Baltic Germans - Knowledge

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arrests and some killings had taken place. Fearing a worsening of the situation, the vast majority of the remaining Baltic Germans decided to leave. About 7,000 resettled from Estonia by late March 1941, and approximately 10,500 resettled from Latvia by late March 1941. Even though the German government had planned a relocation that would be limited to ethnic Germans only, ultimately a considerable share of resettlers were non-Germans of various ethnicities (mostly Estonians and Latvians, but also individuals of Slavic ethnicity), who used this as the only legal route to escape the Soviet regime.

248: 228: 1906: 768: 2985: 2351: 351: 1627: 2887: 238: 214: 2460: 1639: 5141: 1006: 5014: 176: 701: 36: 192: 1721: 1839: 2293:) and the combination of local Bolsheviks and nationalists following independence brought about land nationalisations and a displacement of Baltic Germans from positions of authority. Baltic Germans of the Livonian Governorate found themselves in two new countries, both of which introduced sweeping agrarian reforms aimed at the large land owners, an absolute majority of whom were Germans. 2736:. This time around no compensation was offered for any property or belongings left behind and this group of resettlers were treated with intense suspicion or considered traitors because they had refused Hitler's first call to leave the Baltics in 1939. Most of these arrivals were first settled in filtration camps. Unknown to the general public, the 2679:

imposition of wartime rationing, Germans were banned from taking along any valuables, objects of historic value, fuels and even food. A massive sell-off of household items and small businesses followed. Larger properties, real estate and businesses were sold over a longer period of time by a special German commission to local governments.

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by the Soviet authorities ruling Estonia and Latvia. As a result of this, many hid or lied about their Baltic German origins. Most of those who stayed after 1944 were children of mixed ethnic marriages or themselves married to ethnic Estonians, Latvians or Russians and their descendants no longer consider themselves German.

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The resettled Germans fled west with the retreating German army in 1944. No precise numbers or lists are available for them. However, several thousand Baltic Germans remained in the Baltics after 1944, but they were subject to widespread discrimination (and possible deportation to Siberia until 1953)

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On February 12, 1925, Estonia adapted the Cultural Autonomy and National Minorities Act which provided for some cultural autonomy of Germans. Despite this, the German community in Estonia continued to decline as the majority of young people chose to emigrate. By 1934, there were 16,346 Baltic Germans

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At the same time, as both young states built their institutions, this often reduced the status of their minorities. In Latvia, children of mixed marriages were registered as Latvians while in Estonia they took the nationality of their fathers, who increasingly were Estonians. This quickly reduced the

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The present-day governments of Estonia and Latvia, who regained their independence in 1991, generally take a positive, or sometimes neutral, view towards the contributions of the Baltic Germans in the development of their cities and countries throughout their history. An occasional exception to this

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By this time, the remaining Baltic Germans in Estonia and Latvia found themselves in a vastly different situation than in 1939. Their countries were now occupied by the Soviet Union, and intense pressure and intimidation had been put on anyone with a position of privilege or wealth before 1939. Mass

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Minority cultural affairs were overseen by the Ministry of Culture and the German section was led by pastor Karl Keller (1868–1939) and later by Wolfgang Wachtsmuth. In 1923, there were 12,168 pupils in German schools. The Herder Institute, a private German university with three faculties (Theology,

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led to attacks against the Baltic German landowners, the burning of manors, and the torture and even killing of members of the nobility. During the 1905 Revolution groups of rebels burned over 400 manor houses and German-owned buildings and killed 82 Germans. In response Cossack punitive expeditions

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In the course of their 700-year history, Baltic German families had ethnic German roots, but also intermarried extensively with Estonians, Livonians and Latvians, as well as with other Northern or Central European peoples, such as Danes, Swedes, Irish, English, Scots, Poles, Hungarians and Dutch. In

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In stark contrast to the resettlements in 1939–1941, this time the evacuation in most of the areas was delayed until the last moment, when it was too late to conduct it in an orderly fashion, and practically all of them had to leave most of their belongings behind. Seeing as they had been living in

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military administration began plans for German colonization of Courland. On April 20, 1917, the Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern front announced that a third of arable land there should be reserved for settlement by German war veterans. This was approved by Courland's German nobility on September

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On October 10, 1919, the Estonian parliament expropriated 1,065 estates (96.6% of all estates). The law of March 1, 1926 set the compensation to the former owners of arable land at about 3% of its market value and no compensation at all for the forests. This almost instantly bankrupted the German

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In 1804, Livonian peasant law was introduced by the Imperial government, aimed at improving conditions for serfs. Serfdom was abolished in all Baltic provinces between 1816 and 1820, about half a century earlier than in Russia proper. For some time, there was no outward tension between the German

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Since 1989, many elderly Baltic Germans, or their descendants, have taken holidays to Estonia and Latvia to look for traces of their own past, their ancestral homes, and their family histories. Most of the remaining manor houses have new owners, and operate as hotels that are open to the public.

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Between 1710 and approximately 1880, the Baltic German ruling class enjoyed great autonomy from the Imperial government and achieved great political influence in the Imperial court. Starting from the 18th century, the Baltic German nobility also assumed some leading posts in the Russian imperial

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Treaties were signed with Estonia and Latvia in 1939 and 1940 concerning the emigration of Baltic Germans and the liquidation of their educational, cultural, and religious institutions. Nazi Germany succeeded in getting the Baltic Germans to abandon their homes and homeland in haste. Due to the

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was established to defend the interests of German landowners, who wanted to receive compensation for their nationalized lands and properties. After land nationalization they received no compensation, but could keep plots up to 50 hectares, which was not enough to support their manor houses.

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emigrated to Newfoundland as part of then Premier Joseph Smallwood's New Industries Program. Several families in Corner Brook built, operated and worked in the cement and gypsum plants that provided essential material for the creation of Newfoundland's infrastructure after Confederation.

2724:. The "new" homes and farms they were given to live in had been owned and inhabited by Poles and Jews just a few months earlier who were executed or deported eastwards when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. The new arrivals fulfilled Nazi plans for the ethnic Germanization of these lands. 2507:

In 1926, the German community introduced voluntary self-taxation, asking all Germans to contribute up to 3% of their monthly income to community activities. In 1928, the Baltic German National Community was established as the central representative body of Baltic Germans in Latvia.

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During the Estonian and Latvian wars of independence from 1918 to 1920, many Baltic Germans voluntarily enlisted in the newly formed Estonian and Latvian armies to help secure the independence of these countries from Russia. These Baltic German military units became known as the

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After the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union and the conquest of Latvia and Estonia, a small number of Baltic Germans were allowed to return in order to serve as translators, but requests of many resettled Germans to be allowed to return to their homelands were denied by Himmler's

2523:, and all of their property was nationalized. A wave of takeovers of Jewish, Russian and German businesses then followed; banks, factories and trading companies were purchased by state-owned banks at set rates in order to reduce minority control over businesses. 1210:

The Baltic German population never surpassed more than 10% of the total population. In 1881, there were 180,000 Baltic Germans in Russia's Baltic provinces; however, by 1914, this number had declined to 162,000. In 1881 there were approximately 46,700 Germans in

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The Soviet Union's advance into Poland and Germany in late 1944 and early 1945 resulted in the Baltic Germans being evacuated by the German authorities (or simply fleeing) from their "new homes" to areas even further in the west to escape the advancing

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Germans were banned from governmental and military positions. Many Germans sold their properties and emigrated to Scandinavia or Western Europe. Most of the grand manor houses were taken over by schools, hospitals, local administration and museums.

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Cooperation between Baltic German societies and the governments of Estonia and Latvia has made the restoration of many small Baltic German plaques and landmarks possible, such as monuments to those who fought in the 1918–1920 War of Independence.

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During the next three centuries, German-speaking soldiers, clergymen, merchants and craftsmen constituted the majority of the quickly growing urban population, as the native inhabitants usually were prohibited from settling there. In 1230, the

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After the collapse of the German Empire, Baltic Germans in Estonia began forming volunteer units to defend against the Bolshevik threat. On November 27, 1918 this was authorized by the Estonian government, and the Volunteer Baltic Battalion

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Earlier, if any Latvian or Estonian who managed to rise above his class was expected to Germanize and to forget his roots, by the mid-19th century German urban classes began to feel increasing competition from the natives, who after

2436:, leader of the Baltic German cultural association between 1933 and 1938 was included in the Estonian Council of State after 1937 as a token representative of minorities. The last leader of Baltic German Cultural administration was 2373:

were implemented in both countries to break German power and to distribute land to the veterans of independence wars and landless peasants. This largely destroyed the landed class of German noble families and their economic base.

2419:. Their leading parliamentarian was Werner Hasselblatt (1890–1958). Germans never received ministerial posts in governments. The three largest minorities – Germans, Swedes and Russians – sometimes formed election coalitions. The 1129:

non-nobles. By the time a distinct Baltic German ethnic identity began emerging in the 19th century, the majority of self-identifying Baltic Germans were non-nobles belonging mostly to the urban and professional middle class.

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In 1925, there were 70,964 Germans in Latvia (3.6%) and 62,144 in 1935 (3.2% of population). Riga remained by far the largest German center with 38,523 Germans residing there in 1935, while Tallinn then had 6,575 Germans.

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for a short time in 1919. Initially, only 12 Germans were allowed to settle in 1948. Based on the good behavior of this group, many thousands of Baltic Germans were soon allowed to immigrate during the following years.

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Estonia's Baltic German population was smaller than Latvia's, so as Estonians continued to fill professional positions such as law and medicine, there was less of a leadership role for the Baltic Germans. Baron Wilhelm

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Two books listing the names and personal data of all Baltic Germans who died as a result of the resettlements and wartime conditions between 1939 and 1947 have been published by the Baltic German genealogical society:

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cases where intermarriage occurred, members of the other ethnic groups frequently assimilated into German culture, adopting German language, customs, and family names. They were then considered Germans, leading to the

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Livonian and Estonian nobles delivered a note of independence to Soviet representatives in Stockholm on January 28, 1918, announcing their intention to break away from Russia under the rights granted to them by the

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Years of peace under Russian rule brought increasing prosperity and many new manor houses were built on country estates, but economic exploitation worsened the situation of the native population. For examples, see

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The Estonian and Latvian governments published books containing alphabetical lists of the names of resettled Baltic German adults together with their birthdate, birthplace and last address in the Baltics.

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While the German landed class soon lost most of their lands after the agrarian reforms, they continued to work in their professions and to lead their companies. German cultural autonomy was respected. The

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After the coup of May 15, 1934, all associations and independent business organizations had to shut down. This affected the German community especially hard, as they lost their ancient communal centers –

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Baltic Germans played leading roles in the society of what are now Estonia and Latvia throughout most of the period from 13th to mid-20th century, with many of them becoming noted scientists, including

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Baltic Germans were not a purely German ethnic group. The early crusaders, tradesmen and craftsmen often married local women, as there were no German women available. Some noble families, such as the

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Reaction to 1905 Revolution included a scheme by Karl Baron von Manteuffel-Szoege and Silvio Broedrich-Kurmahlen to pacify the countryside by settling up to 20,000 ethnic German farmers, mostly from

1199:. Most Baltic Germans were citizens of the Russian Empire until Estonia and Latvia achieved independence in 1918. Thereafter, most Baltic Germans held Estonian or Latvian citizenship until their 1156:

became the dominant language of official documents, commerce, education and government. By the first half of the 20th century, the Baltic Germans were, until after World War II, along with the

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population enjoyed fewer rights under the Baltic German nobility compared with farmers in Germany, Sweden, or Poland. In contrast to the Baltic Germans, Estonians and Latvians had restricted

2909:, were keen to erase any traces of ethnic German rule in past centuries. Numerous statues, monuments, structures or landmarks with German writing were destroyed, vandalized or left to ruin. 1820:. That effectively turned serfs into free peasants. However, it would be overturned when Russia conquered these territories in 1710 and restored the rights of German landowners under the 1763:

which soon involved the Kingdoms of Poland, Sweden, and Denmark and lasted for 20 years. In 1561, Terra Mariana ceased to exist and was divided among Denmark (which took the island of

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when it was sunk by a Soviet submarine on January 30, 1945. By one estimate, about 9,400 people on board died, which would make it the largest loss of life in a single ship sinking

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newspaper and leader of the Baltic-German Democratic Party. Increased activity of National Socialist supporters in the German community led to the resignation of Schiemann from the

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No books were published listing those who resettled in 1941; however, the present-day archives of Estonia and Latvia still have the lists of all those who left in this year.

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introduced a policy of latvianization in minority schools. On July 18, 1934 the autonomous German schools were brought under complete control of the Ministry of Education.

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The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia existed as a German-speaking country until 1795, while the northern part of Duchy of Livonia was conquered by Sweden which controlled

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comes with some criticism in relation to the major landowners, who controlled most of the rural areas of the Baltics, and the ethnic Estonians and Latvians, until 1918.

4477: 1740:, the Livonian branch in the north began to pursue its own policies. When the Prussian branch of the Order secularized in 1525 and became a Polish vassal state as the 2874: 2475:. A couple of times Germans received ministerial posts in coalition governments. The commander of Latvia's Navy between 1919 and 1931 was Admiral Archibald Count of 2126:

World War I brought the end of the alliance of the Baltic Germans and the Russian Tsarist government. German heritage led to their being viewed as the enemy by

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International Affairs: The Return of the Baltic Germans, E. C. Helmreich, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Aug., 1942), pp. 711–716

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units took Riga on May 22, 1919 which was followed by White Terror in which up to 2,000 people, mostly Latvians, were shot as suspected Bolshevik supporters.

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began to settle in the area in the late 12th century, when traders and Christian missionaries began to visit the coastal lands inhabited by tribes who spoke

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The many manors in Estonia and Latvia testify to the former splendor of the Baltic German landowning class. Pictured, the von Stackelberg family's manor in

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of Sweden. It remained the only institution of higher education in the former Livonian territories and became the intellectual focus of the Baltic Germans.

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in August 1939 was the prior transfer of all ethnic Germans living in Estonia and Latvia to areas under German military control. These became known as the

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In early 1941, the Nazi German government arranged another resettlement for all those who had refused to leave in 1939 or 1940. The action was called the

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that no member of the association would claim proprietary rights to their former Estonian lands. This, and the fact that the first German ambassadors to

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on October 6, 1939, which was broadcast live on radio, Hitler announced that German minorities should be resettled in the Reich (Back home to the Reich,

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of Riga, the largest burial ground of Baltic Germans in Latvia, standing since 1773, also had the vast majority of its graves destroyed by the Soviets.

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beginning in early June 1941. The names and data of those deported from Estonia from 1941 to 1953 have been published in books. Details are kept at the

2142:. All German schools and societies were closed in the Estonian Governorate and Germans were ordered to leave the Courland Governorate for inner Russia. 5129: 4710: 3414: 5002: 4795: 4727: 4715: 3144: 2193:. On April 12, 1918, Baltic German representatives from all Baltic provinces met in Riga and called on the German Emperor to annex the Baltic lands. 4933: 2810:

these "new" homes only for about five years, this was almost seen as a second forced resettlement for them, albeit under different circumstances.

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of 1721. In response, the Bolsheviks, who controlled Estonia, arrested 567 leading Germans and deported them to Russia. After the signing of the

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aided by German nobles and officers burned down hundreds of farms, arrested and deported thousands and summarily executed at least 2,000 people.

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Baltic Germans suffered greatly under Bolshevik regimes in Estonia and Latvia. While the Bolshevik regimes were short-lived, they pursued the

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they were allowed to return. Under German-Soviet treaties, Germany gained control over Courland, Riga, Saaremaa (Ösel), Livonia and Estonia.

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and Lithuania are sometimes incorrectly considered Baltic Germans for reasons of cultural, linguistic, and historical affinities. Germans of

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between 1621 and 1710, having signed an agreement with the local Baltic German nobles not to undermine their political rights and autonomy.

3656:, Oskar Angelus, Tallinn 1939; "Izceļojušo vācu tautības pilsoņu saraksts" : "The list of resettled citizens of German ethnicity".1940 2755:

A very small minority of Baltic Germans refused again to be resettled and remained in the Baltics past March 1941. Some fell victim to the

1165: 1034: 4529: 2937: 2043: 729: 3810: 3788: 3716: 1744:, the Livonian branch remained independent while searching for a similar way to secularize. Livonia became mostly Protestant during the 2933: 2039: 1191:(1700–1721), many of these German-speaking aristocrats began taking high positions in the military, political and civilian life of the 3828: 2204:, instead of outright annexation, was developed. Its regency council met on November 9, 1918, but collapsed with the German Empire. 2846:

With Estonia and Latvia falling under Soviet rule after 1944, most Baltic Germans did not return to the Soviet-occupied Baltics.

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In Latvia, Baltic Germans remained a politically active and organized ethnic group, although they lost some influence after the

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in Estonia. The State archives of Estonia and Latvia keep individual military records of each person who fought in this war.

2008:'s population was 42.9% German. Until the late 19th century, most of the professional and learned classes in the region, the 100: 3329: 1846: 4885: 4441: 2721: 2655: 2532: 2086: 1231: 1200: 978: 943: 809: 643: 585: 72: 1361:(1847–1912), who had emigrated from the British Isles, married into and became part of the Baltic-German community. 4890: 4491: 4450: 2950:

on August 20, 1991, the exiled association of the German Baltic nobility sent an official message to the president-to-be

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million hectares of land. Former German owners were allowed to keep 50 hectares of land and farm equipment. In 1924, the

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number of German children. German place names were eliminated from public use. German congregations lost their churches.

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was only two to four months away, and this was Hitler's last chance to transfer these people in peacetime conditions.

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the English version introduces 438 well-preserved manors historically owned by the Baltic Germans (Baltic nobility)

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produced their own middle class and moved to German- and Jewish-dominated towns and cities in increasing numbers.

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Baltic German presence in the Baltics came effectively close to an end in late 1939, following the signing of the

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The Baltic Germans' rule and class privileges came to the end with the demise of the Russian Empire (due to the

86: 5200: 5185: 5145: 4855: 3129: 2336: 1675: 461: 57: 2472: 633: 5010: 4680: 4560: 4461: 4100: 3990: 3862:"Izceļojušo vācu tautības pilsoņu saraksts" : "The list of resettled citizens of German ethnicity". 1940 3393: 2604: 1263: 1175:

The majority of medieval Catholic settlers and their German-speaking descendants lived in the local towns of

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decided that no compensation would be paid to former owners. In 1929, the Saeima voted that veterans of the

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1939-1945 “Wall of blood”: The Baltic German case study in national socialist wartime population policy

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The educational autonomy of Germans was severely limited in 1931–1933, when the Minister of Education

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At the start of independence, Baltic Germans owned 58% of land in Estonia and 48% in Latvia. Radical

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if they remained loyal to Russia. Their loyalty to the state was questioned, and rumours of a German

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Baltic German outlying estates were frequent targets of local Bolsheviks (as portrayed in the film,

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The Tsar's Loyal Germans. The Riga Community: Social Change and the Nationality Question, 1855–1905

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were both Baltic Germans, helped to further reconcile the Baltic Germans with these two countries.

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Estonia allowed German schools to teach in the German language. These schools were overseen by the

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for the territory remaining under Germany under terms of the border changes promulgated at the

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According to Gerhard Reichling, out of 250,000 Germans deported from the Baltic states in the

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As the military power of the Teutonic Knights weakened during the 15th century wars with the

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In 1940, Estonia and Latvia became Soviet republics. One of the main conditions imposed by

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who created a new Reich Commisariat for the Strengthening of Germandom for this purpose.

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Baltic Germans left by ships from the port cities of Estonia and Latvia to the ports of

5043: 4906: 4875: 4865: 4659: 4622: 4580: 4396: 4340: 4275: 4226: 4193: 4181: 4176: 4148: 4112: 2658:. Stalin proceeded to set up Soviet military bases in Estonia and Latvia in late 1939. 2492: 2476: 2190: 2097: 1918: 1813: 1779:. The secularized land was divided among the remaining knights who formed the basis of 1306: 1283: 1188: 1183:, acquiring large rural estates. When Sweden had ceded its Livonian territories to the 973: 892: 756: 668: 542: 509: 4541: 1816:

in its Baltic provinces and properties held by German nobility became the property of

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and active trade links with Russia and Europe increased the wealth of German traders.

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Baltic German settlements in the Baltic area consisted of the following territories:

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Adapting to Modernity: Family, Caste and Capitalism among the Baltic German Nobility

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from Central and Eastern Europe after World War II. Resettlement was planned by the

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in 1939, prior to the Soviet invasion and occupation of Estonia and Latvia in 1940.

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In the spring of 1918, Baltic Germans announced the restoration of the independent

2175: 2026: 1821: 1776: 1768: 1741: 1699: 1655: 1651: 1617: 1547: 1459: 1354: 1196: 882: 837: 608: 514: 456: 301: 3669:, The Discovery Channel. Season 1, Episode 14. (Original air date: March 26, 2003) 5195: 5048: 4688: 4585: 4575: 4536: 4208: 4122: 4105: 4078: 3732: 3495: 3468: 3441: 3290: 3181: 3094: 2305: 1976:

Germans, other than the local estate-owners, mainly lived in the cities, such as

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noble class, even if they were allowed to keep some 50 hectares of their lands.

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Citizens in 16th century medieval Livonia (upper panel), commoners (lower panel)

1321:, claimed descent through such women from native chieftains. Many of the German 767: 4328: 4290: 4246: 4212: 4153: 4050: 3943:

The Nationality Question in the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1918–1939

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brought those inhabitants increased civil freedoms and some political rights.

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increased with the defeats of the Imperial army led by Baltic German general

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The Baltic provinces remained autonomous and were self-governed by the local

1760: 1663: 1658:. Systematic conquest and settlement of these lands was completed during the 1631: 1621: 1176: 1164:(in Romania and Slovakia respectively), one of the three oldest continuously 847: 789: 784: 705: 481: 370: 365: 219: 2350: 1850:

Ethnographic map of Lithuanians (Littauer) and Latvians (Letten) in 1847 by

4632: 4134: 3709: 3705: 3276: 3018: 2951: 2947: 2906: 2898: 2803: 2799: 2647: 2554: 2135: 2070: 2058: 2010: 1756: 1350: 1326: 1298: 1294: 1235: 1204: 1118: 1091: 872: 504: 423: 389: 2707: 2354:

Decrease in the proportion of Baltic Germans in the largest Latvian cities

1329:

of 1558–1583. New German arrivals came to the area. During this time, the

5205: 5081: 5066: 4962: 4410: 3390:"After 700 years in Latvia, Baltic Germans vanished in a matter of weeks" 2902: 2886: 2241:

against Germans, often killing them purely because of their nationality.

2145:

Courland was conquered by Germany in 1915 and included into the military

1966: 1142: 1102: 590: 350: 3367: 2585:

Baltic German resettlers disembark at the port of Stettin from the ship

2459: 2407:

In Estonia, there was only one German party, which from 1926 was led by

1855: 1626: 1148:) began settling in the eastern Baltic territories. With the decline of 5096: 4766: 3901: 3874: 3866:

The "repatriation" of the Baltic Germans after the signing of the pacts

3757:

From airplanes to rockets - Friedrich Zander and early aviation in Riga

3740: 2482:

Six, later seven, German parties existed and formed a coalition in the

2238: 1898: 1599: 1594:(the island of Saaremaa) belonging to present-day Estonia; major town: 1330: 1094:, Baltic Germans have markedly declined as a geographically determined 1075: 408: 380: 267: 4703: 4127: 3291:"Baltic states | History, Map, People, Independence, & Facts" 2686:

Around 51,000 Baltic Germans were resettled from Latvia by early 1940.

2603:

Resettled Baltic Germans make a new home in what had been the home of

1638: 1583: 5160: 5086: 5071: 4524: 4057: 3829:

Short history of Baltic Germans from Berlin centre against expulsions

3259:

The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525

2998: 2683:

Some 13,700 Baltic Germans were resettled from Estonia by early 1940.

2504:

Jurisprudence and Political Science and Philosophy) was established.

2054: 1863: 1817: 1575: 1249: 1126: 1106: 418: 413: 2703: 451: 35: 5030: 4788: 4778: 3945:. Helsinki: Publications of the Finnish Society of Church History. 3124: 2824:. Additionally, many Baltic Germans died during the sinking of the 2795: 2699: 2161: 2146: 2127: 2117: 2105: 2050: 1875: 1764: 1720: 1590: 1555: 1530: 1523: 1487: 1431: 1122: 613: 283: 5170: 2882:

Destruction of cultural heritage in the Soviet Baltics (1945–1989)

1993: 1515: 1479: 1394:), roughly the northern half of present-day Estonia; major towns: 5149: 5140: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4800: 4027: 3149: 2955: 2526: 2227: 2074: 1999: 1981: 1958: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1695: 1691: 1662:

of the 12th and 13th centuries; this resulted in creation of the

1647: 1567: 1559: 1467: 1438: 1415: 1399: 1374: 1212: 1079: 1071: 983: 305: 181: 4810: 3996: 3963: 3849:

European Population Transfers, 1939–1945 by Joseph B. Schechtman

2897:

During the Soviet Baltic time, Soviet authorities governing the

1838: 5019: 5013: 4926: 4921: 4698: 4605: 3021:. A number of Baltic Germans served as ranking generals in the 2959: 2855: 2837:

Deutsch-baltisches Gedenkbuch. Unsere Toten der Jahre 1939–1947

2695: 2483: 2390: 2231: 2025:

replaced German administration and schooling with the usage of

1318: 1220: 1110: 1083: 197: 3902:

The Baltic Germans and German policy towards Latvia after 1918

2865:, who had known many Baltic Germans when he had commanded the 5165: 4742: 3980: 3731: 2988:

Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly. Russia postage stamp, 2011.

2789:

Evacuation of German civilians during the end of World War II

2760: 2537:

Evacuation of German civilians during the end of World War II

2062: 1987: 1507: 1499: 1423: 1407: 794: 403: 397: 384: 3987:

Documentary examines the disappearance of the Baltic Germans

1961:

of each province, in which only members of the matriculated

5076: 4938: 4805: 2005: 1977: 1827: 1812:

At the end of the 17th century, Sweden introduced the land

1471: 799: 3857:

Verzeichnis der aus Estland nach Deutschland Umgesiedelten

3654:

Verzeichnis der aus Estland nach Deutschland Umgesiedelten

1925:, the areas inhabited by Baltic Germans eventually became 2029:. After 1885 provincial governors usually were Russians. 1917:

Between 1710 and 1795, following Russia's success in the

1337:) of the original settlers was gradually replaced by the 2782: 1666:

confederation, under the protection of Roman Popes and

1305:, because the territory they lived in was part of the 3665:"Wilhelm Gustloff: World's Deadliest Sea Disasters". 3521: 1705: 3569:

Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa (September 7, 2018).

2324:

in Estonia participated in elections and won seats.

1698:

where they founded a market town. Membership in the

2149:administration. After the Russian surrender at the 1554:), roughly the western half of present-day Latvia ( 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3792:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 934. 1724:Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish lands in the Baltics 1238:resettled almost all the Baltic Germans under the 3834:Detailed history of the Baltic Germans in Estonia 3814:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 395. 3753: 3145:History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union 2912:The largest Baltic German cemeteries in Estonia, 5233: 3839:Detailed history of the Baltic Germans in Latvia 3659: 3209:239,000 were Protestant and 8,000 were Catholic. 1965:held membership and cities were ruled by German 1105:, native German-speakers formed the majority of 3931:. Boulder, Colorado: East European Monographs. 2332:was given to an Estonian congregation in 1927. 3261:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2858:starting in 1948 with the support of Canadian 2854:Many thousands of Baltic Germans emigrated to 2527:Resettlement of all Baltic Germans (1939–1944) 5123: 4996: 4664: 4012: 3473:. Oxford University Press. pp. 495–498. 3383: 3381: 2946:After Estonia regained independence from the 1028: 723: 5277:Ethnic German people from the Russian Empire 4960: 4132: 4064: 4048: 4041: 3754:Sollinger, Günther; Zigmunde, Alīda (2018). 3572:The Estonians; The long road to independence 3568: 3256: 3068:and related anti-Bolshevik forces (like the 2905:, politically empowered by their victory in 2642:Boxed goods of departing Germans, Riga, 1939 2207: 1255: 1247: 1239: 1179:. However, a small wealthy elite formed the 1140: 1065: 1059: 4970:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 3720:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 191. 3470:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History 2938:List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia 2890:Some better preserved tombstones in Riga's 2839:by Karin von Borbély, Darmstadt, 1991; and 2727: 2541:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 2044:List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia 1215:(5.3% of the population). According to the 217: 5130: 5116: 5003: 4989: 4019: 4005: 3678: 3378: 2934:List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia 2841:Nachtrag zum Deutsch-baltisches Gedenkbuch 2444:in Estonia, 1.5% of the total population. 2249:) was formed under the command of Colonel 2189:and pursued plans for uniting it with the 2040:List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia 1035: 1021: 730: 716: 3976:The association of German Baltic Nobility 3917:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3805:"Barclay de Tolly, Michael Andreas" 3446:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 200. 3135:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) 2973: 2385:nationalized 1,300 estates comprising 3.7 2226:of October 1917) and the independence of 2157:occupied the remaining Baltic provinces. 2130:. They were also seen as traitors by the 2069:. It lasted until the 19th century, when 2032: 1611: 1074:inhabitants of the eastern shores of the 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3853:Eestist saksamaale ümberasunute nimestik 3650:Eestist saksamaale ümberasunute nimestik 3564: 3562: 3560: 2983: 2885: 2637: 2458: 2349: 2308:, but many stayed as ordinary citizens. 1904: 1892: 1881: 1845: 1837: 1828:Russia's Baltic governorates (1710–1917) 1719: 1637: 1625: 4550:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 4544:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 3915:The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik 3597:The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik 3493: 3387: 2843:by Karin von Borbély, Darmstadt, 1995. 2557:plans to "resettle" Baltic Germans in " 1690:invited over 200 German merchants from 1353:of the Baltic Germans. The families of 1219:of 1897, there were 120,191 Germans in 14: 5234: 3497:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 3439: 3328:Rauch, Georg von (September 7, 1974). 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3231: 2813:Many Baltic Germans were on board the 2318:Committee of the German Baltic Parties 2168: 1274:from these lands as part of the wider 5111: 4984: 4000: 3880:The American Political Science Review 3704: 3557: 3466: 3388:Ķibilds, Mārtiņš (October 26, 2018). 3331:Die Geschichte der baltischen Staaten 3327: 2061:and resided mostly in rural areas as 1670:. After the heavy defeat in the 1236 1312: 1270:). In 1945, most ethnic Germans were 3220:Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen 2722:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany 2087:the First Latvian National Awakening 586:The First Latvian National Awakening 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 27:Ethnic Germans of Latvia and Estonia 3734:Author:Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz 3522:"National History Museum of Latvia" 3308: 3048:Many Baltic Germans, such as Baron 2421:Deutsch-baltische Partei in Estland 2358: 2322:Deutsch-baltische Partei in Estland 2202:Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg 2081:speakers and indigenous residents. 1195:, particularly in its capital city 24: 3821: 3494:Skutsch, Carl (November 7, 2013). 3334:. University of California Press. 3007:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 2927: 1878:) and Riga show German populations 1706:Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish rule 1266:(on the territory of the occupied 25: 5298: 4026: 3957: 3035:Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden 2738:Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union 2383:Constitutional Assembly of Latvia 659:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 624:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic 5139: 5012: 3875:The return of the Baltic Germans 3443:Historical Dictionary of Estonia 3236:. Scarecrow Press. p. 121. 3234:Historical Dictionary of Estonia 3160:Nazi-Soviet population transfers 3031:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 2671:). Resettlement was overseen by 2656:Nazi–Soviet population transfers 2616: 2596: 2578: 2566: 2547: 2533:Nazi–Soviet population transfers 2449:Gesellschaft Deutsche Schulhilfe 2187:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1773:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1716:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1232:Nazi–Soviet population transfers 1168:and ethnic German groups of the 1133:In the 12th and 13th centuries, 1113:, and the large majority of the 1004: 766: 699: 548:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 349: 246: 236: 226: 212: 190: 174: 34: 3964:Baltic German community website 3796: 3774: 3747: 3724: 3698: 3672: 3643: 3613: 3589: 3539: 3514: 3487: 3460: 3433: 3407: 3207:Flight and expulsion of Germans 1301:held Prussian, and after 1871, 45:needs additional citations for 3783:"Krusenstern, Adam Ivan" 3440:Miljan, Toivo (May 21, 2015). 3360: 3348: 3283: 3250: 3225: 3212: 3199: 3130:Deutsch-Baltische Gesellschaft 2111: 1805:) was founded in 1632 by King 1676:Livonian Brothers of the Sword 1364: 1246:program into the newly formed 1117:who effectively constituted a 462:Livonian Brothers of the Sword 13: 1: 3991:Public Broadcasting of Latvia 3859:, Oskar Angelus, Tallinn 1939 3394:Public Broadcasting of Latvia 3357:, Estonian Institute einst.ee 3193: 2702:and then were transported to 1223:, or 6.2% of the population. 679:2008 Latvian financial crisis 161: 3711:"Baer, Karl Ernst von" 2750: 2633: 2399:could not receive any land. 2247:Freiwilligen Baltenbataillon 1854:. The green spots in Memel ( 878:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721) 143: 7: 4451:Alsatians and Lotharingians 3257:Christiansen, Eric (1980). 3222:, part 1, Bonn: 1995, pp. 8 3087: 3011:Adam Johann von Krusenstern 2875:Latvians and Baltic Germans 2863:The Earl Alexander of Tunis 2381:On September 16, 1920, the 2365:Latvian Land Reform of 1920 2214:Latvian War of Independence 2196:Subsequently, a plan for a 2091:Estonian national awakening 1948: 1842:Russian Baltic governorates 979:Restoration of independence 944:Declaration of Independence 674:Restoration of Independence 10: 5303: 3927:Anders Henriksson (1983). 3843:Richards Olafs Plavnieks, 3500:. Routledge. p. 503. 2977: 2931: 2798:. Most of them settled in 2786: 2783:"Second resettlement" 1945 2530: 2402: 2362: 2298:Russian Revolution of 1917 2211: 2115: 2021:ceased in the 1880s, when 1831: 1790:between 1561 and 1710 and 1712:Estonia under Swedish rule 1709: 1615: 1606: 5282:Estonia–Germany relations 5252:German diaspora in Europe 5181: 5156: 5057: 5039: 5026: 4953: 4899: 4821: 4679: 4490: 4470: 4434: 4354: 4306: 4169: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4034: 3886:Whelan, Heide W. (1999). 3760:. RTU Press. p. 11. 3585:– via Google Books. 3547:"Begegnung mit Wolhynien" 3355:Baltic Germans in Estonia 3344:– via Google Books. 3187:List of Russian explorers 3043:Franz Eduard von Totleben 2849: 2802:, with some ending up in 2605:previously expelled Poles 2490:, editor-in-chief of the 2454: 2343:taken away after another 2334:After the 1923 referendum 2208:Independent Baltic states 1543: 1325:soldiers died during the 1141: 1115:local landowning nobility 1090:in 1945 after the end of 654:1944 Soviet re-occupation 300: 295: 282: 277: 266: 261: 204: 188: 172: 160: 155: 142: 5287:Germany–Latvia relations 5267:Ethnic groups in Germany 5257:Ethnic groups in Estonia 2867:Baltic German Landeswehr 2728:Spring 1941 resettlement 2473:1934 Latvian coup d'état 1909:The von Lieven family's 1734:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 634:1934 Latvian coup d'état 5262:Ethnic groups in Latvia 5247:Demographics of Estonia 4471:Multinational dimension 3900:Hiden, John W. (1970). 3873:Helmreich E.C. (1942). 3811:Encyclopædia Britannica 3789:Encyclopædia Britannica 3717:Encyclopædia Britannica 3140:Freikorps in the Baltic 3005:and explorers, such as 2623:Newly built village in 2180:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2151:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1345:) of the new settlers. 1228:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1137:traders and crusaders ( 664:Popular Front of Latvia 649:The Holocaust in Latvia 447:Principality of Koknese 442:Principality of Jersika 232:Governorate of Courland 4961: 4665: 4392:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4133: 4065: 4049: 4042: 3981:Estonian Manors Portal 3907:The Historical Journal 3232:Miljan, Toivo (2004). 3155:Livonian Confederation 2989: 2980:List of Baltic Germans 2974:Notable Baltic Germans 2894: 2831:on February 10, 1945. 2643: 2468: 2355: 2033:Rise of native peoples 1943:Governorate of Estonia 1939:Governorate of Livonia 1914: 1902: 1890: 1879: 1843: 1725: 1643: 1635: 1612:Conquering the Baltics 1551: 1539: 1463: 1455: 1447: 1391: 1383: 1268:Second Polish Republic 1256: 1248: 1240: 1066: 1060: 1055: 639:1940 Soviet occupation 571:Governorate of Livonia 553:Couronian colonization 252:Governorate of Livonia 242:Governorate of Estonia 218: 148: 3941:Mikko Ketola (2000). 3368:"Latvia - Population" 3080:movement) during the 3023:Russian Imperial Army 3015:Ferdinand von Wrangel 2987: 2889: 2765:Museum of Occupations 2641: 2462: 2353: 2339:in Riga was lost and 2337:St. James's Cathedral 2017:German political and 1908: 1896: 1885: 1849: 1841: 1738:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1723: 1678:became a part of the 1641: 1629: 1217:Russian Empire Census 805:Baltic Finnic peoples 477:Bishopric of Courland 472:Archbishopric of Riga 296:Related ethnic groups 4891:United Arab Emirates 4199:Transylvanian Saxons 3970:Baltic German museum 3913:Hiden, John (1987). 3601:Cambridge University 3467:Mokyr, Joel (2003). 3071:Baltische Landeswehr 3039:Paul von Rennenkampf 2713:Reichsgau Wartheland 2626:Reichsgau Wartheland 2396:Baltische Landeswehr 2282:Baltische Landeswehr 2264:Baltische Landeswehr 2251:Constantin von Weiss 2224:Bolshevik revolution 2218:Baltische Landeswehr 2140:Paul von Rennenkampf 1935:Courland Governorate 1923:Partitions of Poland 1886:Dukes of Courland's 1807:Gustavus II Adolphus 1293:Ethnic Germans from 1276:explusion of Germans 1201:coerced resettlement 1158:Transylvanian Saxons 1078:, in what today are 984:Contemporary Estonia 576:Courland Governorate 530:Polish–Swedish Wars 520:Inflanty Voivodeship 54:improve this article 4478:Central and Eastern 4382:Italy (South Tyrol) 3989:. 4 November 2020. 3631:on February 4, 2022 3421:on October 12, 2016 3218:Gerhard Reichling, 2995:Karl Ernst von Baer 2828:General von Steuben 2757:Soviet deportations 2661:In a speech to the 2300:and the subsequent 2296:As a result of the 2198:United Baltic Duchy 2169:United Baltic Duchy 2122:United Baltic Duchy 1927:Baltic governorates 1834:Baltic governorates 1803:University of Tartu 1799:Academia Gustaviana 1286:, i.e. west of the 1264:Danzig-West Prussia 1230:and the subsequent 949:War of Independence 629:War of Independence 619:United Baltic Duchy 581:Vitebsk Governorate 538:Second Northern War 499:Early modern period 376:Corded Ware culture 139: 4623:Pennsylvania Dutch 2990: 2895: 2716:(sometimes called 2644: 2498:Rigasche Rundschau 2493:Rigasche Rundschau 2469: 2356: 2345:referendum in 1931 2191:Kingdom of Prussia 2098:Revolution of 1905 1919:Great Northern War 1915: 1903: 1891: 1880: 1844: 1771:, and granted the 1726: 1644: 1636: 1313:Ethnic composition 1307:Kingdom of Prussia 1303:German citizenship 1284:Potsdam Conference 1189:Great Northern War 1088:their resettlement 1011:Estonia portal 974:Singing Revolution 921:National awakening 893:Great Northern War 669:Singing Revolution 565:National Awakening 543:Great Northern War 510:Kingdom of Livonia 137: 5272:German minorities 5229: 5228: 5105: 5104: 5018:Ethnic groups in 4978: 4977: 4949: 4948: 4486: 4485: 4286:Russian Mennonite 3767:978-9934-22-039-5 3507:978-1-135-19388-1 3480:978-0-19-510507-0 3453:978-0-8108-7513-5 3372:countrystudies.us 3171:Revalsche Zeitung 3165:Northern Crusades 3082:Russian Civil War 3064:, sided with the 3062:Anatol von Lieven 2873:A small group of 2330:Tallinn Cathedral 2302:Russian Civil War 2019:cultural autonomy 1852:Heinrich Berghaus 1753:Tsardom of Russia 1730:Kingdom of Poland 1668:Holy Roman Empire 1660:Northern Crusades 1646:Small numbers of 1359:George Armitstead 1045: 1044: 969:Soviet occupation 926:German occupation 740: 739: 706:Latvia portal 614:German occupation 533: 532:(1600–1629) 323: 322: 310:Germans in Russia 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 5294: 5144: 5143: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5017: 5016: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4982: 4981: 4966: 4917:Papua New Guinea 4755:Kapitaï and Koba 4721:Kapitaï and Koba 4670: 4548:Los Lagos Region 4530:British Columbia 4138: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4070: 4054: 4045: 4021: 4014: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3816: 3815: 3807: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3738: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3685:Dergipark.org.tr 3679:Mehmet Oğuzhan. 3676: 3670: 3667:Unsolved History 3663: 3657: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3627:. 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609:Latvian Riflemen 531: 515:Duchy of Livonia 457:Livonian Crusade 353: 343: 325: 324: 302:Germanic peoples 250: 249: 240: 239: 230: 229: 223: 216: 215: 196: 194: 193: 180: 178: 177: 166: 163: 156:Total population 140: 136: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 69:"Baltic Germans" 62: 38: 30: 21: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5177: 5152: 5138: 5136: 5106: 5101: 5053: 5035: 5022: 5011: 5009: 4979: 4974: 4945: 4895: 4817: 4675: 4542:Los Ríos Region 4482: 4466: 4430: 4355:Southern Europe 4350: 4324:North Schleswig 4307:Northern Europe 4302: 4165: 4106:Sudeten Germans 4073: 4030: 4025: 3960: 3955: 3824: 3822:Further reading 3819: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3752: 3748: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3660: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3567: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 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888:Swedish Livonia 868: 866:Swedish Estonia 858: 857: 823: 815: 814: 780: 778:Ancient Estonia 758: 751: 736: 700: 698: 684: 683: 644:Nazi occupation 604: 596: 595: 566: 558: 557: 525:Swedish Livonia 500: 492: 491: 437: 429: 428: 361: 341: 334: 318:German diaspora 314:Estonian Swedes 287: 257: 256: 247: 237: 227: 213: 191: 189: 175: 173: 167: 164: 151: 135: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5300: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5242:Baltic Germans 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5196:Coastal Swedes 5193: 5191:Baltic Germans 5188: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5062:Baltic Germans 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5008: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4934:German Samoans 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4691: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4462:United Kingdom 4459: 4454: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4435:Western Europe 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4329:Potato Germans 4326: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4264:North Caucasus 4261: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4206: 4201: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4170:Eastern Europe 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4130: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4101:Czech Republic 4097: 4095: 4094:Central Europe 4088: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4051:Reichsdeutsche 4046: 4043:Bundesdeutsche 4038: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3984: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3958:External links 3956: 3954: 3953: 3939: 3925: 3911: 3910:13.2, 295–317. 3898: 3884: 3883:36.4, 711–716. 3871: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3795: 3773: 3766: 3746: 3723: 3697: 3671: 3658: 3642: 3612: 3588: 3581: 3556: 3538: 3513: 3506: 3486: 3479: 3459: 3452: 3432: 3406: 3377: 3359: 3347: 3340: 3307: 3295:Britannica.com 3282: 3267: 3249: 3242: 3224: 3211: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3118:Raadi cemetery 3115: 3113:Great Cemetery 3110: 3108:Mõigu cemetery 3105: 3103:Kopli cemetery 3097: 3091: 3089: 3086: 2978:Main article: 2975: 2972: 2929: 2926: 2922:Great Cemetery 2918:Mõigu cemetery 2914:Kopli cemetery 2892:Great Cemetery 2883: 2880: 2851: 2848: 2787:Main article: 2784: 2781: 2752: 2749: 2734:Nachumsiedlung 2729: 2726: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2668:Heim ins Reich 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2565: 2563: 2553: 2546: 2528: 2525: 2488:Paul Schiemann 2456: 2453: 2438:Hellmuth Weiss 2404: 2401: 2363:Main article: 2360: 2357: 2341:Riga Cathedral 2320:in Latvia and 2270:Baltenregiment 2267:in Latvia and 2234:in 1918–1919. 2209: 2206: 2170: 2167: 2113: 2110: 2067:Russian Empire 2034: 2031: 1950: 1947: 1931:Russian Empire 1921:and the three 1911:Mežotne Palace 1888:Rundāle Palace 1866:), Goldingen ( 1832:Main article: 1829: 1826: 1707: 1704: 1688:Livonian Order 1680:Teutonic Order 1648:ethnic Germans 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1587: 1527: 1435: 1366: 1363: 1323:Livonian-Order 1314: 1311: 1242:Heim ins Reich 1193:Russian Empire 1185:Russian Empire 1162:Zipser Germans 1067:Baltendeutsche 1056:Deutsch-Balten 1048:Baltic Germans 1043: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1000: 999: 991: 990: 987: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 959:Era of Silence 956: 951: 946: 940: 938:Modern Estonia 937: 936: 933: 932: 929: 928: 923: 918: 913: 907: 904: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 890: 885: 883:Polish Livonia 880: 875: 869: 864: 863: 860: 859: 856: 855: 853:Baltic Germans 850: 845: 843:Danish Estonia 840: 835: 830: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 781: 776: 775: 772: 771: 763: 762: 753: 752: 745: 738: 737: 735: 734: 727: 720: 712: 709: 708: 695: 694: 686: 685: 682: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 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5113: 5110: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784:Dar es Salaam 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4667:Colonia Tovar 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4618:United States 4616: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4314:Baltic states 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 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3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050:Pyotr Wrangel 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2981: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2628: 2627: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2576: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2467:in Riga, 1918 2461: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415:), editor of 2414: 2410: 2409:Axel de Vries 2400: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2290:Coup de Grâce 2285: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2155:German Empire 2153:in 1918, the 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:German Empire 2129: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2023:Russification 2020: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1907: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1840: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:Terra Mariana 1758: 1754: 1751:In 1558, the 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1694:to settle in 1693: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:Terra Mariana 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1633: 1632:Terra Mariana 1628: 1623: 1622:Terra Mariana 1619: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:ethnic German 1068: 1062: 1061:Deutschbalten 1057: 1053: 1049: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 992: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 935: 934: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 908: 902: 901: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 867: 862: 861: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 819: 818: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 790:Narva culture 788: 786: 785:Kunda culture 783: 782: 779: 774: 773: 769: 765: 764: 761: 755: 754: 749: 744: 743: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 713: 711: 710: 707: 697: 696: 693: 692: 688: 687: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 603:Modern Latvia 600: 599: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 562: 561: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 496: 495: 488: 485: 483: 482:Terra Mariana 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 433: 432: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 399: 395: 391: 388: 386: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:Narva culture 369: 367: 366:Kunda culture 364: 363: 357: 356: 352: 348: 347: 344: 338: 337: 332: 327: 326: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 290: 285: 281: 276: 273: 269: 265: 260: 253: 245: 243: 235: 233: 225: 222: 221: 220:Terra Mariana 211: 210: 207: 206:Historically: 203: 199: 187: 183: 171: 159: 154: 150: 146: 141: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 18:German Baltic 5190: 5061: 4762:South Africa 4313: 4135:Walddeutsche 3942: 3928: 3914: 3905: 3887: 3878: 3856: 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