:Central Europe 17824: 17817: 17811: 17810: 17808: 17807: 17798: 17797: 17796: 17787:Reichsdeutsche 17782: 17779:Bundesdeutsche 17774: 17772: 17768: 17767: 17760: 17759: 17752: 17745: 17737: 17728: 17727: 17724: 17723: 17721: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17707: 17706: 17705: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17674: 17671: 17670: 17668: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17621: 17619: 17613: 17612: 17610: 17609: 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16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16942: 16940: 16936: 16935: 16933: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16909: 16908: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16882: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16775: 16774: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16674: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16661:Manx Americans 16658: 16653: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16602: 16600: 16594: 16593: 16591: 16590: 16589: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16577: 16576: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16477:Arab Americans 16468: 16467: 16466: 16465: 16454: 16453: 16452: 16451: 16446: 16444:Thai Americans 16441: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16400: 16399: 16387:Southeast Asia 16384: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16380: 16370: 16369: 16368: 16363: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16342: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16301: 16296: 16295: 16294: 16279: 16278: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16266: 16265: 16255: 16254: 16253: 16248: 16247: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16226: 16211: 16210: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16173: 16172: 16157: 16156: 16155: 16144: 16142: 16138: 16137: 16135: 16134: 16133: 16132: 16127: 16126: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16100: 16099: 16098: 16082: 16081: 16080: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16060: 16059: 16058: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16049: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15978: 15977: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15951: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15924: 15922:Igbo Americans 15919: 15917:Fula Americans 15914: 15913: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15882: 15881: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15869: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15782: 15780: 15773: 15765: 15764: 15762: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15749:Scientologists 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15725: 15724: 15722:Value Creators 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15652: 15647: 15641: 15639: 15633: 15632: 15630: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15603: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15570:Middle classes 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15535:Home-ownership 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15511: 15509: 15503: 15502: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15486: 15485: 15478: 15471: 15463: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15450: 15449: 15448: 15441: 15434: 15424: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15410: 15397: 15395: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15387: 15386: 15385: 15380: 15368: 15367: 15366: 15365: 15364: 15357: 15345: 15338: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15315: 15314: 15307: 15294: 15292: 15288: 15287: 15285: 15284: 15279: 15278: 15277: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15239: 15238: 15226: 15221: 15220: 15219: 15212: 15205: 15198: 15186: 15185: 15184: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15146: 15144: 15143:Western Europe 15140: 15139: 15137: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15110: 15109: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15068: 15066: 15062: 15061: 15059: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15047: 15046: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14973: 14971: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14952: 14951: 14944: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14911: 14910: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14882: 14880: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14811: 14809: 14808:Eastern Europe 14805: 14804: 14802: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14756: 14755: 14743: 14742: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14720: 14708: 14703: 14697: 14695: 14694:Central Europe 14691: 14690: 14683: 14682: 14675: 14668: 14660: 14651: 14650: 14648: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14637: 14630: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14618: 14610: 14605: 14604: 14603: 14598: 14590: 14580: 14573: 14566: 14559: 14552: 14545: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14527: 14526: 14519: 14512: 14504: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14485: 14484: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14428: 14423: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14390: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14354: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14312: 14307: 14295: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14275: 14274:External links 14272: 14270: 14269: 14253: 14239: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14223: 14190: 14183: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14167: 14160: 14128:(3): 278–288. 14108: 14101: 14092: 14085: 14053:(3): 319–330. 14033: 14026: 14019: 14001:(2): 437–471. 13988: 13952: 13950: 13949:Historiography 13947: 13945: 13944: 13933: 13926: 13917: 13908: 13899: 13888: 13873: 13868:Walker, Mack. 13866: 13859: 13839: 13824: 13817: 13810: 13803: 13796: 13779: 13759: 13745: 13738: 13727: 13722:Roeber, A. G. 13720: 13713: 13696: 13689: 13682: 13681:(2004) 235 pp. 13675: 13672: 13665: 13658: 13651: 13644: 13637: 13626: 13619: 13612: 13595: 13582: 13565: 13558: 13549: 13542: 13535: 13528: 13510: 13503: 13488: 13481: 13470: 13463: 13456: 13449: 13432: 13425: 13418: 13399: 13381: 13364: 13350: 13343: 13333: 13320: 13313: 13293: 13282: 13275: 13268: 13251:Handlin, Oscar 13249:; Orlov, Ann; 13243: 13236: 13229: 13222: 13215: 13208: 13201: 13194: 13187: 13180: 13170: 13162: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13129: 13100: 13087: 13068: 13049: 13035: 13005: 12982: 12971:. June 2, 2022 12956: 12916: 12889: 12863: 12836: 12806: 12776: 12760: 12737: 12711: 12678: 12652: 12637: 12618: 12591: 12572: 12552: 12522: 12503: 12489:Westliche Post 12474: 12432: 12402: 12355: 12323: 12316: 12291: 12255: 12236:(2): 437–471. 12220: 12187: 12154: 12118: 12098:ttu-ir.tdl.org 12081: 12045: 12032: 12013: 11991: 11955: 11915: 11873: 11854: 11834: 11815: 11770: 11740: 11727: 11708: 11678: 11648: 11616: 11580: 11550: 11520: 11490: 11488:(1999) 330–36. 11477: 11462: 11449: 11434: 11407: 11394: 11385: 11372: 11363: 11347: 11334: 11322: 11310: 11297: 11284: 11271: 11249: 11236: 11223: 11210: 11197: 11184: 11176:Otto Holzapfel 11172:Philip Bohlman 11163: 11161:1995 5: 95–121 11150: 11137: 11131:Noel Iverson, 11124: 11091: 11068: 11050:978-0752494555 11049: 11025: 10999: 10972: 10960: 10940: 10910: 10880: 10850: 10820: 10784: 10749: 10721: 10691: 10674: 10663:on May 6, 2009 10641: 10611: 10585: 10554: 10533:Ancestry: 2000 10523: 10486: 10449: 10440: 10410: 10380: 10363:News.bbc.co.uk 10350: 10320: 10294: 10264: 10246: 10227: 10204: 10186: 10163: 10133: 10114: 10102: 10085: 10054: 10018: 9982: 9967: 9938: 9915: 9885: 9872: 9859: 9832: 9819: 9792: 9779: 9760: 9740: 9697: 9678: 9658: 9615: 9602: 9589: 9570: 9555: 9535: 9515: 9502: 9493: 9478: 9454: 9433: 9404: 9381: 9354: 9341: 9328: 9318:on May 9, 2008 9301: 9269: 9256: 9243: 9230: 9217: 9148: 9116: 9103: 9059: 9046: 9032:Church History 9023: 9007: 8992:Church History 8983: 8960: 8947: 8934: 8921: 8914: 8881: 8851: 8831: 8800: 8793: 8775: 8761:978-0807842195 8760: 8735: 8721:978-0807818503 8720: 8695: 8681:978-1570035913 8680: 8658: 8644:978-0700619948 8643: 8621: 8607:978-0813926094 8606: 8584: 8570:978-0813917740 8569: 8544: 8517: 8490: 8467: 8454: 8436: 8421: 8405:Handlin, Oscar 8403:; Orlov, Ann; 8374: 8355: 8325: 8237: 8194: 8187: 8167: 8148: 8128: 8121: 8115:. p. 55. 8101: 8088: 8058: 8032: 8001: 7985:Gareth Marples 7972: 7944: 7931: 7918: 7905: 7886: 7862: 7843: 7823: 7814: 7782: 7756: 7717: 7692: 7680: 7648: 7622: 7590: 7558: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7490: 7480: 7465: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7379: 7376:Germany portal 7363: 7360: 7301:Herbert Hoover 7288: 7285: 7257:Sandra Bullock 7253:Bryan Cranston 7213:Ernst Lubitsch 7189:Dale Earnhardt 7185:Michael Keaton 7154:Neil Armstrong 7134:Apollo program 7111:Polykarp Kusch 7083:Harold C. Urey 7027:Claude Shannon 7023:George Stibitz 6921:John Steinbeck 6875:Walter Gropius 6857:Joseph Schlitz 6849:Bernhard Stroh 6817:Anheuser-Busch 6813:Adolphus Busch 6666:Bernard Kroger 6638:Marcus Goldman 6602:Charles Pfizer 6586:James L. Kraft 6494:William Boeing 6454:Henry J. Heinz 6378:commanded the 6337: 6336:Notable people 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6302: 6299: 6269:Allegheny City 6247:Lincoln Square 6222: 6219: 6203:Anheuser-Busch 6136:German cuisine 6131: 6128: 6119:Streets, near 6106: 6099: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6083: 6065: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6044:Main article: 6041: 6038: 6026:Amana Colonies 5990:Bernese German 5962: 5959: 5884: 5881: 5775: 5772: 5729: 5726: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5616: 5615: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5499: 5496: 5378: 5375: 5351: 5348: 5273:Main article: 5270: 5267: 5254: 5251: 5247:Ninth Symphony 5225:A small city, 5183: 5180: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5076: 5046: 4992: 4958: 4924: 4897:Killeen, Texas 4874: 4848: 4830: 4808: 4794: 4783:Davilla, Texas 4760: 4754: 4736: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4671:Kempner, Texas 4668: 4662: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4637:Columbus, Ohio 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4459:Jennings, Ohio 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4405:Monterey, Ohio 4397: 4394: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4074:South Carolina 4062: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4007: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3913:North Carolina 3901: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3807: 3806: 3803: 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2630: 2627: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2569:Horace Greeley 2524: 2521: 2504: 2501: 2450:Hermann Raster 2442:Main article: 2439: 2436: 2371:Russian Empire 2345: 2342: 2296:Main article: 2293: 2290: 2267: 2264: 2222:German Village 2214:Over-the-Rhine 2119: 2116: 2097: 2094: 2080:, who founded 2057:Main article: 2054: 2053:Jewish Germans 2051: 2043:Gustav Koerner 2039:Latin language 1980:Forty-Eighters 1962: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1793: 1790: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1706:French America 1693: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1646: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1570:South Carolina 1558: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1501:North Carolina 1489: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1281: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1223: 1204: 1201: 1158:Main article: 1155: 1152: 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1044: 1041: 1029:South Carolina 1021:American South 1010:tabby (cement) 1002:Fort Frederica 994:Georgia Colony 958:Wachau-die-Aue 949:Lord Granville 935:living around 929:North Carolina 922:Swabian German 853: 850: 792:to immigrate. 765: 764: 679: 677: 670: 664: 661: 590: 587: 524:Gilbert Stuart 488: 485: 475: 472: 418:Christmas tree 314:in the world. 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 198: 195: 194: 190: 189: 187: 186: 180: 177: 176: 175: 173:Roman Catholic 169: 146: 143: 142: 138: 137: 127: 126: 122: 121: 92: 91: 87: 86: 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 41: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18765: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18730: 18728: 18707: 18704: 18701: 18700: 18695: 18694: 18692: 18688: 18676: 18673: 18672: 18671: 18668: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18655: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18640: 18638: 18634: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18603: 18600: 18598: 18595: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18567: 18566: 18563: 18562: 18560: 18556: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18534: 18533: 18530: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18520:Dar es Salaam 18518: 18516: 18513: 18512: 18511: 18508: 18504: 18501: 18500: 18499: 18496: 18492: 18489: 18488: 18487: 18484: 18480: 18477: 18476: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18458: 18455: 18454: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18432: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18422: 18420: 18418: 18414: 18405: 18404: 18403:Colonia Tovar 18399: 18398: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18356: 18355: 18354:United States 18352: 18350: 18347: 18343: 18340: 18339: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18285: 18282: 18279: 18276: 18275: 18274: 18271: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18233: 18231: 18229: 18225: 18215: 18212: 18211: 18209: 18205: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18188: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18175: 18173: 18169: 18161: 18158: 18157: 18156: 18153: 18148: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18125: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18095: 18093: 18089: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18057: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18050:Baltic states 18048: 18047: 18045: 18041: 18033: 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17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17254: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17150: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17070: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17013: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16948: 16947: 16944: 16943: 16941: 16939:North America 16937: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16907: 16904: 16903: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16861: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16770: 16769: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16736: 16733: 16732: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16608: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16601: 16599: 16595: 16587: 16584: 16582: 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15878:Black Indians 15876: 15874: 15871: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15798: 15797: 15794: 15793: 15792: 15789: 15788: 15787: 15784: 15783: 15781: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15766: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15739:Non-religious 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15699: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15657: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15634: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15587: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15512: 15510: 15504: 15500: 15495: 15491: 15484: 15479: 15477: 15472: 15470: 15465: 15464: 15461: 15446: 15442: 15439: 15435: 15430: 15429: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15415: 15414:San Francisco 15411: 15408: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15399: 15398: 15396: 15392: 15381: 15378: 15374: 15373: 15372: 15369: 15362: 15358: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15346: 15343: 15339: 15336: 15332: 15331: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15312: 15308: 15305: 15301: 15300: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15289: 15283: 15280: 15275: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15243:Luxembourgian 15241: 15236: 15232: 15231: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15217: 15213: 15210: 15206: 15203: 15199: 15196: 15192: 15191: 15190: 15187: 15182: 15178: 15177: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15147: 15145: 15141: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15108: 15105: 15104: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15069: 15067: 15063: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15044: 15043:Alaskan Serbs 15040: 15039: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14968: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14949: 14945: 14942: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14908: 14904: 14903: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14877: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14806: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14782: 14778: 14777: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14753: 14749: 14748: 14747: 14744: 14739: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14721: 14718: 14714: 14713: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14698: 14696: 14692: 14688: 14681: 14676: 14674: 14669: 14667: 14662: 14661: 14658: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14613: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14602: 14601:New York City 14599: 14597: 14594: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14584: 14581: 14578: 14574: 14571: 14567: 14564: 14560: 14557: 14553: 14550: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14537: 14532: 14525: 14520: 14518: 14513: 14511: 14506: 14505: 14502: 14496: 14489: 14483: 14479: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14457: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14435: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14302: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14290: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14266: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14252: 14251:3-87181-231-5 14248: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14233: 14232: 14219: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14188: 14184: 14181: 14177: 14176: 14165: 14161: 14157: 14151: 14135: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14113: 14109: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14093: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14076: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14038: 14034: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14008: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13995: 13989: 13985: 13981: 13975: 13959: 13954: 13953: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13931: 13927: 13924: 13921: 13918: 13915: 13912: 13909: 13906: 13903: 13900: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13867: 13864: 13860: 13857: 13856: 13851: 13847: 13844: 13840: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13822: 13818: 13815: 13811: 13808: 13804: 13801: 13797: 13795: 13791: 13788: 13784: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13771: 13767: 13764: 13760: 13757: 13753: 13750: 13746: 13743: 13739: 13736: 13732: 13728: 13725: 13721: 13718: 13714: 13712: 13708: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13694: 13690: 13687: 13683: 13680: 13676: 13673: 13670: 13666: 13663: 13659: 13656: 13652: 13649: 13645: 13642: 13638: 13635: 13627: 13624: 13620: 13617: 13613: 13611: 13607: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13587: 13583: 13581: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13555: 13550: 13547: 13543: 13540: 13536: 13533: 13529: 13526: 13522: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13508: 13504: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13482: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13461: 13457: 13454: 13450: 13448: 13444: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13430: 13426: 13423: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13403: 13400: 13397: 13396:The Economist 13393: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13380: 13376: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13348: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13321: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13305: 13301: 13298: 13294: 13291: 13283: 13280: 13276: 13273: 13269: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13257: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13241: 13237: 13234: 13230: 13227: 13223: 13220: 13216: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13202: 13199: 13195: 13192: 13188: 13185: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13172: 13171: 13168: 13143: 13139: 13133: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13104: 13097: 13091: 13085: 13081: 13078: 13072: 13064: 13060: 13053: 13045: 13039: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13009: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12992: 12986: 12970: 12966: 12960: 12952: 12946: 12930: 12926: 12920: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12877: 12873: 12867: 12850: 12846: 12840: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12810: 12794: 12790: 12786: 12780: 12773: 12767: 12765: 12757: 12753: 12750: 12746: 12741: 12725: 12721: 12715: 12699: 12695: 12694: 12693:Boston Review 12689: 12682: 12666: 12662: 12656: 12648: 12641: 12625: 12621: 12619:9780944190005 12615: 12611: 12607: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12579: 12575: 12573:9780814208991 12569: 12565: 12564: 12556: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12526: 12510: 12506: 12504:9781554580279 12500: 12496: 12492: 12491:in St. Louis" 12490: 12481: 12479: 12462: 12458: 12457: 12453: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12406: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12372: 12371: 12367: 12359: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12319: 12317:9780520070837 12313: 12308: 12307: 12298: 12296: 12288: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12224: 12208: 12204: 12203: 12198: 12191: 12175: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12158: 12142: 12138: 12137: 12132: 12125: 12123: 12103: 12099: 12092: 12085: 12066: 12062: 12055: 12049: 12042: 12036: 12020: 12016: 12014:9789027275073 12010: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11984:September 19, 11979: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11965: 11959: 11943: 11939: 11938:fortwayne.com 11935: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11861: 11857: 11855:9781134261895 11851: 11847: 11846: 11838: 11822: 11818: 11816:9780802870537 11812: 11808: 11804: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11775: 11758: 11754: 11753:The Economist 11750: 11744: 11737: 11731: 11725: 11721: 11718: 11712: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11682: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11652: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11626: 11620: 11601: 11597: 11590: 11584: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11554: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11524: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11487: 11481: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11453: 11445: 11438: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11411: 11404: 11398: 11389: 11382: 11376: 11367: 11360: 11354: 11352: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11307: 11301: 11294: 11288: 11281: 11275: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11253: 11246: 11243:Carl Wittke, 11240: 11233: 11227: 11220: 11214: 11207: 11201: 11194: 11188: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11160: 11154: 11147: 11141: 11134: 11128: 11112: 11108: 11105: 11095: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11029: 11013: 11009: 11003: 10988: 10984: 10983: 10976: 10970: 10964: 10956: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10914: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10884: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10854: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10824: 10805: 10801: 10794: 10788: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10738: 10734: 10733: 10725: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10688: 10684: 10678: 10662: 10658: 10657: 10651: 10645: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10599: 10595: 10589: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10558: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10527: 10509: 10505: 10498: 10497: 10490: 10472: 10468: 10461: 10460: 10453: 10444: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10324: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10231: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10208: 10200: 10193: 10191: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10167: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10130: 10126: 10123: 10118: 10111: 10106: 10099: 10095: 10089: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10058: 10039: 10035: 10028: 10022: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9978: 9971: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9919: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9882: 9876: 9869: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9800:Goyens, Tom. 9796: 9789: 9783: 9767: 9763: 9761:9780252020575 9757: 9753: 9752: 9744: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9701: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9606: 9599: 9593: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9574: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9548: 9545: 9539: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9520: 9512: 9506: 9497: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9458: 9451: 9443: 9437: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9385: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9345: 9338: 9332: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9305: 9289: 9282: 9281: 9273: 9266: 9260: 9253: 9247: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9221: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9152: 9133: 9126: 9120: 9113: 9107: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8970: 8964: 8957: 8951: 8944: 8938: 8931: 8925: 8917: 8915:9780801844423 8911: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8896:Amish Society 8891: 8885: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8847: 8846: 8838: 8836: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8804: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8662: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8521: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8474:Axel Madsen, 8471: 8464: 8458: 8450: 8443: 8441: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8359: 8344: 8340: 8339: 8332: 8330: 8321: 8317: 8310: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8275: 8271: 8270: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8188:9780814774663 8184: 8180: 8179: 8171: 8155: 8151: 8149:9780674040090 8145: 8141: 8140: 8132: 8124: 8122:9780549564379 8118: 8114: 8113: 8105: 8098: 8092: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8005: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7968: 7962: 7954: 7948: 7941: 7935: 7928: 7925:Bayrd Still, 7922: 7915: 7909: 7893: 7889: 7887:9780299108045 7883: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7866: 7850: 7846: 7844:9780786485789 7840: 7837:. McFarland. 7836: 7835: 7827: 7818: 7810: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7752: 7746: 7727: 7721: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7665: 7658: 7652: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7513: 7512:Gemütlichkeit 7505: 7501: 7494: 7484: 7469: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7380: 7377: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7269:Kirsten Dunst 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7245:Kevin Costner 7242: 7238: 7237:Marlon Brando 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7181:Jack Nicklaus 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7091:Linus Pauling 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7011:John Froelich 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6983:Caspar Wistar 6980: 6976: 6972: 6969:. His nephew 6968: 6964: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6949:H. L. Mencken 6946: 6942: 6941:L. Frank Baum 6938: 6934: 6933:Kurt Vonnegut 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6913:Pearl S. Buck 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6793:August Schell 6790: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6730:Alphabet Inc. 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6618:Conrad Hilton 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6360:John Pershing 6357: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6122: 6121:Gramercy Park 6118: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6075:Second Avenue 6072: 6068: 6062: 6047: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5976:groups – the 5975: 5970: 5968: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5928: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5895: 5894:the Holocaust 5889: 5880: 5872: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5771: 5767: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5740:lingua franca 5736: 5725: 5722: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5609: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5331:Sedition Acts 5328: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4877:Ogden, Kansas 4875: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4583:Dubuque, Iowa 4581: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4487:Minster, Ohio 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4475:Jackson, Ohio 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4331: 4330:United States 4319: 4307: 4296: 4295: 4284: 4273: 4272: 4261: 4260:West Virginia 4250: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4224: 4213: 4202: 4201: 4190: 4179: 4178: 4167: 4156: 4155: 4144: 4133: 4132: 4121: 4110: 4109: 4098: 4087: 4086: 4075: 4064: 4063: 4052: 4041: 4040: 4029: 4018: 4017: 4006: 3995: 3994: 3983: 3972: 3971: 3960: 3949: 3948: 3937: 3926: 3925: 3914: 3903: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3877: 3866: 3855: 3854: 3843: 3832: 3831: 3820: 3819:New Hampshire 3809: 3808: 3797: 3786: 3785: 3774: 3763: 3762: 3751: 3740: 3739: 3728: 3717: 3716: 3705: 3694: 3693: 3682: 3671: 3670: 3659: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3635:Massachusetts 3625: 3624: 3613: 3602: 3601: 3590: 3579: 3578: 3567: 3556: 3555: 3544: 3533: 3532: 3521: 3510: 3509: 3498: 3487: 3486: 3475: 3464: 3463: 3452: 3441: 3440: 3429: 3418: 3417: 3406: 3395: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3369: 3358: 3347: 3346: 3335: 3324: 3323: 3312: 3301: 3300: 3289: 3278: 3277: 3266: 3255: 3254: 3243: 3232: 3231: 3220: 3209: 3208: 3197: 3186: 3185: 3174: 3163: 3162: 3151: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3084: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3010: 3009:The Economist 3006: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685:Robert Prager 2682: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661:H. L. Mencken 2658: 2654: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Arthur Preuss 2607: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2587:Intellectuals 2579: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2432:Lawrence Welk 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2360:Volga Germans 2356: 2351: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2298:Texas Germans 2289: 2288:, and Texas. 2287: 2283: 2280:, apart from 2279: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1988:Henry Villard 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1778: 1773: 1766: 1765: 1764:United States 1749: 1744: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1617: 1605: 1594: 1582: 1571: 1559: 1548: 1536: 1525: 1513: 1502: 1490: 1478: 1465: 1454: 1442: 1431: 1430:New Hampshire 1419: 1408: 1407:Massachusetts 1396: 1385: 1373: 1362: 1350: 1339: 1334: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1291: 1280: 1268: 1257: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168:was also the 1167: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1071:redemptioners 1066: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 987:Salem College 984: 980: 976: 975:Winston-Salem 972: 968: 964: 959: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 846: 842: 838: 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 806: 801: 800:(1618–1648). 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 775: 774:Alsace Region 771: 761: 758: 750: 739: 736: 732: 729: 725: 722: 718: 715: 711: 708: – 707: 703: 702:Find sources: 696: 692: 686: 685: 680:This section 678: 674: 669: 668: 660: 658: 655:, since 1803 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:Mohawk Valley 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 544: 539: 538: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 484: 481: 471: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 414:kindergartens 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 349: 345: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 313: 308: 304: 299: 297: 292: 284: 280: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 200: 199: 196: 191: 185: 181: 179:<1% Jewish 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 150: 148: 147: 144: 139: 136: 132: 128: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 102: 98: 93: 88: 83: 79: 75: 70: 63: 58: 52: 45: 39: 30: 19: 18498:South Africa 18353: 17871:Walddeutsche 16746: 16160:Central Asia 15759:Zoroastrians 15607:Social class 15181:Jersey Dutch 14724:German Texan 14710: 14563:German Coast 14263:, New York: 14260: 14242: 14235: 14216:– via 14210:. Retrieved 14197: 14186: 14179: 14163: 14150:cite journal 14138:. Retrieved 14125: 14121: 14111: 14104: 14096: 14088: 14075:cite journal 14063:. Retrieved 14050: 14046: 14036: 14029: 14022: 13998: 13992: 13964:November 30, 13962:. Retrieved 13936: 13929: 13922: 13913: 13904: 13891: 13875: 13869: 13862: 13853: 13835: 13831: 13827: 13820: 13813: 13806: 13799: 13782: 13773: 13741: 13730: 13723: 13716: 13699: 13692: 13685: 13678: 13668: 13661: 13654: 13647: 13640: 13629: 13622: 13615: 13598: 13568: 13561: 13552: 13545: 13538: 13531: 13513: 13506: 13491: 13484: 13477: 13466: 13459: 13452: 13435: 13428: 13421: 13405: 13395: 13367: 13353: 13346: 13336: 13327: 13316: 13307: 13285: 13278: 13271: 13255: 13239: 13232: 13225: 13218: 13211: 13204: 13197: 13190: 13183: 13174: 13146:. Retrieved 13142:the original 13132: 13121:, retrieved 13112: 13103: 13095: 13090: 13071: 13062: 13052: 13038: 13028:November 28, 13026:. Retrieved 13017: 13008: 12990: 12985: 12973:. Retrieved 12968: 12959: 12933:. Retrieved 12929:the original 12919: 12906:. Retrieved 12902:the original 12892: 12880:. Retrieved 12876:the original 12866: 12853:. Retrieved 12849:the original 12839: 12827:. Retrieved 12823:the original 12818: 12809: 12797:. Retrieved 12793:the original 12788: 12779: 12771: 12744: 12740: 12728:. Retrieved 12724:the original 12714: 12702:. Retrieved 12691: 12681: 12669:. Retrieved 12655: 12646: 12640: 12628:. Retrieved 12609: 12582:. Retrieved 12562: 12555: 12543:. Retrieved 12539:the original 12535:mki.wisc.edu 12534: 12525: 12513:. Retrieved 12494: 12488: 12465:. Retrieved 12455: 12451: 12423:. Retrieved 12414: 12405: 12393:. Retrieved 12369: 12365: 12358: 12344:(2): 27–55. 12341: 12337: 12305: 12286: 12233: 12229: 12223: 12211:. Retrieved 12200: 12190: 12178:. Retrieved 12174:the original 12167: 12157: 12145:. Retrieved 12134: 12109:. Retrieved 12097: 12084: 12072:. Retrieved 12060: 12048: 12040: 12035: 12023:. Retrieved 12004: 11994: 11982:. Retrieved 11971: 11964:Ebert, Roger 11958: 11946:. Retrieved 11937: 11908:December 23, 11906:. Retrieved 11864:. Retrieved 11844: 11837: 11825:. Retrieved 11806: 11761:. Retrieved 11752: 11743: 11735: 11730: 11711: 11699:. Retrieved 11690: 11681: 11669:. Retrieved 11651: 11640:the original 11631: 11619: 11607:. Retrieved 11583: 11571:. Retrieved 11567:the original 11553: 11541:. Retrieved 11523: 11511:. Retrieved 11493: 11485: 11480: 11471: 11465: 11457: 11452: 11443: 11437: 11426:, retrieved 11422:the original 11416: 11410: 11402: 11397: 11388: 11380: 11375: 11366: 11358: 11342: 11337: 11330: 11325: 11318: 11313: 11305: 11300: 11292: 11287: 11282:(1971) ch. 5 11279: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11259:Project MUSE 11252: 11244: 11239: 11231: 11226: 11218: 11213: 11205: 11200: 11192: 11187: 11179: 11166: 11158: 11153: 11145: 11140: 11132: 11127: 11115:. Retrieved 11111:the original 11106: 11094: 11076: 11071: 11059:. Retrieved 11035: 11028: 11016:. Retrieved 11002: 10991:, retrieved 10987:the original 10981: 10975: 10963: 10954: 10931:. Retrieved 10913: 10901:. Retrieved 10883: 10871:. Retrieved 10853: 10841:. Retrieved 10823: 10811:. Retrieved 10787: 10775:. Retrieved 10741:, retrieved 10737:the original 10731: 10724: 10712:. Retrieved 10703: 10694: 10682: 10677: 10665:. Retrieved 10661:the original 10653: 10644: 10632:. Retrieved 10628:the original 10624:Germany.info 10623: 10614: 10602:. Retrieved 10588: 10579:November 30, 10577:, retrieved 10573:the original 10563: 10557: 10548:November 30, 10546:, retrieved 10542:the original 10532: 10526: 10517:November 30, 10515:, retrieved 10495: 10489: 10480:November 30, 10478:, retrieved 10458: 10452: 10443: 10431:. Retrieved 10427:the original 10422: 10413: 10401:. Retrieved 10397:the original 10392: 10383: 10371:. Retrieved 10362: 10353: 10341:. Retrieved 10332: 10323: 10311:. Retrieved 10307:the original 10297: 10285:. Retrieved 10276: 10267: 10259:the original 10249: 10230: 10222: 10207: 10198: 10175:262 U.S. 390 10170: 10166: 10154:. Retrieved 10146:Enquirer.com 10145: 10136: 10117: 10105: 10097: 10088: 10076:. Retrieved 10067: 10057: 10045:. Retrieved 10033: 10021: 10012:November 19, 10010:, retrieved 9998: 9985: 9976: 9970: 9959:, retrieved 9950: 9941: 9918: 9906:. Retrieved 9902:the original 9897: 9888: 9880: 9875: 9867: 9862: 9848:(3): 41–62. 9845: 9841: 9835: 9827: 9822: 9810:. Retrieved 9795: 9787: 9782: 9772:February 13, 9770:. Retrieved 9750: 9743: 9713:(1): 34–51. 9710: 9706: 9700: 9688:. Retrieved 9668: 9661: 9631:(3): 78–98. 9628: 9624: 9618: 9610: 9605: 9597: 9592: 9582: 9578: 9573: 9564: 9558: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9510: 9505: 9496: 9487: 9481: 9462: 9457: 9449: 9441: 9436: 9425:, retrieved 9416: 9407: 9384: 9375:November 30, 9373:, retrieved 9369:the original 9363: 9357: 9349: 9344: 9336: 9331: 9322:November 19, 9320:, retrieved 9316:the original 9310: 9304: 9294:February 25, 9292:. Retrieved 9279: 9272: 9264: 9259: 9251: 9246: 9238: 9233: 9225: 9220: 9208:. Retrieved 9165: 9161: 9151: 9141:November 20, 9139:. Retrieved 9119: 9111: 9106: 9094:. Retrieved 9072: 9062: 9054: 9049: 9031: 9026: 9015: 9010: 8991: 8986: 8968: 8963: 8955: 8950: 8942: 8937: 8929: 8924: 8895: 8884: 8872:. Retrieved 8863: 8854: 8844: 8822:. Retrieved 8813: 8803: 8784: 8778: 8747: 8738: 8707: 8698: 8670:. Columbia: 8667: 8661: 8630: 8624: 8593: 8587: 8556: 8547: 8536:, retrieved 8526: 8520: 8511:November 30, 8509:, retrieved 8499: 8493: 8475: 8470: 8462: 8457: 8448: 8408: 8358: 8347:, retrieved 8337: 8319: 8315: 8298:, retrieved 8294:the original 8288: 8278:, retrieved 8274:the original 8268: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8240: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8177: 8170: 8158:. Retrieved 8138: 8131: 8111: 8104: 8096: 8091: 8079:. Retrieved 8070: 8061: 8049:. Retrieved 8045:the original 8035: 8023:. Retrieved 8019:the original 8014: 8004: 7993:, retrieved 7989:the original 7984: 7975: 7947: 7939: 7934: 7926: 7921: 7913: 7908: 7896:. Retrieved 7872: 7865: 7853:. Retrieved 7833: 7826: 7817: 7795:the original 7785: 7773:. Retrieved 7759: 7735:September 7, 7733:. Retrieved 7720: 7710:September 7, 7708:. Retrieved 7704: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7673:November 11, 7671:. Retrieved 7651: 7639:. Retrieved 7635:turkey-visit 7634: 7625: 7613:. Retrieved 7602: 7593: 7581:. Retrieved 7570: 7561: 7549:. Retrieved 7535: 7511: 7499: 7493: 7483: 7468: 7458: 7344:Barack Obama 7339: 7332:Harry Truman 7329: 7312: 7309:Donald Trump 7304: 7296: 7290: 7241:Kim Basinger 7233:Meryl Streep 7165:George Eyser 7161:Bruce Willis 7158: 7119: 7039:Donald Knuth 6987:Isaac Singer 6979:Michael Leib 6961: 6937:Sylvia Plath 6917:Thomas Wolfe 6909:Henry Miller 6891: 6865: 6825:Adolph Coors 6789:beer brewing 6786: 6779: 6776:Eugene Meyer 6769: 6759: 6749: 6722:Eric Schmidt 6714:Michael Dell 6674:Carl Laemmle 6642:Samuel Sachs 6606:Pfizer, Inc. 6582:Tesla Motors 6554:PepsiCo Inc. 6550:Charles Guth 6542:Levi Strauss 6490:Standard Oil 6451: 6443:Donald Trump 6439:John Boehner 6416: 6349: 6346: 6304: 6289: 6254: 6224: 6180: 6144:Frankfurters 6133: 6109:Third Avenue 6092: 6079:East Village 6070: 6066: 6034: 6014:Plautdietsch 5971: 5964: 5950: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5903: 5890: 5886: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5847: 5828: 5812: 5792: 5768: 5752: 5739: 5731: 5724:audiences". 5705: 5688:Indianapolis 5684: 5676: 5668:Assimilation 5654: 5635: 5619: 5605: 5492: 5485: 5475: 5459: 5432: 5388: 5353: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5263: 5256: 5246: 5243: 5236: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5185: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5133: 4653: 4627:, Ohio 19.8% 4571: 4491:Kalida, Ohio 4447:Butler, Ohio 4399: 4374:Indianapolis 4354: 4342: 4335: 4320: 4097:South Dakota 4051:Rhode Island 4028:Pennsylvania 3936:North Dakota 3134: 3129: 3124: 3098: 3077: 3058: 3034: 3027: 3016:Demographics 3008: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2982: 2972:homes. Some 2966: 2962:Galveston TX 2952:, July 1974. 2789: 2775:World War II 2732: 2699:In Chicago, 2698: 2673: 2650: 2613: 2608: 2598: 2573: 2561: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2477: 2454: 2447: 2429: 2424: 2392: 2388:Great Plains 2365: 2337: 2332: 2317: 2286:German Coast 2275: 2257: 2226: 2211: 2139: 2105: 2090:B'nai B'rith 2078:Henry Lehman 2073:Levi Strauss 2062: 2019:freethinkers 2004: 1998: 1965: 1792:19th century 1783: 1776: 1769: 1754: 1747: 1740: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1697: 1689: 1682: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1632: 1631: 1547:Rhode Island 1524:Pennsylvania 1220: 1198: 1163: 1129: 1113: 1108: 1068: 1059:Pennsylvania 1046: 1018: 991: 961:, Latinized 926: 878:Spotsylvania 855: 835:German Coast 828: 824:German Coast 802: 779: 768: 753: 747:October 2017 744: 734: 727: 720: 713: 701: 689:Please help 684:verification 681: 638: 634: 626:Mohawk River 622:Little Falls 610:Hudson River 607: 592: 552: 543:pull factors 541: 537:Push factors 535: 533: 528:Astor family 510:Philadelphia 490: 487:Colonial era 477: 469: 433:Americanized 430: 428:to America. 411: 392: 380:William Howe 376:British Army 365: 357:Philadelphia 350: 346: 335: 323:Pennsylvania 316: 300: 278: 277: 81: 77: 32:Ethnic group 29: 18699:Ostsiedlung 18648:New Zealand 18622:Philippines 18464:Ivory Coast 18349:Puerto Rico 18302:El Salvador 18193:Netherlands 18147:Gottscheers 17947:(including 17897:Switzerland 17698:2010 census 17617:Multiethnic 16906:Californios 16772:before 1880 15675:Protestants 15637:By religion 15550:Immigration 15506:By economic 15407:Los Angeles 15124:Sammarinese 15107:before 1880 15022:Montenegrin 14915:Greenlandic 14820:Azerbaijani 14608:Puerto Rico 14561:Louisiana ( 14533:by location 14122:Monatshefte 14112:Monatshefte 14047:Monatshefte 14037:Monatshefte 13939:. Madison: 12975:February 2, 12882:November 3, 12855:January 14, 12704:January 31, 12452:Islands of 11010:. ePodunk. 10933:October 12, 10777:October 12, 10604:October 21, 10277:GovTrack.us 9898:Earlham.edu 9690:January 15, 9284:(Hardcover) 9237:Zev Eleff, 9096:October 12, 8864:Sciway3.net 8210:(1): 3–24. 8160:October 16, 7995:December 2, 7898:October 16, 7775:October 21, 7551:October 21, 7504:New Orleans 7352:Bischwiller 7277:Zazie Beetz 7273:Evan Peters 7201:Clark Gable 7197:Grace Kelly 7177:Johnny Depp 6766:Al Neuharth 6738:PayPal Inc. 6734:Peter Thiel 6726:Google Inc. 6682:Marcus Loew 6568:(YouTube), 6566:Jawed Karim 6478:Walt Disney 6419:Carl Schurz 6392:Indian Wars 6281:Deutschtown 6265:German Fest 6261:Oktoberfest 6227:Oktoberfest 6211:Prohibition 5998:High German 5815:Martin Dies 5744:Roger Ebert 5657:Bennett Law 5487:Kulturkampf 5463:the Dakotas 5335:Prohibition 4481:Union, Ohio 3704:Mississippi 3288:Connecticut 3073:1870 Census 3030:the Dakotas 2794:and author 2739:Americanize 2655:denounced " 2549:Free Silver 2541:prohibition 2470:Franz Sigel 2375:Volga River 2282:New Orleans 2065:German Jews 1984:Carl Schurz 1829:immigrants 1822:Immigration 1812:Immigration 1256:Connecticut 1043:New England 1037:San Antonio 908:around the 845:Carl Schurz 831:New Orleans 816:New Orleans 583:War of 1812 502:glassmakers 461:San Antonio 101:New England 85:2020 census 18727:Categories 18612:Kyrgyzstan 18602:Kazakhstan 18503:Afrikaners 18297:Costa Rica 18261:Hutterites 18123:Yugoslavia 18103:Azerbaijan 18012:Bessarabia 17771:Historical 17625:Afro-Asian 17247:Potawatomi 17078:Chemehuevi 16282:South Asia 15744:Rastafaris 15702:Ahmadiyyas 15655:Christians 15530:Emigration 15508:and social 15401:California 15119:Portuguese 15012:Macedonian 14930:Lithuanian 14840:Circassian 14825:Belarusian 14639:Wisconsin 14632:Virginia ( 14616:Cincinnati 14568:Maryland ( 14556:Louisville 14554:Kentucky ( 14547:Illinois ( 14212:August 27, 13265:0674375122 13148:October 9, 13123:August 28, 12829:August 28, 12799:August 28, 12545:August 21, 12454:Deutschtum 12111:August 25, 12074:August 25, 11632:census.gov 11428:October 6, 11117:August 28, 11018:August 10, 10993:August 12, 10423:Traces.org 10393:Traces.org 9908:August 28, 9427:January 2, 9086:1086749050 8904:. p. 8824:October 7, 8810:"Wachovia" 8794:0806302925 8431:1038430174 8422:0674375122 8349:October 5, 8322:(3): 1, 11 8081:January 5, 7705:Census.gov 7527:References 7327:in 1902). 7297:Eisenhauer 7229:Heidi Klum 7173:Lou Gehrig 7126:Peenemünde 7107:Paul Flory 7103:Hans Bethe 7067:Otto Stern 6957:Lee Miller 6710:Apple Inc. 6706:Steve Jobs 6690:Harry Cohn 6558:Bill Gates 6410:, and the 6277:Pittsburgh 6273:North Side 6251:Cincinnati 6164:sauerkraut 6156:hamburgers 6030:East Amana 6018:Low German 6002:Hutterites 5974:Anabaptist 5839:Fred Trump 5692:Cincinnati 5599:1,083,637 5591:1,104,354 5583:1,383,442 5575:1,547,987 5567:1,586,593 5559:1,201,535 5551:1,332,399 5543:1,589,040 5535:2,188,006 5527:2,267,128 5519:2,759,032 5439:Mennonites 5398:, and the 5371:Lou Gehrig 5167:Deutschtum 5135:Portlandia 5106:See also: 4631:Pittsburgh 4625:Cincinnati 4386:Pittsburgh 4358:Cincinnati 4337:42,589,571 4236:Washington 3865:New Mexico 3842:New Jersey 3242:California 3135:Percentage 2930:44,978,546 2916:47,911,129 2902:42,885,162 2888:57,947,374 2874:49,224,146 2831:, Admiral 2804:anti-Nazis 2717:Cincinnati 2633:See also: 2582:World Wars 2537:Democratic 2474:Union Army 2423:, such as 2348:See also: 2278:Deep South 2266:Deep South 2237:Socialists 2203:Schwabians 2197:, such as 2179:Cincinnati 2167:Ohio River 2163:Louisville 2151:Cincinnati 2145:cities of 2143:Midwestern 2035:philosophy 2023:Freidenker 2021:, German: 2011:Dreissiger 1819:immigrants 1784:The brief 1453:New Jersey 1148:war effort 1140:Union Army 1132:Studebaker 1117:theodiscus 1097:Mennonites 969:valley in 898:Palatinate 894:Germantown 812:New France 808:Charlevoix 717:newspapers 599:Queen Anne 575:Mennonites 557:, and the 457:Pittsburgh 449:Cincinnati 426:hamburgers 382:, and the 353:Germantown 287:pronounced 248:Hutterites 166:Anabaptist 154:Protestant 149:Christian 105:Deep South 18643:Australia 18396:Venezuela 18379:Palatines 18327:Nicaragua 18307:Guatemala 18236:Argentina 18017:Black Sea 17963:Satu Mare 17923:Black Sea 17794:Palatines 17655:Melungeon 17630:Amerasian 17356:Tsimshian 17163:Chochenyo 17108:Kitanemuk 17058:Menominee 17041:Tuscarora 16976:Chickasaw 16961:Blackfeet 16472:West Asia 16214:East Asia 15734:Neopagans 15660:Catholics 15650:Buddhists 15515:Affluence 15438:Louisiana 15394:By region 15319:Melungeon 15274:Wisconsin 14987:Bulgarian 14935:Norwegian 14920:Icelandic 14870:Ukrainian 14760:Kashubian 14746:Hungarian 14643:Milwaukee 14621:Cleveland 14592:New York 14570:Baltimore 14324:from the 14238:. (2013). 14228:In German 13943:, (2000). 13932:. (1942). 13916:. (1952). 13907:. (1957). 13834:; vol 2: 13809:. (1990). 13802:. (2005). 13758:" (1987). 13726:. (1998). 13695:. (1957). 13657:. (1969). 13650:. (1990). 13643:. (1971). 13636:. (1974). 13487:. (1966). 13455:. (1940). 13281:. (1976). 13274:. (2003). 13242:. (1992). 13228:. (1989). 13214:. (1953). 13113:USA Today 12671:August 2, 12467:April 15, 12425:August 1, 12395:August 9, 12382:2152/2652 11948:August 2, 11701:March 17, 11671:August 6, 11573:August 8, 11513:August 6, 11417:The Amish 11061:March 20, 10859:"Tejanos" 10743:April 15, 10714:March 17, 10667:March 17, 10634:March 17, 10433:March 17, 10403:March 17, 10373:March 17, 10343:March 17, 10313:March 17, 10287:March 17, 10156:March 17, 9979:: 126–127 9961:August 1, 9735:254486844 9653:254494566 9609:Salamon, 9413:"GERMANS" 9192:0021-8723 8874:March 17, 8746:(1988) . 8653:878668026 8538:August 2, 8397:"Germans" 8260:(3): 10, 8232:147478252 8051:March 18, 8025:March 17, 7690:, p. 120. 7641:March 20, 7583:March 10, 7350:and from 7348:Besigheim 7340:Melhausen 7325:Kallstadt 7169:Babe Ruth 7043:computing 6975:Adam Kuhn 6945:Dr. Seuss 6869:engineer 6771:USA Today 6718:Dell Inc. 6574:SolarCity 6570:Elon Musk 6514:Frederick 6404:World War 6396:World War 6301:Education 6295:card game 6221:Festivals 6215:microbrew 6207:St. Louis 6199:Milwaukee 6160:bratwurst 6008:and many 5980:and most 5946:St. Louis 5696:Cleveland 5511:Speakers 5447:Moravians 5420:Methodist 5404:Calvinist 5367:Babe Ruth 5350:Athletics 5327:Espionage 5192:Bethlehem 5156:Milwaukee 4390:St. Louis 4378:Milwaukee 4366:Cleveland 4288:2,195,662 4283:Wisconsin 4242:1,177,478 4148:2,429,525 4120:Tennessee 4033:2,915,171 3964:2,730,617 3895:1,809,206 3732:1,366,691 3686:1,753,612 3681:Minnesota 3663:1,849,636 3566:Louisiana 3502:1,016,154 3479:1,378,584 3456:2,175,044 3362:1,943,171 3270:1,039,001 3247:2,786,161 3071:. In the 3045:Northeast 2677:Red Cross 2545:Populists 2453:died the 2438:Civil War 2430:Musician 2421:loanwords 2379:Black Sea 2328:Milwaukee 2324:Indianola 2320:Galveston 2229:Milwaukee 2218:Dutchtown 2175:Milwaukee 2171:Cleveland 2155:St. Louis 2147:Milwaukee 2108:Baltimore 2027:Latinists 1968:World War 1952:2001–2004 1946:1911–1920 1938:1991–2000 1932:1901–1910 1924:1981–1990 1918:1891–1900 1910:1971–1980 1907:1,452,970 1904:1881–1890 1896:1961–1970 1890:1871–1880 1882:1951–1960 1876:1861–1870 1868:1941–1950 1862:1851–1860 1854:1931–1940 1848:1841–1850 1840:1921–1930 1834:1820–1840 1827:Number of 1817:Number of 1089:Lutherans 1084:loyalists 933:Moravians 852:Southeast 810:traveled 663:Louisiana 589:Palatines 571:Moravians 498:Maracaibo 465:St. Louis 453:Milwaukee 386:, led by 378:, led by 296:Americans 281:(German: 125:Languages 118:Southwest 18690:See also 18617:Pakistan 18525:Zanzibar 18515:Bagamoyo 18510:Tanzania 18430:Cameroon 18364:Nebraska 18332:Paraguay 18292:Colombia 18228:Americas 18160:Bosporus 18143:Slovenia 18108:Bulgaria 17968:Bukovina 17953:Highland 17940:Landlers 17885:Slovakia 17815:Diaspora 17635:Blaxican 17447:Chicanos 17341:Gwich'in 17289:Shoshone 17279:Seminole 17207:Muscogee 17180:Tataviam 17143:Suisunes 17093:Diegueño 17073:Cahuilla 17031:Onondaga 17011:Iroquois 16991:Comanche 16986:Colville 16971:Cheyenne 16966:Cherokee 15560:Language 15445:Maryland 15432:Arkansas 15263:Scottish 15216:Huguenot 15209:Canadian 15129:Sicilian 15097:Galician 15092:Corsican 15082:Canarian 15072:Asturian 15056:Yugoslav 15027:Romanian 15017:Moldovan 14997:Croatian 14977:Albanian 14891:Estonian 14850:Georgian 14815:Armenian 14775:Silesian 14701:Austrian 14596:Syracuse 14583:Nebraska 14478:Archived 14456:Archived 14318:Archived 14301:Archived 14206:Archived 14194:"German" 14134:30161608 14059:30153298 13974:cite web 13880:Archived 13846:Archived 13790:Archived 13787:in JSTOR 13766:Archived 13752:Archived 13707:Archived 13606:Archived 13589:Archived 13576:Archived 13521:Archived 13518:in JSTOR 13443:Archived 13410:Archived 13388:Archived 13375:Archived 13300:Archived 13117:archived 13080:Archived 13022:Archived 12998:Archived 12945:cite web 12752:Archived 12730:July 30, 12698:Archived 12665:Archived 12624:Archived 12578:Archived 12509:Archived 12461:Archived 12419:Archived 12386:Archived 12350:27500930 12213:July 26, 12207:Archived 12180:July 26, 12141:Archived 12102:Archived 12065:Archived 12019:Archived 11978:Archived 11942:Archived 11902:Archived 11894:"German" 11860:Archived 11821:Archived 11763:July 15, 11757:Archived 11720:Archived 11695:Archived 11665:Archived 11609:June 24, 11600:Archived 11543:July 22, 11537:Archived 11535:. 1990. 11507:Archived 11329:Wittke, 11291:Wittke, 11084:Archived 11055:Archived 11012:Archived 10927:Archived 10897:Archived 10867:Archived 10837:Archived 10804:Archived 10771:Archived 10708:Archived 10598:Archived 10508:archived 10471:archived 10367:Archived 10337:Archived 10281:Archived 10238:Archived 10215:Archived 10178:Archived 10150:Archived 10131:, p. 81. 10125:Archived 10078:July 30, 10072:Archived 10047:July 30, 10038:Archived 10003:archived 9955:archived 9926:Archived 9854:25154032 9806:Archived 9766:Archived 9727:27501880 9684:Archived 9645:27501458 9547:Archived 9470:Archived 9421:archived 9392:Archived 9288:Archived 9210:June 27, 9204:Archived 9132:Archived 9090:Archived 9070:(1932). 9039:Archived 9018:(1849). 8999:Archived 8976:Archived 8892:(1993). 8868:Archived 8818:Archived 8770:18290931 8730:18589517 8706:(1989). 8690:58976124 8616:74964181 8579:41278488 8532:archived 8505:archived 8483:Archived 8407:(eds.). 8366:Archived 8343:archived 8154:Archived 8075:Archived 7961:cite web 7892:Archived 7855:June 25, 7849:Archived 7803:cite web 7769:Archived 7745:cite web 7664:Archived 7615:June 12, 7609:Archived 7577:Archived 7545:Archived 7362:See also 7225:John Kay 6999:Linotype 6821:AB InBev 6191:Aldingen 6111:between 5994:Alsatian 5954:Max Kade 5621:evidence 5498:Language 5478:Catholic 5377:Religion 5213:Creation 5204:Wachovia 5196:Nazareth 4370:Columbus 4212:Virginia 3982:Oklahoma 3889:New York 3773:Nebraska 3727:Missouri 3658:Michigan 3612:Maryland 3543:Kentucky 3451:Illinois 3311:Delaware 3265:Colorado 3219:Arkansas 3047:and the 2839:General 2523:Politics 2493:McKinley 2480:Sigel". 2377:and the 2067:came in 1899:190,796 1885:477,765 1871:226,578 1857:114,058 1843:412,202 1616:Virginia 1477:New York 1384:Maryland 1327:Kentucky 1279:Delaware 1194:Loyalist 1178:Hessians 1136:Solingen 1093:Reformed 1027:area of 1014:Anglican 963:Wachovia 953:Piedmont 924:accent. 912:, where 862:Germanna 858:Virginia 786:Alsatian 770:John Law 649:Walldorf 630:Herkimer 620:west of 595:Palatine 563:Lutheran 443:and the 422:hot dogs 331:Virginia 327:New York 184:atheists 162:Reformed 158:Lutheran 141:Religion 18636:Oceania 18580:Tianjin 18575:Qingdao 18570:Beijing 18537:Baguida 18486:Senegal 18474:Nigeria 18469:Namibia 18440:Yaoundé 18391:Uruguay 18384:by city 18317:Jamaica 18246:Bolivia 18178:Belgium 18133:Croatia 18113:Georgia 18098:Armenia 18077:Finland 18055:Denmark 18032:Galicia 18007:Ukraine 17973:Dobruja 17930:Romania 17918:Moldova 17913:Belarus 17878:Galicia 17864:Olęders 17859:Vistula 17849:Hungary 17660:Mulatto 17466:Oceania 17361:Tlingit 17351:Iñupiat 17336:Alutiiq 17284:Shawnee 17269:Quechan 17153:Awaswas 17138:Serrano 17133:Salinan 17113:Luiseño 17103:Juaneño 17098:Esselen 17083:Chumash 16981:Choctaw 16951:Abenaki 15697:Muslims 15670:Mormons 15665:Coptics 15645:Baha'is 15580:Poverty 15377:Acadian 15342:Isleños 15268:Walloon 15253:Occitan 15224:Frisian 15195:Acadian 15170:English 15165:Cornish 15160:British 15150:Belgian 15134:Spanish 15114:Maltese 15102:Italian 15087:Catalan 15051:Turkish 15037:Serbian 15032:Slovene 15007:Kosovan 14992:Cypriot 14982:Bosnian 14961:Swedish 14925:Latvian 14907:Findian 14901:Finnish 14896:Faroese 14860:Russian 14845:Cossack 14835:Chechen 14794:Sorbian 14577:Holyoke 14549:Chicago 14543:Alabama 14386:at the 14015:2169006 13872:(1964). 13688:(1996). 13664:(1990). 13502:(2004). 13253:, eds. 13179:(1993). 12995:excerpt 12993:(2019) 12908:May 17, 12630:May 16, 12584:May 16, 12515:May 16, 12368:Deutsch 12289:(2004). 12250:2169006 12147:July 6, 12025:May 16, 11866:May 16, 11827:May 16, 11738:(1981). 11317:Arndt, 11269:(1957). 11178:, eds. 11135:(1966). 11107:Uwm.edu 10903:May 23, 10873:May 23, 10843:May 23, 10813:May 23, 10704:Loc.gov 10184:(1923). 9870:(1998). 9812:July 8, 9790:(1983). 9533:(2006). 9254:(2011). 9200:1895032 8814:NCPedia 8480:excerpt 8478:(2001) 8300:May 26, 8280:May 26, 8224:1171088 7307:), and 7009:), and 6784:) etc. 6382:in the 6172:pretzel 6168:strudel 5789:in 1939 5253:Turners 5172:Vereine 5140:Hermann 5102:Culture 4315:22.66% 4311:131,730 4306:Wyoming 4292:37.81% 4269:15.62% 4265:282,257 4246:15.67% 4221:10.30% 4217:876,286 4198:10.15% 4189:Vermont 4175:10.37% 4171:326,656 4125:612,083 4106:35.74% 4102:314,246 4079:471,940 4037:22.78% 4014:17.29% 4010:721,995 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