German Americans - Knowledge

5750:

consciousness raising, German ethnicity fell into a protracted and permanent slump. The war damaged public expression of German ethnic, linguistic, and cultural institutions almost beyond repair". He states that, after the war, German ethnicity "would never regain its prewar public acclaim, its larger-than-life public presence, with its symbols, rituals, and, above all, its large numbers of people who took pride in their Teutonic ancestry and enjoyed the role of Uncle Sam's favored adopted son". He states "A key indicator of the decline of "Deutschtum" in Chicago was the census: the number identifying themselves to the census-taker as German-born plummeted from 191,000 in 1910 to 112,000 in 1920. This drop far exceeds the natural mortality rate or the number who might be expected to move. Self-identifiers had found it prudent to claim some nationality other than German. To claim German nationality had become too painful an experience". Along similar lines, Terrence G. Wiley states that, in Nebraska, "around 14 percent of the population had identified itself as being of German-origin in 1910; however, only 4.4 percent made comparable assertions in 1920. In Wisconsin, the decline in percentage of those identifying themselves as Germans was even more obvious. The 1920 census reported only 6.6. percent of the population as being of German-origin, as opposed to nearly 29 percent ten years earlier

5738:. Whereas only 471 congregations nationwide held English services in 1910, the number preaching in English in the synod skyrocketed to 2,492 by 1919. The German Evangelical Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states also anglicized its name by dropping German from the title". Writing about Fort Wayne, Indiana, Cynthia Moothart O'Bannon states that, in the First World War, "Local churches were forced to discontinue sermons in German, schools were pressured to stop teaching in German, and the local library director was ordered to purchase no more books written in German. The library shelves also were purged of English-language materials deemed sympathetic to or neutral on Germany. Anti-German sentiment forced the renaming of several local institutions. Teutonia Building, Loan & Savings became Home Loan & Savings, and The German-American bank became Lincoln National Bank & Trust Co." She continues that "in perhaps the most obvious bend to prevailing trends, Berghoff Brewery changed its motto from "A very German brew" to "A very good brew," according to "Fort Wayne: A Most German Town," a documentary produced by local public television station WFWA, Channel 39". Film critic 5109: 2941: 5918:

on to state that "The subcultures of German America, meanwhile, had ample opportunity for contact, however testy, with non-German counterparts. The latter beckoned as destinations when the cost of being German-American rose too high". It is not just Kazal who has pointed out the internal dividedness of the German American community. Kathleen Neils Conzen has pointed it out; David Peterson states that Conzen, "along with many others, concludes that German-Americans' heterogeneity, particularly in religion, hampered their ability to build socially and politically stable ethnic communities", and that Conzen "stresses that German Americans assimilated relatively rapidly and that their diversity played a key role in that assimilation". (Conzen is also drawn upon by Joy Kristina Adams, who cites Conzen when she (Adams) states that "The diversity and size of the German settlements made them susceptible to long-term Americanization by fostering factionalism, increasing contacts between Germans and non-Germans, and weakening unified leadership".) The

2515:("East Frisian News") from 1881 to 1971. It connected the 20,000 immigrants from East Friesland (Ostfriesland), Germany, to each other across the Midwest, and to their old homeland. In Germany East Friesland was often a topic of ridicule regarding backward rustics, but editor Leupke Hündling shrewdly combined stories of proud memories of Ostfriesland. The editor enlisted a network of local correspondents. By mixing local American and local German news, letters, poetry, fiction, and dialogue, the German-language newspaper allowed immigrants to honor their origins and celebrate their new life as highly prosperous farmers with much larger farms than were possible back in impoverished Ostfriesland. During the world wars, when Germania came under heavy attack, the paper stressed its humanitarian role, mobilizing readers to help the people of East Friesland with relief funds. Younger generations could usually speak German but not read it, so the subscription base dwindled away as the target audience Americanized itself. 2339:

customs, and physical features. A majority had been farmers in Germany, and most arrived seeking economic opportunities. A few dissident intellectuals fleeing the 1848 revolutions sought political freedom, but few, save perhaps the Wends, went for religious freedom. The German settlements in Texas reflected their diversity. Even in the confined area of the Hill Country, each valley offered a different kind of German. The Llano valley had stern, teetotaling German Methodists, who renounced dancing and fraternal organizations; the Pedernales valley had fun-loving, hardworking Lutherans and Catholics who enjoyed drinking and dancing; and the Guadalupe valley had freethinking Germans descended from intellectual political refugees. The scattered German ethnic islands were also diverse. These small enclaves included Lindsay in Cooke County, largely Westphalian Catholic; Waka in Ochiltree County, Midwestern Mennonite; Hurnville in Clay County, Russian German Baptist; and Lockett in Wilbarger County, Wendish Lutheran.

2756: 5905:

immigrants transcended local or regional homeland affiliations to craft or further consolidate national identities as Poles, Czechs, and Italians. Such groups escaped the fury of "100 percent Americanism" during the war, in part because of their obvious stake in the defeat of the Central Powers". As for Irish Americans, Kazal states that the lack of enthusiasm of many of them for helping England made them "vulnerable to the wartime "antihyphen" climate", but that "Irish nationalist activity intensified during and immediately after that war, as many Irish Americans became swept up in the events leading to the creation of the Irish Free State", and that "It made a difference for the long-term viability of Irish-American identity that the Irish homeland not only did not go to war with the United States but, in fact, emerged during the interwar years as a sovereign nation".

2559:

Party in St. Louis and nearby immigrant strongholds in Missouri and southern Illinois. The German Americans were angered by a proposed Missouri state constitution that discriminated against Catholics and freethinkers. The requirement of a special loyalty oath for priests and ministers was troublesome. Despite their strong opposition the constitution was ratified in 1865. Racial tensions with the blacks began to emerge, especially in terms of competition for unskilled labor jobs. Germania was nervous about black suffrage in 1868, fearing that blacks would support puritanical laws, especially regarding the prohibition of beer gardens on Sundays. The tensions split off a large German element in 1872, led by Carl Schurz. They supported the Liberal Republican party led by

7506:... lacked sufficient cultural and social unity to impose a single powerful German imprint on the city. They were widely dispersed throughout the Second and Third Municipalities, and in Carrollton and Lafayette, and they were fragmented by differences in religion, region of origin, and class. The proliferation of German clubs, associations, and institutions bespoke the Germans' numerical significance in the city, but it also attested to their divisions, for such organizations tended to cater to very specific groups rather than bind the various German strands together. To be sure, distinct concentrations of Germans existed in various parts of the city, wherein various German cultural values survived and influenced the culture of non-Germans in their midst, and German 1636: 3017: 1228: 2953: 5276: 2390:

them and their descendants. As time passed, the Russian monarchy gradually eroded the ethnic German population's relative autonomy. Conscription eventually was reinstated; this was especially harmful to the Mennonites, who practice pacifism. Throughout the 19th century, pressure increased from the Russian government to culturally assimilate. Many Germans from Russia found it necessary to emigrate to avoid conscription and preserve their culture. About 100,000 immigrated by 1900, settling primarily in the Dakotas, Kansas and Nebraska. The southern central part of North Dakota was known as "the German-Russian triangle". A smaller number moved farther west, finding employment as ranchers and cowboys.

5775: 5237:. Started in 1848, the organization was strengthened by the arrival of German liberals after the failure of the revolution of that year. By the mid-1850s the Germans formed one-third of Louisville's population and faced nativist hostility organized in the Know-Nothing movement. Violent demonstrations forced the chorus to suppress publicity of its performances that included works by composer Richard Wagner. The Liederkranz suspended operations during the Civil War, but afterward grew rapidly, and was able to build a large auditorium by 1873. An audience of 8,000 that attended a performance in 1877 demonstrated that the Germans were an accepted part of Louisville life. 5711:

and emigres. (An entire German town was moved to Fort Wayne when Wayne Knitting Mills opened.) Mayors, judges, firefighters and other community leaders had strong German ties. Social and sporting clubs and Germania Park in St. Joseph Township provided outlets to engage in traditional German activities". She goes on to state that "The cultural influences were so strong, in fact, that the Chicago Tribune in 1893 declared Fort Wayne a 'most German town'." Melvin G. Holli states that "No continental foreign-born group had been so widely and favorably received in the United States, or had won such high marks from its hosts as had the Germans before World War

2640: 7484:

emerged as perhaps the crucial variable accounting for their assimilationist propensities. Otter Tail County, certainly a rural area, had German-American communities that were diverse and small, and these communities succeeded in maintaining crucial ethnic boundaries into the twentieth century. The persistence of these heterogeneous, lightly populated German-American communities suggest that place of residence was the key factor in the rate of German-American assimilation. Urban orientation may have corroded German-American ethnic boundaries more than diversity did, though the two variables were not unrelated".

2744: 2987: 1758: 6057: 1471: 5303:

language newspapers in the U.S. The papers were owned and operated in the U.S., with no control from Germany. As Wittke emphasizes, press. it was "essentially an American press published in a foreign tongue". The papers reported on major political and diplomatic events involving Germany, with pride but from the viewpoint of its American readers. For example, during the latter half of the 19th century, at least 176 different German-language publications began operations in the city of Cincinnati alone. Many of these publications folded within a year, while a select few, such as the

5378: 3088: 62: 5621:... indicates that the German-American school was a bilingual one much (perhaps a whole generation or more) earlier than 1917, and that the majority of the pupils may have been English-dominant bilinguals from the early 1880s on." By 1914, the older members attended German-language church services, while younger ones attended English services (in Lutheran, Evangelical and Catholic churches). In German parochial schools, the children spoke English among themselves, though some of their classes were in German. In 1917–18, after the American entry into World War 10726: 7474:

German-American family revealed that two of the therapists who had identified themselves as Polish-American at the beginning of the workshop were, in fact, half German. It turned out that they were suppressing their German identity because of the negative connotations associated with being German. "When asked, one explained that she simply considered herself Polish. The other, after some reflection, said that in a group that was half Jewish, she had been reluctant to acknowledge her German heritage" (Winawer-Steiner and Wetzel 1982, 253)".

5948:

of other faiths. These Lutherans did not traffic much with the sizable German Catholic population of the city, who often shared their houses of worship and political stances with the Irish. The small rabbinical German Jewish community remained insular. The Freethinkers, atheists, socialists, et al., had little use for any of these groups. In addition, the Germans, while heavily concentrated in a few pockets of north and south St. Louis, were spread across the city proper and into the larger countryside". And according to the

6098: 3371: 1587: 1297: 1730: 10732: 5656:

German American communities. The German Catholics and Lutherans each operated large networks of parochial schools in the state. Because the language used in the classroom was German, the law meant the teachers would have to be replaced with bilingual teachers, and in most cases shut down. The Germans formed a coalition between Catholics and Lutherans, under the leadership of the Democratic Party, and the language issue produced a landslide for the Democrats, as Republicans dropped the issue until World War

3324: 3111: 7380: 2303: 4320: 4064: 3903: 1564: 1495: 1701: 5884:

identity for an American one. None was so divided internally, a characteristic that made German Americans especially vulnerable to such pressure. Among the larger groups that immigrated in the country after 1830, none – despite regional variations – appears to have muted its ethnic identity to so great an extent." This quote from Kazal identifies both external pressures on German Americans and internal dividedness among them as reasons for their high level of assimilation.

3625: 1401: 5923:

to which Germans belonged. In part this reflects patterns that had developed over centuries in Germany, whose population came to include nearly every variety of Christianity–from Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed groups to more radical Anabaptist pietistic movements such as Amish, Mennonites, Schwenkfelders, and the Moravian church. It is not surprising, then, that nearly all of these denominations were represented among the German immigrant population in North America."

4250: 3809: 2776: 1424: 12857:"'About the Teutonia Männerchor' – THE EARLY 1800s – Around the early and the mid-1800s and through the end of the 20th century, there was a mass immigration from all across Europe to the United States. Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German-speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then "Allegheny City" (now the Northside) – just across the river from the City of Pittsburgh. So many German speakers arrived, the area became known as 'Deutschtown'." 5897:

Lithuanians, Italians, east European Jews, and Irish. "Japanese Americans, of course, suffered far more during the Second World War", but until at least the 1950s, the pressure on Japanese Americans "ran toward exclusion from, rather than inclusion in, the nation". "The state and many ordinary European Americans refused to recognize Asians as potentially American. In contrast, they pressured Germans to accept precisely that American identity in place of a German one".

3926: 4087: 4041: 4018: 1541: 1518: 1797: 6083: 3694: 3278: 1994: 1250: 1333: 3855: 4226: 3832: 3232: 1447: 3556: 5953:

notably the Irish, but also Italians and people of other European backgrounds. The resulting lack of a unified and clearly definable German-American community explains in part why only few Americans, including those of German descent, have any idea when Steuben Day or German-American Day falls, whereas the Irish St. Patrick's Day is one of America's most popular celebrations, and Columbus Day, named after the Italian explorer, is a federal holiday".

4110: 3671: 4273: 3717: 3255: 4202: 3972: 3879: 3763: 3648: 3602: 3533: 3441: 3301: 3209: 1610: 1378: 1321: 1273: 4296: 7469:

ancestry, a fact she attributed to the influence her surname had on how others reacted to her. When I asked about times when the relative influence of one or the other side might be stronger, she revealed that political events in Germany and Poland had a lot to do with how she chose to identify herself". Waters goes on to state that "The association of being German with being a Nazi is still strong for Laurie, forty years after World War

4179: 3740: 3464: 3347: 3186: 3140: 673: 5798:

done by the wartime experience had been largely repaired'. The German language was being taught in the schools again; the German theater still survived; and German Day celebrations were drawing larger and larger crowds. Although the assimilation process had taken its toll of pre-1914 German immigrants, a smaller group of newer postwar arrivals had developed a vocal if not impolitic interest in the rebuilding process in Germany under

3163: 3395: 3995: 3786: 3510: 516: 3103: 5678:... A second example of the virtual invisibility is that, though German Americans have been one of the largest ethnic groups in the Chicago area (numbering near one-half million between 1900 and 1910), no museum or archive exists to memorialize that fact. On the other hand, many smaller groups such as Lithuanians, Poles, Swedes, Jews, and others have museums, archives, and exhibit halls dedicated to their immigrant forefathers". 5674:

examples suffice to illustrate this point: when one surveys the popular television scene of the past decade, one hears Yiddish humor done by comedians; one sees Polish, Greek, and East European detective heroes; Italian-Americans in situation comedies; and blacks such as the Jeffersons and Huxtables. But one searches in vain for quintessentially German-American characters or melodramas patterned after German-American experiences.

7366: 3579: 3418: 1355: 5930:... and unlike many immigrant groups, Germans never united as a powerful ethnic block. Religious disputes brought from the old country prevented them from uniting in the new. The two strongest denominations, Catholics and Lutherans, could not come together; and the Free Thinkers distrusted and shunned them both." "These divisions ran so deep that German-Americans could neither unite to fend off attacks engendered by World War 4133: 1671: 4156: 3949: 3487: 13601: 5802:. As the 1930s moved on, Hitler's brutality and Nazi excesses made Germanism once again suspect. The rise of Nazism, as Luebke notes, 'transformed German ethnicity in America into a source of social and psychological discomfort, if not distress. The overt expression of German-American opinion consequently declined, and in more recent years, virtually disappeared as a reliable index of political attitudes 2480: 841: 6197:, with a large population of German origin, was once the home to four of the world's largest breweries owned by ethnic Germans (Schlitz, Blatz, Pabst, and Miller) and was the number one beer producing city in the world for many years. Almost half of all current beer sales in the United States can be attributed to German immigrants, Capt. A. Pabst, Eberhard Anheuser, and Adolphus Busch, who founded 2359: 5965:, Jennifer Ludden discusses Mel Grulke, who was born in 1941, with German his first language at home; "Grulke's great-grandparents immigrated to the U.S. in the late 1880s, yet three generations later, his farmer parents still spoke German at home, attended German language church services and chatted in German with shopkeepers when they brought their farm eggs into town to sell". 13598: 7459:

Polish, and Eastern European Jewish immigration and culture. Irish bars, Italian restaurants, and Jewish humor abound. German language is rarely studied in high schools or colleges and German restaurants are an endangered culinary species. The blending of so many millions into the American mainstream with barely a trace is one of the major untold stories in American history".

5453:. The Amish, who were originally from southern Germany and Switzerland, arrived in Pennsylvania during the early 18th century. Amish immigration to the United States reached its peak between the years 1727 and 1770. Religious freedom was perhaps the most pressing cause for Amish immigration to Pennsylvania, which became known as a haven for persecuted religious groups. 1180:. They were mercenary soldiers rented out by the rulers of several small German states such as Hesse to fight on the British side. Many were captured; they remained as prisoners during the war but some stayed and became U.S. citizens. In the American Revolution the Mennonites and other small religious sects were neutral pacifists. The Lutherans of Pennsylvania were 2847:) as a personal representative. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States. The war evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country. 5476:, although the Lutherans were themselves split among different groups. The more conservative Lutherans comprised the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Other Lutherans formed various synods, most of which merged with Scandinavian-based synods in 1988, forming the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 483:

opposed women's suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. On the other hand, there were Protestant groups who emerged from European pietism such as the German Methodist and United Brethren; they more closely resembled the Yankee Methodists in their moralism.

2508:

strategies, and carefully planned their inheritances to keep the land in the family. Their communities showed smaller average farm size, greater equality, less absentee ownership and greater geographic persistence. As one farmer explained, "To protect your family has turned out to be the same thing as protecting your land."

10108:, p. 2; Anita Rapone, The Guardian Life Insurance Company, 1860–1920: A History of a German-American Enterprise (New York: New York University Press, 1987); Robert E. Wright and George David Smith, Mutually Beneficial: The Guardian and Life Insurance in America (New York: New York University Press, 2004). 5952:

Institute for German-American Studies, "The diversity of religious expression among German-speaking immigrants was paralleled by a high degree of heterogeneity stemming from differences in regional and linguistic origins. This situation differed from that of other nineteenth-century immigrant groups,

5813:

held public hearings about the menace of Nazi subversives and spies among the German Americans. In 1940, the Democratic party's attack on anti-war elements as disloyal and pro-Nazi, and the advent of the war itself, made German ethnicity too heavy a burden to bear. As Professor Tischauser wrote, "The

5710:

I "German was the primary language in the homes, churches and parochial schools" of German American settlers. She states that "Many street signs were in German. (Main Street, for instance, was Haupt Strasse.) A large portion of local industry and commercial enterprises had at its roots German tooling

5698:

I". According to Kamphoefner, German "was in a similar position as the Spanish language is in the 20th and 21st century"; it "was by far the most widespread foreign language, and whoever was the largest group was at a definite advantage in getting its language into the public sphere". Kamphoefner has

5312:

By the end of the 19th century, there were over 800 German-language publications in the United States. German immigration was on the decline, and with subsequent generations integrating into English-speaking society, the German language press began to struggle. The periodicals that managed to survive

5240:

The Imperial government in Berlin promoted German culture in the U.S., especially music. A steady influx of German-born conductors, including Arthur Nikisch and Karl Muck, spurred the reception of German music in the United States, while German musicians seized on Victorian Americans' growing concern

2558:

At the local level, historians have explored the changing voting behavior of the German-American community and one of its major strongholds, St. Louis, Missouri. The German Americans had voted 80 percent for Lincoln in 1860, and strongly supported the war effort. They were a bastion of the Republican

2455:

published an article regarding his service as a correspondent for America to the German states saying, "His writings during and after the Civil War did more to create understanding and appreciation of the American situation in Germany and to float U.S. bonds in Europe than the combined efforts of all

2401:

saw themselves a downtrodden ethnic group separate from Russian Americans and having an entirely different experience from the German Americans who had emigrated from German lands; they settled in tight-knit communities who retained their German language and culture. They raised large families, built

2389:

in 1762 and 1763 to settle and introduce more advanced German agriculture methods to rural Russia. They had been promised by the manifesto of their settlement the ability to practice their respective Christian denominations, retain their culture and language, and retain immunity from conscription for

2338:

The Germans who settled Texas were diverse in many ways. They included peasant farmers and intellectuals; Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and atheists; Prussians, Saxons, and Hessians; abolitionists and slave owners; farmers and townsfolk; frugal, honest folk and ax murderers. They differed in dialect,

635:

They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They tolerated slavery (although few were rich enough

482:

included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values. Lutherans and Catholics typically opposed Yankee moralizing programs such as the prohibition of beer, and favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs. They generally

7510:

was easily accommodated in the city's genial public culture. But, overall, Germans were too diverse and divided to dominate the city". Miller contrasts this situation with the situation of Irish Americans in New Orleans: "Irish immigrants had greater cohesion and wider influence than the Germans. In

5939:

I, political questions of importance to Germans, nor German candidates could unite the German-Americans of Chicago". Jason Todd Baker, meanwhile, writes that "Divided by imported regional prejudices, religious differences, political affiliations, and spread in pockets across the city, the Germans in

5904:

I actually helped fuel ethnic nationalism in the United States among Poles, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians, and east European Jews, who felt their desires for existing or prospective homelands stood to gain from an Allied victory. Indeed, some historians have depicted the following decade as one when

5728:

The transition to the English language was abrupt, forced by federal, state and local governments, and by public opinion, when the U.S. was at war with Germany in 1917–18. After 1917, the German language was seldom heard in public; most newspapers and magazines closed; churches and parochial schools

5719:

once "had so many German-American musicians that the conductor often addressed them in the German language", and he states that "No ethnic theater in Chicago glittered with such a classy repertory as did the German-American theater, or served to introduce so many European classical works to American

2967:

from their homes within the redrawn borders of Central and Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia. Most resettled in Germany, but others came as refugees to the United States in the late 1940s, and established cultural centers in their new

2507:

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the German Americans showed a high interest in becoming farmers, and keeping their children and grandchildren on the land. While they needed profits to stay in operation, they used profits as a tool "to maintain continuity of the family". They used risk averse

7493:

A similar statement about the diversity of German Americans has been made by Andrew R. L. Cayton: "In the process of participating in the public culture of Ohio, some Germans struggled to keep connections with their birthplaces. A coherent community was difficult to maintain, however. Proud as they

5947:

He goes on to state that German Americans in St. Louis "could not be relied upon to do much of anything as a group. St. Louis served (and still does) as the seat of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, a conservative American Lutheran confession, and their local strength led to friction with Germans

5922:

also stresses the internal dividedness, stating "One of the distinguishing characteristics of the German population in North America (especially in comparison to other immigrant groups) has been its relative degree of cultural diversity, reflected especially in the number of Christian denominations

5917:

The power of this synthesis, Kerby Miller argued, explains the survival of Irish-American identity despite the ebbing of organized Irish-American nationalism after the Free State's founding. For German Americans, religion and party politics were sources of division rather than of unity". Kazal goes

5896:

II was still quite strong' in shaping 'popular perceptions of the German-American character', enough so that some individuals of mixed background often would acknowledge only the non-German part of their ancestry." Kazal contrasts this experience with the experiences of the Japanese, Poles, Czechs,

5874:

I, women in particular were becoming more and more involved in a mass consumer culture that lured them out of their German-language neighborhood shops and into English-language downtown department stores. The 1920s and 1930s brought English-language popular culture via movies and radio that drowned

5302:

in Chicago, promoted middle-class values and encouraged German ethnic loyalty among their readership. The Germans were proud of their language, supported many German-language public and private schools, and conducted their church services in German. They published at least two-thirds of all foreign

2503:

Western railroads, with large land grants available to attract farmers, set up agencies in Hamburg and other German cities, promising cheap transportation, and sales of farmland on easy terms. For example, the Santa Fe railroad hired its own commissioner for immigration, and sold over 300,000 acres

6031:

It has been shown that cultural differences between the attitudes towards farming of German Americans, on the one hand, and of British-ancestry "Yankees", on the other, lasted into the 1980s and have to some extent lasted into the 21st century; German Americans have tended to see farming in a

5883:

Kazal points out that German Americans have not had an experience that is especially typical of immigrant groups. "Certainly, in a number of ways, the German-American experience was idiosyncratic. No other large immigrant group was subjected to such strong, sustained pressure to abandon its ethnic

5848:

II, German Americans "were ethnics without any visible national or local leaders. Not even politicians would think of addressing them explicitly as an ethnic constituency as they would say, Polish Americans, Jewish Americans, or African Americans." Holli states that "Being on the wrong side in two

5797:

II was likewise difficult for them and likewise had the impact of forcing them to drop distinctive German characteristics and assimilate into the general U.S. culture. According to Melvin G. Holli, "By 1930, some German American leaders in Chicago felt, as Dr. Leslie Tischauser put it, 'the damage

5673:

German Americans are no longer a conspicuous ethnic group. As Melvin G. Holli puts it, "Public expression of German ethnicity is nowhere proportionate to the number of German Americans in the nation's population. Almost nowhere are German Americans as a group as visible as many smaller groups. Two

5489:

Some 19th-century immigrants, especially the "Forty-Eighters", were secular, rejecting formal religion. About 250,000 German Jews had arrived by the 1870s, and they sponsored reform synagogues in many small cities across the country. About two million Central and Eastern European Jews arrived from

5260:

By the 1890s, Turners numbered nearly 65,000. At the turn of the 21st century, with the ethnic identity of European Americans in flux and Americanization a key element of immigrant life, there were few Turner groups, athletic events were limited, and non-Germans were members. A survey of surviving

2670:

The Justice Department prepared a list of all German aliens, counting approximately 480,000 of them, more than 4,000 of whom were imprisoned in 1917–18. The allegations included spying for Germany or endorsing the German war effort. Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty. The

2448:

wrote passionately against slavery and was very pro-Lincoln. Raster published anti-slavery pamphlets and was the editor of the most influential German language newspaper in America at the time. He helped secure the votes of German-Americans across the United States for Abraham Lincoln. When Raster

7844: 5908:

Kazal then goes on to discuss the internal dividedness. He writes: "German-American identity fell victim not only to a peculiar set of events, but also to an extraordinarily high level of internal diversity. All ethnic groups have internal divides, whether of class, religion, gender, politics, or

5681:

But this inconspicuousness was not always the case. By 1910, German Americans had created their own distinctive, vibrant, prosperous German-language communities, referred to collectively as "Germania". According to historian Walter Kamphoefner, a "number of big cities introduced German into their

5214:

The spiritual beliefs of Johann Conrad Beissel (1690–1768) and the Ephrata Cloister—such as the asceticism and mysticism of this Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, group – are reflected in Beissel's treatises on music and hymns, which have been considered the beginning of America's musical heritage.

2691:

and the U.S. entering World War I, many German Americans were arrested for refusing allegiance to the U.S. War hysteria led to the removal of German names in public, names of things such as streets, and businesses. Schools also began to eliminate or discourage the teaching of the German language.

7483:

Peterson himself seems not to fully agree with this, stating "Most community studies have examined very large, heterogeneous German-American urban populations that assimilated relatively quickly or, less commonly, large, homogeneous rural ones that did not. Hence, German-Americans' diversity has

5887:

Regarding the external pressures, Kazal writes: "The pressure imposed on German Americans to forsake their ethnic identity was extreme in both nature and duration. No other ethnic group saw its 'adoptive fatherland' twice enter a world war against its country of origin. To this stigma, the Third

5655:

was a highly controversial state law passed in Wisconsin in 1889 that required the use of English to teach major subjects in all public and private elementary and high schools. It affected the state's many German-language private schools (and some Norwegian schools), and was bitterly resented by

5256:

in the United States were first organized during the mid-19th century so German American immigrants could visit with one another and become involved in social and sports activities. The National Turnerbund, the head organization of the Turnvereine, started drilling members as in militia units in

5225:

could boast of 11 singing societies—Maennerchor, Harmonie, Liedertafel, Beethoven, Concordia, Liederkranz, Germania, Teutonia, Harmonie-Maennerchor, Arion, and Mozart. The first began in 1855; the last folded in 1961. An important aspect of Wheeling social life, these societies reflected various

7502:, Miller states "During the nineteenth century, the Irish and Germans provided the largest numbers of mmigrants and gave the city its immigrant cast. The Irish and Germans differed in their ethnic cohesiveness and interactions with the host culture(s)". Miller then states that "German immigrants 5749:

Melvin G. Holli states, regarding Chicago, that "After the Great War it became clear that no ethnic group was so de-ethnicized in its public expression by a single historic event as German Americans. While Polish Americans, Lithuanian Americans, and other subject nationalities underwent a great

5283:

As for any immigrant population, the development of a foreign-language press helped immigrants more easily learn about their new home, maintain connections to their native land, and unite immigrant communities. By the late 19th century, Germania published over 800 regular publications. The most

2588: 2414:

II, the German language, which had always been used with English for public and official matters, was in serious decline. Today, German is preserved mainly through singing groups and recipes, with the Germans from Russia in the northern Great Plains states speaking predominantly English. German

309:

where 50.7 million Americans identified as German. The census is conducted in a way that allows this total number to be broken down in two categories. In the 2020 census, roughly two thirds of those who identify as German also identified as having another ancestry, while one third identified as

7458:

Similarly, W. Bruce Leslie has written that "German American invisibility in contemporary society and in history is an anomaly deserving attention. By standard statistical measurement, the Germans were the largest immigrant group. Yet historians have been far more interested in Italian, Irish,

5934:

I, nor elect German candidates for political office". McCaffery states that "Discussions of the disunity of the Germans are many", giving a work by Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan and a work by Kathleen Neils Conzen as examples, and he states that Leslie V. Tischauser "maintains that

776:

as few as 500 made up the first wave of immigrants to leave France en route to the Americas. Less than 150 of those first indentured German farmers made it to Louisiana and settled along what became known as the German Coast. With tenacity, determination and the leadership of D'arensburg these

7468:

In the book that Kazal appears to be quoting here, Waters states "Many people cited various political or social events as having an effect on their consciousness and degree of ethnic identity. I have already noted Laurie Jablonski's stronger identification with her Polish than with her German

5913:

of these divisions. Irish Americans, for example, had lost their status as primarily a proletarian group by 1900, yet they were united by religion and politics. "Irish American" had come to mean Irish Catholic; the vast majority of Irish Americans subscribed to some form of Irish nationalism

2333:

Texas had about 20,000 German Americans in the 1850s. They did not form a uniform bloc, but were highly diverse and drew from geographic areas and all sectors of European society, except that very few aristocrats or upper middle class businessmen arrived. In this regard, Texas Germania was a

5165:

was the term for transplanted German nationalism, both culturally and politically. Between 1875 and 1915, the German American population in the United States doubled, and many of its members insisted on maintaining their culture. German was used in local schools and churches, while numerous

5864:

I abandoned the last major German characteristics and redefined themselves as old stock or as "Nordic" Americans, stressing their colonial roots in Pennsylvania and distancing themselves from more recent immigrants. On the other hand, working-class and Catholic Germans, groups that heavily

5456:

The Hutterites are another example of a group of German Americans who continue a lifestyle similar to that of their ancestors. Like the Amish, they fled persecution for their religious beliefs, and came to the United States between 1874 and 1879. Today, Hutterites mostly reside in Montana,

7473:

II. A similar story to Laurie's is related in a description by Hinda Winawer-Steiner and Norbert Wetzel of a workshop for family therapists on ethnicity and family therapy. The therapists were supposed to talk about their ethnicity and how it might influence their work. A discussion of a

3078:

have German ancestry. Tejano culture, particularly Tejano music, has been deeply influenced by German immigrants to Texas and Mexico. In German-speaking parts of Texas during the 19th and 20th centuries, many African-Americans spoke German. Many Black people who were enslaved by white

5360:

basketball team, winners of 762 games (against only 85 losses) in the early years of the 20th century. These examples, and others, reflect the evolving place of sport in the assimilation and socialization of much of the German-American population. Notable German Americans include

1073:

or indentured servants. By 1775, Germans constituted about one-third of the population of the state. German farmers were renowned for their highly productive animal husbandry and agricultural practices. Politically, they were generally inactive until 1740, when they joined a

1055:, Maine, Nova Scotia, and North Carolina after their houses were burned and their neighbors killed or carried into captivity by Native Americans. The Germans who remained found it difficult to survive on farming, and eventually turned to the shipping and fishing industries. 5765:

The Catholic high schools were deliberately structured to commingle ethnic groups so as to promote ethnic (but not interreligious) intermarriage. German-speaking taverns, beer gardens and saloons were all shut down by Prohibition; those that reopened in 1933 spoke English.

5333:

also had a destabilizing impact on the German immigrant communities upon which the German-language publications relied. By 1920, there were only 278 German language publications remaining in the country. After 1945, only a few publications have been started. One example is

3001:, 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent. According to the 2005 American Community Survey, 50 million Americans have German ancestry. German Americans represent 17% of the total U.S. population and 26% of the non-Hispanic white population. 3007:

magazine in 2015 interviewed Petra Schürmann, the director of the German-American Heritage Museum in Washington D.C. for a major article on German-Americans. She notes that all over the United States, celebrations such as German fests and Oktoberfests have been appearing.

5385:

German immigrants who arrived before the 19th century tended to have been members of the Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Germany, and created the Lutheran Synods of Pennsylvania, North Carolina and New York. The largest Lutheran denominations in the U.S. today—the

1086:

during the Revolution, possibly because they feared their royal land grants would be taken away by a new republican government, or because of loyalty to a British German monarchy who had provided the opportunity to live in a liberal society. The Germans, comprising

2755: 2075:

arrived in 1853). They formed small German-Jewish communities in cities and towns. They typically were local and regional merchants selling clothing; others were livestock dealers, agricultural commodity traders, bankers, and operators of local businesses.

7786: 2822:

between 1940 and 1948. Civil rights violations occurred. An unknown number of "voluntary internees" joined their spouses and parents in the camps and were not permitted to leave. Many Americans of German ancestry had top war jobs, including General

2612:(in English) was a major conservative voice read closely by church leaders and intellectuals from 1894 until 1934. He was intensely loyal to the Vatican. Preuss upheld the German Catholic community, denounced the "Americanism" heresy, promoted the 5261:

groups and members reflects these radical changes in the role of Turner societies and their marginalization in 21st-century American society, as younger German Americans tended not to belong, even in strongholds of German heritage in the Midwest.

5350:

Germans brought organized gymnastics to America, and were strong supporters of sports programs. They used sport both to promote ethnic identity and pride and to facilitate integration into American society. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the

777:

Germans felled trees, cleared land, and cultivated the soil with simple hand tools as draft animals were not available. The German coast settlers supplied the budding City of New Orleans with corn, rice, eggs. and meat for many years following.

7515:... New Orleans was small enough so that dispersal did not diminish Irish power; in fact, Irish immigrants everywhere shared so many common cultural and class interests that dispersion served to broaden Irish influence on the city's culture". 2743: 5814:

notoriety gained by those who supported the German government between 1933 and 1941 cast a pall over German-Americans everywhere. Leaders of the German-American community would have great difficulty rebuilding an ethnic consciousness

5170:, associations dedicated to literature, humor, gymnastics, and singing, sprang up in German American communities. German Americans tended to support the German government's actions, and, even after the United States entered World War 13383: 5869:

and other European ethnics; they also gave up German characteristics but came to identify themselves as White ethnics, distancing themselves above all from African American recent arrivals in nearby neighborhoods. Well before World

5729:

switched to English. Melvin G. Holli states, "In 1917, the Missouri Synod's Lutheran Church conference minutes appeared in English for the first time, and the synod's new constitution dropped its insistence on using the language of

1119:). Eventually the word came to refer to people who speak a Germanic language, and only in the last couple centuries the people of the Netherlands. Other Germanic language variants for "deutsch/deitsch/dutch" are: Dutch "Duits" and " 13670:

Olson, Audrey Louise. "St. Louis Germans, 1850–1920: The Nature of an Immigrant Community and Its Relation to the Assimiliation Process" (PhD dissertation, University of Kansas; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7025388).

5355:

movement offered exercise and sports programs, while also providing a social haven for the thousands of new German immigrants arriving in the United States each year. Another highly successful German sports organization was the

347:

There is a German belt consisting of areas with predominantly German American populations that extends across the United States from eastern Pennsylvania, where many of the first German Americans settled, to the Oregon coast.

2620:

I. He provided lengthy commentary regarding the National Catholic Welfare Conference, the anti-Catholic factor in the presidential campaign of 1928, the hardships of the Great Depression, and the liberalism of the New Deal.

6020:. The three Amish dialects as well as Hutterite German are still learned by all children of the group, whereas Plautdietsch-speakers tend much more to switch to English. Another group of German-speakers can be found in the 2402:

German-style churches, buried their dead in distinctive cemeteries using cast iron grave markers, and sang German hymns. Many farmers specialized in sugar beets—still a major crop in the upper Great Plains. During World War

405:, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, and others for the chance to start fresh in the New World. The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their 4351:

Today, most German Americans have assimilated to the point they no longer have readily identifiable ethnic communities, though there are still many metropolitan areas where German is the most reported ethnicity, such as

5616:

After two or three generations, most German Americans adopted mainstream American customs – some of which they heavily influenced – and switched their language to English. As one scholar concludes, "The overwhelming

1114:

Etymologically, the word Dutch originates from the Old High German word "diutisc" (from "diot" "people"), referring to the Germanic "language of the people" as opposed to Latin, the language of the learned (see also

491:

The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, and were accompanied by the first German that was to settle in North America, physician and botanist Johannes (John) Fleischer (in South America

7790: 5158:) to prepare students and teachers in German language training. By the late 19th century, the Germania Publishing Company was established in Milwaukee, a publisher of books, magazines, and newspapers in German. 9801: 7511:

the great waves of late antebellum immigration, the vast majority of Irish immigrants entering New Orleans came from a few select counties in Ireland. They shared a common faith, poverty, and national identity.

2140:

In the 19th century, German immigrants settled in Midwest, where land was available. Cities along the Great Lakes, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers attracted a large German element. The

5733:

only and instead suggested bilingualism. Dozens of Lutheran schools also dropped instruction in the German language. English-language services also intruded themselves into parishes where German had been the

814:(Canada and Louisiana) in the early 1700s. His letter said "these 9,000 Germans, who were raised in the Palatinate (Alsace part of France) were in Arkansas. The Germans left Arkansas en masse. They went to 11252:

Peter Conolly-Smith, "Transforming an Ethnic Readership Through "Word and Image": William Randolph Hearst's Deutsches Journal and New York's German-Language Press, 1895–1918", Volume 19, Number 1, 2009 in

5202:

in North Carolina had highly developed musical cultures. Choral music, Brass and String Music and Congregational singing were highly cultivated. The Moravian Church produced many composers and musicians.

13702: 5309:, lasted nearly a century. Other cities experienced similar turnover among immigrant publications, especially from opinion press, which published little news and focused instead on editorial commentary. 2806:

during the years before the war. German aliens were the subject of suspicion and discrimination during the war, although prejudice and sheer numbers meant they suffered as a group generally less than

5961:

Despite the remarkable level of language assimilation reached by German Americans, distinct German usage survived well into the mid-to-late-20th century in some places. Writing about the town of

2570:

Many Germans in late 19th century cities were communists; Germans played a significant role in the labor union movement. A few were anarchists. Eight of the forty-two anarchist defendants in the

2464:(1861–1865). The Germans were the largest immigrant group to participate in the Civil War; over 176,000 U.S. soldiers were born in Germany. A popular Union commander among Germans, Major General 12910:"MÄNNERCHOR, DAMENCHOR, GEMISCHTER CHOR, ALPEN SCHUHPLATTLER UND TRACHTENVEREIN, PITTSBURGH DISTRICT KINDERCHOR, SCHÜTZENKAMERADEN, TEUTONIA HAUSKAPELLE, LUSTIGEN MUSIKANTEN, and 66 CARD LEAGUE" 2814:

required 300,000 German-born resident aliens who had German citizenship to register with the Federal government and restricted their travel and property ownership rights. Under the still active

2495:

Although only one in four Germans fought in all-German regiments, they created the public image of the German soldier. Pennsylvania fielded five German regiments, New York eleven, and Ohio six.

12202: 2092:. This German-speaking group is quite distinct from the Yiddish-speaking East-European Jews who arrived in much larger numbers starting in the late 19th century and concentrated in New York. 12159: 13380: 10558: 5852:

Historians have tried to explain what became of the German Americans and their descendants. Kazal (2004) looks at Germans in Philadelphia, focusing on four ethnic subcultures: middle-class

14473: 11554: 10527: 10120: 5900:

Kazal goes on to state "The burden of "enemy" status made those pressures far greater for Germans than for other European ethnic groups. To some extent, American intervention in World War

10105: 7494:

were of 'Deutschthum', or the sum of Germanness, it became increasingly vague. Germans were too diverse in terms of religion and politics. 'Wherever four Germans gathered,' observed the

6343:

German Americans have been influential in almost every field in American society, including science, architecture, business, sports, entertainment, theology, politics, and the military.

3071:, 15 Black immigrants from Germany were listed living in New Orleans. Afro-German immigrants were also listed on the census living in Memphis, New York City, Charleston, and Cleveland. 2940: 2598:(1863–1916), a German psychologist, moved to Harvard in the 1890s and became a leader in the new profession. He was president of the American Psychological Association in 1898, and the 5715:

I. Some public opinion surveys conducted before the war showed German Americans were even more highly regarded than immigrants from the mother culture, England". Holli states that the

5108: 546:

were better economic conditions, especially the opportunity to own land, and religious freedom. Often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as

5822:... had done to millions of people in pursuit of the 'final solution', and the wisest course for German-Americans was to forget any attachment to the German half of their heritage."" 12810: 7948: 5694:

and other cities "had what we now call two-way immersion programs: school taught half in German, half in English". This was a tradition which continued "all the way down to World War

351:

Pennsylvania, with 3.5 million people of German ancestry, has the largest population of German-Americans in the U.S. and is home to one of the group's original settlements, the

13580:

Knarr, Mary L. "Faith, frauen, and the formation of an ethnic identity: German Lutheran women in south and central Texas, 1831–1890". (Ph.D. dissertation, Texas Christian U. 2009).

5150:

The Germans worked hard to maintain and cultivate their language, especially through newspapers and classes in elementary and high schools. German Americans in many cities, such as

14342:

Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey: English translations of 120,000 pages of newspaper articles from Chicago's foreign language press from 1855 to 1938, many from German papers.

5469:

migrated during the same time as the Hutterites, but assimilated relatively quickly in the United States, whereas groups of "Russian" Mennonites in Canada resisted assimilation.

2944:

Parking meter checker stands by his police vehicle which is imprinted with the German word for police (Polizei). It is part of the town's highlighting its German ethnic origins.

14591: 2539:

was on the ballot, the Germans voted solidly against it. They strongly distrusted moralistic crusaders, whom they called "Puritans", including the temperance reformers and many

10892: 9542: 10173: 10089: 9465: 18648: 8361: 435:; fewer than five percent speak German. German-American societies abound, as do celebrations that are held throughout the country to celebrate German heritage of which the 18188: 9127: 5651:

There were fierce battles in Wisconsin and Illinois around 1890 regarding proposals to stop the use of German as the primary language in public and parochial schools. The

2330:, Germans in Houston built the brewing industry. By the 1920s, the first generation of college-educated German Americans were moving into the chemical and oil industries. 601:

helped them get to the American colonies. The trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease

305:'s figures from 2022, German Americans make up roughly 41 million people in the US, which is approximately 12% of the population. This represents a decrease from the 2012 18002: 17985: 2663:

dropped his efforts to mediate between America and Germany, and threw his efforts behind the German cause. There was also some Anti-German hysteria like the killing of

18209: 9797: 5844:

By the 1940s, Germania had largely vanished outside some rural areas and the Germans were thoroughly assimilated. According to Melvin G. Holli, by the end of World War

15476: 9085: 7887: 7498:

in 1879, 'they will find four different ideas.'" Another similar statement about the diversity of German Americans has been made by Randall M. Miller. Writing about

13584: 13370: 9761: 8149: 5660:

I. By 1917, almost all schools taught in English, but courses in German were common in areas with large German populations. These courses were permanently dropped.

15612: 12097: 10922: 9199: 9154:"Refugees of Revolution; The German Forty-Eighters in America. By Carl Wittke. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1952. ix + 384 pp. Index. $ 6.00.)" 8263: 608:

The Palatine immigration of about 2100 people who survived was the largest single immigration to America in the colonial period. Most were first settled along the

13593:

Krawatzek, Félix, and Gwendolyn Sasse. "Integration and Identities: The Effects of Time, Migrant Networks, and Political Crises on Germans in the United States."

624:. One hundred homesteads were allocated in the Burnetsfield Patent. By 1750, the Germans occupied a strip some 12 miles (19 km) long along both sides of the 15555: 14611: 14392: 13891: 10593: 9049:

American Council of Learned Societies Devoted to Humanistic Studies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States. (1969),

7764: 7540: 13953: 11525:"Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over --50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990" 10067: 9679: 14616: 14517: 12060: 11079: 10832: 10799: 7828: 5856:, working-class socialists, Lutherans, and Catholics. Each group followed a somewhat distinctive path toward assimilation. Lutherans, and the better situated 5632:

About 1.5 million Americans speak German at home, according to the 2000 census. From 1860 to 1917, German was widely spoken in German neighborhoods; see

18425: 16698: 12693: 8478: 12381: 10615: 2715:, the public library was asked to withdraw all German books from its shelves. German-named streets were renamed. The town, Berlin, Michigan, was changed to 1974:, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From 1840 to 1880, they were the largest group of immigrants. Following the 1192:, a Lutheran clergyman in Virginia became a major general and later a Congressman. However, in upstate New York, many Germans were neutral or supported the 18481: 14770: 14151: 14076: 13979: 9283: 7962: 12136: 7330:, whose maternal grandfather Solomon Young was a descendant of Johann Georg Jung and Hans Michael Gutknecht, who emigrated from Germany together in 1752, 2749:

American wartime propaganda depicted the bloodthirsty German "Hun" soldier as an enemy of civilization, with his eyes on America from across the Atlantic.

18505: 18469: 18067: 16824: 16814: 16774: 15263: 15248: 15002: 10466: 9062: 534:

Large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons.

10766: 10682: 10568: 9387: 7659: 981:, translated as House of Passage, the first planned Moravian community in North Carolina, in 1759. Soon after, the German Moravians founded the town of 18442: 11562: 10537: 375: 11397:

Annette R. Hofmann, "Between Ethnic Separation and Assimilation: German Immigrants and Their Athletic Endeavours in Their New American Home Country",

8283: 7572: 3047:. German was the top reported ancestry in 23 states, and it was one of the top five reported ancestries in every state except Maine and Rhode Island. 18527: 18459: 18447: 13185:

Bade, Klaus J. "German emigration to the United States and continental immigration to Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries."

11660: 11620: 12993: 12192: 11752: 11213:

Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht, "Trumpeting down the Walls of Jericho: The Politics of Art, Music and Emotion in German-American Relations, 1870–1920",

10033: 5257:

1854. Nearly half of all Turners fought in the Civil War, mostly on the Union side, and a special group served as bodyguards for President Lincoln.

18665: 14451: 13747: 12526: 12169: 11937: 11690: 10250: 5762:... ethnic origins. One must attribute this reaction to the wave of repression that swept the Continent and enveloped anyone with a German past"". 5218:

In most major cities, Germans took the lead in creating a musical culture, with popular bands, singing societies, operas and symphonic orchestras.

3024:

States with the highest proportions of German Americans tend to be those of the upper Midwest, including Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, and

2430:(1903–1992) became an iconic figure in the German-Russian community of the northern Great Plains—his success story personified the American dream. 13112: 5699:

come across evidence that as late as 1917, a German version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was still being sung in public schools in Indianapolis.

2723:, the governor prohibited all foreign languages in schools and public places. Nebraska banned instruction in any language except English, but the 18748: 18701: 14470: 13850: 12715: 11532: 10117: 9998: 8258:

About 1% of the more than 700,000 objects catalogued by archaeologists at Jamestown so far bear words. More than 90% of these words are in German

8006: 4510: 2532: 2528: 360: 11366:

Shell, Marc. "Hyphens: Between Deitsch and American." Multilingual America. Ed.. Werner Sollors. New York City: New York University Press, 1998.

10233: 6301:

The following German international schools are in operation in the United States, serving German citizens, Americans, and other U.S. residents:

17698: 13951:

Hustad, Bradley Jake. "Problems in Historiography: The Americanization of German Ethnics." (MA thesis, Mankato State University, 2013). online

7434: 7408: 11502: 11007: 18738: 16458: 15469: 11595: 9440:(1966) pp. 285–87, 557; Gordon L. Iseminger, "Are We Germans, or Russians, or Americans? The McIntosh County German-Russians During World War 6320: 4436: 4418: 14412: 14331: 11897: 2071:. The largest numbers arrived after 1820, especially in the mid-19th century. They spread across the North and South (and California, where 14673: 12818: 6226: 4514: 3063:. Some German-speaking African-Americans were adopted by white German-American families. Other Black German-Americans were immigrants from 10560:

Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

7793:

on May 4, 2009: 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.

18728: 18261: 15622: 15590: 15520: 13875: 13571: 13508:

Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Immigrant Epistolary and Epistemology: On the Motivators and Mentality of Nineteenth-Century German Immigrants."

13075: 13017: 12840: 12747: 12660: 12414: 10862: 10276: 6697: 5742:

wrote how "I could hear the pain in my German-American father's voice as he recalled being yanked out of Lutheran school during World War

4538: 2687:

when he was overheard praying in German with a dying woman. Questions of German American loyalty increased due to events like the German

2423:

for cake. Despite the loss of their language, the ethnic group remains distinct, and has left a lasting impression on the American West.

772:

organized the first colonization of Louisiana with German immigrants. Of the over 5,000 Germans initially immigrating primarily from the

11411: 540:

involved worsening opportunities for farm ownership in central Europe, persecution of some religious groups, and military conscription;

18733: 14510: 13975: 12946: 9538:

The number of Confederate soldiers born in Germany is not known. Faust, page 523. Quoting from an 1869 ethnicity study by B. A. Gould;

8863: 7976: 5472:

Immigrants from Germany in the mid-to-late-19th century brought many different religions with them. The most numerous were Lutheran or

5233:

The Liederkranz, a German-American music society, played an important role in the integration of the German community into the life of

2439: 1146:, and their automobile company became one of the largest in America, although never eclipsing the "Big Three", and was a factor in the 13416:

Gross, Stephen John. "Handing down the farm: Values, strategies, and outcomes in inheritance practices among rural German Americans",

12920: 9416: 659:, after the Revolutionary War, became the richest man in America from his fur trading empire and real estate investments in New York. 16767: 15102: 13162: 10888: 10884: 9539: 5758:... to conclude that: "No other North American ethnic group, past or present, has attempted so forcefully to officially conceal their 4532: 15640: 14201: 10170: 5422:

tried to unite all the German-speaking Christians—(Lutheran, Reformed, and Separatists)—into one "Church of God in the Spirit". The

1199:

From names in the 1790 U.S. census, historians estimate Germans constituted nearly 9% of the white population in the United States.

15880: 15540: 15494: 15462: 14433: 14313: 13841: 13777:

Schlossman, Steven L. "Is there an American tradition of bilingual education? German in the public elementary schools, 1840–1919."

10503: 9462: 8500: 4492: 4430: 4424: 2844: 2737:" names (e.g., Schmidt to Smith, Müller to Miller) and limit the use of the German language in public places, especially churches. 2058: 1975: 14083:

Ortlepp, Anke. "Deutsch-Athen Revisited: Writing the History of Germans in Milwaukee" in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene (eds.),

11715: 10645: 10332: 9358: 8358: 8338: 15922: 15764: 15739: 15607: 13054: 8839: 7439: 5892:. In her study of ethnic identity in the 1980s, sociologist Mary Waters noted that the 'effect of the Nazi movement and World War 4406: 2964: 2236: 2068: 10703: 9921: 9120: 7604: 2979:

After 1970, the anti-German sentiment aroused by World War II faded away. Today, German Americans who immigrated after World War

807: 15949: 15580: 15560: 15550: 15515: 10210: 7124:, were brought to the U.S. They contributed decisively to the development of U.S. military rockets, as well as rockets for the 5387: 4544: 4454: 4400: 892:, who was in power at the time of the first settlement at Germanna. In 1721, twelve German families departed Germanna to found 737: 505: 13987:

Kazal, Russell A. (1995). "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History".

12224:

Kazal, Russell A. (1995). "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History".

6293:

in Germany, is also played in areas of the United States with large German American populations, such as Wisconsin and Texas.

6174:, the most-produced beer style in the United States, and have been the dominant ethnic group in the beer industry since 1850. 18379: 16941: 15885: 15535: 14503: 11095: 10362: 9673: 9063: 5837:, who was of German heritage but attempted to pass himself off as Swedish amid the anti-German sentiment sparked by World War 1103:, and other sects, developed a rich religious life with a strong musical culture. Collectively, they came to be known as the 709: 12619: 12573: 12504: 12014: 11973: 11855: 11816: 11050: 8070: 8036: 5825:

A notable example which highlights the generational effect of this de-germanization on German-American cultural identity is

18617: 18173: 15856: 15655: 15585: 15570: 13699: 10384: 10023:"How Eyewitnesses Survived Explosion: Police and Men on Craft Dodged Death on Land and Water to Save Themselves and Others" 7721: 7413: 6041: 5473: 5403: 5395: 4526: 4448: 4442: 2976:

who had maintained language and customs after settlement in Hungary and the Balkans, immigrated to the U.S. after the war.

2326:, both those who came to farm, and later immigrants who more rapidly took industrial jobs in cities such as Houston. As in 2239:. Skilled workers dominated many crafts, while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry; the most famous brands included 2162: 2135: 13171: 9889: 9577:

9 (1906): 485–497; J. Neale Carman, ed. and trans., "German Settlements Along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway,"

628:. The soil was excellent; some 500 houses were built, mostly of stone, and the region prospered in spite of Indian raids. 530:

dynasty and the first millionaire in the United States, making his fortune in the fur trade and New York City real estate.

18743: 18622: 18223: 18182: 16925: 16155: 16148: 16081: 15868: 15754: 15595: 15306: 14565: 14383: 13581: 13495: 13367: 13350:

The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

12456: 10976: 10828: 9064:

American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States

8841:

The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

7423: 2107: 2101: 2017:

beginning in the 1830s—predominantly in Texas and Missouri, but also in other U.S. states—in which German intellectuals (

784:

settled thousands of German pioneers in French Louisiana during 1721. It encouraged Germans, particularly Germans of the

14443: 14296: 13761: 13612:

Der Wanderer of St. Paul: The First Decade, 1867–1877: a Mirror of the German-Catholic Immigrant Experience in Minnesota

13405: 12086: 10914: 9106:

Birte Pfleger, "'Miserable Germans' and Fries's Rebellion: Language, Ethnicity, and Citizenship in the Early Republic,"

8269: 1134:

brothers, forefathers of the wagon and automobile makers, arrived in Pennsylvania in 1736 from the famous blade town of

716: 15976: 15873: 15851: 15670: 15530: 13133: 12867: 11591: 11558: 11044: 10414: 9525:, Vol/ 73, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 117–145; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds., 8755: 8747: 8715: 8707: 8675: 8667: 8638: 8601: 8564: 6689: 6609: 6315: 6305: 5407: 5391: 5074: 5038: 3095:

As of 2020, the distribution of German Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:

3016: 2647:

During World War I, German Americans were often accused of being too sympathetic to Imperial Germany. Former president

2599: 1159: 837:. They were attracted to the area through pamphlets such as J. Hanno Deiler's "Louisiana: A Home for German Settlers". 12893: 10589: 10059: 9701:

Anderson, Kristen L. (2008). "German Americans, African Americans, and the Republican Party in St. Louis, 1865–1872".

8971: 7760: 7536: 5174:

I, they often voted for antidraft and antiwar candidates. 'Deutschtum' in the United States disintegrated after 1918.

2373:

were the most traditional of German-speaking arrivals. They were Germans who had lived for generations throughout the

18592: 18344: 17892: 17750: 16854: 15707: 15650: 15602: 15525: 15485: 14603: 14246: 12613: 12567: 12498: 12311: 12008: 11849: 11810: 9755: 9663: 9395: 8909: 8182: 8143: 8116: 7881: 7838: 6533: 6461: 4994: 2952: 948: 756: 690: 12960: 12780: 12049: 9305: 5381:

This 1850 census map shows the Lutheran population. Nearly all were German, since few Scandinavians had arrived yet.

15786: 15744: 15729: 15545: 15409: 14666: 14551: 14113: 14038: 13547:

Keller, Christian B. "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers,"

13516: 11076: 10824: 10788: 10298: 9521:

Christian B. Keller, "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers",

7144:

II, was brought to the United States through a similar path to von Braun, and served as a civilian employee of the

6681: 6625: 6469: 6206: 5330: 5154:, brought their strong support of education, establishing German-language schools and teacher training seminaries ( 2511:

Germany was a large country with many diverse subregions which contributed immigrants. Dubuque was the base of the

1165: 504:

and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was

341: 17: 14326: 13563:

Kibler, Amanda. "Speaking like a 'good American': National identity and the legacy of German-language education."

13178:

Bade, Klaus J. "From emigration to immigration: The German experience in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."

12683: 12332:

Peterson, David (1992). ""From Bone Depth": German-American Communities in Rural Minnesota before the Great War".

9034: 8994: 8475: 8289: 5275: 2551:

in 1896. In 1900, many German Democrats returned to their party and voted for Bryan, perhaps because of President

2444:

Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery, especially among Forty-Eighters. Notable Forty-Eighter

723: 15796: 15734: 13785: 13438: 13295: 12360: 10623: 9073: 6263:. Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German-speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then " 4896: 4556: 2630: 440: 397:

by its abundant land and religious freedom, and were pushed out of Germany by shortages of land and religious or

379: 337: 12489:. In Schulze, Mathias; Skidmore, James M.; John, David G.; Liebscher, Grit; Siebel-Achenbach, Sebastian (eds.). 9950: 9274: 8198:

Vandermeer, Philip R. (1981). "Religion, Society, and Politics: A Classification of American Religious Groups".

2523:

Relatively few German Americans held office, but the men voted once they became citizens. In general during the

18587: 15841: 15816: 15697: 15617: 15510: 15402: 13501:

Kamphoefner, Walter D., "Uprooted or Transplanted? Reflections on Patterns of German Immigration to Missouri,"

13260: 12126: 8897: 8788: 8416: 7804: 7746: 6856: 6800: 6325: 6238: 5142:

CE as Rome's greatest defeat, and in the 19th century he became a symbol of unity for German immigrants facing

4880: 4840: 3091:

Americans with German Ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2020

2795: 2675:

barred individuals with German last names from joining in fear of sabotage. One person was killed by a mob; in

2634: 2613: 2540: 2252: 2244: 1193: 1083: 694: 436: 66:

Americans with German Ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2020

10453: 8813: 7652: 5849:

wars had a devastating and long-term negative impact on the public celebration of German-American ethnicity".

5640:, that German was almost the official language of the U.S. There was never any such proposal. The U.S. has no 18412: 18292: 18193: 17832: 17377: 15677: 15645: 15632: 15396: 14197: 10758: 9384: 8527: 8304: 8242: 7873: 6792: 6649: 6641: 6347: 5774: 5414:. Many immigrants joined different churches from those that existed in Germany. Protestants often joined the 5064: 4976: 4766: 4706: 4660: 2786:

Between 1931 and 1940, 114,000 Germans moved to the United States, many of whom—including Nobel prize winner

1181: 974: 884:

to move to Virginia and establish a mining industry in the colony. The name "Germanna", selected by Governor

877: 818:

and demanded passage to Europe. The Mississippi Company gave the Germans rich lands on the right bank of the

705: 621: 432: 15319: 6193:; the brewery's flagship product remains a 19th-century German-style amber lager. By the late 19th century, 2655:", insisting that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime. A small minority came out for Germany, such as 17447: 15749: 15682: 15575: 15433: 13936: 13682:

Contented among Strangers: Rural German-Speaking Women and Their Families in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest

8593: 8556: 7562: 6824: 6135: 5006: 4758: 4738: 4672: 4377: 1075: 889: 598: 578: 12990: 11652: 11635: 6241:

in New York City, held every third Saturday in September. There are also major annual events in Chicago's

1069:

The tide of German immigration to Pennsylvania swelled between 1725 and 1775, with immigrants arriving as

336:

The Mississippi Company of France later transported thousands of Germans from Europe to what was then the

17713: 17688: 17484: 15821: 15440: 14659: 14321: 13711:

Ritter, Luke, "Sunday Regulation and the Formation of German American Identity in St. Louis, 1840–1860,"

13549: 13397: 11744: 11656: 11621:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2011" 11528: 11498: 10918: 10762: 10564: 10533: 10499: 10462: 10145: 10022: 9579: 6276: 5633: 5426:

in America is one of the results of this effort, as are the many "Union" churches in rural Pennsylvania.

5026: 4800: 4786: 4746: 4724: 1138:. With their skills, they made wagons that carried the frontiersmen westward; their cannons provided the 940: 901: 888:, reflected both the German immigrants who sailed across the Atlantic to Virginia and the British queen, 613: 612:

in work camps, to pay off their passage. By 1711, seven villages had been established in New York on the

447:

are popular festivities. There are major annual events in cities with German heritage including Chicago,

302: 14448: 14364: 14252: 13744: 13104: 12534: 11929: 11682: 10915:"Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, All States" 10590:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups" 10254: 8924:

De Grauwe, Luc, "Emerging mother-tongues awareness in Dutch and German". In Linn & McLelland (eds).

7761:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups" 7537:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups" 6787:

for much of American history, beginning with breweries founded in the 19th century by German immigrants

5809:

Holli goes on to state that "The pain increased during the late 1930s and early 1940s, when Congressman

2456:

the U.S. ministers and consuls." Hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteered to fight for the

18369: 18050: 17469: 15692: 14582: 13989: 11226:

Annette R. Hofmann, "Transformation and Americanization: The American Turners and Their New Identity",

8630: 6882: 6617: 6379: 5716: 5419: 5270: 5103: 4752: 3040: 2819: 2700: 2639: 2457: 2131: 1028: 928: 371: 117: 14253:"List of Newspapers and Periodicals Printed Wholly or in Part in Languages Other Than English: German" 13364:

Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775

13282:

Degrees of Allegiance: Harassment and Loyalty in Missouri's German-American Community during World War

12719: 11524: 9987: 6091:(German-American Shooting Society) by William C. Frohne (1885) on St. Mark's Place in the East Village 643:, who led the fight in colonial New York City for freedom of the press in America. A later immigrant, 18241: 17849: 17693: 17660: 17304: 16784: 16382: 15366: 15230: 15204: 14760: 13770: 13730: 13324: 10230: 9248:

The Independent Orders of B'nai B'rith and True Sisters: Pioneers of a New Jewish Identity, 1843–1914

6978: 6280: 6070: 5480:

started immigrating in large numbers in the mid to latter 19th century, spurred in particular by the

5286: 4836: 4520: 3068: 2998: 2415:

remains the second most spoken language in North and South Dakota, and Germans from Russia often use

1640: 1213: 978: 629: 232: 409:

techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where German-speaking districts emerged.

17708: 17683: 16467: 16314: 16036: 15986: 15932: 15724: 14596: 14031:

Nollendorfs, Valters. "The Field, the Boundaries, and the Cultivators of German-American Studies."

12087:"ALLEGIANCE AND HERITAGE: THE GERMAN-AMERICANs OF FREDERICKSBURG, TEXAS IN THE NAZI ERA, 1933–1945" 12050:"FRAGILE AND BELEAGUERED ARE THE MANY:THE RECURRENCE OF ANTI-GERMAN ACTIVITIES DURING WORLD WAR II" 11584: 11494: 8408: 7696: 6962: 6874: 6771: 6337: 6182: 6104: 5199: 5113: 5090: 5082: 5022: 4990: 4980: 4930: 4888: 4792: 2398: 2194: 2142: 1997:"From the Old to the New World" shows German emigrants boarding a steamer in Hamburg, to New York. 1209: 952: 913: 352: 322: 290: 242: 11889: 8014: 7045:

invented the world's first successful airplane in 1903. Famous German-American scientists include

2262:. From Ohio to the Plains states, a heavy presence persists in rural areas into the 21st century. 2193:, Nebraska, where the proportion of German Americans was 57% in 1910. In many other cities of the 597:

region of Germany escaped conditions of poverty, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London.

18493: 18055: 17645: 17252: 16794: 15964: 15900: 15344: 14482: 13430:

Guenther, Karen. "A Question of Loyalty: German Churches in Reading During the First World War,"

7626: 6756: 6351: 6268: 6264: 6242: 6112: 6108: 6074: 5415: 5411: 5305: 5298: 5222: 5187: 5068: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4814: 4742: 4728: 4684: 4608: 2815: 2201:, German Americans were at least 30% of the population. By 1850 there were 5,000 Germans, mostly 2014: 936: 683: 237: 10137: 9069:

Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States

8108:

Christian Clergy Response to Intimate Partner Violence: Attitudes, Training, Or Religious Views?

6448:

Many German Americans have played a prominent role in American industry and business, including

6138:

throughout the country, especially regarding pastries, meats and sausages, and above all, beer.

5465:. Most are able to understand Standard German in addition to their dialect. The German speaking 2084:

in Alabama, was a particularly prominent example of such a German-Jewish immigrant. They formed

310:

German alone. German Americans account for about one third of the total population of people of

18113: 17948: 17935: 17432: 15991: 15846: 15717: 15417: 15253: 13236:

Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender, and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868–1945

12656: 10268: 9051:

Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: An Analysis of National Origins of the Population

7789:. The Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Federal Republic of Germany. 2006. Archived from 7316: 7058: 6832: 6741: 6310: 6251: 5191: 5014: 4876: 4822: 4774: 4678: 4572: 4550: 4396:

The 25 U.S. communities with the highest percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are:

3044: 2986: 2762: 2676: 2548: 2484: 2248: 1982:. They included professionals, journalists, and politicians. Prominent Forty-Eighters included 1020: 973:. They established German settlements on that tract, especially in the area around what is now 542: 536: 15337: 13872: 13072: 13009: 12844: 12744: 12406: 10854: 9864:

Arthur Preuss: Journalist and Voice of German and Conservative Catholics in America, 1871–1934

9619:

Lindaman, Matthew (2004). "Heimat in the Heartland: The Significance of an Ethnic Newspaper".

9067: 7867: 6969:, was an early naturalist and publisher of the first botanical textbook in the United States. 5909:

homeland region. What distinguished German America was that it incorporated not just some but

730: 439:

in New York City is one of the most well-known and is held every third Saturday in September.

18643: 18123: 18118: 18098: 17743: 17612: 17529: 17494: 17489: 17390: 16849: 16819: 16549: 16512: 16434: 16282: 16277: 15890: 15791: 15565: 15330: 15176: 15119: 15017: 14910: 14815: 14145: 14070: 13915: 13906: 13897: 11893: 11417: 9745: 8548: 8172: 8133: 8106: 7090: 7066: 6966: 6848: 6840: 6541: 6426: 6205:

in 1860. Later German immigrants figured prominently in the rebirth of craft brews following

5962: 5914:

conflated with American patriotism; and Irish-American voters were overwhelmingly Democrats.

5629:, nearly all German language instruction ended, as did most German-language church services. 5626: 5322: 5314: 5143: 5060: 5010: 4960: 4922: 4912: 4900: 4866: 4846: 4828: 4782: 4762: 4688: 3060: 3036: 2983:

II share the same characteristics as any other Western European immigrant group in the U.S.

2407: 2258:

Whereas half of German immigrants settled in cities, the other half established farms in the

2240: 1173: 847:

was the first German born US Senator (Missouri, 1868) and later US Secretary of the Interior.

13859:

The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri: A Survey of a Vanishing Culture

13353: 10964: 10759:"Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 8901: 7984: 7342:, whose maternal family's ancestry includes German immigrants from the South German town of 6056: 5377: 3055:

During the 1800s, there were a number of German-speaking African-Americans, including Black

900:, the start of a westward and southward trend of German migration and settlement across the 18236: 17930: 17602: 17592: 17582: 17572: 17524: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17395: 16834: 16799: 16789: 16626: 16444: 16414: 16368: 16234: 16209: 16031: 15969: 15861: 15238: 15114: 15007: 14943: 14925: 14835: 14820: 14638: 12924: 10269:"Text of H.R. 3198 (109th): Wartime Treatment Study Act (Introduced version) – GovTrack.us" 9457:

Timothy J. Kloberdanz, "Symbols of German-Russian Ethnic Identity on the Northern Plains."

9408: 8855: 7393: 7385: 7288: 7094: 6892: 6878: 6751: 6505: 6430: 6422: 6359: 5782: 5438: 5326: 5292: 5234: 5195: 5086: 5078: 5056: 5002: 4904: 4884: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4718: 4654: 4602: 4584: 4504: 4458: 3376: 2824: 2803: 2791: 2703:

until he finalized his naturalization papers. Orchestras replaced music by German composer

2684: 2560: 2217: 2127: 2046: 1785: 1302: 909: 893: 797: 769: 652: 632:

was the best-known of the German settlements in a region long known as the "German Flats".

398: 367: 326: 6190: 5789:

While its impact appears to be less well-known and studied than the impact which World War

5442: 5161:"Germania" was the common term for German American neighborhoods and their organizations. 3087: 1127:." The Japanese "ドイツ" (/doitsu/) also derives from the aforementioned "Dutch" variations. 470:

Around 180,000 permanent residents from Germany were living in the United States in 2020.

61: 8: 18612: 18327: 18138: 18103: 17597: 17567: 17557: 17547: 17427: 17321: 16920: 16913: 16891: 16869: 16864: 16752: 16673: 16492: 16429: 16399: 16351: 16341: 16294: 16270: 16224: 16219: 16067: 15937: 15895: 15826: 15811: 15806: 15702: 15324: 15299: 14982: 14930: 14915: 14865: 14755: 14741: 14416: 10651: 7599: 7429: 7418: 7220: 7046: 6990: 6888: 6776: 6629: 6529: 6481: 6457: 6453: 6259:

outside of Germany and in Milwaukee, which celebrates its German heritage with an annual

6230: 6202: 6185:(approximately 80 miles northwest of Philadelphia), founded in 1829 by an immigrant from 5977: 5830: 5778: 5703: 5446: 5339: 5226:

social classes and enjoyed great popularity until anti-German sentiments during World War

5130: 5048: 4998: 4984: 4972: 4964: 4916: 4862: 4854: 4734: 4712: 4590: 4568:

Large U.S. communities with a high percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are:

4385: 2802:

fleeing government oppression. About 25,000 people became paying members of the pro-Nazi

2688: 2652: 2602:

in 1908, and played a major role in many other American and international organizations.

2386: 2370: 2206: 2198: 2111: 1675: 1079: 1064: 993: 897: 885: 869: 781: 594: 444: 18486: 18452: 14310: 14189: 13357: 11683:"Language loyalty in the German-American Church: the Case of an Over-confident Minority" 10490: 9015: 8494: 2660: 2595: 18638: 18607: 18597: 18391: 18354: 18312: 18128: 18072: 18007: 17958: 17925: 17913: 17908: 17880: 17844: 17620: 17587: 17577: 17552: 17461: 17400: 17385: 17370: 16839: 16809: 16737: 16715: 16683: 16661: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16593: 16554: 16544: 16539: 16502: 16477: 16404: 16346: 16309: 16258: 16253: 16125: 16118: 16103: 16086: 16062: 16041: 16026: 16016: 16001: 15981: 15959: 15905: 15836: 15801: 15258: 15124: 15092: 15087: 15077: 15067: 15051: 15022: 15012: 14992: 14972: 14886: 14845: 14810: 14726: 14696: 14682: 14629: 14572: 14544: 14538: 14125: 14050: 14006: 13838: 13745:"Language loyalty in the German-American Church: The Case of an Over-confident Minority 13491: 13304: 13242: 13199:

Baron, Frank, "Abraham Lincoln and the German Immigrants: Turners and Forty-Eighters,"

13071:

ROOTED IN HISTORY: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman, Harry S. Truman Library Genealogy

12341: 12300: 12241: 12197: 11712: 11153:

Lucile E. Hackett, "Johann Conrad Beissel: Early German-American Mystic and Musician",

10795: 10696:"Chronology : The Germans in America (European Reading Room, Library of Congress)" 10656: 9929: 9845: 9726: 9718: 9644: 9636: 9364: 9191: 8396: 8332: 8223: 8215: 7204: 7137: 7133: 7002: 6986: 6924: 6796: 6746: 6593: 6493: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6367: 5981: 5466: 5450: 5445:

had formed and are still in existence today. The Old Order Amish and a majority of the

5117: 5030: 5018: 4968: 4950: 4942: 4858: 4832: 4770: 4700: 4614: 4596: 4563: 4231: 3056: 2945: 2836: 2724: 2720: 2672: 2648: 2524: 2461: 2393:

Negatively influenced by the violation of their rights and cultural persecution by the

2307: 2271: 2212:

Many concentrations acquired distinctive names suggesting their heritage, such as the "

2123: 2089: 1143: 1104: 917: 865: 857: 558: 547: 330: 252: 207: 109: 18273: 14239:

Wurzeln in fremder Erde: Zur Geschichte der südwestdeutschen Auswanderung nach Amerika

13619:

The Spirit of 1848: German Immigrants, Labor Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War

12452:: German Americans in Manchester, New Hampshire and Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1870–1942 10324: 9798:"Beer and Revolution: Some Aspects of German Anarchist Culture in New York, 1880–1900" 5968:

To this day, German speakers can be found in the United States among long-established

1047:

Between 1742 and 1753, roughly 1,000 Germans settled in Broad Bay, Massachusetts (now

18386: 18322: 18302: 18297: 18246: 18231: 18178: 18150: 18133: 18077: 18017: 18012: 17918: 17678: 17562: 17504: 17437: 16896: 16881: 16874: 16844: 16804: 16779: 16762: 16720: 16688: 16678: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16581: 16576: 16569: 16559: 16497: 16482: 16424: 16419: 16387: 16356: 16319: 16304: 16287: 16246: 16214: 16192: 16165: 16113: 16011: 16006: 15996: 15954: 15942: 15831: 15781: 15422: 15269: 15219: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15145: 15129: 15109: 15097: 15082: 15046: 15032: 15027: 14987: 14977: 14956: 14936: 14920: 14896: 14891: 14855: 14840: 14830: 14789: 14747: 14733: 14288: 14242: 13969: 13403:

Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present

13256: 13250: 13194:

Women of Two Countries: German-American Women, Women's Rights and Nativism, 1848–1890

12940: 12609: 12563: 12494: 12307: 12004: 11968: 11845: 11806: 11040: 11036: 10695: 9918: 9751: 9730: 9669: 9648: 9183: 9077: 8905: 8885: 8784: 8761: 8751: 8739: 8721: 8711: 8699: 8681: 8671: 8644: 8634: 8607: 8597: 8570: 8560: 8422: 8412: 8392: 8227: 8178: 8139: 8112: 7956: 7877: 7834: 7798: 7740: 7594: 7260: 7244: 7117: 7110: 7074: 7030: 7026: 6958: 6804: 6737: 6673: 6621: 6589: 6513: 6363: 6143: 6005: 5989: 5641: 5637: 5125: 5034: 4926: 4694: 4638: 4498: 4357: 2828: 2807: 2729: 2353: 2158: 2034: 2030: 1635: 1227: 1177: 905: 819: 640: 605:. Many immigrants, particularly children, died before reaching America in June 1710. 493: 406: 402: 387: 257: 222: 212: 17294: 17108: 15454: 14951: 11997:"What Happens After English is Declared the Official Language of the United States?" 10207: 9178: 7934:

On Illinois see, Raymond Lohne, "Team of Friends: A New Lincoln Theory and Legacy",

4391: 18602: 18582: 18560: 18464: 18374: 18359: 18332: 18287: 18279: 18251: 18155: 18108: 18093: 18027: 17995: 17968: 17963: 17873: 17736: 17514: 17509: 17499: 17479: 17158: 17036: 16956: 16886: 16859: 16829: 16725: 16703: 16621: 16532: 16527: 16517: 16453: 16361: 16334: 16324: 16299: 16265: 16197: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16160: 16108: 16098: 16091: 16072: 16048: 16021: 15927: 15660: 15356: 15211: 15184: 15150: 15072: 14881: 14850: 14825: 14784: 14765: 14578: 14260: 14213: 13998: 13796:

German Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Reception, Adaptation, Transformation

13333: 12373: 12233: 12164: 11631: 11259:

Translating America: An Ethnic Press Visualizes Popular American Culture, 1895–1918

9971:

Hickey, Donald R. (Summer 1969), "The Prager Affair: A Study in Wartime Hysteria",

9710: 9628: 9235:

Who Rules the Synagogue?: Religious Authority and the Formation of American Judaism

9173: 9165: 8890: 8588:

Heinemann, Ronald L.; Kolp, John G.; Parent, Anthony S.; Shade, William G. (2007).

8207: 7567: 7398: 7256: 7200: 7070: 6998: 6994: 6920: 6896: 6866: 6828: 6693: 6605: 6585: 6465: 6418: 6407: 6286: 6025: 6001: 5944:

comprised the city's largest immigrant ethnicity and possibly its least cohesive".

5477: 5462: 5461:, and Minnesota, and the western provinces of Canada. Hutterites continue to speak 5449:

still speak dialects of German, including Pennsylvania German, informally known as

5335: 5052: 5044: 4956: 4850: 3884: 3329: 2957: 2779: 2571: 2552: 2488: 2323: 2319: 2006: 1476: 1189: 1185: 1048: 1005: 944: 873: 644: 554: 519: 383: 227: 130: 113: 11106: 10354: 18420: 18317: 18307: 18268: 17940: 17854: 17837: 17810: 17474: 17422: 17063: 17026: 16981: 16908: 16757: 16747: 16710: 16693: 16666: 16601: 16522: 16507: 16487: 16409: 16392: 16373: 16329: 16239: 16229: 16202: 16187: 16143: 15712: 15293: 15277: 15224: 15170: 15038: 14997: 14860: 14794: 14701: 14526: 14477: 14455: 14317: 14300: 14218:(English translations of selected German-language newspaper articles, 1855–1938). 13879: 13845: 13789: 13765: 13751: 13706: 13605: 13588: 13575: 13520: 13442: 13409: 13387: 13374: 13299: 13079: 13039: 12997: 12751: 12601: 12557: 12482: 11996: 11963: 11839: 11798: 11719: 11083: 11030: 10237: 10214: 10177: 10124: 9925: 9546: 9469: 9391: 9038: 8998: 8975: 8482: 8365: 8062: 8040: 7403: 7312: 7212: 7082: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7014: 6948: 6900: 6862: 6836: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6442: 6234: 6097: 5866: 5810: 5423: 5357: 5183: 5121: 4908: 4818: 4464: 4412: 2969: 2840: 2787: 2734: 2716: 2696: 2451: 2186: 2081: 1734: 1124: 932: 570: 394: 318: 311: 262: 217: 202: 172: 134: 50: 12871: 10392: 9822:

Jutta Spillmann, and Lothar Spillmann. "The rise and fall of Hugo Münsterberg."

9747:

Trade Unions and Community: The German Working Class in New York City, 1870–1900

2608:(1871–1934) was a leading journalist, and theologian. A layman in St Louis. His 18060: 18045: 18022: 17978: 17944: 17885: 17782: 17655: 17316: 17269: 17133: 17128: 17093: 17078: 16656: 16472: 16439: 15917: 15912: 15243: 14776: 14495: 13465:. (1971). Voting behavior of Germans, prohibition, language, and school issues. 11171: 11167: 9897: 9875:

Jutta Spillmann and Lothar Spillmann. "The rise and fall of Hugo Münsterberg."

7371: 7296: 7252: 7248: 7208: 7184: 7180: 7149: 7129: 7106: 7078: 7022: 7018: 6916: 6870: 6852: 6812: 6808: 6661: 6633: 6597: 6581: 6489: 6449: 6198: 6131: 6021: 5985: 4892: 4778: 4666: 4632: 4365: 4069: 3908: 2973: 2708: 2704: 2683:

was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched. A Minnesota minister was

2564: 2483:

The German vote in 1900 was in doubt; they opposed the "repudiation" policy of

2445: 2385:. Their ancestors had come from all over the German-speaking world, invited by 2374: 2235:". Radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the city's 2221: 2213: 2088:

and sponsored numerous local and national philanthropic organizations, such as

2085: 2042: 2038: 1979: 1729: 1705: 1569: 1500: 1169: 1078:-led coalition that took control of the legislature, which later supported the 1009: 1001: 962: 921: 523: 417: 267: 14019:

Other Witnesses: An Anthology of Literature of the German Americans, 1850–1914

13720:

Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America

13275:

Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City

12716:"Friday Lunch Menu | Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh (Deutschtown), PA" 12446: 10982: 9081: 9026:

Theodore G. Tappert, "Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the American Revolution."

8986:

Theodore G. Tappert, "Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and the American Revolution."

8426: 8285:

Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the First Germans in America, April 18

8211: 8093:

The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures

7354:

region that is now part of France; both families came to America around 1750.

7120:, and most of the leading engineers from the former German V-2 rocket base at 5878: 18722: 18515: 18398: 17990: 17973: 17952: 17798: 17361: 17232: 17180: 17168: 17163: 17153: 17143: 17138: 17058: 17031: 17021: 17016: 17011: 16564: 15687: 14293: 13758: 13568: 13246: 12688: 10455:

Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980

9187: 8648: 8400: 7331: 7264: 7240: 7232: 7176: 7086: 7006: 6944: 6936: 6928: 6908: 6788: 6725: 6613: 6355: 6116: 5889: 5730: 4872: 4578: 4482: 4470: 4325: 4255: 3814: 3630: 3110: 3031:

Of the four major U.S. regions, German was the most-reported ancestry in the

2680: 2664: 2656: 2605: 2427: 2363: 2349: 2311: 2297: 2182: 1987: 1763: 1429: 1406: 1032: 986: 822:

about 25 miles (40 km) above New Orleans. The area is now known as 'the

617: 616:

manor. In 1723 Germans became the first Europeans allowed to buy land in the

14106:

Tolzmann, Don Heinrich. "German-American studies: History and development."

13402: 13137: 11732:

The Bennett Law of Eighteen Eighty-Nine: Education and Politics in Wisconsin

11653:"Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970" 11353:

Dobbert, G.A. "German-Americans between New and Old Fatherland, 1870-1914."

10422: 9351: 9222:

Encounter with Emancipation: The German Jews in the United States, 1830–1914

8765: 8725: 8685: 8611: 8574: 7817:"Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171. 7121: 5398:—are all descended from churches started by German immigrants among others. 2302: 1966:

The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and

18364: 17866: 17341: 17217: 17001: 14719: 14623: 14558: 14039:"The Field, the Boundaries, and the Cultivators of German-American Studies" 14024:

Miller, Zane L. "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group",

13740:. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993. 13689:

German Culture in America, 1600–1900: Philosophical and Literary Influences

13231:. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2006. 12897: 11254: 9932:. Presented to the Society for Military History Annual Meeting, April 1998. 9836:

Conley, Rory T. (1994). "Arthur Preuss, German-Catholic Exile in America".

8968: 7908:

Zane L. Miller, "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group",

7339: 7327: 7304: 7236: 7228: 7160: 7156: 7034: 6982: 6974: 6932: 6912: 6904: 6820: 6784: 6717: 6709: 6669: 6637: 6601: 6577: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6485: 6438: 6434: 6399: 6210: 6170:, which is popular across the United States. Germans introduced America to 6009: 5826: 5683: 5204: 4486: 4369: 4092: 4046: 4023: 3931: 3064: 2285: 2077: 2072: 2018: 1546: 1523: 1070: 834: 823: 789: 625: 609: 527: 509: 413: 356: 14181:

Kamphoefner, Walter D., Wolfgang Johannes Helbich and Ulrike Sommer, eds.

13558:

States of Belonging: German-American Intellectuals and the First World War

13542:

German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective

12657:"Languages in East Amana, Iowa (Unincorporated Place) – Statistical Atlas" 9919:

The War Department: Keeper of Our Nation's Enemy Aliens During World War I

9784:

German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective

9583:

28 (Autumn 1962): 310–16; cited in Turk, "Germans in Kansas," (2005) p 57.

6024:

in Iowa; according to the website Statistical Atlas, all the residents of

2775: 2169:

was also a favored destination. By 1900, the populations of the cities of

18694: 18142: 17336: 17257: 17237: 17123: 16996: 16901: 11959: 11140:

Andrew Yox, "The German-American Community as a Nationality, 1880–1940",

10677:

Lukas Schemper, "Diasporas and American debates on German unification."

7499: 7347: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7216: 7196: 7192: 7172: 6761: 6729: 6721: 6677: 6561: 6473: 6414: 6391: 6387: 6260: 6256: 6245:

neighborhood, a traditional a center of the city's German population, in

6222: 5993: 5739: 5668: 5652: 5482: 5458: 4476: 3699: 3283: 3079:

German-Americans, as well as their descendants, learned to speak German.

3025: 2719:(honoring those who fought in the Battle of Marne). In Iowa, in the 1918 2544: 2536: 2465: 2378: 2281: 2064: 1983: 1967: 1796: 1255: 1088: 1036: 1013: 844: 830: 815: 582: 562: 501: 460: 157: 100: 14129: 14054: 13698:

edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014, pp. 207–223)

13658:

Little Germany: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in New York City, 1845–80

13513: 13481:

German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-century Texas

12788: 12345: 11838:

Leslie, W. Bruce (1997). "German Americans". In Parish, Peter J. (ed.).

11495:"Appendix Table 2. Languages Spoken at Home: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007" 10302: 9849: 9722: 9640: 1993: 1008:

and quickly distinguished themselves through improved farming, advanced

18498: 17299: 17242: 17073: 14010: 13782: 13292: 12483:"Pulitzer, Preetorius, and the German American Identity Project of the 12245: 9573:

C. B. Schmidt, "Reminiscences of Foreign Immigration Work for Kansas,"

9195: 9031: 8991: 8219: 7287:

There have been three presidents whose fathers were of German descent:

7224: 7168: 7102: 7098: 7062: 6952: 6844: 6705: 6701: 6685: 6553: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6272: 6246: 6159: 6082: 6013: 5969: 5834: 5687: 5366: 4626: 4620: 4381: 4353: 3860: 3837: 3237: 2712: 2469: 2277: 2178: 2166: 2150: 2010: 1700: 1452: 1147: 1139: 1131: 1116: 1024: 811: 697: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 456: 448: 247: 165: 153: 104: 18435: 17859: 17346: 17098: 14403:

The German Society of Pennsylvania (oldest German Society in the U.S.)

14021:. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2007. 13824:

America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History

13435: 12868:"Pittsburgh?s historic Deutschtown – Our Neighborhood Rich in History" 8590:

Old Dominion, New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia, 1607–2007

5996:

to various degrees (though they are generally fluent in English). All

5746:

I and forbidden by his immigrant parents ever to speak German again".

5245:

established German serious music as the superior language of feeling.

4645: 2616:, and anguished over the anti-German America hysteria during World War 985:

in 1766 (now a historical section in the center of Winston-Salem) and

18256: 17789: 17673: 17650: 17625: 17351: 17247: 17103: 17053: 16971: 15314: 14651: 14026:

Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society

12377: 9942: 9714: 9632: 9311: 9012:

The Life of Major-General Peter Muhlenberg: Of the Revolutionary Army

8004: 7910:

Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society

7343: 7320: 7188: 7164: 7038: 6981:

were noted physicians. The 19th century saw pioneering inventions by

6970: 6940: 6766: 6713: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6290: 6237:

are held regularly throughout the country. One of the largest is the

6194: 6178: 6155: 6151: 5997: 5941: 5691: 5434: 5399: 5362: 5151: 5124:, it is the 3rd largest copper statue in the United States after the 4650:

The 25 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Germany are:

4373: 4361: 4278: 4115: 3676: 3561: 2811: 2799: 2327: 2228: 2202: 2174: 2170: 2154: 2146: 1788:

was an anti-tax movement among Germans in Pennsylvania in 1799–1800.

1337: 1332: 1096: 1092: 982: 574: 566: 497: 464: 452: 425: 295: 161: 17083: 14397: 14002: 13488:

German-American Immigration and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective

13469: 12237: 11431: 11276:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

10718: 9665:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

9169: 7132:

to land on the Moon. Similarly, fellow German aviation technologist

6028:

speak German at home, and only 67.7% can speak English "very well".

5841:

II, a claim which would continue to mislead his family for decades.

4564:

Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry

3020:

Distribution of Americans claiming German Ancestry by county in 2018

1978:, a wave of political refugees fled to America, who became known as 965:, because the streams and meadows reminded Moravian settlers of the 672: 18520: 18510: 17630: 17284: 17274: 17202: 17175: 17088: 17068: 17006: 16986: 16966: 16961: 15372: 15190: 14902: 13463:

The Winning of the Midwest, Social and Political Conflict 1888–1896

12527:"How German Is American? Building Communities – Max Kade Institute" 10060:"Silence Broken, Pardons Granted 88 Years After Crimes of Sedition" 8805: 7949:"Schurz, Margarethe [Meyer] (Mrs. Carl Schurz) 1833 – 1876" 6816: 6279:" and has been revived as such. Within Deutschtown and since 1854, 6186: 5949: 5135: 4207: 3977: 3768: 3722: 3653: 3607: 3538: 3446: 3306: 3260: 3214: 2990:

U.S. Ancestries by County, Germany in light blue, as of 2000 census

2733:). The response of German Americans to these tactics was often to " 2587: 2416: 2358: 2026: 1615: 1383: 1326: 1278: 1135: 861: 856:

Two waves of German colonists in 1714 and 1717 founded a colony in

648: 639:

The most famous of the early German Palatine immigrants was editor

515: 431:

The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become

321:

in the 1670s, and they settled primarily in the colonial states of

14487: 14336: 14305: 13803:

The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941

13227:

Bungert, Heike, Cora Lee Kluge, & Robert C. Ostergren (eds.).

12193:"For Donald Trump's Family, an Immigrant's Tale With 2 Beginnings" 12160:"Donald Trump claimed he was of Swedish ancestry – but it's a lie" 9153: 8521: 7830:

Cat Island: The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island

5490:

the 1880s to 1924, bringing more traditional religious practices.

2041:. A prominent representative of this generation of immigrants was 18575: 18570: 18565: 18532: 17759: 17709:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

17442: 17356: 17331: 17279: 17264: 17148: 16976: 16946: 15665: 14438: 14407: 14232:

Geschichte der Deutschen in Amerika von 1680 bis in die Gegenwart

11176:

Land without Nightingales: Music in the Making of German-America.

11004:"City & County Information, Town & Community Information" 9943:"Get the Rope! Anti-German Violence in World War I-era Wisconsin" 8243:"Tour of German-American Sites at James Fort, Historic Jamestown" 8095:(1979) pp 147–58 maps out the political beliefs of key subgroups. 8063:"Auswandern in die USA – das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten" 7010: 6167: 6163: 6139: 5352: 5253: 4392:

Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry

4301: 4184: 3745: 3469: 3352: 3191: 3145: 3102: 3075: 3032: 2259: 2009:

is the designation of several settlements founded by some of the

1592: 1232: 970: 479: 421: 317:

The first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the

183: 96: 18542: 17728: 14460: 13727:

Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest

9594:

Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest

8265:

Where it All Began – Celebrating 400 Years of Germans in America

3050: 896:. They were swiftly replaced by 70 new German arrivals from the 880:

and encouraged German immigration by advertising in Germany for

18658: 18653: 18430: 18337: 17635: 17227: 17212: 17207: 17195: 17190: 17118: 17048: 16951: 16730: 15197: 14402: 12372:(PhD dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. p. 45. 11799:"German American Ethnic and Cultural Identity from 1890 Onward" 9496:"Inventory of the Hermann Raster Papers". The Newberry Library. 7684:

One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society

7563:"6 Maps That Show How Ethnic Groups Are Divided Across America" 7351: 6733: 6665: 6573: 6477: 6147: 6017: 5799: 5211:

had its American debut in Bethlehem in the early 19th century.

4000: 3791: 3515: 3400: 3168: 2994:

The German American community supported reunification in 1990.

2382: 2232: 1202: 1052: 997: 966: 804: 793: 785: 773: 602: 306: 14275: 12606:

Forgotten Doors: The Other Ports of Entry to the United States

11341:, Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1984, p. 164. 7279:

became prominent athletes, actors, film directors or artists.

6891:

have been greatly enriched by German-American authors such as

6283:

has been promoting and furthering German cultural traditions.

6275:). So many German speakers arrived, the area became known as " 5329:, which authorized censorship of foreign language newspapers. 5241:

with 'emotion'. The performance of pieces such as Beethoven's

2479: 2157:, Chicago were favored destinations of German immigrants. The 840: 18474: 17326: 17309: 17289: 17222: 17185: 17113: 17043: 14712: 14346: 13313:

German Immigrants: Race and Citizenship in the Civil War Era.

11200:

Erna Ottl Gwinn, "The Liederkranz in Louisville, 1848–1877",

10492:

1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States

9261:

Thirteenth census of the United States taken in the year 1910

8965:

America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army

7951:. June 11, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. 6413:

German Americans were famous American politicians, including

6171: 6069:(German Dispensary), both by William Schickel (1883–1884) on 5973: 5769: 5644:, but use of German was strongly discouraged during World War 5430: 4138: 3584: 3423: 2832: 2190: 1630: 1360: 1120: 1100: 881: 656: 14427: 14341: 13910:

Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America

12037:

Corporation Sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism

11964:"I could hear the pain in my German-American father's voice" 5926:

Robert Paul McCaffery points out that "Despite their numbers

5723: 5313:

in immigrant communities faced an additional challenge with

2765:

in August 1918 for allegedly not supporting war bond drives.

359:, founded in 1683. Germantown is also the birthplace of the 18670: 18537: 17640: 16991: 14465: 14388: 14183:

News from the Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Write Home

13651:

Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900

13535:

Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity

13073:

https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/index.php?m=g_essay

12773: 12283:

Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity

10240:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. 7145: 7125: 5879:

Factors making German-Americans susceptible to assimilation

5829:

erroneous assertion of Swedish heritage as late as 1987 in

4161: 3954: 3492: 2472:, with many German immigrants claiming to enlist to "fight 2394: 1670: 13293:

German-Americans between New and Old Fatherland, 1870–1914

12841:"About the Teutonia Männerchor | Teutonia Männerchor" 12491:

German Diasporic Experiences: Identity, Migration and Loss

11003: 7440:

Ellis County, Kansas#English and Russian-German immigrants

6213:

movement that swept the U.S. beginning in the late 1980s.

2527:(1850s–1890s), the Protestants and Jews leaned toward the 1123:", Yiddish "daytsh", Danish/Norwegian "tysk", or Swedish " 788:

region who had recently fallen under French rule, and the

12131: 10858: 9385:

A 10K Walk Through German-Texas Heritage in Austin, Texas

8327: 8325: 7697:"US Census Bureau - German-American Day: October 6, 2023" 2487:(right poster), but also disliked the overseas expansion 2013:

and other refugees from Europe after rebellions like the

14379: 13675:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

13318:

Ellis, M. and P. Panayi. "German Minorities in World War

13163:

German Americans in the Civil War § Further reading

12987:

Reaching for the Moon: A Short History of the Space Race

11377:

Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History

11032:

Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest

9282:. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Chamber of Commerce. p. 81. 8587: 8459:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

6049:

Late-19th-century German-American buildings in Manhattan

1188:

was especially influential on the Patriot side. His son

1004:

in the 1730s and 1740s. They were actively recruited by

17705:

Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity

14374: 14369: 14359: 11187:

Edward C. Wolf, "Wheeling's German Singing Societies",

10724: 10355:"BBC NEWS – Americas – The lost voices of Crystal City" 9995:

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences

7334:, whose maternal ancestors were Germans who anglicized 6961:

was an important scientist, inventor and astronomer of

14421: 14282: 13425:

German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709–1920

12762: 12760: 10789:"African Americans and the German Language in America" 8322: 5669:

The apparent disappearance of German American identity

5230:

I and changing social values dealt them a death blow.

4332: 4306: 4283: 4260: 4237: 4212: 4189: 4166: 4143: 4120: 4097: 4074: 4051: 4028: 4005: 3982: 3959: 3936: 3913: 3890: 3865: 3842: 3819: 3796: 3773: 3750: 3727: 3704: 3681: 3658: 3635: 3612: 3589: 3566: 3543: 3520: 3497: 3474: 3451: 3428: 3405: 3382: 3357: 3334: 3311: 3288: 3265: 3242: 3219: 3196: 3173: 3150: 3082: 2397:, the Germans from Russia who settled in the northern 1770: 1741: 1713: 1683: 1650: 1620: 1597: 1574: 1551: 1528: 1505: 1482: 1457: 1434: 1411: 1388: 1365: 1342: 1308: 1283: 1260: 15484: 14176:

Germans in the Civil War; The Letters They Wrote Home

13456:

Germania, U.S.A.: Social Change in New Ulm, Minnesota

11349: 11347: 9527:

Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home

8781:

The Moravians in North Carolina: An Authentic History

7787:"Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background" 7653:"Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" 5410:(strongest in the Midwest), which is now part of the 3059:

people. A few German-speaking African-Americans were

1019:

German immigrants also settled in other areas of the

796:

was sold to France within the greater context of the

569:; many belonged to small religious sects such as the 14294:

German Immigrant Culture in America: Syllabus (1998)

13470:

The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West

13427:(Routledge Explorations in Economic History) (2011). 13394:

February 7, 2015, With a statistical map by counties

11379:, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 319. 9108:

Early American Studies: an Interdisciplinary Journal

8926:

Standardization: Studies from the Germanic Languages

7435:

Nativism (politics) in the United States#Anti-German

7361: 2761:

German American farmer John Meints of Minnesota was

2624: 1800:

German population density in the United States, 1872

829:

A thriving population of Germans lived upriver from

14393:

Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis

14174:Kamphoefner, Walter D., and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. 14103:(2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations. 13861:(1977; reprint University of Missouri Press, 2006). 13626:

Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans During World War

12961:"1903 Wright Flyer | National Air and Space Museum" 12757: 12519: 11713:

U.S. State Department, "German Language in the U.S"

8514: 5406:(especially in New York and Pennsylvania), and the 4646:

Communities with the most residents born in Germany

1000:region settled in Savannah, St. Simon's Island and 977:. They also founded the transitional settlement of 14114:"German-American Studies: History and Development" 13530:Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2021. 13486:Kamphoefner, Walter D. and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. 13338:. (2013); Astor (1763–1848) came to the US in 1783 13215:Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia 12681: 12299: 11480:Edward S. Shapiro, "Jews", in Elliott Barkan, ed. 11456:, 2001, Scottdale, PA, and Waterloo, ON, page 115. 11344: 9743: 8889: 8472:John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire 7136:, the former top aviation technologist within the 6177:The oldest extant brewery in the United States is 1666: 14101:Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940 13474:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 12894:"Recurring Activities | Teutonia Männerchor" 12745:Yuengling of Pottsville: America's Oldest Brewery 12455:(PhD dissertation). University of New Hampshire. 12127:"Trump's family denied German heritage for years" 11927: 11801:. In Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A. (eds.). 10325:"German Internment Camps in World War II (thing)" 9877:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 9824:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 9661: 8856:"Loyalists (Royalists, Tories) in South Carolina" 8131: 8007:"Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England" 7722:"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012" 7326:Presidents with maternal German ancestry include 6698:International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) 6221:German and German-American celebrations, such as 5956: 5818:... Few German-Americans could defend what Hitler 4533:Town of Marshfield, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin 2591:Hugo Münsterberg, Harvard professor of psychology 2318:Texas attracted many Germans who entered through 1082:. Despite this, many of the German settlers were 947:and purchased 98,985 acres (400.58 km) from 18720: 14525: 14398:The Germantown Historical Society (Philadelphia) 14353: 14278:, German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA 14196:. Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the 14150:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 14075:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 13322:I: A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA", 11887: 10953:, Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin 9973:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 9486:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania press 7961:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7936:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 7865: 6166:are common dishes. German bakers introduced the 5860:with whom they often overlapped, after World War 1807:German Immigration to United States (1820–2004) 1016:-Reformed religious services for the colonists. 955:of North Carolina in 1753. The tract was dubbed 420:tradition, and introduced popular foods such as 340:in present-day Louisiana between 1718 and 1750. 13978:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 13919:We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant 13851:Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 13345:(1949), detailed coverage of Germans and Irish. 13055:"Donald Drumpf: A Funny Label, but is It Fair?" 12366:: Heritage Tourism and Identity in German Texas 12120: 12118: 11930:"WWI altered the German accent of Allen County" 11442:, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society 10090:"Anti-German hysteria swept Cincinnati in 1917" 8664:The Tar Heel State: A History of North Carolina 8487: 7938:Fall/Winter2008, Vol. 101 Issue 3/4, pp 285–314 7037:made significant contributions to the field of 6346:German American general/flag military officers 6016:dialect coming originally from the area around 5833:. This error stems from Donald Trump's father, 2643:Map of German American internment sites in WWII 1696: 1150:and in the industrial foundations of the Army. 14488:Articles and topics related to German American 14380:Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies 14349:by the German Historical Institute Washington. 14132:. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020 14057:. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020 13956:. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023 13252:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 13222:The German Forty-Eighters in the United States 12302:Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America 11923: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11915: 10907: 9596:(U. of North Carolina Press, 1992) pp. 53, 101 8627:Cradle of America : A History of Virginia 8553:Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement 8405:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 7409:German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA 5875:out the few surviving German language venues. 4346: 2963:In the aftermath of World War II, millions of 2468:was the highest-ranking German officer in the 593:In 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or 18396: 17744: 15470: 14667: 14511: 13886:Wilkerson, Miranda E., and Heather Richmond. 13812:, 2 vols. Munich, Germany: K.G. Saur, (1995). 13621:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 13010:"Rating the Top Baseball Players of All Time" 12440: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12432: 11399:International Journal of the History of Sport 11228:International Journal of the History of Sport 10616:"German Missions in the United States – Home" 9348:(2007), p. 208; Gross (1996); Johnson (1951). 8952:The Hessians and the Other German Auxiliaries 8359:Gottlieb Mittleberger on Indentured Servitude 7282: 6783:German Americans were pioneers and dominated 6321:German International School of Silicon Valley 6103:Scheffel Hall by Weber and Drosser (1894) on 3107:Estimated German American population by state 3051:German-speakers and German-Americans of color 2843:(who ironically ran against Roosevelt in the 2699:temporarily stepped down as conductor of the 951:(one of the British Lords Proprietor) in the 18692: 17864: 17796: 17780: 17773: 14444:Interactive German-History Map of Pittsburgh 14413:Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center 13213:Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds. 12811:"About Oktoberfest – Oktoberfest Zinzinnati" 12734: 12602:"Immigration through New Orleans: A Comment" 12407:"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains – GERMANS" 12327: 12325: 12323: 12115: 10291: 10221:by LaVern J. Rippley and Eberhard Reichmann. 9750:. University of Illinois Press. p. 36. 9360:German Settlers in Louisiana and New Orleans 8692: 8547: 8445:Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration 8174:American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition 6035: 5648:I and fell out of daily use in many places. 4222: 2504:(1,200 km) to German-speaking farmers. 1208:Estimated German American population in the 1203:Colonial German American population by state 956: 393:German Americans were drawn to colonial-era 42: 18702:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 14471:Some German Contributions to Wisconsin Life 14036: 13834:. Essays by scholars covering broad themes. 13822:Trommler, Frank & Joseph McVeigh, eds. 13696:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, 13315:New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 12768:Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer 11912: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10188: 10186: 10096:, June 6, 2012. Accessed February 15, 2013. 8624: 8268:, German Information Center, archived from 8135:Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City 8005:Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs. 6089:Deutsch-Amerikanische Schützen Gesellschaft 2029:) met together to devote themselves to the 344:ramped up sharply during the 19th century. 17751: 17737: 15477: 15463: 14674: 14660: 14518: 14504: 14439:German Traces NYC from the Goethe-Institut 14360:German-American Heritage Museum of the USA 14099:Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult. 13687:Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz; 13595:Comparative Studies in Society and History 13343:Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825–1863 13217:(: Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp. 13172:The German-Americans: An Ethnic Experience 13040:"Donald Trump Family Tree | CTV News" 12595: 12593: 12591: 12429: 12293: 12291: 12277: 12275: 12001:Language Legislation and Linguistic Rights 11883: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11873: 11805:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 11792: 11790: 11404: 10251:"Statement of Senator Russell D. Feingold" 10219:The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience 9655: 9378: 9272: 8732: 8438: 8436: 8197: 8104: 6032:more family-oriented manner than Yankees. 5770:Impact of World War II on German Americans 5342:newspaper, which was established in 1997. 5284:prestigious daily newspapers, such as the 3875: 2659:. Similarly, Harvard psychology professor 2440:German Americans in the American Civil War 2227:A particularly attractive destination was 1467: 1012:-construction, and leading joint Lutheran- 500:in 1529). He was followed in 1608 by five 298:who have full or partial German ancestry. 78:44,978,546 (13.6%) alone or in combination 60: 14428:Local German-American history and culture 13832:The Relationship in the Twentieth Century 13738:The German Language in America, 1683–1991 13637:Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln 13366:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996) 12476: 12474: 12444: 12320: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12157: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11452:Donald B. Kraybill and Nelson Hostetter: 11315:The German Language Press of the Americas 10889:Leibniz Institute for the German Language 9517: 9515: 9177: 8884: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8288:, Reuters, March 25, 2008, archived from 7295:and maternal side is also German/Swiss), 7152:was the first human to land on the moon. 5724:Impact of World War I on German Americans 5702:Cynthia Moothart O'Bannon, writing about 3367: 2956:German American kindergarten building in 1293: 757:Learn how and when to remove this message 581:did not arrive in number until after the 561:of Virginia attracted Germans. Most were 14160:German-American Studies: Selected Essays 14111: 14095:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 294–95. 13715:(2012), vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 23–40. 13208:The Catholic Church and German Americans 12331: 12190: 12158:Carlström, Vilhelm (November 28, 2017). 12084: 11803:Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait 11585:"Language Use in the United States:2007" 11155:Studies in Puritan American Spirituality 10937: 10746: 10183: 9700: 9618: 9575:Kansas Historical Collections, 1905–1906 9056: 9053:, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. 8833: 8831: 8797: 8581: 7350:in the historically culturally Germanic 7128:space program and the initiation of the 5773: 5600: 5376: 5279:German newspapers in North America, 1922 5274: 5107: 3086: 3015: 2985: 2951: 2939: 2782:signing a soldier's cast (Belgium, 1944) 2774: 2638: 2586: 2543:. The German community strongly opposed 2478: 2357: 2301: 2231:, which came to be known as "the German 2181:were all more than 40% German American. 2117: 2059:History of the Jews in the United States 1992: 1976:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states 1795: 839: 514: 366:Germantown also was the location of the 18282:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 18276:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 17674:People of the United States / Americans 15923:Southeast Africans in the United States 15881:African immigrants to the United States 14461:Milwaukee German-American Radio Program 14306:Emigrant Letters to Germany (in German) 14087:. (University of Illinois Press, 2009). 13694:Rippley, LaVern J. "German Americans." 13540:Keil, Hartmut and Jentz, John B., eds. 13537:. (2004). a major study of Philadelphia 12640: 12588: 12288: 12139:from the original on September 28, 2018 12125:Hansler, Jennifer (November 28, 2017). 12124: 11870: 11505:from the original on September 18, 2018 11028: 10948: 10192: 10057: 9782:Hartmut Keil, and John B. Jentz, eds., 9259:Census data from Bureau of the Census, 8803: 8778: 8655: 8541: 8442: 8433: 6943:were popular children's authors, while 5182:Beginning in 1741, the German-speaking 4557:Town of Herman, Dodge County, Wisconsin 412:German Americans established the first 14: 18749:European diaspora in the United States 18721: 15950:Southern Africans in the United States 15792:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans 14681: 14090: 13974:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 13528:Germans in America: A Concise History. 13052: 12945:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 12643:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 12622:from the original on November 30, 2023 12599: 12576:from the original on November 30, 2023 12555: 12507:from the original on November 30, 2023 12471: 12387:from the original on November 13, 2018 12297: 12252: 12017:from the original on November 30, 2023 11900:from the original on December 24, 2013 11858:from the original on November 30, 2023 11837: 11819:from the original on November 30, 2023 11767: 11437: 11053:from the original on November 30, 2023 11010:from the original on February 13, 2019 10148:from the original on November 30, 2023 10138:"Cincinnati's Century of Change – May" 10039:from the original on February 24, 2021 10004:from the original on November 13, 2018 9970: 9964: 9835: 9764:from the original on November 30, 2023 9682:from the original on November 30, 2023 9512: 9481: 9475: 9398:. 3/6. Retrieved on November 15, 2009. 9202:from the original on November 30, 2023 9152:Easum, Chester V. (December 1, 1952). 9133:from the original on December 12, 2019 9088:from the original on November 30, 2023 8738: 8698: 8618: 8390: 8371: 8240: 8152:from the original on November 30, 2023 8073:from the original on December 28, 2021 7890:from the original on November 30, 2023 7847:from the original on November 30, 2023 7826: 7665:from the original on February 24, 2012 7217:Henry John Deutschendorf (John Denver) 5388:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 2935: 2820:interned nearly 11,000 German citizens 2343: 2334:microcosm of the Germania nationwide. 2106:The port cities of New York City, and 2095: 1153: 17732: 15886:Central Africans in the United States 15458: 14655: 14499: 14486: 14449:Zinzinnati History (Cincinnati, Ohio) 14194:Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey 13986: 13866:Germany and the Emigration, 1816–1885 13665:German-Americans: an Informal History 13614:(Peter Lang, 1996), newspaper history 13381:German-Americans: The silent minority 13241:Conzen, Kathleen Neils. "Germans" in 13105:"Researchers: Obama has German roots" 12480: 12417:from the original on January 25, 2019 12358: 12223: 12003:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 11994: 11976:from the original on November 9, 2019 11958: 11796: 11465: 11289:The German-Language Press in America. 10895:from the original on November 2, 2023 10596:from the original on October 12, 2023 10472:from the original on January 16, 2019 10279:from the original on February 5, 2012 10082: 9151: 8837: 8828: 8704:North Carolina through Four Centuries 8661: 7767:from the original on October 12, 2023 7645: 7543:from the original on October 12, 2023 7426:, covers diplomacy, trade and culture 7189:Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff (Doris Day) 5636:. There is a false claim, called the 2965:ethnic Germans were forcibly expelled 2547:, and voted heavily against crusader 2276:Few German immigrants settled in the 1224: 1219: 1184:. The Muhlenberg family, led by Rev. 416:in the United States, introduced the 289: 18739:German diaspora in the United States 15857:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans 14375:Germans from Russia Heritage Society 14311:German-American Business Biographies 14178:. (U of North Carolina Press, 2006). 13901:The German-Language Press in America 13883:. New York: Films Media Group, 1976. 13794:Tatlock, Lynne and Matt Erlin, eds. 13336:and the First Great American Fortune 13201:Yearbook of German-American Studies, 12493:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 12205:from the original on August 15, 2018 11327:The German-Language Press in America 11263:The German-Language Press in America 11241:The German-Language Press in America 11029:Murdoch, Adrian (December 1, 2012). 10443:Tischauser, (1990); Tolzmann, (1995) 10299:"German American Internee Coalition" 9988:"Civil Liberties in Times of Crisis" 9985: 9804:from the original on October 3, 2012 9121:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics" 8816:from the original on October 8, 2022 8302: 8241:Grassl, Gary Carl (June–July 2008), 8170: 8037:"The Home of the Hamburger: History" 7445: 7414:German language in the United States 6125: 6065:(Free Library and Reading Hall) and 6042:German language in the United States 5793:I had on German Americans, World War 5602: 5404:Reformed Church in the United States 5396:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 2406:I, their identity was challenged by 2189:had even larger proportions, as did 2136:History of the Germans in Louisville 2037:, science, classical music, and the 695:adding citations to reliable sources 666: 401:. Many arrived seeking religious or 90:Regions with significant populations 27:Americans of German birth or descent 16926:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 16149:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 16082:North Africans in the United States 15869:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 14283:German-American history and culture 14185:. (Cornell University Press, 1991). 13774:. Vol. 6. New York: Appleton, 1909. 13733:, 1992), focus on German Americans. 13203:4 (Supplemental Issue 2012), 1–254. 12696:from the original on March 18, 2019 12562:. The Ohio State University Press. 12459:from the original on April 15, 2023 12191:Horowitz, Jason (August 21, 2016). 11940:from the original on August 2, 2018 11142:Yearbook of German-American Studies 10829:National Museum of American History 10365:from the original on March 22, 2021 10335:from the original on March 22, 2021 9419:from the original on August 7, 2013 9286:from the original on March 16, 2016 8503:from the original on April 11, 2011 8305:"400 Years of Germans In Jamestown" 7727:. United States Census Bureau. 2012 7627:"New York Population Ethnicity Map" 7575:from the original on March 11, 2016 7555: 7277:Kevin George Knipfing (Kevin James) 6336:For a more comprehensive list, see 5992:by a minority of Amish) along with 3083:German American population by state 2314:served as a German-American school. 2102:History of the Germans in Baltimore 989:(an early female college) in 1772. 24: 18729:Ethnic groups in the United States 15977:West Africans in the United States 15852:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans 14204:from the original on June 26, 2023 14167: 14093:Reader's Guide to American History 13810:German Americans in the World Wars 13510:Journal of American Ethnic History 13156: 13020:from the original on March 4, 2021 12682:Fischer, Claude S. (May 4, 2015). 12663:from the original on July 20, 2017 12334:Journal of American Ethnic History 12306:. University of California Press. 12066:from the original on March 8, 2021 11888:Ludden, Jennifer (April 1, 2009). 11841:Reader's Guide to American History 11755:from the original on July 16, 2018 11601:from the original on June 14, 2013 11592:United States Bureau of the Census 11559:United States Bureau of the Census 11535:from the original on July 18, 2018 11075:, 2nd ed., New York: Treat, 1907, 10978:Ancestry Map of German Communities 10925:from the original on July 17, 2022 10769:from the original on July 13, 2022 10509:from the original on July 27, 2017 9953:from the original on June 11, 2016 9795: 9703:Journal of American Ethnic History 9621:Journal of American Ethnic History 8866:from the original on March 8, 2021 8748:University of North Carolina Press 8708:University of North Carolina Press 8668:University of South Carolina Press 8530:from the original on March 3, 2009 8303:Jabs, Albert E. (June–July 2008), 6690:Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. 6610:Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts 6316:German American School of Portland 6306:German International School Boston 5865:overlapped, lived and worked with 5408:Evangelical Synod of North America 5338:(Kutztown, PA), the nation's only 5039:Groveland-Big Oak Flat, California 2600:American Philosophical Association 1160:Germans in the American Revolution 103:, California, New Mexico, and the 25: 18760: 18734:American people of German descent 17758: 17521:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin 16855:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans 15486:Demographics of the United States 14466:Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh 14269: 13944: 13115:from the original on May 13, 2011 12608:. Associated University Presses. 12103:from the original on July 6, 2018 11693:from the original on July 9, 2011 11663:from the original on June 2, 2000 11302:The German-American Radical Press 10865:from the original on May 23, 2023 10835:from the original on May 23, 2023 10805:from the original on May 23, 2023 10706:from the original on May 28, 2023 10070:from the original on May 12, 2011 9558: 9396:The University of Texas at Austin 9276:Ann Arbor the First Hundred Years 7827:Cuevas, John (January 10, 2014). 7607:from the original on May 28, 2023 6877:, left behind visible landmarks. 6534:Westinghouse Electric Corporation 6526:Studebaker Automobile Corporation 6518:Duesenberg Automobile Corporation 6462:Firestone Tire and Rubber Company 6331: 5138:'s victory over Roman troops in 9 4995:Holiday City-Berkeley, New Jersey 4314: 2839:. Roosevelt appointed Republican 2625:World War I anti-German sentiment 2052: 1628: 1051:). Many of the colonists fled to 939:, and a party from Europe led by 876:, had bought land in present-day 17699:Race and ethnicity in the census 15787:African diaspora in the Americas 14085:Perspectives on Milwaukee's Past 13873:Where Have All the Germans Gone? 13828:Immigration, Language, Ethnicity 13126: 13097: 13084: 13065: 13053:Victor, Daniel (March 2, 2016). 13046: 13032: 13002: 12979: 12953: 12913: 12886: 12860: 12833: 12803: 12708: 12675: 12649: 12634: 12549: 12399: 12352: 12217: 12184: 12151: 12078: 12042: 12029: 11988: 11952: 11831: 11737: 11724: 11705: 11675: 11645: 11613: 11577: 11547: 11517: 11487: 11474: 11470:, Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress 11459: 11446: 11391: 11382: 11369: 11360: 11331: 11319: 11307: 11294: 11281: 11268: 11246: 11233: 11220: 11207: 11194: 11181: 11160: 11147: 11134: 11121: 11088: 11065: 11022: 10996: 10969: 10957: 10885:"Black German Speakers in Texas" 10877: 10847: 10817: 10781: 10688: 10679:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 10671: 10638: 10608: 10582: 10551: 10520: 10483: 10446: 10437: 10407: 10377: 10347: 10317: 10261: 10243: 10224: 10201: 10160: 10130: 10111: 8939:Studebaker: The Complete History 8838:Faust, Albert Bernhardt (1909), 8779:Reichel, Levin Theodore (1968). 8341:from the original on May 9, 2020 7923:Milwaukee, the History of a City 7487: 7477: 7462: 7452: 7378: 7364: 6682:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. 6626:Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation 6470:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company 6142:(or "wieners", originating from 6096: 6081: 6055: 5920:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains 5754:... These statistics led Burnell 5059:, Southeast Comanche, Oklahoma, 4318: 4294: 4271: 4248: 4224: 4200: 4177: 4154: 4131: 4108: 4085: 4062: 4039: 4016: 3993: 3970: 3947: 3924: 3901: 3877: 3853: 3830: 3807: 3784: 3761: 3738: 3715: 3692: 3669: 3646: 3623: 3600: 3577: 3554: 3531: 3508: 3485: 3462: 3439: 3416: 3393: 3369: 3345: 3322: 3299: 3276: 3253: 3230: 3207: 3184: 3161: 3138: 3109: 3101: 2754: 2742: 2582: 2574:of 1886 in Chicago were German. 2531:and the Catholics were strongly 1756: 1728: 1699: 1669: 1634: 1608: 1585: 1562: 1539: 1516: 1493: 1469: 1445: 1422: 1399: 1376: 1353: 1331: 1319: 1295: 1271: 1248: 1226: 671: 553:Large sections of Pennsylvania, 168:but also multiple other branches 95:Nationwide, most notably in the 15797:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans 14422:Indiana German Heritage Society 14408:The Pennsylvania German Society 14389:Max Kade German-American Center 14384:University of Wisconsin–Madison 14370:German American Heritage Center 14337:The German-Hollywood Connection 14276:Discover America´s German Roots 14112:Tolzmann, Don Heinrich (1988). 13839:Germans in Kansas: Review Essay 13523:, on deep-reading their letters 13496:University of Wisconsin–Madison 13220:Brancaforte, Charlotte L., ed. 12445:McCaffery, Robert Paul (1994). 11999:. In Kibbee, Douglas A. (ed.). 11844:. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. 11555:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000" 11438:Allard, William Albert (2006), 10099: 10051: 10015: 9979: 9935: 9912: 9882: 9869: 9856: 9829: 9816: 9789: 9776: 9737: 9694: 9668:. Richard Jensen. p. 292. 9612: 9599: 9586: 9567: 9552: 9532: 9499: 9490: 9451: 9430: 9401: 9338: 9325: 9298: 9266: 9253: 9240: 9227: 9214: 9145: 9113: 9100: 9074:U.S. Government Printing Office 9043: 9020: 9004: 8980: 8957: 8944: 8931: 8918: 8878: 8848: 8783:. Genealogical Publishing Com. 8772: 8464: 8451: 8352: 8234: 8191: 8164: 8125: 8098: 8085: 8069:(in German). January 13, 2015. 8055: 8029: 7998: 7969: 7941: 7928: 7915: 7902: 7859: 7820: 7811: 7779: 7424:Germany–United States relations 5888:Reich added the lasting one of 5663: 5369:, both native German speakers. 5007:Woodlawn-Dotsonville, Tennessee 4897:White House Station, New Jersey 4511:Teutopolis, Illinois (township) 3011: 2818:, the United States government 2770: 2727:ruled the ban illegal in 1923 ( 2631:American entry into World War I 1791: 1752: 1724: 1694: 1664: 1058: 1031:, and Texas, especially in the 868:. Virginia Lieutenant Governor 682:needs additional citations for 486: 363:, which emerged there in 1688. 338:German Coast, Orleans Territory 15842:Kittian and Nevisian Americans 15817:Dominican Americans (Dominica) 14289:Chronology: Germans in America 14091:Parish, Peter J., ed. (2013). 13288:(Ohio University Press, 2012). 13229:Wisconsin German Land and Life 12754:". Retrieved December 8, 2006. 12684:"Family Farms vs. Americanism" 12604:. In Stolarik, M. Mark (ed.). 12226:The American Historical Review 11144:2001 36: 181–193; Kazal (2004) 11073:The Cyclopædia of Fraternities 8898:Johns Hopkins University Press 8443:Knittle, Walter Allen (1937), 8138:. Harvard UP. pp. 31–32. 7753: 7714: 7689: 7677: 7619: 7587: 7529: 6857:Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company 6801:Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. 6326:German School Washington, D.C. 6239:German-American Steuben Parade 6063:Freie Bibliothek und Lesehalle 5957:Persistence of German language 5706:, states that before World War 5392:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 4967:, Yuba Foothills, California, 4881:Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Florida 4841:Basye-Bryce Mountain, Virginia 4551:Town of Brothertown, Wisconsin 4505:Teutopolis, Illinois (village) 4459:Germantown, Illinois (village) 2812:Alien Registration Act of 1940 2635:Internment of German Americans 2614:Catholic University of America 2110:had large populations, as did 2045:who lived most of the time in 1042: 437:German-American Steuben Parade 82:15,447,670 (4.7%) German alone 13: 1: 17378:Hispanic and Latino Americans 14734:German Mennonites from Russia 14354:German-American organizations 14198:Works Progress Administration 14037:Nollendorfs, Valters (1994). 13890:(Southern Illinois UP, 2019) 13779:American Journal of Education 13759:"Germans in the United States 13553:, 73 (January 2009), 117–145. 13458:. (1966). emphasizes Turners. 13449:The Tragedy of German-America 13413:. (2010, updated continually) 12559:Ohio: The History of a People 12556:Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). 11202:Filson Club History Quarterly 11178:(U. of Wisconsin Press, 2002) 10981:, Epodunk.com, archived from 10725:United States Census Bureau, 10195:The Tragedy of German-America 9331:Trudy Knauss Paradis, et al. 8746:(2nd ed.). Chapel Hill: 8177:. NYU Press. pp. 34–35. 7874:University of Wisconsin Press 7522: 7311:; his paternal grandparents, 7155:There were many celebrities. 6793:August Schell Brewing Company 6650:Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. 6642:The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. 5827:U.S. President Donald Trump's 5065:Fort Johnson South, Louisiana 4977:Plainsboro Center, New Jersey 4767:Daytona Beach Shores, Florida 4707:Crestwood Village, New Jersey 4661:Pemberton Heights, New Jersey 4419:Germantown Township, Illinois 2577: 2265: 920:, Virginia German acquired a 526:, 1794, was the first of the 361:American antislavery movement 112:, Plurality in Pennsylvania, 17448:Indigenous Mexican Americans 14327:German-American Hall of Fame 14257:American Newspaper Directory 14223: 14158:Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, ed. 14035:86.3 (1994): 319–330 online 13937:Wisconsin Historical Society 13255:. Harvard University Press. 12359:Adams, Joy Kristina (2006). 11928:Moothart O'Bannon, Cynthia. 11468:One Great Cloud of Witnesses 10385:"German Internees Time Line" 10208:A German-American Chronology 10058:Robbins, Jim (May 3, 2006). 9800:. Social Anarchism journal. 9561:I'm Going to Fight Mit Sigel 9273:Stephenson, Orlando (1927). 8625:Wallenstein, Peter (2014) . 8594:University of Virginia Press 8557:University of Virginia Press 8105:Richardson, Belinda (2007). 6825:Molson Coors Brewing Company 6296: 6216: 6136:cuisine of the United States 5608:Foreign-born population only 5499:German speakers in the U.S. 5429:Before 1800, communities of 5420:Count Nicolas von Zinzendorf 5345: 4759:Millers Falls, Massachusetts 4739:Security-Widefield, Colorado 4673:Cedar Glen Lakes, New Jersey 2491:had delivered (left poster). 2433: 1753: 916:predominated. Meanwhile, in 851: 662: 588: 291:[ˈdɔʏtʃʔameʁɪˌkaːnɐ] 7: 18183:Alsatians and Lotharingians 17689:Maps of American ancestries 17485:French Polynesian Americans 15822:Dutch West Indian Americans 14322:German Historical Institute 13713:Missouri Historical Review, 13550:Journal of Military History 13503:Missouri Historical Review, 13398:German Historical Institute 13386:September 14, 2017, at the 13263:. (1980). pp. 405–425. 12600:Miller, Randall M. (1988). 12085:McIntyre, Jennifer (2004). 11995:Wiley, Terrence G. (1998). 11657:United States Census Bureau 11634:. p. 3. Archived from 11529:United States Census Bureau 11499:United States Census Bureau 10919:United States Census Bureau 10763:United States Census Bureau 10565:United States Census Bureau 10534:United States Census Bureau 10500:United States Census Bureau 10463:United States Census Bureau 10106:Guardian 2009 Annual Report 9949:, George Mason University, 9924:September 12, 2006, at the 9744:Dorothee Schneider (1994). 9580:Kansas Historical Quarterly 9523:Journal of Military History 9158:Journal of American History 9010:Henry Augustus Muhlenberg, 7357: 6618:Hilton Hotels & Resorts 5634:German in the United States 5493: 5372: 5134:. Historians have regarded 5027:Leisure Village, New Jersey 4801:Cedar Glen West, New Jersey 4787:Holiday Heights, New Jersey 4747:Fairbanks Ranch, California 4725:Burnt Store Marina, Florida 4347:German-American communities 4337: 4330: 4310: 4305: 4287: 4282: 4264: 4259: 4241: 4236: 4216: 4211: 4193: 4188: 4170: 4165: 4147: 4142: 4124: 4119: 4101: 4096: 4078: 4073: 4055: 4050: 4032: 4027: 4009: 4004: 3986: 3981: 3963: 3958: 3940: 3935: 3917: 3912: 3894: 3889: 3869: 3864: 3846: 3841: 3823: 3818: 3800: 3795: 3777: 3772: 3754: 3749: 3731: 3726: 3708: 3703: 3685: 3680: 3662: 3657: 3639: 3634: 3616: 3611: 3593: 3588: 3570: 3565: 3547: 3542: 3524: 3519: 3501: 3496: 3478: 3473: 3455: 3450: 3432: 3427: 3409: 3404: 3386: 3381: 3361: 3356: 3338: 3333: 3315: 3310: 3292: 3287: 3269: 3264: 3246: 3241: 3223: 3218: 3200: 3195: 3177: 3172: 3154: 3149: 2851:Number of German Americans 2689:bombing of Black Tom island 2518: 2377:, but especially along the 2216:" district in Cincinnati, " 2001:(New York) November 7, 1874 1775: 1768: 1746: 1739: 1718: 1711: 1688: 1681: 1656: 1647: 1624: 1619: 1601: 1596: 1578: 1573: 1555: 1550: 1532: 1527: 1509: 1504: 1486: 1481: 1461: 1456: 1438: 1433: 1415: 1410: 1392: 1387: 1369: 1364: 1346: 1341: 1312: 1307: 1287: 1282: 1264: 1259: 941:August Gottlieb Spangenberg 303:United States Census Bureau 10: 18765: 18744:German diaspora by country 17470:Pacific Islander Americans 15331:Alabama Creoles and Cajuns 14476:November 13, 2018, at the 14454:November 20, 2015, at the 14365:Steuben Society of America 14347:German Heritage in Letters 14299:November 18, 2016, at the 13990:American Historical Review 13817:German-American Literature 13705:November 30, 2023, at the 13635:Luebke, Frederick C., ed. 13574:November 30, 2023, at the 13505:103 (January 2009), 71–89. 13160: 13134:"Ancestry of Barack Obama" 12785:Oktoberfest-zinzinnati.com 12750:November 12, 2020, at the 12481:Baker, Jason Todd (2008). 11300:Shore, "Introduction". in 9662:Richard J. Jensen (1971). 9509:August 12, 1891: 2. Print. 8963:Charles Patrick Neimeyer, 8844:, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin 8804:Surratt, Jerry L. (2006). 8631:University Press of Kansas 8629:(2nd ed.). Lawrence: 8551:; Kelly, James C. (2000). 8132:Michael A. Lerner (2009). 7977:"The History of Christmas" 7803:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 7745:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 7283:German-American presidents 6883:United States Capitol dome 6380:American Revolutionary War 6335: 6073:at St Mark's Place in the 6039: 5717:Chicago Symphony Orchestra 5271:German American journalism 5268: 5248: 5104:List of German restaurants 5101: 5097: 4753:Standing Pine, Mississippi 2845:1940 presidential election 2701:Chicago Symphony Orchestra 2628: 2498: 2437: 2347: 2295: 2269: 2220:" in South St Louis, and " 2132:Germans in Omaha, Nebraska 2121: 2099: 2056: 1725: 1695: 1665: 1629: 1606: 1583: 1560: 1537: 1514: 1491: 1466: 1443: 1420: 1397: 1374: 1351: 1317: 1292: 1269: 1246: 1157: 1062: 996:, Germans mainly from the 931:, an expedition of German 872:, taking advantage of the 864:, located near modern-day 833:, Louisiana, known as the 473: 374:battle fought between the 372:American Revolutionary War 18685: 18631: 18553: 18411: 18222: 18202: 18166: 18086: 18038: 17901: 17825: 17818: 17809: 17766: 17669: 17661:Punjabi Mexican Americans 17611: 17540: 17460: 16934: 16785:Liechtensteiner Americans 16592: 16136: 15774: 15763: 15631: 15501: 15492: 15389: 15307:White Hispanic and Latino 15286: 15138: 15060: 14965: 14874: 14803: 14689: 14534: 14493: 13857:van Ravenswaay, Charles. 13771:The Catholic Encyclopedia 13731:U of North Carolina Press 13667:. (1968), popular history 13567:110.6 (2008): 1241–1268. 13418:Journal of Family History 13348:Faust, Albert Bernhardt. 13328:17 (April 1994): 238–259. 13325:Ethnic and Racial Studies 12815:Oktoberfestzinzinnati.com 12645:. Routledge. p. 101. 11797:Holli, Melvin G. (1995). 11215:Journal of Social History 10949:Zeitlin, Richard (2000), 10118:CCNY Archival Finding Aid 9390:December 4, 2010, at the 8744:North Carolina: A History 8391:Conzen, Kathleen (1980). 8364:February 1, 2009, at the 8212:10.1017/S0145553200014802 8171:Rose, Kenneth D. (1997). 7866:Robert C. Nesbit (2004). 6955:were famous journalists. 6179:D. G. Yuengling & Son 6036:German-American influence 5682:public school programs". 5599: 5287:New Yorker Staats-Zeitung 4837:South Palm Beach, Florida 4831:, Southwest Bell, Texas, 4431:Washington Township, Ohio 2919: 2905: 2891: 2877: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2563:for governor in 1870 and 2513:Ostfriesische Nachrichten 2410:. By the end of World War 1959: 1806: 1210:Continental United States 1176:in Germany, hired 18,000 979:Bethabara, North Carolina 233:Liechtensteiner Americans 197: 192: 145: 140: 129: 124: 94: 89: 76: 71: 59: 40: 17684:Native American ancestry 16459:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies 16315:Indo-Caribbean Americans 16037:Sierra Leonean Americans 15987:Bissau-Guinean Americans 15933:South Sudanese Americans 15254:Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots 14261:Geo. P. Rowell & Co. 14110:(1988): 278–288. online 13926:The Pennsylvania Germans 13854:28 (Spring 2005): 44–71. 13819:(Scarecrow Press, 1977). 13644:Germans in the New World 13597:60.4 (2018): 1029–1065. 13587:August 18, 2016, at the 13519:August 15, 2021, at the 13420:, (1996) 21: 2, 192–217. 13273:Conzen, Kathleen Neils. 13266:Conzen, Kathleen Neils. 13187:Central European History 13180:Central European History 12781:"Oktoberfest Zinzinnati" 12411:plainshumanities.unl.edu 12298:Waters, Mary C. (1990). 11096:"Deutsch-Athen Revisited 9563:, New York: H. de Marsan 9413:Handbook of Texas Online 9179:2027/uiug.30112064439976 8447:, Philadelphia: Dorrance 8409:Harvard University Press 7595:"The Germans in America" 7011:gasoline-powered tractor 6875:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 6338:List of German Americans 6183:Pottsville, Pennsylvania 5264: 5177: 5114:Hermann Heights Monument 5091:Topsfield, Massachusetts 5083:Rodney Village, Delaware 5023:Laguna Woods, California 4991:Oriental, North Carolina 4981:Silver Ridge, New Jersey 4931:Tega Cay, South Carolina 4889:Leisuretowne, New Jersey 4793:Fort Riley North, Kansas 4407:Granville Township, Ohio 4378:Minneapolis – Saint Paul 3039:, and third in both the 2291: 522:, in an oil painting by 506:Germantown, Pennsylvania 441:Oktoberfest celebrations 99:, though less common in 18203:Multinational dimension 17646:Louisiana Creole people 16795:Luxembourgish Americans 15965:South African Americans 15901:Equatoguinean Americans 14332:How German Is American? 13916:Wittke, Carl Frederick. 13907:Wittke, Carl Frederick. 13898:Wittke, Carl Frederick. 13844:April 23, 2023, at the 13826:. (2 vol 1985); vol 1: 13788:March 19, 2017, at the 13764:March 22, 2021, at the 13565:Teachers College Record 13526:Kamphoefner, Walter D. 13468:Johnson, Hildegard B. " 13441:April 14, 2018, at the 13408:August 4, 2023, at the 13373:March 25, 2019, at the 13298:March 19, 2017, at the 11718:March 30, 2009, at the 11357:. 19.4 (1967): 663-680. 11257:; Peter Conolly-Smith, 11191:1980–1981 42(1–2): 1–56 10094:The Cincinnati Enquirer 9838:U.S. Catholic Historian 9545:April 19, 2023, at the 9505:"Honor Herman Raster." 9468:August 1, 2020, at the 9438:History of North Dakota 9037:August 2, 2020, at the 8997:August 2, 2020, at the 8481:March 14, 2021, at the 8312:German-American Journal 8250:German-American Journal 7148:for over twenty years. 6757:The Wall Street Journal 6445:was a famous diplomat. 6352:George Armstrong Custer 6281:The Teutonia Männerchor 5412:United Church of Christ 5306:Cincinnati Freie Presse 5299:Illinois Staats-Zeitung 5223:Wheeling, West Virginia 5069:Townsend, Massachusetts 4947:Point Lookout, New York 4939:White Sands, New Mexico 4935:Margaretville, New York 4815:Highland Beach, Florida 4743:Grandview Plaza, Kansas 4729:Boles Acres, New Mexico 4685:Sunshine Acres, Florida 4609:Levittown, Pennsylvania 4545:Recovery Township, Ohio 2816:Alien Enemy Act of 1798 2567:for president in 1872. 2381:in Russia and near the 2366:in central Kansas, 1875 2362:Temporary quarters for 2205:living in, and around, 2015:Frankfurter Wachensturm 1023:, including around the 937:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 355:section of present-day 342:Immigration to the U.S. 238:Luxembourgish Americans 18693: 18397: 18124:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17865: 17797: 17781: 17774: 17433:Puerto Rican Americans 15992:Cape Verdean Americans 15847:Saint Lucian Americans 15623:Ethnocultural politics 15591:Racial achievement gap 15521:Educational attainment 14028:42 (Fall 1984): 13–22. 13878:June 18, 2016, at the 13808:Tolzmann, Don H., ed. 13801:Tischauser, Leslie V. 13490:. Madison, Wisconsin: 13311:Efford, Alison Clark. 12641:Skutsch, Carl (2005). 12057:loyolanotredamelib.org 11466:Almen, Lowell (1997), 11071:Albert Clark Stevens, 10592:. September 21, 2023. 10502:, September 18, 1992, 10197:, New York: Arno Press 10193:Hawgood, John (1970), 10176:June 28, 2011, at the 10123:March 3, 2016, at the 9997:(Winter 2006): 26–29, 9484:Refugees of Revolution 9459:Great Plains Quarterly 9307:German Village Society 9030:11.4 (1942): 284–301. 8990:11.4 (1942): 284–301. 8974:July 25, 2020, at the 8928:. p. 101, 104, passim. 8662:Ready, Milton (2005). 8549:Fischer, David Hackett 8334:First German-Americans 8200:Social Science History 7925:(1948) pp. 260–63, 299 7763:. September 21, 2023. 7539:. September 21, 2023. 7317:Elizabeth Christ Trump 7307:(original family name 7299:(original family name 7291:(original family name 7059:Herbert Spencer Gasser 6833:Miller Brewing Company 6742:Arthur Ochs Sulzberger 6542:Levi Strauss & Co. 6311:German School New York 6252:Oktoberfest Zinzinnati 5786: 5418:church. In the 1740s, 5382: 5296:in St. Louis, and the 5280: 5147: 5015:Littlerock, California 4877:Blue Berry Hill, Texas 4823:Langdon, New Hampshire 4775:Beverly Hills, Florida 4679:Alamogordo, New Mexico 4573:Bismarck, North Dakota 3092: 3021: 2991: 2960: 2949: 2783: 2677:Collinsville, Illinois 2653:hyphenated Americanism 2644: 2592: 2549:William Jennings Bryan 2492: 2367: 2341: 2315: 2022: 2002: 1801: 1142:with artillery in the 957: 848: 531: 390:, on October 4, 1777. 282: 43: 17530:New Zealand Americans 17495:Micronesian Americans 17490:Marshallese Americans 17391:Costa Rican Americans 16850:Sammarinese Americans 16820:Montenegrin Americans 16550:Azerbaijani Americans 16513:Palestinian Americans 16435:Singaporean Americans 16283:Bangladeshi Americans 15891:Cameroonian Americans 15613:Unemployment by state 14316:May 29, 2018, at the 14230:Emmerich, Alexander. 13750:July 9, 2011, at the 13642:Luebke, Frederick C. 13624:Luebke, Frederick C. 13604:July 6, 2022, at the 13560:. (Harvard UP, 1979). 13331:Emmerich, Alexander. 13189:13.4 (1980): 348–377. 13182:28.4 (1995): 507–535. 13161:Further information: 13078:June 8, 2020, at the 12996:July 7, 2022, at the 12035:Edward R. Kantowicz, 11894:National Public Radio 11745:"The silent minority" 11641:on September 8, 2019. 11261:(2004); Carl Wittke, 11189:West Virginia History 11082:May 10, 2023, at the 10728:US demographic census 10213:May 13, 2012, at the 9826:29#4 (1993): 322–338. 9482:Wittke, Carl (1952), 8368:, Faulkner University 7912:42 (Fall 1984): 13–22 7571:. September 8, 2013. 7332:Richard Milhous Nixon 7091:J. Robert Oppenheimer 7067:Hermann Joseph Muller 6967:Benjamin Smith Barton 6963:colonial Pennsylvania 6849:Stroh Brewery Company 6841:Pabst Brewing Company 6558:Microsoft Corporation 6427:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. 6209:, culminating in the 5963:Hustisford, Wisconsin 5777: 5625:I on the side of the 5380: 5315:anti-German sentiment 5278: 5146:in the United States. 5144:anti-German sentiment 5111: 5061:Lincolndale, New York 5011:West Hurley, New York 4961:Manasota Key, Florida 4923:Level Plains, Alabama 4913:Waynesville, Missouri 4901:Junction City, Kansas 4867:Desoto Lakes, Florida 4847:Sausalito, California 4829:Forest Home, New York 4783:Annandale, New Jersey 4763:Marco Island, Florida 4689:Leisureville, Florida 4527:Gibson Township, Ohio 4515:Cottonwood, Minnesota 4449:Marion Township, Ohio 3090: 3019: 2989: 2955: 2943: 2778: 2707:with French composer 2642: 2590: 2482: 2408:anti-German sentiment 2361: 2336: 2305: 2270:Further information: 2224:" in Columbus, Ohio. 2122:Further information: 2118:Cities of the Midwest 2100:Further information: 1996: 1799: 1164:Great Britain, whose 843: 518: 193:Related ethnic groups 182:16% others including 18623:United Arab Emirates 17931:Transylvanian Saxons 17603:Venezuelan Americans 17593:Surinamese Americans 17583:Paraguayan Americans 17573:Ecuadorian Americans 17525:Australian Americans 17416:Salvadoran Americans 17411:Panamanian Americans 17406:Nicaraguan Americans 17396:Guatemalan Americans 16835:Portuguese Americans 16800:Macedonian Americans 16790:Lithuanian Americans 16627:Belarusian Americans 16445:Vietnamese Americans 16415:Indonesian Americans 16369:Sri Lankan Americans 16235:Fuzhounese Americans 16032:Senegalese Americans 15970:Zimbabwean Americans 15862:Vincentian Americans 14944:Norwegian Minnesotan 13933:Germans in Wisconsin 13432:Pennsylvania History 13268:Germans in Minnesota 12874:on November 26, 2011 11751:. February 5, 2015. 11565:on February 12, 2020 11454:Anabaptist World USA 11401:2008 25(8): 993–1009 11339:The German Americans 11217:2003 36(3): 585–613, 11204:1975 49(3): 276–290, 10963:U.S. Census Bureau. 10951:Germans in Wisconsin 10650:Teacher Resources – 10626:on September 4, 2008 10540:on February 12, 2020 10236:May 6, 2009, at the 10231:German American Bund 9900:on December 28, 2010 9879:29.4 (1993) 322–338. 9446:North Dakota History 9346:The American Midwest 9344:Richard Sisson, ed. 9224:(Varda Books, 2001). 9220:Naomi Wiener Cohen, 9072:. Washington, D.C.: 8969:complete text online 8272:on November 16, 2008 7869:Wisconsin: A History 7394:Americans in Germany 7386:United States portal 7289:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7116:After World War II, 7095:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 6893:William Dean Howells 6881:designed the famous 6879:Thomas Ustick Walter 6815:, currently part of 6752:Charles Bergstresser 6506:Chrysler Corporation 6431:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 6423:Frederick Muhlenberg 6360:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6067:Deutsches Dispensary 6006:"Russian" Mennonites 5978:Old Order Mennonites 5783:German American Bund 5467:"Russian" Mennonites 5447:Old Order Mennonites 5439:Schwarzenau Brethren 5402:Germans founded the 5293:Anzeiger des Westens 5235:Louisville, Kentucky 5198:, Pennsylvania, and 5087:Palenville, New York 5079:Boca Pointe, Florida 5057:The Meadows, Florida 5003:Ponce Inlet, Florida 4905:Ocean Ridge, Florida 4885:Sherman, Connecticut 4811:Masaryktown, Florida 4807:Pelican Bay, Florida 4797:Copperas Cove, Texas 4719:Vine Grove, Kentucky 4655:Lely Resort, Florida 4629:, Pennsylvania 19.7% 4603:Green Bay, Wisconsin 4585:St. Cloud, Minnesota 3330:District of Columbia 2825:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2804:German American Bund 2792:Erich Maria Remarque 2763:tarred and feathered 2685:tarred and feathered 2665:Pastor Edmund Kayser 2561:Benjamin Gratz Brown 2128:Germans in Milwaukee 2047:Belleville, Illinois 1025:Dutch (Deutsch) Fork 910:Blue Ridge Mountains 691:improve this article 653:Electoral Palatinate 512:on October 6, 1683. 496:had already founded 399:political oppression 368:Battle of Germantown 116:, Colorado, and the 18210:Central and Eastern 18114:Italy (South Tyrol) 17598:Uruguayan Americans 17568:Colombian Americans 17558:Brazilian Americans 17548:Argentine Americans 17428:Dominican Americans 17322:Alaskan Athabaskans 16921:Non-Hispanic whites 16914:Ukrainian Americans 16892:Slovenian Americans 16870:Norwegian Americans 16865:Icelandic Americans 16753:Hungarian Americans 16699:Dagestani Americans 16674:Bulgarian Americans 16493:Jordanian Americans 16430:Malaysian Americans 16400:Cambodian Americans 16352:Pakistani Americans 16342:Maldivian Americans 16295:Bhutanese Americans 16271:Mongolian Americans 16225:Taiwanese Americans 16220:Hong Kong Americans 16068:Ethiopian Americans 15938:Tanzanian Americans 15896:Congolese Americans 15827:Grenadian Americans 15812:Bermudian Americans 15807:Barbadian Americans 15541:Housing segregation 15495:Demographic history 15300:Non-Hispanic whites 14417:Kutztown University 14200:of Illinois. 1942. 14162:(Peter Lang, 2001). 13921:. (1939), ch. 6, 9. 13888:Germans in Illinois 13743:Schiffman, Harold. 13736:Salmons, Joseph C. 13673:Otterness, Philip. 13663:O'Connor, Richard. 13649:Luebke, Frederick. 13434:(2017) 84#3:325-53 13308:19 (1967): 663–680. 13291:Dobbert, Guido A. " 13243:Thernstrom, Stephan 13169:Adams, Willi Paul. 13140:on December 3, 2008 12927:on October 15, 2013 12847:on January 17, 2012 12791:on February 7, 2011 11482:A Nation of Peoples 11420:on November 7, 2006 11375:Thomas Adam (Ed.), 11166:Philip V. Bohlman ( 11109:on December 7, 2008 10965:American FactFinder 10681:15.1 (2017): 41–60 10652:Library of Congress 10571:on January 18, 2015 10257:on August 29, 2008. 9890:"Untitled Document" 9436:Elwyn B. Robinson, 9367:on December 4, 2008 8592:. Charlottesville: 8555:. Charlottesville: 8397:Thernstrom, Stephan 8292:on January 21, 2010 8067:Wohin-Auswandern.de 7876:. pp. 155–57. 7600:Library of Congress 7430:Hyphenated American 7419:German Puerto Rican 7047:Albert A. Michelson 6991:Ottmar Mergenthaler 6889:American literature 6777:The Washington Post 6630:Guggenheim Partners 6594:Steinway & Sons 6530:George Westinghouse 6522:Studebaker brothers 6482:John D. Rockefeller 6458:Harvey S. Firestone 6454:H. J. Heinz Company 6289:, the most popular 6267:" (now part of the 6249:, where its annual 6231:German-American Day 5940:nineteenth-century 5831:The Art of the Deal 5779:Anastasy Vonsyatsky 5704:Fort Wayne, Indiana 5500: 5340:Pennsylvania German 5075:Pine Ridge, Florida 5049:Grayson, California 4999:North Sea, New York 4985:Palm Beach, Florida 4973:Tesuque, New Mexico 4965:Del Mar, California 4917:Mill Neck, New York 4863:Rye Brook, New York 4855:Fanwood, New Jersey 4735:Allenhurst, Georgia 4713:Shandaken, New York 4591:Fargo, North Dakota 3116: 3028:; all at over 30%. 2936:Contemporary period 2852: 2555:'s foreign policy. 2387:Catherine the Great 2371:Germans from Russia 2344:Germans from Russia 2207:Ann Arbor, Michigan 2199:Fort Wayne, Indiana 2112:Hoboken, New Jersey 2096:Northeastern cities 1676:Northwest Territory 1216: 1182:on the patriot side 1154:American Revolution 1080:American Revolution 1065:Pennsylvania German 886:Alexander Spotswood 870:Alexander Spotswood 782:Mississippi Company 548:indentured servants 445:German-American Day 243:Mennonite Americans 37: 18355:Pennsylvania Dutch 17588:Peruvian Americans 17578:Guyanese Americans 17553:Bolivian Americans 17475:Chamorro Americans 17401:Honduran Americans 17386:Belizean Americans 17371:Canadian Americans 16840:Romanian Americans 16810:Moldovan Americans 16738:Galician Americans 16716:Estonian Americans 16684:Croatian Americans 16662:Scottish Americans 16617:Austrian Americans 16612:Asturian Americans 16607:Albanian Americans 16555:Georgian Americans 16545:Assyrian Americans 16540:Armenian Americans 16503:Lebanese Americans 16478:Bahraini Americans 16405:Filipino Americans 16347:Nepalese Americans 16310:Gujarati Americans 16259:Ryukyuan Americans 16254:Japanese Americans 16126:Sudanese Americans 16119:Tunisian Americans 16104:Algerian Americans 16087:Egyptian Americans 16063:Eritrean Americans 16042:Togolese Americans 16027:Nigerian Americans 16017:Liberian Americans 16002:Ghanaian Americans 15982:Beninese Americans 15960:Malawian Americans 15906:Gabonese Americans 15837:Jamaican Americans 15802:Bahamian Americans 15708:Moorish Scientists 15608:Standard of living 15325:French Louisianian 14727:Pennsylvania Dutch 14683:European Americans 14434:Germans in Chicago 14241:DRW-Verlag, 1984. 13931:Zeitlin, Richard. 13837:Turk, Eleanor L. " 13533:Kazal, Russell A. 13492:Max Kade Institute 13305:American Quarterly 13090:Stephen E. Ambose 13059:The New York Times 12965:airandspace.si.edu 12537:on August 22, 2018 12281:Russell A. Kazal, 12198:The New York Times 11962:(April 12, 2002). 11730:Robert J. Ulrich, 11687:Ccat.sas.upenn.edu 11355:American Quarterly 11337:La Verne Rippley, 11230:2002 19(1): 91–118 10796:Max Kade Institute 10415:"Wartime Policies" 10064:The New York Times 10030:The New York Times 9930:Mitchell Yockelson 9246:Cornelia Wilhelm, 9237:(Oxford Up, 2016). 8950:Edward J. Lowell, 8886:Hostetler, John A. 8740:Powell, William S. 8700:Powell, William S. 8457:Philip Otterness, 8017:on August 23, 1999 7603:. April 24, 2014. 7205:Johnny Weissmuller 7138:Reich Air Ministry 7134:Siegfried Knemeyer 7003:tabulating machine 6925:Patricia Highsmith 6797:Christian Moerlein 6747:The New York Times 6494:The Boeing Company 6384:American Civil War 6376:United States Army 6372:Norman Schwarzkopf 6368:Carl Andrew Spaatz 5982:Pennsylvania Dutch 5787: 5781:marching with the 5498: 5451:Pennsylvania Dutch 5383: 5281: 5148: 5118:New Ulm, Minnesota 5031:Readsboro, Vermont 5019:Felton, California 4969:Daleville, Alabama 4951:Terra Mar, Florida 4943:Stamford, New York 4859:Fountain, Colorado 4833:Vineyards, Florida 4771:Radcliff, Kentucky 4701:Quantico, Virginia 4615:Erie, Pennsylvania 4597:Madison, Wisconsin 4539:Santa Fe, Illinois 4437:St. Rose, Illinois 3098: 3093: 3057:Pennsylvania Dutch 3022: 2992: 2961: 2950: 2946:New Ulm, Minnesota 2850: 2837:Carl Andrew Spaatz 2808:Japanese Americans 2784: 2725:U.S. Supreme Court 2721:Babel Proclamation 2649:Theodore Roosevelt 2645: 2610:Fortnightly Review 2593: 2525:Third party System 2493: 2462:American Civil War 2368: 2316: 2308:Wahrenberger House 2272:Germans in Alabama 2124:Germans in Chicago 2005:"Latin farmer" or 2003: 1802: 1221:State or Territory 1214:U.S Census of 1790 1207: 1144:American Civil War 1105:Pennsylvania Dutch 943:, headed down the 918:Southwest Virginia 866:Culpeper, Virginia 849: 706:"German Americans" 532: 253:Pennsylvania Dutch 208:Austrian Americans 110:Missouri Rhineland 35: 18716: 18715: 18710: 18709: 18681: 18680: 18218: 18217: 18018:Russian Mennonite 17726: 17725: 17722: 17721: 17679:American ancestry 17563:Chilean Americans 17505:Palauan Americans 17438:Mexican Americans 16897:Spanish Americans 16882:Serbian Americans 16875:Swedish Americans 16845:Russian Americans 16825:Occitan Americans 16815:Monacan Americans 16805:Maltese Americans 16780:Latvian Americans 16775:Kosovan Americans 16763:Italian Americans 16721:Finnish Americans 16689:Cypriot Americans 16679:Catalan Americans 16652:English Americans 16647:Cornish Americans 16642:British Americans 16637:Bosnian Americans 16632:Belgian Americans 16582:Turkish Americans 16577:Kurdish Americans 16570:Israeli Americans 16560:Iranian Americans 16498:Kuwaiti Americans 16483:Emirati Americans 16425:Laotian Americans 16420:Iu Mien Americans 16388:Burmese Americans 16357:Punjabi Americans 16320:Punjabi Americans 16305:Bengali Americans 16288:Bengali Americans 16247:Tibetan Americans 16215:Chinese Americans 16193:Turkmen Americans 16166:Pashtun Americans 16114:Moroccan American 16012:Ivorian Americans 16007:Guinean Americans 15997:Gambian Americans 15955:Angolan Americans 15943:Ugandan Americans 15832:Haitian Americans 15782:African Americans 15581:Racial inequality 15551:Income inequality 15516:Gender inequality 15452: 15451: 15443: 15436: 15429: 15423:White Southerners 15412: 15405: 15380: 15375: 15359: 15352: 15347: 15340: 15333: 15309: 15302: 15272: 15233: 15214: 15207: 15200: 15193: 15179: 15041: 14946: 14939: 14937:Norwegian Dakotan 14905: 14779: 14750: 14748:Hungarian Ohioans 14736: 14729: 14722: 14715: 14649: 14648: 14630:Shenandoah Valley 14017:Kluge, Cora Lee. 13924:Wood, Ralph, ed. 13815:Tolzmann, Don H. 13781:(1983): 139–186. 13757:Schirp, Francis. 13556:Keller, Phyllis. 13479:Jordon, Terry G. 13461:Jensen, Richard. 13362:Fogleman, Aaron. 13234:Coburn, Carol K. 13206:Barry, Colman J. 13196:(Berghahn, 2012). 12985:Roger D Launius, 12172:on April 18, 2019 11969:Chicago Sun-Times 11659:. March 9, 1999. 11440:Hutterite Sojourn 11037:The History Press 10825:"Mexican America" 10425:on March 25, 2015 10395:on March 21, 2015 10361:. April 8, 2004. 10167:Meyer v. Nebraska 10032:. July 31, 1916. 9675:978-0-226-39825-9 9607:Prairie Patrimony 9461:8#1 (1988): 3–15 9448:1992 59(2): 2–16. 9415:, June 15, 2010, 9110:2004 2#2: 343–361 8896:. Baltimore: The 8043:on August 5, 2009 7446:Explanatory notes 7261:Leonardo DiCaprio 7245:Michelle Pfeiffer 7118:Wernher von Braun 7111:Norman Ramsey Jr. 7075:Arthur H. Compton 7031:Douglas Engelbart 7027:Joseph Weizenbaum 6959:David Rittenhouse 6805:Eberhard Anheuser 6738:Adolph Simon Ochs 6674:Universal Studios 6622:Guggenheim family 6590:Henry E. Steinway 6514:August Duesenberg 6364:Chester W. Nimitz 6348:Baron von Steuben 6191:Baden-Württemberg 6189:in what is today 6150:, respectively), 6144:Frankfurt am Main 6130:The influence of 6126:Cuisine and beers 5935:neither World War 5642:official language 5638:Muhlenberg legend 5614: 5613: 5609: 5126:Statue of Liberty 5120:. Erected by the 5035:Nolanville, Texas 4927:Kingsbury, Nevada 4695:Wakefield, Kansas 4639:Beaverton, Oregon 4499:Aviston, Illinois 4358:Northern Kentucky 4344: 4343: 2933: 2932: 2829:Chester W. Nimitz 2730:Meyer v. Nebraska 2354:Russian Mennonite 2159:Northern Kentucky 2086:Reform synagogues 2049:until his death. 2031:German literature 1964: 1963: 1960:Total: 7,237,594 1786:Fries's Rebellion 1782: 1781: 906:Shenandoah Valley 902:Virginia Piedmont 820:Mississippi River 798:Thirty Years' War 767: 766: 759: 741: 641:John Peter Zenger 636:to own a slave). 614:Robert Livingston 559:Shenandoah Valley 494:Ambrosius Ehinger 407:intensive farming 403:political freedom 388:George Washington 301:According to the 283:Deutschamerikaner 276: 275: 258:Sorbian Americans 223:Frisian Americans 213:Belgian Americans 44:Deutschamerikaner 16:(Redirected from 18756: 18698: 18649:Papua New Guinea 18487:Kapitaï and Koba 18453:Kapitaï and Koba 18402: 18280:Los Lagos Region 18262:British Columbia 17870: 17823: 17822: 17816: 17815: 17802: 17786: 17777: 17753: 17746: 17739: 17730: 17729: 17515:Tongan Americans 17510:Samoan Americans 17500:Native Hawaiians 17480:Fijian Americans 17382:Central America 16942:Native Americans 16887:Slovak Americans 16860:Danish Americans 16830:Polish Americans 16743:German Americans 16726:French Americans 16704:Lezgin Americans 16622:Basque Americans 16565:Jewish Americans 16533:Yemeni Americans 16528:Syrian Americans 16518:Qatari Americans 16454:Romani Americans 16362:Sindhi Americans 16335:Telugu Americans 16325:Sindhi Americans 16300:Indian Americans 16266:Korean Americans 16198:Uyghur Americans 16183:Kyrgyz Americans 16178:Kazakh Americans 16173:Baloch Americans 16161:Afghan Americans 16109:Libyan Americans 16099:Berber Americans 16092:Coptic Americans 16073:Somali Americans 16049:Yoruba Americans 16022:Malian Americans 15928:Kenyan Americans 15772: 15771: 15765:By continent and 15536:Household income 15479: 15472: 15465: 15456: 15455: 15439: 15432: 15427: 15408: 15401: 15378: 15371: 15357:Creoles of color 15355: 15350: 15345:Louisiana Creole 15343: 15336: 15329: 15305: 15298: 15268: 15229: 15210: 15203: 15196: 15189: 15175: 15037: 14966:Southeast Europe 14942: 14935: 14901: 14775: 14746: 14732: 14725: 14718: 14711: 14676: 14669: 14662: 14653: 14652: 14527:German Americans 14520: 14513: 14506: 14497: 14496: 14484: 14483: 14264: 14217: 14214:Newberry Library 14211: 14209: 14155: 14149: 14141: 14139: 14137: 14096: 14080: 14074: 14066: 14064: 14062: 14014: 13983: 13973: 13965: 13963: 13961: 13725:Salamon, Sonya. 13656:Nadel, Stanley. 13629: 13610:Kulas, S. John. 13476:41 (1951): 1–41. 13352:. 2 vol (1909). 13334:John Jacob Astor 13321: 13285: 13192:Bank, Michaela. 13150: 13149: 13147: 13145: 13136:. Archived from 13130: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13111:, June 4, 2009, 13101: 13095: 13094:chapter 1 (1987) 13088: 13082: 13069: 13063: 13062: 13050: 13044: 13043: 13036: 13030: 13029: 13027: 13025: 13014:Baseballguru.com 13006: 13000: 12983: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12972: 12957: 12951: 12950: 12944: 12936: 12934: 12932: 12923:. Archived from 12917: 12911: 12909: 12907: 12905: 12900:on March 6, 2012 12896:. Archived from 12890: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12879: 12870:. Archived from 12864: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12852: 12843:. Archived from 12837: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12826: 12821:on June 27, 2017 12817:. Archived from 12807: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12787:. Archived from 12777: 12771: 12764: 12755: 12738: 12732: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12722:on July 30, 2013 12718:. Archived from 12712: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12653: 12647: 12646: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12597: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12533:. Archived from 12523: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12478: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12442: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12386: 12371: 12356: 12350: 12349: 12329: 12318: 12317: 12305: 12295: 12286: 12279: 12250: 12249: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12168:. Archived from 12165:Business Insider 12155: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12122: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12108: 12102: 12091: 12082: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12065: 12054: 12046: 12040: 12033: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12022: 11992: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11925: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11885: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11794: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11741: 11735: 11728: 11722: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11632:US Census Bureau 11625: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11600: 11589: 11581: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11561:. Archived from 11551: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11521: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11491: 11485: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11463: 11457: 11450: 11444: 11443: 11435: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11416:, archived from 11408: 11402: 11395: 11389: 11388:Rippley, p. 166. 11386: 11380: 11373: 11367: 11364: 11358: 11351: 11342: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11298: 11292: 11285: 11279: 11274:Richard Jensen, 11272: 11266: 11250: 11244: 11237: 11231: 11224: 11218: 11211: 11205: 11198: 11192: 11185: 11179: 11164: 11158: 11151: 11145: 11138: 11132: 11129:Germania, U.S.A. 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11105:. Archived from 11099: 11092: 11086: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11000: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10985:on July 29, 2016 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10946: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10911: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10851: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10804: 10793: 10785: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10755: 10744: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10735:on April 3, 2009 10731:, archived from 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10692: 10686: 10675: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10655:. Archived from 10646:"Shadows of War" 10642: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10622:. Archived from 10612: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10586: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10567:, archived from 10555: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10536:, archived from 10524: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10508: 10497: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10471: 10460: 10450: 10444: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10421:. Archived from 10411: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10391:. Archived from 10381: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10305:on March 5, 2015 10301:. Archived from 10295: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10265: 10259: 10258: 10253:. Archived from 10247: 10241: 10228: 10222: 10217:, adapted from: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10190: 10181: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10134: 10128: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10088:Kathleen Doane. 10086: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10038: 10027: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10003: 9992: 9986:Brinkley, Alan, 9983: 9977: 9976: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9939: 9933: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9896:. Archived from 9886: 9880: 9873: 9867: 9862:Rory T. Conley, 9860: 9854: 9853: 9833: 9827: 9820: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9793: 9787: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9715:10.2307/27501880 9698: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9633:10.2307/27501458 9616: 9610: 9603: 9597: 9590: 9584: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9559:Poole, John F., 9556: 9550: 9536: 9530: 9519: 9510: 9503: 9497: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9479: 9473: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9405: 9399: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9363:, archived from 9355: 9349: 9342: 9336: 9333:German Milwaukee 9329: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9310:, archived from 9302: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9281: 9270: 9264: 9257: 9251: 9244: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9181: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9125: 9117: 9111: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9060: 9054: 9047: 9041: 9024: 9018: 9008: 9002: 8984: 8978: 8967:(1995) pp 44=64 8961: 8955: 8948: 8942: 8937:Patrick Foster, 8935: 8929: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8895: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8835: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8523:Germanna History 8518: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8491: 8485: 8468: 8462: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8440: 8431: 8430: 8388: 8369: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8329: 8320: 8319: 8309: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8260: 8247: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8102: 8096: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8039:. Archived from 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8013:. Archived from 8011:News.harvard.edu 8002: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7987:on June 28, 2006 7983:, archived from 7973: 7967: 7966: 7960: 7952: 7945: 7939: 7932: 7926: 7919: 7913: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7802: 7794: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7664: 7657: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7633:. August 1, 2007 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7568:Business Insider 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7533: 7516: 7514: 7505: 7496:Deutsche Pionier 7491: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7456: 7399:German Canadians 7388: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7338:to Milhous, and 7319:immigrated from 7257:David Hasselhoff 7201:Marlene Dietrich 7143: 7140:during World War 7113:, among others. 7071:John H. Northrop 6999:Herman Hollerith 6921:Charles Bukowski 6897:Theodore Dreiser 6867:John A. Roebling 6829:Frederick Miller 6694:Herman Hollerith 6606:John Jacob Astor 6586:Kraft Foods Inc. 6466:Frank Seiberling 6419:Friedrich Hecker 6410:, respectively. 6408:Persian Gulf War 6403: 6395: 6227:Rhenish Carnival 6100: 6085: 6059: 6002:Hutterite German 5938: 5933: 5929: 5903: 5895: 5873: 5863: 5847: 5840: 5821: 5817: 5805: 5796: 5792: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5745: 5714: 5709: 5697: 5677: 5659: 5647: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5607: 5501: 5497: 5478:Catholic Germans 5463:Hutterite German 5336:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 5320: 5317:during World War 5254:Turner societies 5229: 5173: 5156:Töchter-Institut 5141: 5053:Shokan, New York 5045:Rotonda, Florida 4957:Rifton, New York 4851:Bovina, New York 4521:Dallas, Michigan 4493:Greensburg, Ohio 4425:Jackson, Indiana 4334: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4308: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4285: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4262: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4214: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4191: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4168: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4122: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4099: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4076: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4053: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4030: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4007: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3984: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3961: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3938: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3915: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3867: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3844: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3821: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3798: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3775: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3752: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3729: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3706: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3683: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3637: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3614: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3591: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3568: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3545: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3522: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3499: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3476: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3453: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3430: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3407: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3359: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3336: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3313: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3290: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3267: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3244: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3221: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3198: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3175: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3152: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3105: 3097: 3035:, second in the 2999:1990 U.S. Census 2982: 2972:, for instance, 2928: 2927: 2914: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2886: 2885: 2872: 2871: 2853: 2849: 2780:Marlene Dietrich 2758: 2746: 2661:Hugo Münsterberg 2619: 2596:Hugo Münsterberg 2572:Haymarket Affair 2553:William McKinley 2529:Republican party 2413: 2405: 2069:the colonial era 2007:Latin Settlement 1999:Harper's Weekly, 1971: 1804: 1803: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1743: 1733: 1732: 1715: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1652: 1645: 1641:1790 Census Area 1639: 1638: 1622: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1599: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1576: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1553: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1459: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1413: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1285: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1231: 1230: 1217: 1212:as of the first 1206: 1190:Peter Muhlenberg 1186:Henry Muhlenberg 1049:Waldoboro, Maine 1006:James Oglethorpe 960: 945:Great Wagon Road 874:headright system 762: 755: 751: 748: 742: 740: 699: 675: 667: 647:, who came from 645:John Jacob Astor 579:German Catholics 555:Upstate New York 520:John Jacob Astor 384:Continental Army 319:British colonies 293: 288: 279:German Americans 228:Jewish Americans 156:, significantly 131:American English 114:Upstate New York 72:Total population 64: 54: 46: 38: 36:German Americans 34: 21: 18:German-Americans 18764: 18763: 18759: 18758: 18757: 18755: 18754: 18753: 18719: 18718: 18717: 18712: 18711: 18706: 18677: 18627: 18549: 18407: 18274:Los Ríos Region 18214: 18198: 18162: 18087:Southern Europe 18082: 18056:North Schleswig 18039:Northern Europe 18034: 17897: 17838:Sudeten Germans 17805: 17762: 17757: 17727: 17718: 17665: 17607: 17536: 17456: 17423:Cuban Americans 17064:Mission Indians 16930: 16909:Swiss Americans 16758:Irish Americans 16748:Greek Americans 16711:Dutch Americans 16694:Czech Americans 16667:Welsh Americans 16602:White Americans 16588: 16523:Saudi Americans 16508:Omani Americans 16488:Iraqi Americans 16410:Hmong Americans 16393:Karen Americans 16374:Tamil Americans 16330:Tamil Americans 16240:Hoklo Americans 16230:Hakka Americans 16203:Uzbek Americans 16188:Tajik Americans 16144:Asian Americans 16132: 16059:Horn of Africa 15767:ethnic ancestry 15766: 15759: 15725:Native American 15713:Nation of Islam 15703:Five Percenters 15627: 15596:Racial wage gap 15586:Race and health 15571:Personal income 15503: 15497: 15488: 15483: 15453: 15448: 15385: 15367:French Canadian 15294:White Americans 15287:Other Europeans 15282: 15231:Irish Traveller 15134: 15061:Southern Europe 15056: 14961: 14875:Northern Europe 14870: 14799: 14761:Liechtensteiner 14685: 14680: 14650: 14645: 14571:Massachusetts ( 14530: 14524: 14489: 14478:Wayback Machine 14456:Wayback Machine 14430: 14356: 14318:Wayback Machine 14301:Wayback Machine 14285: 14272: 14267: 14251: 14237:Rehs, Michael. 14226: 14221: 14207: 14205: 14188: 14170: 14168:Primary sources 14165: 14143: 14142: 14135: 14133: 14068: 14067: 14060: 14058: 14003:10.2307/2169006 13967: 13966: 13959: 13957: 13954:"Archived copy" 13952: 13947: 13942: 13880:Wayback Machine 13846:Wayback Machine 13790:Wayback Machine 13766:Wayback Machine 13752:Wayback Machine 13707:Wayback Machine 13680:Pickle, Linda. 13627: 13617:Levine, Bruce. 13606:Wayback Machine 13589:Wayback Machine 13576:Wayback Machine 13544:(1983). 252 pp. 13521:Wayback Machine 13512:(2009): 34–54. 13454:Iverson, Noel. 13447:Hawgood, John. 13443:Wayback Machine 13423:Grubb, Farley. 13410:Wayback Machine 13388:Wayback Machine 13375:Wayback Machine 13341:Ernst, Robert. 13319: 13300:Wayback Machine 13283: 13280:DeWitt, Petra. 13165: 13159: 13157:Further reading 13154: 13153: 13143: 13141: 13132: 13131: 13127: 13118: 13116: 13103: 13102: 13098: 13089: 13085: 13080:Wayback Machine 13070: 13066: 13051: 13047: 13038: 13037: 13033: 13023: 13021: 13008: 13007: 13003: 12998:Wayback Machine 12984: 12980: 12970: 12968: 12959: 12958: 12954: 12938: 12937: 12930: 12928: 12921:"Archived copy" 12919: 12918: 12914: 12903: 12901: 12892: 12891: 12887: 12877: 12875: 12866: 12865: 12861: 12850: 12848: 12839: 12838: 12834: 12824: 12822: 12809: 12808: 12804: 12794: 12792: 12779: 12778: 12774: 12766:Amy Mittelman, 12765: 12758: 12752:Wayback Machine 12741:BeerHistory.com 12739: 12735: 12725: 12723: 12714: 12713: 12709: 12699: 12697: 12680: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12655: 12654: 12650: 12639: 12635: 12625: 12623: 12616: 12598: 12589: 12579: 12577: 12570: 12554: 12550: 12540: 12538: 12525: 12524: 12520: 12510: 12508: 12501: 12479: 12472: 12462: 12460: 12443: 12430: 12420: 12418: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12384: 12369: 12357: 12353: 12330: 12321: 12314: 12296: 12289: 12280: 12253: 12238:10.2307/2169006 12222: 12218: 12208: 12206: 12189: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12156: 12152: 12142: 12140: 12123: 12116: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12089: 12083: 12079: 12069: 12067: 12063: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12043: 12034: 12030: 12020: 12018: 12011: 11993: 11989: 11979: 11977: 11957: 11953: 11943: 11941: 11926: 11913: 11903: 11901: 11886: 11871: 11861: 11859: 11852: 11836: 11832: 11822: 11820: 11813: 11795: 11768: 11758: 11756: 11743: 11742: 11738: 11729: 11725: 11720:Wayback Machine 11710: 11706: 11696: 11694: 11681: 11680: 11676: 11666: 11664: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11638: 11623: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11587: 11583: 11582: 11578: 11568: 11566: 11553: 11552: 11548: 11538: 11536: 11523: 11522: 11518: 11508: 11506: 11493: 11492: 11488: 11479: 11475: 11464: 11460: 11451: 11447: 11436: 11432: 11423: 11421: 11410: 11409: 11405: 11396: 11392: 11387: 11383: 11374: 11370: 11365: 11361: 11352: 11345: 11336: 11332: 11324: 11320: 11312: 11308: 11299: 11295: 11286: 11282: 11273: 11269: 11251: 11247: 11238: 11234: 11225: 11221: 11212: 11208: 11199: 11195: 11186: 11182: 11165: 11161: 11152: 11148: 11139: 11135: 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11084:Wayback Machine 11070: 11066: 11056: 11054: 11047: 11027: 11023: 11013: 11011: 11002: 11001: 10997: 10988: 10986: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10947: 10938: 10928: 10926: 10913: 10912: 10908: 10898: 10896: 10883: 10882: 10878: 10868: 10866: 10853: 10852: 10848: 10838: 10836: 10823: 10822: 10818: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10791: 10787: 10786: 10782: 10772: 10770: 10757: 10756: 10747: 10738: 10736: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10676: 10672: 10662: 10660: 10644: 10643: 10639: 10629: 10627: 10614: 10613: 10609: 10599: 10597: 10588: 10587: 10583: 10574: 10572: 10557: 10556: 10552: 10543: 10541: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10484: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10438: 10428: 10426: 10413: 10412: 10408: 10398: 10396: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10353: 10352: 10348: 10338: 10336: 10329:Everything2.com 10323: 10322: 10318: 10308: 10306: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10282: 10280: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10238:Wayback Machine 10229: 10225: 10215:Wayback Machine 10206: 10202: 10191: 10184: 10178:Wayback Machine 10165: 10161: 10151: 10149: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10125:Wayback Machine 10116: 10112: 10104: 10100: 10087: 10083: 10073: 10071: 10056: 10052: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10025: 10021: 10020: 10016: 10007: 10005: 10001: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9969: 9965: 9956: 9954: 9947:History Matters 9941: 9940: 9936: 9926:Wayback Machine 9917: 9913: 9903: 9901: 9888: 9887: 9883: 9874: 9870: 9861: 9857: 9834: 9830: 9821: 9817: 9807: 9805: 9794: 9790: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9765: 9758: 9742: 9738: 9699: 9695: 9685: 9683: 9676: 9660: 9656: 9617: 9613: 9604: 9600: 9592:Sonya Salamon, 9591: 9587: 9572: 9568: 9557: 9553: 9547:Wayback Machine 9537: 9533: 9520: 9513: 9507:Chicago Tribune 9504: 9500: 9495: 9491: 9480: 9476: 9470:Wayback Machine 9456: 9452: 9441: 9435: 9431: 9422: 9420: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9392:Wayback Machine 9383: 9379: 9370: 9368: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9343: 9339: 9330: 9326: 9317: 9315: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9287: 9279: 9271: 9267: 9258: 9254: 9245: 9241: 9232: 9228: 9219: 9215: 9205: 9203: 9170:10.2307/1895032 9150: 9146: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9114: 9105: 9101: 9091: 9089: 9061: 9057: 9048: 9044: 9039:Wayback Machine 9025: 9021: 9009: 9005: 8999:Wayback Machine 8985: 8981: 8976:Wayback Machine 8962: 8958: 8949: 8945: 8936: 8932: 8923: 8919: 8912: 8883: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8836: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8777: 8773: 8758: 8737: 8733: 8718: 8706:. Chapel Hill: 8697: 8693: 8678: 8660: 8656: 8641: 8623: 8619: 8604: 8586: 8582: 8567: 8546: 8542: 8533: 8531: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8506: 8504: 8496:J. Hanno Deiler 8493: 8492: 8488: 8483:Wayback Machine 8469: 8465: 8456: 8452: 8441: 8434: 8419: 8411:. p. 407. 8389: 8372: 8366:Wayback Machine 8357: 8353: 8344: 8342: 8331: 8330: 8323: 8307: 8295: 8293: 8282: 8275: 8273: 8262: 8245: 8239: 8235: 8196: 8192: 8185: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8146: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8103: 8099: 8091:Paul Kleppner, 8090: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8003: 7999: 7990: 7988: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7954: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7933: 7929: 7920: 7916: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7884: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7841: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7796: 7795: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7738: 7737: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7512: 7503: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7404:German diaspora 7384: 7379: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7313:Frederick Trump 7285: 7213:Walter Damrosch 7141: 7083:Charles Richter 7055:Joseph Erlanger 7051:Albert Einstein 7043:Wright brothers 7015:Howard H. Aiken 6987:sewing machines 6949:Walter Lippmann 6901:Wallace Stevens 6869:and architects 6863:Brooklyn Bridge 6837:Frederick Pabst 6658:Diebold Nixdorf 6654:Charles Diebold 6646:Lehman Brothers 6502:Walter Chrysler 6498:United Airlines 6443:Henry Kissinger 6401: 6393: 6341: 6334: 6299: 6271:of the City of 6255:is the largest 6235:Von Steuben Day 6219: 6134:is seen in the 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6078: 6077: 6060: 6051: 6050: 6044: 6038: 5974:Old Order Amish 5959: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5901: 5893: 5881: 5871: 5861: 5858:Vereinsdeutsche 5854:Vereinsdeutsche 5845: 5838: 5819: 5815: 5803: 5794: 5790: 5772: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5726: 5712: 5707: 5695: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5657: 5645: 5622: 5618: 5496: 5424:Moravian Church 5375: 5358:Buffalo Germans 5348: 5321:I and with the 5318: 5273: 5267: 5251: 5227: 5186:Settlements of 5184:Moravian Church 5180: 5171: 5139: 5122:Sons of Hermann 5106: 5100: 4909:Viola, New York 4819:Milford, Kansas 4648: 4566: 4465:Coldwater, Ohio 4413:St. Henry, Ohio 4394: 4349: 4319: 4317: 4295: 4293: 4272: 4270: 4249: 4247: 4225: 4223: 4201: 4199: 4178: 4176: 4155: 4153: 4132: 4130: 4109: 4107: 4086: 4084: 4063: 4061: 4040: 4038: 4017: 4015: 3994: 3992: 3971: 3969: 3948: 3946: 3925: 3923: 3902: 3900: 3878: 3876: 3854: 3852: 3831: 3829: 3808: 3806: 3785: 3783: 3762: 3760: 3739: 3737: 3716: 3714: 3693: 3691: 3670: 3668: 3647: 3645: 3624: 3622: 3601: 3599: 3578: 3576: 3555: 3553: 3532: 3530: 3509: 3507: 3486: 3484: 3463: 3461: 3440: 3438: 3417: 3415: 3394: 3392: 3370: 3368: 3346: 3344: 3323: 3321: 3300: 3298: 3277: 3275: 3254: 3252: 3231: 3229: 3208: 3206: 3185: 3183: 3162: 3160: 3139: 3137: 3108: 3100: 3099: 3085: 3074:In Texas, many 3053: 3014: 2980: 2970:Danube Swabians 2938: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2841:Wendell Willkie 2788:Albert Einstein 2773: 2766: 2759: 2750: 2747: 2717:Marne, Michigan 2697:Frederick Stock 2637: 2627: 2617: 2585: 2580: 2521: 2501: 2452:Chicago Tribune 2442: 2436: 2411: 2403: 2356: 2346: 2300: 2294: 2274: 2268: 2187:Davenport, Iowa 2165:area along the 2138: 2120: 2104: 2098: 2082:Lehman Brothers 2061: 2055: 1969: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1794: 1757: 1755: 1735:Spanish America 1727: 1698: 1668: 1633: 1609: 1607: 1586: 1584: 1563: 1561: 1540: 1538: 1517: 1515: 1494: 1492: 1470: 1468: 1446: 1444: 1423: 1421: 1400: 1398: 1377: 1375: 1354: 1352: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1296: 1294: 1272: 1270: 1249: 1247: 1225: 1205: 1166:King George III 1162: 1156: 1067: 1061: 1045: 914:Palatine German 854: 763: 752: 746: 743: 700: 698: 688: 676: 665: 591: 567:German Reformed 508:, founded near 489: 476: 395:British America 312:German ancestry 286: 272: 268:Texan Silesians 263:Swiss Americans 218:Dutch Americans 188: 108: 84: 80: 67: 55: 48: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18762: 18752: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18714: 18713: 18708: 18707: 18705: 18704: 18699: 18689: 18687: 18683: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18675: 18674: 18673: 18666:German Samoans 18663: 18662: 18661: 18656: 18646: 18641: 18635: 18633: 18629: 18628: 18626: 18625: 18620: 18615: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18579: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18557: 18555: 18551: 18550: 18548: 18547: 18546: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18525: 18524: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18503: 18502: 18501: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18479: 18478: 18477: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18456: 18455: 18445: 18440: 18439: 18438: 18433: 18423: 18417: 18415: 18409: 18408: 18406: 18405: 18404: 18403: 18389: 18384: 18383: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18347: 18342: 18341: 18340: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18284: 18283: 18277: 18266: 18265: 18264: 18259: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18228: 18226: 18220: 18219: 18216: 18215: 18213: 18212: 18206: 18204: 18200: 18199: 18197: 18196: 18194:United Kingdom 18191: 18186: 18176: 18170: 18168: 18167:Western Europe 18164: 18163: 18161: 18160: 18159: 18158: 18148: 18147: 18146: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18090: 18088: 18084: 18083: 18081: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18064: 18063: 18061:Potato Germans 18058: 18048: 18042: 18040: 18036: 18035: 18033: 18032: 18031: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18000: 17999: 17998: 17996:North Caucasus 17993: 17983: 17982: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17956: 17938: 17933: 17923: 17922: 17921: 17911: 17905: 17903: 17902:Eastern Europe 17899: 17898: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17889: 17888: 17878: 17877: 17876: 17871: 17862: 17857: 17847: 17842: 17841: 17840: 17833:Czech Republic 17829: 17827: 17826:Central Europe 17820: 17813: 17807: 17806: 17804: 17803: 17794: 17793: 17792: 17783:Reichsdeutsche 17778: 17775:Bundesdeutsche 17770: 17768: 17764: 17763: 17756: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17733: 17724: 17723: 17720: 17719: 17717: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17703: 17702: 17701: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17670: 17667: 17666: 17664: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17617: 17615: 17609: 17608: 17606: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17544: 17542: 17538: 17537: 17535: 17534: 17533: 17532: 17527: 17519: 17518: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17466: 17464: 17458: 17457: 17455: 17454: 17453: 17452: 17451: 17450: 17445: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17419: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17374: 17373: 17367: 17366: 17365: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17317:Alaska Natives 17314: 17313: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17295:Tohono Oʼodham 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17261: 17260: 17255: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17199: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17172: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17040: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16938: 16936: 16932: 16931: 16929: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16917: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16905: 16904: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16878: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16771: 16770: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16734: 16733: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16707: 16706: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16670: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16657:Manx Americans 16654: 16649: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16598: 16596: 16590: 16589: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16573: 16572: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16536: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16473:Arab Americans 16464: 16463: 16462: 16461: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16447: 16442: 16440:Thai Americans 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16383:Southeast Asia 16380: 16379: 16378: 16377: 16376: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16359: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16338: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16297: 16292: 16291: 16290: 16275: 16274: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16251: 16250: 16249: 16244: 16243: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16222: 16207: 16206: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16169: 16168: 16153: 16152: 16151: 16140: 16138: 16134: 16133: 16131: 16130: 16129: 16128: 16123: 16122: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16096: 16095: 16094: 16078: 16077: 16076: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16056: 16055: 16054: 16053: 16052: 16051: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15974: 15973: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15947: 15946: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15920: 15918:Igbo Americans 15915: 15913:Fula Americans 15910: 15909: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15878: 15877: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15865: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15778: 15776: 15769: 15761: 15760: 15758: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15745:Scientologists 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15721: 15720: 15718:Value Creators 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15674: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15648: 15643: 15637: 15635: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15599: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15566:Middle classes 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15531:Home-ownership 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15507: 15505: 15499: 15498: 15493: 15490: 15489: 15482: 15481: 15474: 15467: 15459: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15446: 15445: 15444: 15437: 15430: 15420: 15415: 15414: 15413: 15406: 15393: 15391: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15383: 15382: 15381: 15376: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15361: 15360: 15353: 15341: 15334: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15311: 15310: 15303: 15290: 15288: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15280: 15275: 15274: 15273: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15235: 15234: 15222: 15217: 15216: 15215: 15208: 15201: 15194: 15182: 15181: 15180: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15142: 15140: 15139:Western Europe 15136: 15135: 15133: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15106: 15105: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15064: 15062: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15043: 15042: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14969: 14967: 14963: 14962: 14960: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14948: 14947: 14940: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14907: 14906: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14878: 14876: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14807: 14805: 14804:Eastern Europe 14801: 14800: 14798: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14781: 14780: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14739: 14738: 14737: 14730: 14723: 14716: 14704: 14699: 14693: 14691: 14690:Central Europe 14687: 14686: 14679: 14678: 14671: 14664: 14656: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14641: 14633: 14626: 14621: 14620: 14619: 14614: 14606: 14601: 14600: 14599: 14594: 14586: 14576: 14569: 14562: 14555: 14548: 14541: 14535: 14532: 14531: 14523: 14522: 14515: 14508: 14500: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14481: 14480: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14386: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14350: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14308: 14303: 14291: 14284: 14281: 14280: 14279: 14271: 14270:External links 14268: 14266: 14265: 14249: 14235: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14219: 14186: 14179: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14163: 14156: 14124:(3): 278–288. 14104: 14097: 14088: 14081: 14049:(3): 319–330. 14029: 14022: 14015: 13997:(2): 437–471. 13984: 13948: 13946: 13945:Historiography 13943: 13941: 13940: 13929: 13922: 13913: 13904: 13895: 13884: 13869: 13864:Walker, Mack. 13862: 13855: 13835: 13820: 13813: 13806: 13799: 13792: 13775: 13755: 13741: 13734: 13723: 13718:Roeber, A. G. 13716: 13709: 13692: 13685: 13678: 13677:(2004) 235 pp. 13671: 13668: 13661: 13654: 13647: 13640: 13633: 13622: 13615: 13608: 13591: 13578: 13561: 13554: 13545: 13538: 13531: 13524: 13506: 13499: 13484: 13477: 13466: 13459: 13452: 13445: 13428: 13421: 13414: 13395: 13377: 13360: 13346: 13339: 13329: 13316: 13309: 13289: 13278: 13271: 13264: 13247:Handlin, Oscar 13245:; Orlov, Ann; 13239: 13232: 13225: 13218: 13211: 13204: 13197: 13190: 13183: 13176: 13166: 13158: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13125: 13096: 13083: 13064: 13045: 13031: 13001: 12978: 12967:. June 2, 2022 12952: 12912: 12885: 12859: 12832: 12802: 12772: 12756: 12733: 12707: 12674: 12648: 12633: 12614: 12587: 12568: 12548: 12518: 12499: 12485:Westliche Post 12470: 12428: 12398: 12351: 12319: 12312: 12287: 12251: 12232:(2): 437–471. 12216: 12183: 12150: 12114: 12094:ttu-ir.tdl.org 12077: 12041: 12028: 12009: 11987: 11951: 11911: 11869: 11850: 11830: 11811: 11766: 11736: 11723: 11704: 11674: 11644: 11612: 11576: 11546: 11516: 11486: 11484:(1999) 330–36. 11473: 11458: 11445: 11430: 11403: 11390: 11381: 11368: 11359: 11343: 11330: 11318: 11306: 11293: 11280: 11267: 11245: 11232: 11219: 11206: 11193: 11180: 11172:Otto Holzapfel 11168:Philip Bohlman 11159: 11157:1995 5: 95–121 11146: 11133: 11127:Noel Iverson, 11120: 11087: 11064: 11046:978-0752494555 11045: 11021: 10995: 10968: 10956: 10936: 10906: 10876: 10846: 10816: 10780: 10745: 10717: 10687: 10670: 10659:on May 6, 2009 10637: 10607: 10581: 10550: 10529:Ancestry: 2000 10519: 10482: 10445: 10436: 10406: 10376: 10359:News.bbc.co.uk 10346: 10316: 10290: 10260: 10242: 10223: 10200: 10182: 10159: 10129: 10110: 10098: 10081: 10050: 10014: 9978: 9963: 9934: 9911: 9881: 9868: 9855: 9828: 9815: 9788: 9775: 9756: 9736: 9693: 9674: 9654: 9611: 9598: 9585: 9566: 9551: 9531: 9511: 9498: 9489: 9474: 9450: 9429: 9400: 9377: 9350: 9337: 9324: 9314:on May 9, 2008 9297: 9265: 9252: 9239: 9226: 9213: 9144: 9112: 9099: 9055: 9042: 9028:Church History 9019: 9003: 8988:Church History 8979: 8956: 8943: 8930: 8917: 8910: 8877: 8847: 8827: 8796: 8789: 8771: 8757:978-0807842195 8756: 8731: 8717:978-0807818503 8716: 8691: 8677:978-1570035913 8676: 8654: 8640:978-0700619948 8639: 8617: 8603:978-0813926094 8602: 8580: 8566:978-0813917740 8565: 8540: 8513: 8486: 8463: 8450: 8432: 8417: 8401:Handlin, Oscar 8399:; Orlov, Ann; 8370: 8351: 8321: 8233: 8190: 8183: 8163: 8144: 8124: 8117: 8111:. p. 55. 8097: 8084: 8054: 8028: 7997: 7981:Gareth Marples 7968: 7940: 7927: 7914: 7901: 7882: 7858: 7839: 7819: 7810: 7778: 7752: 7713: 7688: 7676: 7644: 7618: 7586: 7554: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7486: 7476: 7461: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7375: 7372:Germany portal 7359: 7356: 7297:Herbert Hoover 7284: 7281: 7253:Sandra Bullock 7249:Bryan Cranston 7209:Ernst Lubitsch 7185:Dale Earnhardt 7181:Michael Keaton 7150:Neil Armstrong 7130:Apollo program 7107:Polykarp Kusch 7079:Harold C. Urey 7023:Claude Shannon 7019:George Stibitz 6917:John Steinbeck 6871:Walter Gropius 6853:Joseph Schlitz 6845:Bernhard Stroh 6813:Anheuser-Busch 6809:Adolphus Busch 6662:Bernard Kroger 6634:Marcus Goldman 6598:Charles Pfizer 6582:James L. Kraft 6490:William Boeing 6450:Henry J. Heinz 6374:commanded the 6333: 6332:Notable people 6330: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6298: 6295: 6265:Allegheny City 6243:Lincoln Square 6218: 6215: 6199:Anheuser-Busch 6132:German cuisine 6127: 6124: 6115:Streets, near 6102: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6079: 6061: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6040:Main article: 6037: 6034: 6022:Amana Colonies 5986:Bernese German 5958: 5955: 5880: 5877: 5771: 5768: 5725: 5722: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5612: 5611: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5495: 5492: 5374: 5371: 5347: 5344: 5269:Main article: 5266: 5263: 5250: 5247: 5243:Ninth Symphony 5221:A small city, 5179: 5176: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5072: 5042: 4988: 4954: 4920: 4893:Killeen, Texas 4870: 4844: 4826: 4804: 4790: 4779:Davilla, Texas 4756: 4750: 4732: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4667:Kempner, Texas 4664: 4658: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4633:Columbus, Ohio 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4455:Jennings, Ohio 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4401:Monterey, Ohio 4393: 4390: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4258: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4070:South Carolina 4058: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4003: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3909:North Carolina 3897: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3725: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3084: 3081: 3052: 3049: 3013: 3010: 2974:ethnic Germans 2937: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2796:Jewish Germans 2772: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2741: 2679:, German-born 2626: 2623: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2565:Horace Greeley 2520: 2517: 2500: 2497: 2446:Hermann Raster 2438:Main article: 2435: 2432: 2375:Russian Empire 2345: 2342: 2296:Main article: 2293: 2290: 2267: 2264: 2222:German Village 2214:Over-the-Rhine 2119: 2116: 2097: 2094: 2080:, who founded 2057:Main article: 2054: 2053:Jewish Germans 2051: 2043:Gustav Koerner 2039:Latin language 1980:Forty-Eighters 1962: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1793: 1790: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1706:French America 1693: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1646: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1570:South Carolina 1558: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1501:North Carolina 1489: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1281: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1223: 1204: 1201: 1158:Main article: 1155: 1152: 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1044: 1041: 1029:South Carolina 1021:American South 1010:tabby (cement) 1002:Fort Frederica 994:Georgia Colony 958:Wachau-die-Aue 949:Lord Granville 935:living around 929:North Carolina 922:Swabian German 853: 850: 792:to immigrate. 765: 764: 679: 677: 670: 664: 661: 590: 587: 524:Gilbert Stuart 488: 485: 475: 472: 418:Christmas tree 314:in the world. 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 198: 195: 194: 190: 189: 187: 186: 180: 177: 176: 175: 173:Roman Catholic 169: 146: 143: 142: 138: 137: 127: 126: 122: 121: 92: 91: 87: 86: 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 41: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18761: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18726: 18724: 18703: 18700: 18697: 18696: 18691: 18690: 18688: 18684: 18672: 18669: 18668: 18667: 18664: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18651: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18636: 18634: 18630: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18563: 18562: 18559: 18558: 18556: 18552: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18530: 18529: 18526: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18516:Dar es Salaam 18514: 18512: 18509: 18508: 18507: 18504: 18500: 18497: 18496: 18495: 18492: 18488: 18485: 18484: 18483: 18480: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18454: 18451: 18450: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18428: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18418: 18416: 18414: 18410: 18401: 18400: 18399:Colonia Tovar 18395: 18394: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18352: 18351: 18350:United States 18348: 18346: 18343: 18339: 18336: 18335: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18281: 18278: 18275: 18272: 18271: 18270: 18267: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18254: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18227: 18225: 18221: 18211: 18208: 18207: 18205: 18201: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18184: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18171: 18169: 18165: 18157: 18154: 18153: 18152: 18149: 18144: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18121: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18085: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18053: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18046:Baltic states 18044: 18043: 18041: 18037: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18005: 18004: 18001: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17988: 17987: 17984: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17954: 17950: 17946: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17928: 17927: 17924: 17920: 17917: 17916: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17906: 17904: 17900: 17894: 17891: 17887: 17884: 17883: 17882: 17879: 17875: 17872: 17869: 17868: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17852: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17839: 17836: 17835: 17834: 17831: 17830: 17828: 17824: 17821: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17808: 17801: 17800: 17799:Volksdeutsche 17795: 17791: 17788: 17787: 17785: 17784: 17779: 17776: 17772: 17771: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17760:German people 17754: 17749: 17747: 17742: 17740: 17735: 17734: 17731: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17704: 17700: 17697: 17696: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17671: 17668: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17616: 17614: 17610: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17545: 17543: 17541:South America 17539: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17522: 17520: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17472: 17471: 17468: 17467: 17465: 17463: 17459: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17440: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17383: 17381: 17380: 17379: 17376: 17375: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17319: 17318: 17315: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17250: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17146: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17066: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17009: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16944: 16943: 16940: 16939: 16937: 16935:North America 16933: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16903: 16900: 16899: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16857: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16769: 16766: 16765: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16732: 16729: 16728: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16600: 16599: 16597: 16595: 16591: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16571: 16568: 16567: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16475: 16474: 16471: 16470: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16460: 16457: 16456: 16455: 16452: 16451: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16384: 16381: 16375: 16372: 16371: 16370: 16367: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16354: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16302: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16289: 16286: 16285: 16284: 16281: 16280: 16279: 16276: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16260: 16257: 16256: 16255: 16252: 16248: 16245: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16227: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16217: 16216: 16213: 16212: 16211: 16208: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16167: 16164: 16163: 16162: 16159: 16158: 16157: 16154: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16145: 16142: 16141: 16139: 16135: 16127: 16124: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16100: 16097: 16093: 16090: 16089: 16088: 16085: 16084: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16060: 16058: 16057: 16050: 16047: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15979: 15978: 15975: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15951: 15948: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15925: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15888: 15887: 15884: 15883: 15882: 15879: 15875: 15874:Black Indians 15872: 15870: 15867: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15794: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15784: 15783: 15780: 15779: 15777: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15762: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15735:Non-religious 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15653: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15634: 15630: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15500: 15496: 15491: 15487: 15480: 15475: 15473: 15468: 15466: 15461: 15460: 15457: 15442: 15438: 15435: 15431: 15426: 15425: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15411: 15410:San Francisco 15407: 15404: 15400: 15399: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15388: 15377: 15374: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15358: 15354: 15349: 15348: 15346: 15342: 15339: 15335: 15332: 15328: 15327: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15308: 15304: 15301: 15297: 15296: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15289: 15285: 15279: 15276: 15271: 15267: 15266: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15239:Luxembourgian 15237: 15232: 15228: 15227: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15213: 15209: 15206: 15202: 15199: 15195: 15192: 15188: 15187: 15186: 15183: 15178: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15137: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15104: 15101: 15100: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15059: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15040: 15039:Alaskan Serbs 15036: 15035: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14964: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14945: 14941: 14938: 14934: 14933: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14904: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14879: 14877: 14873: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14802: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14778: 14774: 14773: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14749: 14745: 14744: 14743: 14740: 14735: 14731: 14728: 14724: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14694: 14692: 14688: 14684: 14677: 14672: 14670: 14665: 14663: 14658: 14657: 14654: 14640: 14637: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14598: 14597:New York City 14595: 14593: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14580: 14577: 14574: 14570: 14567: 14563: 14560: 14556: 14553: 14549: 14546: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14536: 14533: 14528: 14521: 14516: 14514: 14509: 14507: 14502: 14501: 14498: 14492: 14485: 14479: 14475: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14453: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14286: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14248: 14247:3-87181-231-5 14244: 14240: 14236: 14233: 14229: 14228: 14215: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14184: 14180: 14177: 14173: 14172: 14161: 14157: 14153: 14147: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14105: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14089: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14072: 14056: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14040: 14034: 14030: 14027: 14023: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14008: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13991: 13985: 13981: 13977: 13971: 13955: 13950: 13949: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13927: 13923: 13920: 13917: 13914: 13911: 13908: 13905: 13902: 13899: 13896: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13867: 13863: 13860: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13847: 13843: 13840: 13836: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13818: 13814: 13811: 13807: 13804: 13800: 13797: 13793: 13791: 13787: 13784: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13767: 13763: 13760: 13756: 13753: 13749: 13746: 13742: 13739: 13735: 13732: 13728: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13710: 13708: 13704: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13690: 13686: 13683: 13679: 13676: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13662: 13659: 13655: 13652: 13648: 13645: 13641: 13638: 13634: 13631: 13623: 13620: 13616: 13613: 13609: 13607: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13590: 13586: 13583: 13579: 13577: 13573: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13559: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13546: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13532: 13529: 13525: 13522: 13518: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13504: 13500: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13453: 13450: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13437: 13433: 13429: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13407: 13404: 13399: 13396: 13393: 13392:The Economist 13389: 13385: 13382: 13378: 13376: 13372: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13344: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13330: 13327: 13326: 13317: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13301: 13297: 13294: 13290: 13287: 13279: 13276: 13272: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13253: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13237: 13233: 13230: 13226: 13223: 13219: 13216: 13212: 13209: 13205: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13191: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13167: 13164: 13139: 13135: 13129: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13100: 13093: 13087: 13081: 13077: 13074: 13068: 13060: 13056: 13049: 13041: 13035: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13005: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12988: 12982: 12966: 12962: 12956: 12948: 12942: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12873: 12869: 12863: 12846: 12842: 12836: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12806: 12790: 12786: 12782: 12776: 12769: 12763: 12761: 12753: 12749: 12746: 12742: 12737: 12721: 12717: 12711: 12695: 12691: 12690: 12689:Boston Review 12685: 12678: 12662: 12658: 12652: 12644: 12637: 12621: 12617: 12615:9780944190005 12611: 12607: 12603: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12575: 12571: 12569:9780814208991 12565: 12561: 12560: 12552: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12522: 12506: 12502: 12500:9781554580279 12496: 12492: 12488: 12487:in St. Louis" 12486: 12477: 12475: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12449: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12368: 12367: 12363: 12355: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12328: 12326: 12324: 12315: 12313:9780520070837 12309: 12304: 12303: 12294: 12292: 12284: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12220: 12204: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12187: 12171: 12167: 12166: 12161: 12154: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12128: 12121: 12119: 12099: 12095: 12088: 12081: 12062: 12058: 12051: 12045: 12038: 12032: 12016: 12012: 12010:9789027275073 12006: 12002: 11998: 11991: 11980:September 19, 11975: 11971: 11970: 11965: 11961: 11955: 11939: 11935: 11934:fortwayne.com 11931: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11884: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11857: 11853: 11851:9781134261895 11847: 11843: 11842: 11834: 11818: 11814: 11812:9780802870537 11808: 11804: 11800: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11754: 11750: 11749:The Economist 11746: 11740: 11733: 11727: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11708: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11637: 11633: 11629: 11622: 11616: 11597: 11593: 11586: 11580: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11550: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11520: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11483: 11477: 11469: 11462: 11455: 11449: 11441: 11434: 11419: 11415: 11414: 11407: 11400: 11394: 11385: 11378: 11372: 11363: 11356: 11350: 11348: 11340: 11334: 11328: 11322: 11316: 11310: 11303: 11297: 11290: 11284: 11277: 11271: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11239:Carl Wittke, 11236: 11229: 11223: 11216: 11210: 11203: 11197: 11190: 11184: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11156: 11150: 11143: 11137: 11130: 11124: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11091: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11025: 11009: 11005: 10999: 10984: 10980: 10979: 10972: 10966: 10960: 10952: 10945: 10943: 10941: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10801: 10797: 10790: 10784: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10721: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10691: 10684: 10680: 10674: 10658: 10654: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10561: 10554: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10530: 10523: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10493: 10486: 10468: 10464: 10457: 10456: 10449: 10440: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10380: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10350: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10227: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10204: 10196: 10189: 10187: 10179: 10175: 10172: 10168: 10163: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10114: 10107: 10102: 10095: 10091: 10085: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10054: 10035: 10031: 10024: 10018: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9974: 9967: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9938: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9915: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9885: 9878: 9872: 9865: 9859: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9832: 9825: 9819: 9803: 9799: 9796:Goyens, Tom. 9792: 9785: 9779: 9763: 9759: 9757:9780252020575 9753: 9749: 9748: 9740: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9667: 9666: 9658: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9602: 9595: 9589: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9570: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9544: 9541: 9535: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9516: 9508: 9502: 9493: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9447: 9439: 9433: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9381: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9354: 9347: 9341: 9334: 9328: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9301: 9285: 9278: 9277: 9269: 9262: 9256: 9249: 9243: 9236: 9230: 9223: 9217: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9129: 9122: 9116: 9109: 9103: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9023: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8953: 8947: 8940: 8934: 8927: 8921: 8913: 8911:9780801844423 8907: 8903: 8899: 8894: 8893: 8892:Amish Society 8887: 8881: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8843: 8842: 8834: 8832: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8792: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8517: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8490: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470:Axel Madsen, 8467: 8460: 8454: 8446: 8439: 8437: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8355: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8328: 8326: 8317: 8313: 8306: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8194: 8186: 8184:9780814774663 8180: 8176: 8175: 8167: 8151: 8147: 8145:9780674040090 8141: 8137: 8136: 8128: 8120: 8118:9780549564379 8114: 8110: 8109: 8101: 8094: 8088: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7964: 7958: 7950: 7944: 7937: 7931: 7924: 7921:Bayrd Still, 7918: 7911: 7905: 7889: 7885: 7883:9780299108045 7879: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7862: 7846: 7842: 7840:9780786485789 7836: 7833:. McFarland. 7832: 7831: 7823: 7814: 7806: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7748: 7742: 7723: 7717: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7661: 7654: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7509: 7508:Gemütlichkeit 7501: 7497: 7490: 7480: 7465: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7376: 7373: 7362: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7265:Kirsten Dunst 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7241:Kevin Costner 7238: 7234: 7233:Marlon Brando 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7177:Jack Nicklaus 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7087:Linus Pauling 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7007:John Froelich 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6979:Caspar Wistar 6976: 6972: 6968: 6965:. His nephew 6964: 6960: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6945:H. L. Mencken 6942: 6938: 6937:L. Frank Baum 6934: 6930: 6929:Kurt Vonnegut 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6909:Pearl S. Buck 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6789:August Schell 6786: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6726:Alphabet Inc. 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6614:Conrad Hilton 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6356:John Pershing 6353: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6118: 6117:Gramercy Park 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6090: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6071:Second Avenue 6068: 6064: 6058: 6043: 6033: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5972:groups – the 5971: 5966: 5964: 5954: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5906: 5898: 5891: 5890:the Holocaust 5885: 5876: 5868: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5736:lingua franca 5732: 5721: 5718: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5605: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5327:Sedition Acts 5324: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5277: 5272: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4873:Ogden, Kansas 4871: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4579:Dubuque, Iowa 4577: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4483:Minster, Ohio 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4471:Jackson, Ohio 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4327: 4326:United States 4315: 4303: 4292: 4291: 4280: 4269: 4268: 4257: 4256:West Virginia 4246: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4220: 4209: 4198: 4197: 4186: 4175: 4174: 4163: 4152: 4151: 4140: 4129: 4128: 4117: 4106: 4105: 4094: 4083: 4082: 4071: 4060: 4059: 4048: 4037: 4036: 4025: 4014: 4013: 4002: 3991: 3990: 3979: 3968: 3967: 3956: 3945: 3944: 3933: 3922: 3921: 3910: 3899: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3873: 3862: 3851: 3850: 3839: 3828: 3827: 3816: 3815:New Hampshire 3805: 3804: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3770: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3736: 3735: 3724: 3713: 3712: 3701: 3690: 3689: 3678: 3667: 3666: 3655: 3644: 3643: 3632: 3631:Massachusetts 3621: 3620: 3609: 3598: 3597: 3586: 3575: 3574: 3563: 3552: 3551: 3540: 3529: 3528: 3517: 3506: 3505: 3494: 3483: 3482: 3471: 3460: 3459: 3448: 3437: 3436: 3425: 3414: 3413: 3402: 3391: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3365: 3354: 3343: 3342: 3331: 3320: 3319: 3308: 3297: 3296: 3285: 3274: 3273: 3262: 3251: 3250: 3239: 3228: 3227: 3216: 3205: 3204: 3193: 3182: 3181: 3170: 3159: 3158: 3147: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3112: 3104: 3096: 3089: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3006: 3005:The Economist 3002: 3000: 2995: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681:Robert Prager 2678: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657:H. L. Mencken 2654: 2650: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:Arthur Preuss 2603: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2583:Intellectuals 2575: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2428:Lawrence Welk 2424: 2422: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2364:Volga Germans 2360: 2355: 2351: 2350:Volga Germans 2340: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2298:Texas Germans 2289: 2288:, and Texas. 2287: 2283: 2280:, apart from 2279: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1988:Henry Villard 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1778: 1773: 1766: 1765: 1764:United States 1749: 1744: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1617: 1605: 1594: 1582: 1571: 1559: 1548: 1536: 1525: 1513: 1502: 1490: 1478: 1465: 1454: 1442: 1431: 1430:New Hampshire 1419: 1408: 1407:Massachusetts 1396: 1385: 1373: 1362: 1350: 1339: 1334: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1291: 1280: 1268: 1257: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168:was also the 1167: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1071:redemptioners 1066: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 987:Salem College 984: 980: 976: 975:Winston-Salem 972: 968: 964: 959: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 846: 842: 838: 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 806: 801: 800:(1618–1648). 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 775: 774:Alsace Region 771: 761: 758: 750: 739: 736: 732: 729: 725: 722: 718: 715: 711: 708: – 707: 703: 702:Find sources: 696: 692: 686: 685: 680:This section 678: 674: 669: 668: 660: 658: 655:, since 1803 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:Mohawk Valley 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 544: 539: 538: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 484: 481: 471: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 414:kindergartens 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 349: 345: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 313: 308: 304: 299: 297: 292: 284: 280: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 200: 199: 196: 191: 185: 181: 179:<1% Jewish 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 150: 148: 147: 144: 139: 136: 132: 128: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 102: 98: 93: 88: 83: 79: 75: 70: 63: 58: 52: 45: 39: 30: 19: 18494:South Africa 18349: 17867:Walddeutsche 16742: 16156:Central Asia 15755:Zoroastrians 15603:Social class 15177:Jersey Dutch 14720:German Texan 14706: 14559:German Coast 14259:, New York: 14256: 14238: 14231: 14212:– via 14206:. Retrieved 14193: 14182: 14175: 14159: 14146:cite journal 14134:. Retrieved 14121: 14117: 14107: 14100: 14092: 14084: 14071:cite journal 14059:. Retrieved 14046: 14042: 14032: 14025: 14018: 13994: 13988: 13960:November 30, 13958:. Retrieved 13932: 13925: 13918: 13909: 13900: 13887: 13871: 13865: 13858: 13849: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13816: 13809: 13802: 13795: 13778: 13769: 13737: 13726: 13719: 13712: 13695: 13688: 13681: 13674: 13664: 13657: 13650: 13643: 13636: 13625: 13618: 13611: 13594: 13564: 13557: 13548: 13541: 13534: 13527: 13509: 13502: 13487: 13480: 13473: 13462: 13455: 13448: 13431: 13424: 13417: 13401: 13391: 13363: 13349: 13342: 13332: 13323: 13312: 13303: 13281: 13274: 13267: 13251: 13235: 13228: 13221: 13214: 13207: 13200: 13193: 13186: 13179: 13170: 13142:. Retrieved 13138:the original 13128: 13117:, retrieved 13108: 13099: 13091: 13086: 13067: 13058: 13048: 13034: 13024:November 28, 13022:. Retrieved 13013: 13004: 12986: 12981: 12969:. Retrieved 12964: 12955: 12929:. Retrieved 12925:the original 12915: 12902:. Retrieved 12898:the original 12888: 12876:. Retrieved 12872:the original 12862: 12849:. Retrieved 12845:the original 12835: 12823:. Retrieved 12819:the original 12814: 12805: 12793:. Retrieved 12789:the original 12784: 12775: 12767: 12740: 12736: 12724:. Retrieved 12720:the original 12710: 12698:. Retrieved 12687: 12677: 12665:. Retrieved 12651: 12642: 12636: 12624:. Retrieved 12605: 12578:. Retrieved 12558: 12551: 12539:. Retrieved 12535:the original 12531:mki.wisc.edu 12530: 12521: 12509:. Retrieved 12490: 12484: 12461:. Retrieved 12451: 12447: 12419:. Retrieved 12410: 12401: 12389:. Retrieved 12365: 12361: 12354: 12340:(2): 27–55. 12337: 12333: 12301: 12282: 12229: 12225: 12219: 12207:. Retrieved 12196: 12186: 12174:. Retrieved 12170:the original 12163: 12153: 12141:. Retrieved 12130: 12105:. Retrieved 12093: 12080: 12068:. Retrieved 12056: 12044: 12036: 12031: 12019:. Retrieved 12000: 11990: 11978:. Retrieved 11967: 11960:Ebert, Roger 11954: 11942:. Retrieved 11933: 11904:December 23, 11902:. Retrieved 11860:. Retrieved 11840: 11833: 11821:. Retrieved 11802: 11757:. Retrieved 11748: 11739: 11731: 11726: 11707: 11695:. Retrieved 11686: 11677: 11665:. Retrieved 11647: 11636:the original 11627: 11615: 11603:. Retrieved 11579: 11567:. Retrieved 11563:the original 11549: 11537:. Retrieved 11519: 11507:. Retrieved 11489: 11481: 11476: 11467: 11461: 11453: 11448: 11439: 11433: 11422:, retrieved 11418:the original 11412: 11406: 11398: 11393: 11384: 11376: 11371: 11362: 11354: 11338: 11333: 11326: 11321: 11314: 11309: 11301: 11296: 11288: 11283: 11278:(1971) ch. 5 11275: 11270: 11262: 11258: 11255:Project MUSE 11248: 11240: 11235: 11227: 11222: 11214: 11209: 11201: 11196: 11188: 11183: 11175: 11162: 11154: 11149: 11141: 11136: 11128: 11123: 11111:. Retrieved 11107:the original 11102: 11090: 11072: 11067: 11055:. Retrieved 11031: 11024: 11012:. Retrieved 10998: 10987:, retrieved 10983:the original 10977: 10971: 10959: 10950: 10927:. Retrieved 10909: 10897:. Retrieved 10879: 10867:. Retrieved 10849: 10837:. Retrieved 10819: 10807:. Retrieved 10783: 10771:. Retrieved 10737:, retrieved 10733:the original 10727: 10720: 10708:. Retrieved 10699: 10690: 10678: 10673: 10661:. Retrieved 10657:the original 10649: 10640: 10628:. Retrieved 10624:the original 10620:Germany.info 10619: 10610: 10598:. Retrieved 10584: 10575:November 30, 10573:, retrieved 10569:the original 10559: 10553: 10544:November 30, 10542:, retrieved 10538:the original 10528: 10522: 10513:November 30, 10511:, retrieved 10491: 10485: 10476:November 30, 10474:, retrieved 10454: 10448: 10439: 10427:. Retrieved 10423:the original 10418: 10409: 10397:. Retrieved 10393:the original 10388: 10379: 10367:. Retrieved 10358: 10349: 10337:. Retrieved 10328: 10319: 10307:. Retrieved 10303:the original 10293: 10281:. Retrieved 10272: 10263: 10255:the original 10245: 10226: 10218: 10203: 10194: 10171:262 U.S. 390 10166: 10162: 10150:. Retrieved 10142:Enquirer.com 10141: 10132: 10113: 10101: 10093: 10084: 10072:. Retrieved 10063: 10053: 10041:. Retrieved 10029: 10017: 10008:November 19, 10006:, retrieved 9994: 9981: 9972: 9966: 9955:, retrieved 9946: 9937: 9914: 9902:. Retrieved 9898:the original 9893: 9884: 9876: 9871: 9863: 9858: 9844:(3): 41–62. 9841: 9837: 9831: 9823: 9818: 9806:. Retrieved 9791: 9783: 9778: 9768:February 13, 9766:. Retrieved 9746: 9739: 9709:(1): 34–51. 9706: 9702: 9696: 9684:. Retrieved 9664: 9657: 9627:(3): 78–98. 9624: 9620: 9614: 9606: 9601: 9593: 9588: 9578: 9574: 9569: 9560: 9554: 9534: 9526: 9522: 9506: 9501: 9492: 9483: 9477: 9458: 9453: 9445: 9437: 9432: 9421:, retrieved 9412: 9403: 9380: 9371:November 30, 9369:, retrieved 9365:the original 9359: 9353: 9345: 9340: 9332: 9327: 9318:November 19, 9316:, retrieved 9312:the original 9306: 9300: 9290:February 25, 9288:. Retrieved 9275: 9268: 9260: 9255: 9247: 9242: 9234: 9229: 9221: 9216: 9204:. Retrieved 9161: 9157: 9147: 9137:November 20, 9135:. Retrieved 9115: 9107: 9102: 9090:. Retrieved 9068: 9058: 9050: 9045: 9027: 9022: 9011: 9006: 8987: 8982: 8964: 8959: 8951: 8946: 8938: 8933: 8925: 8920: 8891: 8880: 8868:. Retrieved 8859: 8850: 8840: 8818:. Retrieved 8809: 8799: 8780: 8774: 8743: 8734: 8703: 8694: 8666:. Columbia: 8663: 8657: 8626: 8620: 8589: 8583: 8552: 8543: 8532:, retrieved 8522: 8516: 8507:November 30, 8505:, retrieved 8495: 8489: 8471: 8466: 8458: 8453: 8444: 8404: 8354: 8343:, retrieved 8333: 8315: 8311: 8294:, retrieved 8290:the original 8284: 8274:, retrieved 8270:the original 8264: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8236: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8173: 8166: 8154:. Retrieved 8134: 8127: 8107: 8100: 8092: 8087: 8075:. Retrieved 8066: 8057: 8045:. Retrieved 8041:the original 8031: 8019:. Retrieved 8015:the original 8010: 8000: 7989:, retrieved 7985:the original 7980: 7971: 7943: 7935: 7930: 7922: 7917: 7909: 7904: 7892:. Retrieved 7868: 7861: 7849:. Retrieved 7829: 7822: 7813: 7791:the original 7781: 7769:. Retrieved 7755: 7731:September 7, 7729:. Retrieved 7716: 7706:September 7, 7704:. Retrieved 7700: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7669:November 11, 7667:. Retrieved 7647: 7635:. Retrieved 7631:turkey-visit 7630: 7621: 7609:. Retrieved 7598: 7589: 7577:. Retrieved 7566: 7557: 7545:. Retrieved 7531: 7507: 7495: 7489: 7479: 7464: 7454: 7340:Barack Obama 7335: 7328:Harry Truman 7325: 7308: 7305:Donald Trump 7300: 7292: 7286: 7237:Kim Basinger 7229:Meryl Streep 7161:George Eyser 7157:Bruce Willis 7154: 7115: 7035:Donald Knuth 6983:Isaac Singer 6975:Michael Leib 6957: 6933:Sylvia Plath 6913:Thomas Wolfe 6905:Henry Miller 6887: 6861: 6821:Adolph Coors 6785:beer brewing 6782: 6775: 6772:Eugene Meyer 6765: 6755: 6745: 6718:Eric Schmidt 6710:Michael Dell 6670:Carl Laemmle 6638:Samuel Sachs 6602:Pfizer, Inc. 6578:Tesla Motors 6550:PepsiCo Inc. 6546:Charles Guth 6538:Levi Strauss 6486:Standard Oil 6447: 6439:Donald Trump 6435:John Boehner 6412: 6345: 6342: 6300: 6285: 6250: 6220: 6176: 6140:Frankfurters 6129: 6105:Third Avenue 6088: 6075:East Village 6066: 6062: 6030: 6010:Plautdietsch 5967: 5960: 5946: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5899: 5886: 5882: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5824: 5808: 5788: 5764: 5748: 5735: 5727: 5720:audiences". 5701: 5684:Indianapolis 5680: 5672: 5664:Assimilation 5650: 5631: 5615: 5601: 5488: 5481: 5471: 5455: 5428: 5384: 5349: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5259: 5252: 5242: 5239: 5232: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5181: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5129: 4649: 4623:, Ohio 19.8% 4567: 4487:Kalida, Ohio 4443:Butler, Ohio 4395: 4370:Indianapolis 4350: 4338: 4331: 4316: 4093:South Dakota 4047:Rhode Island 4024:Pennsylvania 3932:North Dakota 3130: 3125: 3120: 3094: 3073: 3054: 3030: 3023: 3012:Demographics 3004: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2978: 2968:homes. Some 2962: 2958:Galveston TX 2948:, July 1974. 2785: 2771:World War II 2728: 2695:In Chicago, 2694: 2669: 2646: 2609: 2604: 2594: 2569: 2557: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2473: 2450: 2443: 2425: 2420: 2392: 2369: 2337: 2332: 2317: 2286:German Coast 2275: 2257: 2226: 2211: 2139: 2105: 2090:B'nai B'rith 2078:Henry Lehman 2073:Levi Strauss 2062: 2019:freethinkers 2004: 1998: 1965: 1792:19th century 1783: 1776: 1769: 1754: 1747: 1740: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1697: 1689: 1682: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1632: 1631: 1547:Rhode Island 1524:Pennsylvania 1220: 1198: 1163: 1129: 1113: 1108: 1068: 1059:Pennsylvania 1046: 1018: 991: 961:, Latinized 926: 878:Spotsylvania 855: 835:German Coast 828: 824:German Coast 802: 779: 768: 753: 747:October 2017 744: 734: 727: 720: 713: 701: 689:Please help 684:verification 681: 638: 634: 626:Mohawk River 622:Little Falls 610:Hudson River 607: 592: 552: 543:pull factors 541: 537:Push factors 535: 533: 528:Astor family 510:Philadelphia 490: 487:Colonial era 477: 469: 433:Americanized 430: 428:to America. 411: 392: 380:William Howe 376:British Army 365: 357:Philadelphia 350: 346: 335: 323:Pennsylvania 316: 300: 278: 277: 81: 77: 32:Ethnic group 29: 18695:Ostsiedlung 18644:New Zealand 18618:Philippines 18460:Ivory Coast 18345:Puerto Rico 18298:El Salvador 18189:Netherlands 18143:Gottscheers 17943:(including 17893:Switzerland 17694:2010 census 17613:Multiethnic 16902:Californios 16768:before 1880 15671:Protestants 15633:By religion 15546:Immigration 15502:By economic 15403:Los Angeles 15120:Sammarinese 15103:before 1880 15018:Montenegrin 14911:Greenlandic 14816:Azerbaijani 14604:Puerto Rico 14557:Louisiana ( 14529:by location 14118:Monatshefte 14108:Monatshefte 14043:Monatshefte 14033:Monatshefte 13935:. Madison: 12971:February 2, 12878:November 3, 12851:January 14, 12700:January 31, 12448:Islands of 11006:. ePodunk. 10929:October 12, 10773:October 12, 10600:October 21, 10273:GovTrack.us 9894:Earlham.edu 9686:January 15, 9280:(Hardcover) 9233:Zev Eleff, 9092:October 12, 8860:Sciway3.net 8206:(1): 3–24. 8156:October 16, 7991:December 2, 7894:October 16, 7771:October 21, 7547:October 21, 7500:New Orleans 7348:Bischwiller 7273:Zazie Beetz 7269:Evan Peters 7197:Clark Gable 7193:Grace Kelly 7173:Johnny Depp 6762:Al Neuharth 6734:PayPal Inc. 6730:Peter Thiel 6722:Google Inc. 6678:Marcus Loew 6564:(YouTube), 6562:Jawed Karim 6474:Walt Disney 6415:Carl Schurz 6388:Indian Wars 6277:Deutschtown 6261:German Fest 6257:Oktoberfest 6223:Oktoberfest 6207:Prohibition 5994:High German 5811:Martin Dies 5740:Roger Ebert 5653:Bennett Law 5483:Kulturkampf 5459:the Dakotas 5331:Prohibition 4477:Union, Ohio 3700:Mississippi 3284:Connecticut 3069:1870 Census 3026:the Dakotas 2790:and author 2735:Americanize 2651:denounced " 2545:Free Silver 2537:prohibition 2466:Franz Sigel 2379:Volga River 2282:New Orleans 2065:German Jews 1984:Carl Schurz 1829:immigrants 1822:Immigration 1812:Immigration 1256:Connecticut 1043:New England 1037:San Antonio 908:around the 845:Carl Schurz 831:New Orleans 816:New Orleans 583:War of 1812 502:glassmakers 461:San Antonio 101:New England 85:2020 census 18723:Categories 18608:Kyrgyzstan 18598:Kazakhstan 18499:Afrikaners 18293:Costa Rica 18257:Hutterites 18119:Yugoslavia 18099:Azerbaijan 18008:Bessarabia 17767:Historical 17621:Afro-Asian 17243:Potawatomi 17074:Chemehuevi 16278:South Asia 15740:Rastafaris 15698:Ahmadiyyas 15651:Christians 15526:Emigration 15504:and social 15397:California 15115:Portuguese 15008:Macedonian 14926:Lithuanian 14836:Circassian 14821:Belarusian 14635:Wisconsin 14628:Virginia ( 14612:Cincinnati 14564:Maryland ( 14552:Louisville 14550:Kentucky ( 14543:Illinois ( 14208:August 27, 13261:0674375122 13144:October 9, 13119:August 28, 12825:August 28, 12795:August 28, 12541:August 21, 12450:Deutschtum 12107:August 25, 12070:August 25, 11628:census.gov 11424:October 6, 11113:August 28, 11014:August 10, 10989:August 12, 10419:Traces.org 10389:Traces.org 9904:August 28, 9423:January 2, 9082:1086749050 8900:. p. 8820:October 7, 8806:"Wachovia" 8790:0806302925 8427:1038430174 8418:0674375122 8345:October 5, 8318:(3): 1, 11 8077:January 5, 7701:Census.gov 7523:References 7323:in 1902). 7293:Eisenhauer 7225:Heidi Klum 7169:Lou Gehrig 7122:Peenemünde 7103:Paul Flory 7099:Hans Bethe 7063:Otto Stern 6953:Lee Miller 6706:Apple Inc. 6702:Steve Jobs 6686:Harry Cohn 6554:Bill Gates 6406:, and the 6273:Pittsburgh 6269:North Side 6247:Cincinnati 6160:sauerkraut 6152:hamburgers 6026:East Amana 6014:Low German 5998:Hutterites 5970:Anabaptist 5835:Fred Trump 5688:Cincinnati 5595:1,083,637 5587:1,104,354 5579:1,383,442 5571:1,547,987 5563:1,586,593 5555:1,201,535 5547:1,332,399 5539:1,589,040 5531:2,188,006 5523:2,267,128 5515:2,759,032 5435:Mennonites 5394:, and the 5367:Lou Gehrig 5163:Deutschtum 5131:Portlandia 5102:See also: 4627:Pittsburgh 4621:Cincinnati 4382:Pittsburgh 4354:Cincinnati 4333:42,589,571 4232:Washington 3861:New Mexico 3838:New Jersey 3238:California 3131:Percentage 2926:44,978,546 2912:47,911,129 2898:42,885,162 2884:57,947,374 2870:49,224,146 2827:, Admiral 2800:anti-Nazis 2713:Cincinnati 2629:See also: 2578:World Wars 2533:Democratic 2470:Union Army 2419:, such as 2348:See also: 2278:Deep South 2266:Deep South 2237:Socialists 2203:Schwabians 2197:, such as 2179:Cincinnati 2167:Ohio River 2163:Louisville 2151:Cincinnati 2145:cities of 2143:Midwestern 2035:philosophy 2023:Freidenker 2021:, German: 2011:Dreissiger 1819:immigrants 1784:The brief 1453:New Jersey 1148:war effort 1140:Union Army 1132:Studebaker 1117:theodiscus 1097:Mennonites 969:valley in 898:Palatinate 894:Germantown 812:New France 808:Charlevoix 717:newspapers 599:Queen Anne 575:Mennonites 557:, and the 457:Pittsburgh 449:Cincinnati 426:hamburgers 382:, and the 353:Germantown 287:pronounced 248:Hutterites 166:Anabaptist 154:Protestant 149:Christian 105:Deep South 18639:Australia 18392:Venezuela 18375:Palatines 18323:Nicaragua 18303:Guatemala 18232:Argentina 18013:Black Sea 17959:Satu Mare 17919:Black Sea 17790:Palatines 17651:Melungeon 17626:Amerasian 17352:Tsimshian 17159:Chochenyo 17104:Kitanemuk 17054:Menominee 17037:Tuscarora 16972:Chickasaw 16957:Blackfeet 16468:West Asia 16210:East Asia 15730:Neopagans 15656:Catholics 15646:Buddhists 15511:Affluence 15434:Louisiana 15390:By region 15315:Melungeon 15270:Wisconsin 14983:Bulgarian 14931:Norwegian 14916:Icelandic 14866:Ukrainian 14756:Kashubian 14742:Hungarian 14639:Milwaukee 14617:Cleveland 14588:New York 14566:Baltimore 14320:from the 14234:. (2013). 14224:In German 13939:, (2000). 13928:. (1942). 13912:. (1952). 13903:. (1957). 13830:; vol 2: 13805:. (1990). 13798:. (2005). 13754:" (1987). 13722:. (1998). 13691:. (1957). 13653:. (1969). 13646:. (1990). 13639:. (1971). 13632:. (1974). 13483:. (1966). 13451:. (1940). 13277:. (1976). 13270:. (2003). 13238:. (1992). 13224:. (1989). 13210:. (1953). 13109:USA Today 12667:August 2, 12463:April 15, 12421:August 1, 12391:August 9, 12378:2152/2652 11944:August 2, 11697:March 17, 11667:August 6, 11569:August 8, 11509:August 6, 11413:The Amish 11057:March 20, 10855:"Tejanos" 10739:April 15, 10710:March 17, 10663:March 17, 10630:March 17, 10429:March 17, 10399:March 17, 10369:March 17, 10339:March 17, 10309:March 17, 10283:March 17, 10152:March 17, 9975:: 126–127 9957:August 1, 9731:254486844 9649:254494566 9605:Salamon, 9409:"GERMANS" 9188:0021-8723 8870:March 17, 8742:(1988) . 8649:878668026 8534:August 2, 8393:"Germans" 8256:(3): 10, 8228:147478252 8047:March 18, 8021:March 17, 7686:, p. 120. 7637:March 20, 7579:March 10, 7346:and from 7344:Besigheim 7336:Melhausen 7321:Kallstadt 7165:Babe Ruth 7039:computing 6971:Adam Kuhn 6941:Dr. Seuss 6865:engineer 6767:USA Today 6714:Dell Inc. 6570:SolarCity 6566:Elon Musk 6510:Frederick 6400:World War 6392:World War 6297:Education 6291:card game 6217:Festivals 6211:microbrew 6203:St. Louis 6195:Milwaukee 6156:bratwurst 6004:and many 5976:and most 5942:St. Louis 5692:Cleveland 5507:Speakers 5443:Moravians 5416:Methodist 5400:Calvinist 5363:Babe Ruth 5346:Athletics 5323:Espionage 5188:Bethlehem 5152:Milwaukee 4386:St. Louis 4374:Milwaukee 4362:Cleveland 4284:2,195,662 4279:Wisconsin 4238:1,177,478 4144:2,429,525 4116:Tennessee 4029:2,915,171 3960:2,730,617 3891:1,809,206 3728:1,366,691 3682:1,753,612 3677:Minnesota 3659:1,849,636 3562:Louisiana 3498:1,016,154 3475:1,378,584 3452:2,175,044 3358:1,943,171 3266:1,039,001 3243:2,786,161 3067:. In the 3041:Northeast 2673:Red Cross 2541:Populists 2449:died the 2434:Civil War 2426:Musician 2417:loanwords 2328:Milwaukee 2324:Indianola 2320:Galveston 2229:Milwaukee 2218:Dutchtown 2175:Milwaukee 2171:Cleveland 2155:St. Louis 2147:Milwaukee 2108:Baltimore 2027:Latinists 1968:World War 1952:2001–2004 1946:1911–1920 1938:1991–2000 1932:1901–1910 1924:1981–1990 1918:1891–1900 1910:1971–1980 1907:1,452,970 1904:1881–1890 1896:1961–1970 1890:1871–1880 1882:1951–1960 1876:1861–1870 1868:1941–1950 1862:1851–1860 1854:1931–1940 1848:1841–1850 1840:1921–1930 1834:1820–1840 1827:Number of 1817:Number of 1089:Lutherans 1084:loyalists 933:Moravians 852:Southeast 810:traveled 663:Louisiana 589:Palatines 571:Moravians 498:Maracaibo 465:St. Louis 453:Milwaukee 386:, led by 378:, led by 296:Americans 281:(German: 125:Languages 118:Southwest 18686:See also 18613:Pakistan 18521:Zanzibar 18511:Bagamoyo 18506:Tanzania 18426:Cameroon 18360:Nebraska 18328:Paraguay 18288:Colombia 18224:Americas 18156:Bosporus 18139:Slovenia 18104:Bulgaria 17964:Bukovina 17949:Highland 17936:Landlers 17881:Slovakia 17811:Diaspora 17631:Blaxican 17443:Chicanos 17337:Gwich'in 17285:Shoshone 17275:Seminole 17203:Muscogee 17176:Tataviam 17139:Suisunes 17089:Diegueño 17069:Cahuilla 17027:Onondaga 17007:Iroquois 16987:Comanche 16982:Colville 16967:Cheyenne 16962:Cherokee 15556:Language 15441:Maryland 15428:Arkansas 15259:Scottish 15212:Huguenot 15205:Canadian 15125:Sicilian 15093:Galician 15088:Corsican 15078:Canarian 15068:Asturian 15052:Yugoslav 15023:Romanian 15013:Moldovan 14993:Croatian 14973:Albanian 14887:Estonian 14846:Georgian 14811:Armenian 14771:Silesian 14697:Austrian 14592:Syracuse 14579:Nebraska 14474:Archived 14452:Archived 14314:Archived 14297:Archived 14202:Archived 14190:"German" 14130:30161608 14055:30153298 13970:cite web 13876:Archived 13842:Archived 13786:Archived 13783:in JSTOR 13762:Archived 13748:Archived 13703:Archived 13602:Archived 13585:Archived 13572:Archived 13517:Archived 13514:in JSTOR 13439:Archived 13406:Archived 13384:Archived 13371:Archived 13296:Archived 13113:archived 13076:Archived 13018:Archived 12994:Archived 12941:cite web 12748:Archived 12726:July 30, 12694:Archived 12661:Archived 12620:Archived 12574:Archived 12505:Archived 12457:Archived 12415:Archived 12382:Archived 12346:27500930 12209:July 26, 12203:Archived 12176:July 26, 12137:Archived 12098:Archived 12061:Archived 12015:Archived 11974:Archived 11938:Archived 11898:Archived 11890:"German" 11856:Archived 11817:Archived 11759:July 15, 11753:Archived 11716:Archived 11691:Archived 11661:Archived 11605:June 24, 11596:Archived 11539:July 22, 11533:Archived 11531:. 1990. 11503:Archived 11325:Wittke, 11287:Wittke, 11080:Archived 11051:Archived 11008:Archived 10923:Archived 10893:Archived 10863:Archived 10833:Archived 10800:Archived 10767:Archived 10704:Archived 10594:Archived 10504:archived 10467:archived 10363:Archived 10333:Archived 10277:Archived 10234:Archived 10211:Archived 10174:Archived 10146:Archived 10127:, p. 81. 10121:Archived 10074:July 30, 10068:Archived 10043:July 30, 10034:Archived 9999:archived 9951:archived 9922:Archived 9850:25154032 9802:Archived 9762:Archived 9723:27501880 9680:Archived 9641:27501458 9543:Archived 9466:Archived 9417:archived 9388:Archived 9284:Archived 9206:June 27, 9200:Archived 9128:Archived 9086:Archived 9066:(1932). 9035:Archived 9014:(1849). 8995:Archived 8972:Archived 8888:(1993). 8864:Archived 8814:Archived 8766:18290931 8726:18589517 8702:(1989). 8686:58976124 8612:74964181 8575:41278488 8528:archived 8501:archived 8479:Archived 8403:(eds.). 8362:Archived 8339:archived 8150:Archived 8071:Archived 7957:cite web 7888:Archived 7851:June 25, 7845:Archived 7799:cite web 7765:Archived 7741:cite web 7660:Archived 7611:June 12, 7605:Archived 7573:Archived 7541:Archived 7358:See also 7221:John Kay 6995:Linotype 6817:AB InBev 6187:Aldingen 6107:between 5990:Alsatian 5950:Max Kade 5617:evidence 5494:Language 5474:Catholic 5373:Religion 5209:Creation 5200:Wachovia 5192:Nazareth 4366:Columbus 4208:Virginia 3978:Oklahoma 3885:New York 3769:Nebraska 3723:Missouri 3654:Michigan 3608:Maryland 3539:Kentucky 3447:Illinois 3307:Delaware 3261:Colorado 3215:Arkansas 3043:and the 2835:General 2519:Politics 2489:McKinley 2476:Sigel". 2067:came in 1899:190,796 1885:477,765 1871:226,578 1857:114,058 1843:412,202 1616:Virginia 1477:New York 1384:Maryland 1327:Kentucky 1279:Delaware 1194:Loyalist 1178:Hessians 1136:Solingen 1093:Reformed 1027:area of 1014:Anglican 963:Wachovia 953:Piedmont 924:accent. 912:, where 862:Germanna 858:Virginia 786:Alsatian 770:John Law 649:Walldorf 630:Herkimer 620:west of 595:Palatine 563:Lutheran 443:and the 422:hot dogs 331:Virginia 327:New York 184:atheists 162:Reformed 158:Lutheran 141:Religion 18632:Oceania 18576:Tianjin 18571:Qingdao 18566:Beijing 18533:Baguida 18482:Senegal 18470:Nigeria 18465:Namibia 18436:Yaoundé 18387:Uruguay 18380:by city 18313:Jamaica 18242:Bolivia 18174:Belgium 18129:Croatia 18109:Georgia 18094:Armenia 18073:Finland 18051:Denmark 18028:Galicia 18003:Ukraine 17969:Dobruja 17926:Romania 17914:Moldova 17909:Belarus 17874:Galicia 17860:Olęders 17855:Vistula 17845:Hungary 17656:Mulatto 17462:Oceania 17357:Tlingit 17347:Iñupiat 17332:Alutiiq 17280:Shawnee 17265:Quechan 17149:Awaswas 17134:Serrano 17129:Salinan 17109:Luiseño 17099:Juaneño 17094:Esselen 17079:Chumash 16977:Choctaw 16947:Abenaki 15693:Muslims 15666:Mormons 15661:Coptics 15641:Baha'is 15576:Poverty 15373:Acadian 15338:Isleños 15264:Walloon 15249:Occitan 15220:Frisian 15191:Acadian 15166:English 15161:Cornish 15156:British 15146:Belgian 15130:Spanish 15110:Maltese 15098:Italian 15083:Catalan 15047:Turkish 15033:Serbian 15028:Slovene 15003:Kosovan 14988:Cypriot 14978:Bosnian 14957:Swedish 14921:Latvian 14903:Findian 14897:Finnish 14892:Faroese 14856:Russian 14841:Cossack 14831:Chechen 14790:Sorbian 14573:Holyoke 14545:Chicago 14539:Alabama 14382:at the 14011:2169006 13868:(1964). 13684:(1996). 13660:(1990). 13498:(2004). 13249:, eds. 13175:(1993). 12991:excerpt 12989:(2019) 12904:May 17, 12626:May 16, 12580:May 16, 12511:May 16, 12364:Deutsch 12285:(2004). 12246:2169006 12143:July 6, 12021:May 16, 11862:May 16, 11823:May 16, 11734:(1981). 11313:Arndt, 11265:(1957). 11174:, eds. 11131:(1966). 11103:Uwm.edu 10899:May 23, 10869:May 23, 10839:May 23, 10809:May 23, 10700:Loc.gov 10180:(1923). 9866:(1998). 9808:July 8, 9786:(1983). 9529:(2006). 9250:(2011). 9196:1895032 8810:NCPedia 8476:excerpt 8474:(2001) 8296:May 26, 8276:May 26, 8220:1171088 7303:), and 7005:), and 6780:) etc. 6378:in the 6168:pretzel 6164:strudel 5785:in 1939 5249:Turners 5168:Vereine 5136:Hermann 5098:Culture 4311:22.66% 4307:131,730 4302:Wyoming 4288:37.81% 4265:15.62% 4261:282,257 4242:15.67% 4217:10.30% 4213:876,286 4194:10.15% 4185:Vermont 4171:10.37% 4167:326,656 4121:612,083 4102:35.74% 4098:314,246 4075:471,940 4033:22.78% 4010:17.29% 4006:721,995 3987:12.25% 3983:483,973 3964:23.39% 3941:36.93% 3937:280,834 3914:997,739 3866:166,848 3843:867,285 3820:117,188 3801:10.01% 3797:303,225 3778:32.38% 3774:623,006 3755:24.14% 3751:256,295 3746:Montana 3732:22.32% 3705:143,117 3686:31.31% 3663:18.54% 3636:384,109 3617:12.06% 3613:728,155 3590:105,181 3567:312,583 3548:13.11% 3544:585,036 3525:24.14% 3521:703,246 3502:32.26% 3479:20.59% 3470:Indiana 3456:17.10% 3433:16.62% 3429:291,509 3383:669,497 3377:Georgia 3353:Florida 3316:12.05% 3312:116,569 3289:300,323 3270:18.28% 3220:279,279 3201:12.74% 3197:913,671 3192:Arizona 3178:14.27% 3174:105,160 3151:303,109 3146:Alabama 3076:Tejanos 3065:Germany 3033:Midwest 2997:In the 2859:Number 2709:Berlioz 2535:. When 2499:Farmers 2460:in the 2399:Midwest 2260:Midwest 2245:Schlitz 2195:Midwest 2183:Dubuque 1955:61,253 1949:143,945 1941:92,606 1935:341,498 1927:91,961 1921:505,152 1913:74,414 1893:718,182 1879:787,468 1865:951,667 1851:434,626 1837:160,335 1771:279,220 1651:276,940 1593:Vermont 1533:33.30% 1529:140,983 1393:11.70% 1347:14.00% 1303:Georgia 1233:Germans 1196:cause. 1174:Hanover 1170:Elector 1109:Deutsch 1039:areas. 992:In the 971:Austria 860:called 731:scholar 480:Germans 474:History 203:Germans 97:Midwest 18659:Rabaul 18654:Kokopo 18588:Israel 18448:Guinea 18431:Douala 18421:Angola 18413:Africa 18338:Pozuzo 18318:Mexico 18252:Canada 18247:Brazil 18237:Belize 18179:France 18151:Turkey 18134:Serbia 18078:Sweden 18068:Norway 18023:Crimea 17986:Russia 17979:Zipser 17953:Walser 17951:, and 17941:Danube 17886:Zipser 17850:Poland 17819:Europe 17714:Racism 17636:Cajuns 17305:Yakama 17270:Salish 17248:Pueblo 17233:Pawnee 17228:Paiute 17213:Ojibwe 17208:Navajo 17196:Yokuts 17191:Wintun 17181:Tongva 17169:Tamyen 17164:Karkin 17154:Chalon 17144:Ohlone 17119:Patwin 17084:Cupeño 17059:Mohave 17049:Lenape 17032:Seneca 17022:Oneida 17017:Mohawk 17012:Cayuga 16952:Apache 16731:Cajuns 16594:Europe 15775:Africa 15678:Hindus 15618:Wealth 15418:Hawaii 15185:French 15151:Breton 15073:Basque 14882:Danish 14851:Kalmyk 14826:Lezgin 14785:Slovak 14766:Polish 14707:German 14263:, 1880 14245: 14136:May 2, 14128: 14061:May 2, 14053: 14009: 13892:online 13700:Online 13628: 13599:online 13582:online 13569:online 13436:online 13368:online 13358:vol. 2 13354:vol. 1 13320: 13284: 13259: 12931:May 2, 12770:(2007) 12612: 12566: 12497: 12362:Going 12344: 12310: 12244: 12039:(1983) 12007: 11848: 11809: 11243:(1957) 11170:) and 11098: 11077:p. 283 11043: 10683:online 9848: 9754: 9729: 9721: 9672: 9647: 9639: 9540:online 9463:online 9442: 9335:(2006) 9263:(1913) 9194: 9186: 9080: 9032:online 9016:online 8992:online 8954:(1965) 8941:(2008) 8908: 8787: 8764: 8754: 8724: 8714: 8684: 8674: 8647: 8637: 8610: 8600: 8573: 8563: 8461:(2004) 8425: 8415: 8226: 8218: 8181: 8142: 8115: 7880: 7837: 7513: 7504: 7471: 7352:Alsace 7309:Drumpf 7142: 7109:, and 7041:. The 7033:, and 6977:, and 6951:, and 6931:, and 6851:) and 6666:Kroger 6574:SpaceX 6478:Disney 6437:, and 6402: 6394: 6233:, and 6162:, and 6148:Vienna 6018:Danzig 6008:speak 6000:speak 5980:speak 5937: 5932: 5928: 5902: 5894: 5872: 5862: 5846: 5839: 5820: 5816: 5806:...'" 5804: 5800:Nazism 5795: 5791: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5731:Luther 5713: 5708: 5696: 5676: 5658: 5646: 5627:Allies 5623: 5619: 5390:, the 5353:Turner 5319: 5290:, the 5228: 5196:Lititz 5172: 5140: 5089:, and 5067:, and 5037:, and 4949:, and 4839:, and 4821:, and 4799:, and 4785:, and 4745:, and 4384:, and 4339:13.04% 4323: 4299: 4276: 4253: 4229: 4205: 4190:63,376 4182: 4159: 4148:8.48% 4136: 4125:9.04% 4113: 4090: 4079:9.27% 4067: 4056:5.03% 4052:53,192 4044: 4021: 4001:Oregon 3998: 3975: 3952: 3929: 3918:9.61% 3906: 3895:9.27% 3882: 3870:7.96% 3858: 3847:9.76% 3835: 3824:8.65% 3812: 3792:Nevada 3789: 3766: 3743: 3720: 3709:4.80% 3697: 3674: 3651: 3640:5.59% 3628: 3605: 3594:7.84% 3582: 3571:6.70% 3559: 3536: 3516:Kansas 3513: 3490: 3467: 3444: 3421: 3410:5.78% 3406:82,087 3401:Hawaii 3398: 3387:6.37% 3374: 3362:9.16% 3350: 3339:7.28% 3335:51,073 3327: 3304: 3293:8.41% 3281: 3258: 3247:7.08% 3235: 3224:9.27% 3212: 3189: 3169:Alaska 3166: 3155:6.19% 3143: 3126:Number 3061:Jewish 2981: 2831:, and 2810:. The 2794:—were 2705:Wagner 2618: 2421:Kuchen 2412: 2404: 2383:Crimea 2312:Austin 2284:, the 2251:, and 2249:Miller 2233:Athens 2177:, and 2134:; and 2063:A few 2025:, and 1970: 1824:period 1814:period 1761: 1625:6.30% 1621:27,853 1613: 1602:0.20% 1590: 1579:5.00% 1567: 1556:0.50% 1544: 1521: 1510:4.70% 1506:13,592 1498: 1487:8.20% 1483:25,778 1474: 1462:9.20% 1458:15,636 1450: 1439:0.40% 1427: 1416:0.30% 1404: 1389:24,412 1381: 1370:1.30% 1358: 1343:13,026 1329:& 1324: 1313:7.60% 1300: 1288:1.10% 1276: 1265:0.30% 1253: 1107:(from 1076:Quaker 1053:Boston 1033:Austin 998:Swabia 967:Wachau 882:miners 805:Jesuit 794:Alsace 733: 726: 719: 712: 704: 603:typhus 463:, and 329:, and 307:census 294:) are 201:Other 135:German 51:German 47: 18603:Korea 18593:Japan 18583:India 18561:China 18475:Lagos 18443:Ghana 18370:Omaha 18365:Texas 18308:Haiti 18269:Chile 17991:Volga 17974:Regat 17945:Banat 17362:Yupik 17342:Haida 17327:Aleut 17310:Yaqui 17290:Sioux 17223:Odawa 17218:Osage 17186:Wappo 17114:Miwok 17044:Kiowa 17002:Houma 15750:Sikhs 15683:Jains 15379:Cajun 15351:Cajun 15320:Métis 15278:Welsh 15225:Irish 15198:Cajun 15171:Dutch 14998:Greek 14861:Rusyn 14795:Swiss 14777:Texas 14713:Amish 14702:Czech 14624:Texas 14608:Ohio 14583:Omaha 14126:JSTOR 14051:JSTOR 14007:JSTOR 13092:Nixon 12385:(PDF) 12370:(PDF) 12342:JSTOR 12242:JSTOR 12101:(PDF) 12090:(PDF) 12064:(PDF) 12053:(PDF) 11639:(PDF) 11624:(PDF) 11599:(PDF) 11588:(PDF) 10803:(PDF) 10792:(PDF) 10507:(PDF) 10496:(PDF) 10470:(PDF) 10459:(PDF) 10037:(PDF) 10026:(PDF) 10002:(PDF) 9991:(PDF) 9846:JSTOR 9727:S2CID 9719:JSTOR 9645:S2CID 9637:JSTOR 9609:p 101 9192:JSTOR 9164:(3). 9131:(PDF) 9124:(PDF) 8395:. In 8308:(PDF) 8246:(PDF) 8224:S2CID 8216:JSTOR 7725:(PDF) 7663:(PDF) 7656:(PDF) 7301:Huber 6172:lager 5867:Irish 5606: 5592:2011 5584:2007 5576:2000 5568:1990 5560:1980 5552:1970 5544:1960 5536:1940 5528:1930 5520:1920 5512:1910 5504:Year 5431:Amish 5265:Media 5205:Haydn 5178:Music 4635:19.4% 4587:38.8% 4575:56.1% 4559:69.8% 4553:69.9% 4547:70.4% 4541:70.8% 4535:71.5% 4529:71.6% 4523:71.7% 4517:72.3% 4507:72.4% 4501:72.5% 4495:73.4% 4489:73.5% 4479:74.1% 4473:74.6% 4467:74.9% 4461:75.6% 4451:76.3% 4445:76.4% 4439:77.1% 4433:77.2% 4427:77.3% 4421:77.6% 4415:78.5% 4409:79.6% 4403:83.6% 4139:Texas 3585:Maine 3424:Idaho 3121:State 3045:South 2920:2020 2906:2010 2892:2000 2878:1990 2864:1980 2856:Year 2833:USAAF 2711:. In 2485:Bryan 2458:Union 2292:Texas 2253:Blatz 2241:Pabst 2191:Omaha 1777:8.65% 1748:0.35% 1720:8.75% 1714:1,750 1690:4.24% 1659:8.73% 1575:7,009 1412:1,120 1366:1,249 1361:Maine 1338:Tenn. 1309:4,019 1125:tyska 1121:Diets 1101:Amish 983:Salem 790:Swiss 738:JSTOR 724:books 657:Baden 370:, an 18671:Apia 18554:Asia 18543:Lomé 18538:Sebe 18528:Togo 18333:Peru 17641:Hapa 17258:Zuni 17238:Pima 17124:Pomo 16997:Crow 16992:Cree 16137:Asia 15688:Jews 15561:LGBT 15244:Manx 14952:Sámi 14243:ISBN 14210:2014 14152:link 14138:2020 14077:link 14063:2020 13980:link 13976:link 13962:2023 13257:ISBN 13146:2008 13121:2017 13026:2007 12973:2024 12947:link 12933:2013 12906:2012 12880:2011 12853:2012 12827:2017 12797:2017 12728:2013 12702:2019 12669:2018 12628:2020 12610:ISBN 12582:2020 12564:ISBN 12543:2018 12513:2020 12495:ISBN 12465:2023 12423:2018 12393:2018 12308:ISBN 12211:2018 12178:2018 12145:2018 12109:2020 12072:2020 12023:2020 12005:ISBN 11982:2019 11946:2018 11906:2012 11864:2020 11846:ISBN 11825:2020 11807:ISBN 11761:2018 11711:see 11699:2015 11669:2012 11607:2014 11571:2012 11541:2012 11511:2012 11426:2006 11291:p. 6 11115:2017 11100:..." 11059:2019 11041:ISBN 11016:2014 10991:2008 10931:2022 10901:2023 10871:2023 10841:2023 10811:2023 10775:2022 10741:2007 10712:2015 10665:2015 10632:2015 10602:2023 10577:2012 10546:2012 10515:2012 10478:2012 10431:2015 10401:2015 10371:2015 10341:2015 10311:2015 10285:2015 10154:2015 10076:2010 10045:2010 10010:2009 9959:2008 9906:2017 9810:2012 9770:2016 9752:ISBN 9688:2017 9670:ISBN 9444:I", 9425:2016 9373:2007 9320:2009 9292:2016 9208:2022 9184:ISSN 9139:2019 9094:2022 9078:OCLC 8906:ISBN 8872:2015 8822:2022 8785:ISBN 8762:OCLC 8752:ISBN 8722:OCLC 8712:ISBN 8682:OCLC 8672:ISBN 8645:OCLC 8635:ISBN 8608:OCLC 8598:ISBN 8571:OCLC 8561:ISBN 8536:2009 8509:2007 8423:OCLC 8413:ISBN 8347:2006 8298:2009 8278:2009 8179:ISBN 8158:2015 8140:ISBN 8113:ISBN 8079:2022 8049:2010 8023:2015 7993:2006 7963:link 7896:2015 7878:ISBN 7853:2021 7835:ISBN 7805:link 7773:2023 7747:link 7733:2024 7708:2024 7671:2012 7639:2024 7613:2015 7581:2016 7549:2023 7315:and 7275:and 7146:USAF 7126:NASA 6939:and 6873:and 6807:and 6740:and 6724:and 6636:and 6628:), ( 6576:and 6512:and 6496:and 6370:and 6287:Skat 6146:and 6113:18th 6111:and 6109:17th 6012:, a 5984:(or 5441:and 5365:and 5325:and 5194:and 5128:and 5112:The 5093:1.8% 5071:1.9% 5041:2.0% 4987:2.1% 4983:and 4953:2.2% 4919:2.3% 4915:and 4869:2.4% 4865:and 4843:2.5% 4825:2.6% 4803:2.7% 4789:2.8% 4755:2.9% 4749:3.0% 4731:3.2% 4727:and 4721:3.4% 4715:3.5% 4709:3.8% 4703:4.0% 4697:4.1% 4691:4.2% 4687:and 4681:4.3% 4675:4.5% 4669:4.8% 4663:5.0% 4657:6.8% 4513:and 4485:and 4457:and 4162:Utah 3955:Ohio 3493:Iowa 3037:West 2633:and 2395:Tsar 2352:and 2322:and 2306:The 2185:and 2161:and 1986:and 1130:The 1035:and 904:and 890:Anne 826:'." 803:The 780:The 710:news 573:and 478:The 424:and 171:26% 164:and 152:51% 17300:Ute 17253:Zia 14415:at 14391:at 13999:doi 13995:100 13848:". 13768:". 13472:". 13390:". 13302:". 12743:. " 12374:hdl 12234:doi 12230:100 12132:CNN 10859:PBS 9928:by 9711:doi 9629:doi 9174:hdl 9166:doi 8902:241 8208:doi 7013:). 6997:), 6989:), 6859:). 6843:), 6835:), 6827:), 6819:), 6803:), 6795:), 6770:), 6760:), 6750:), 6736:), 6728:), 6716:), 6708:), 6700:), 6692:), 6684:), 6676:), 6668:), 6660:), 6652:), 6644:), 6632:), 6620:), 6612:), 6604:), 6596:), 6588:), 6580:), 6560:), 6552:), 6544:), 6536:), 6528:), 6520:), 6508:), 6500:), 6488:), 6480:), 6472:), 6464:), 6456:), 6201:in 6181:of 5988:or 5911:all 5870:War 5207:'s 5116:in 4641:17% 4617:22% 4611:22% 4605:29% 4599:29% 4593:31% 4581:43% 2798:or 2474:mit 2310:in 1684:445 1598:170 1552:323 1435:564 1284:509 1261:697 1172:of 1111:). 927:In 693:by 565:or 18725:: 17947:, 14255:, 14192:. 14148:}} 14144:{{ 14122:80 14120:. 14116:. 14073:}} 14069:{{ 14047:86 14045:. 14041:. 14005:. 13993:. 13972:}} 13968:{{ 13494:, 13400:. 13356:, 13107:, 13057:. 13016:. 13012:. 12963:. 12943:}} 12939:{{ 12813:. 12783:. 12759:^ 12692:. 12686:. 12659:. 12618:. 12590:^ 12572:. 12529:. 12503:. 12473:^ 12431:^ 12413:. 12409:. 12380:. 12338:11 12336:. 12322:^ 12290:^ 12254:^ 12240:. 12228:. 12201:. 12195:. 12162:. 12135:. 12129:. 12117:^ 12096:. 12092:. 12059:. 12055:. 12013:. 11972:. 11966:. 11936:. 11932:. 11914:^ 11896:. 11892:. 11872:^ 11854:. 11815:. 11769:^ 11747:. 11689:. 11685:. 11655:. 11630:. 11626:. 11594:. 11590:. 11557:. 11527:. 11501:. 11497:. 11346:^ 11049:. 11039:. 11035:. 10939:^ 10921:. 10917:. 10891:. 10887:. 10861:. 10857:. 10831:. 10827:. 10798:. 10794:. 10765:. 10761:. 10748:^ 10702:. 10698:. 10648:. 10618:. 10563:, 10532:, 10498:, 10465:, 10461:, 10417:. 10387:. 10357:. 10331:. 10327:. 10275:. 10271:. 10185:^ 10169:, 10144:. 10140:. 10092:. 10066:. 10062:. 10028:. 9993:, 9945:, 9892:. 9842:12 9840:. 9760:. 9725:. 9717:. 9707:28 9705:. 9678:. 9643:. 9635:. 9625:23 9623:. 9514:^ 9411:, 9394:. 9198:. 9190:. 9182:. 9172:. 9162:39 9160:. 9156:. 9126:. 9084:. 9076:. 8904:. 8862:. 8858:. 8830:^ 8812:. 8808:. 8760:. 8750:. 8720:. 8710:. 8680:. 8670:. 8643:. 8633:. 8606:. 8596:. 8569:. 8559:. 8526:, 8499:, 8435:^ 8421:. 8407:. 8373:^ 8337:, 8324:^ 8316:56 8314:, 8310:, 8281:; 8261:; 8254:56 8252:, 8248:, 8222:. 8214:. 8202:. 8148:. 8065:. 8009:. 7979:, 7959:}} 7955:{{ 7886:. 7872:. 7843:. 7801:}} 7797:{{ 7743:}} 7739:{{ 7699:. 7658:. 7629:. 7597:. 7565:. 7271:, 7267:, 7263:, 7259:, 7255:, 7251:, 7247:, 7243:, 7239:, 7235:, 7231:, 7227:, 7223:, 7219:, 7215:, 7211:, 7207:, 7203:, 7199:, 7195:, 7191:, 7187:, 7183:, 7179:, 7175:, 7171:, 7167:, 7163:, 7159:, 7105:, 7101:, 7097:, 7093:, 7089:, 7085:, 7081:, 7077:, 7073:, 7069:, 7065:, 7061:, 7057:, 7053:, 7049:, 7029:, 7025:, 7021:, 7017:, 6973:, 6947:, 6935:. 6927:, 6923:, 6919:, 6915:, 6911:, 6907:, 6903:, 6899:, 6895:, 6885:. 6572:, 6441:. 6433:, 6429:, 6425:, 6421:, 6417:, 6404:II 6398:, 6390:, 6386:, 6382:, 6366:, 6362:, 6358:, 6354:, 6350:, 6229:, 6225:, 6158:, 6154:, 5690:, 5686:, 5603:^a 5486:. 5437:, 5433:, 5190:, 5085:, 5081:, 5077:, 5063:, 5055:, 5051:, 5047:, 5033:, 5029:, 5025:, 5021:, 5017:, 5013:, 5009:, 5005:, 5001:, 4997:, 4993:, 4979:, 4975:, 4971:. 4963:, 4959:, 4945:, 4941:, 4937:, 4933:, 4929:, 4925:, 4911:, 4907:, 4903:, 4899:, 4895:, 4891:, 4887:, 4883:, 4879:, 4875:, 4861:, 4857:, 4853:, 4849:, 4835:, 4817:, 4813:, 4809:, 4795:, 4781:, 4777:, 4773:, 4769:, 4765:, 4761:, 4741:, 4737:, 4388:. 4380:, 4376:, 4372:, 4368:, 4364:, 4360:, 4356:, 2667:. 2255:. 2247:, 2243:, 2209:. 2173:, 2153:, 2149:, 2130:; 2126:; 2114:. 2033:, 1990:. 1742:85 1242:% 1239:# 1099:, 1095:, 1091:, 651:, 585:. 577:. 550:. 467:. 459:, 455:, 451:, 333:. 325:, 285:, 160:, 133:, 18185:) 18181:( 18145:) 18141:( 17955:) 17752:e 17745:t 17738:v 15478:e 15471:t 15464:v 14675:e 14668:t 14661:v 14632:) 14585:) 14581:( 14575:) 14568:) 14561:) 14554:) 14547:) 14519:e 14512:t 14505:v 14216:. 14154:) 14140:. 14079:) 14065:. 14013:. 14001:: 13982:) 13964:. 13894:. 13729:( 13630:I 13379:" 13286:I 13148:. 13061:. 13042:. 13028:. 12975:. 12949:) 12935:. 12908:. 12882:. 12855:. 12829:. 12799:. 12730:. 12704:. 12671:. 12630:. 12584:. 12545:. 12515:. 12467:. 12425:. 12395:. 12376:: 12348:. 12316:. 12248:. 12236:: 12213:. 12180:. 12147:. 12111:. 12074:. 12025:. 11984:. 11948:. 11908:. 11866:. 11827:. 11763:. 11701:. 11671:. 11609:. 11573:. 11543:. 11513:. 11304:. 11117:. 11061:. 11018:. 10933:. 10903:. 10873:. 10843:. 10813:. 10777:. 10714:. 10685:. 10667:. 10634:. 10604:. 10433:. 10403:. 10373:. 10343:. 10313:. 10287:. 10156:. 10078:. 10047:. 9908:. 9852:. 9812:. 9772:. 9733:. 9713:: 9690:. 9651:. 9631:: 9549:. 9472:. 9294:. 9210:. 9176:: 9168:: 9141:. 9096:. 9001:. 8914:. 8874:. 8824:. 8793:. 8768:. 8728:. 8688:. 8651:. 8614:. 8577:. 8429:. 8301:; 8230:. 8210:: 8204:5 8187:. 8160:. 8121:. 8081:. 8051:. 8025:. 7965:) 7898:. 7855:. 7807:) 7775:. 7749:) 7735:. 7710:. 7673:. 7641:. 7615:. 7583:. 7551:. 7009:( 7001:( 6993:( 6985:( 6855:( 6847:( 6839:( 6831:( 6823:( 6811:( 6799:( 6791:( 6774:( 6764:( 6754:( 6744:( 6732:( 6720:( 6712:( 6704:( 6696:( 6688:( 6680:( 6672:( 6664:( 6656:( 6648:( 6640:( 6624:( 6616:( 6608:( 6600:( 6592:( 6584:( 6568:( 6556:( 6548:( 6540:( 6532:( 6524:( 6516:( 6504:( 6492:( 6484:( 6476:( 6468:( 6460:( 6452:( 6396:I 6340:. 1972:I 760:) 754:( 749:) 745:( 735:· 728:· 721:· 714:· 687:. 120:. 107:. 53:) 49:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.