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229:, France. There, she joined the trade union: Union des syndicats d'Indre et Loire (The Syndicalist Revolutionary Committee), a contingent of the larger Social Defense Committee of Tours. During her tenure, Germaine was arrested for advocating violence during her speeches. She was later recruited to work in Tours' railway workshops where Berton came in contact with
444:, resulting in a 100 franc fine and 4 months in prison at Fort du Hâ. During her detention, Germaine went on hunger strike for eight days before being taken to Saint-André Hospital on 30 May, ending her strike on 31 May. Berton was found to be suffering from a mental disorder while in the hospital, attempting suicide multiple times. The newspaper
388:, the man who assassinated Jean Jaurès and was acquitted four years earlier. Torres stated "Acquit her for all that she represents of abandonment of herself and misery, acquit her as you acquitted Villain. Peace for all. She must go and join Villain in oblivion and peace”. During the trial, the anarchist newspaper
273:
On 20 November 1921, Berton went to the Pré-Saint-Gervais police station to report her identity papers as stolen. The police had initially stated the papers were previously brought to the station and were waiting for her to collect but were found to be missing when she arrived. Following this, Berton
257:
France, this ignoble stepmother who sends her sons to die on the fields of carnage, is at present the most militarized country in the whole world. The republic, this bitch with a muthafucker smeared with rotten blood, is afraid that the French will hear the revolutionary clamors of the
Russian people
401:
Action Française called the assassination a “German-Bolshevist” plot. Historian Fanny Bugnon has stated the royalists attempted to use the fact
Germaine Berton was a young woman to give credence to the conspiracy that "agents of Germany, the Soviets and the International Finance” manipulated Berton
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in an administrative position before being fired for theft of money and letters. Berton began to believe in the ideology of "taking back or equalizing" conditions by stealing from the wealthy. She began to incurred debts she refused to repay and quit working due to health problems following an
476:
wrote an article supporting her. Aragon wrote an individual can “use terrorist means, in particular murder, to safeguard, at the risk of losing everything, what seems to her— rightly or wrongly — precious beyond anything in the world” Aragon would publish a 29 portrait piece in
244:(PFC), and wrote articles calling for violence in the newspaper Le RĂ©veil d'Indre-et-Loire. Germaine worked as a newspaper saleswoman at the time, aiming to launch her own journal named De l'acte individuel Ă l'acte collectif, where she defended her ideals of
412:
newspaper on the evening of
Plateau's death and thousands marched during Plateau's funeral. Historical analysis has found that Marius Plateau was proponent of structure in his party and Action Française became more radical in its beliefs following his death.
372:“I knew how to tame my heart at 16 and at 26 I was incapable of it. Two great powers are awakening, revolting at remaining inactive: the heart and the intelligence! Why does God reject all my requests? Why then sacrifice a heart, an ardent nature like mine?"
252:
where she continued to write about antimilitarist ideals and encouraged revolutionary action. An article written in Le RĂ©veil d'Indre-et-Loire garnered police scrutiny when Berton called for soldiers to desert, specifically stating:
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Berton stopped engaging with anarchist organizations following a subsequent arrest in 1924. In 1925, Berton married Paul Burger, a painter before leaving him in 1935 for René Coillot, a printer. She died in 1942 due to an
379:
The trial of
Germaine Berton was highly publicized, with many in the public finding fascination in a political assassination committed by a woman. The press would describe her as a "Red Virgin". Berton was defended by
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activist. Her mother was a congregational teacher. Through her father, Germaine met Juan Jaurès as a child. Germaine had a good relationship with her father but a difficult relationship with her mother.
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233:(CGT) and joined the Trade Unionist Defense Committee. There she helped reconstitute the Metal Workers' Union of Tours before being fired from her current job at the Rimailho factory in
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Following their correspondence, Sister Marie-Claudia briefly left her convent to join
Germaine's cause. She returned to the convent following her brother-in-law's advice.
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On 17 November 1925, Germaine Berton married Paul Burger, a painter. In 1935, Berton left Burger to live in the 15th arrondissement with René Coillot, a printer.
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Despite having claimed responsibility for the killing, Berton was acquitted on 24 December 1923. Action Française denounced the verdict as a "crime of the jury".
194:. During this time, she received a first prize award for sight drawing. Following her father's death, Germaine left her schooling to become a factory worker.
352:
Marius
Plateau with five revolver shots at the organization's headquarters. When police arrived, Berton declared she was avenging the assassination of
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before her trial. During her stay, Berton told the nun present, Sister Marie-Claudia, about her personal doubts about her own faith. Berton wrote:
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slapped the police commissioner's secretary and subsequently was sentenced to 3 months in prison and a 25 franc fine. Berton was incarcerated at
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during her trial and surrealists have used her mugshot in a number of art pieces. Despite confessing, Berton was acquitted on 24 December 1923.
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in
December 1924. It is surrounded by the male surrealists, including Louis Aragon and André Breton, and other "inspirational figures" (
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In 1920, Germaine became assistant secretary of the
Revolutionary Trade Union Committee of Tours, briefly served as a member of the
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organized a campaign in support of
Germaine, calling her "the heroic Germaine Berton" in their 210th issue. The anarchist
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for the rise of fascism in France and aimed to assassinate Daudet. Berton further blamed Daudet for the assassination of
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454:. Following her release, Berton no longer engaged in militant activities and abandoned anarchism all together.
464:, dying at the age of 40 at the Boucicaut hospital. Her death came four days after the death of LĂ©on Daudet.
225:
Following the death of her father, Germaine Berton began working in an
American equipment factory located in
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to the military, further inflaming her anti-militaristic ideals and inspiring her to prepare a coup against
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364:. She attempted suicide to escape prosecution but was unsuccessful. Berton was imprisoned for 11 months in
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440:. On 22 May 1924, she was arrested following a number of fights that were attributed to her lectures in
190:. Germaine was known as a good student at this time, graduating from primary education before attending
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and reads: "The woman is the being who casts the greatest shadow or the greatest light in our dreams."
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Berton began lecturing on anarchist ideals following her acquittal, joining the Anarchist Group of
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Claude Pennetier and Hugues Lenoir, , Ivry-sur-Seine, Éditions de l'Atelier, 527
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918:"LASGOUTE, Laurent, Julien - [Dictionnaire international des militants anarchistes]"
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On 22 January 1923, Berton assassinated secretary of Action Française and leader of The
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302:. Berton fell in love with an anarchist named Armand who later committed suicide when
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In 1915, after turning 13, Germaine fell in love with a soldier who later died during
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Berton's portrait appears at the center of a group of Surrealists in their magazine
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756:"French woman anarchist kills editor of Paris royalist [organisation]"
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to silence their organization. This was followed with a call to mobilize. The
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Berton, or the idea of Berton, became more famous as a muse to many
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730:"L'anarchiste qui a " vengé Jaurès " en tuant un Camelot du roi"
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and earning the nickname "the black virgin" for her union work.
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326:, but ultimately chose to assassinate Marius Plateau instead.
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Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire
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who argued that Berton should receive the same treatment as
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was influential in. Berton blamed Action Française and The
966:"LĂ©on Daudet | French journalist and author | Britannica"
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Portrait of Germaine Berton during her interrogation, in
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Her mugshot was published in the surrealist magazine
205:. Germaine would later cite this as beginning of her
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134:, in January 1923. Germaine Berton was defended by
460:On 6 July 1942, Berton intentionally overdosed on
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130:journal and a leader in the royalist organisation
998:André Breton: naissance de l'aventure surréaliste
888:"Germaine Berton: an eclipsed political criminal"
853:André Breton, Naissance de l'aventure surréaliste
689:
682:Germaine Berton, " Down With Militarist France",
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450:stated her mental state was due to the death of
285:Following her release, Berton met the anarchist
248:and social vengeance. Germaine then joined the
724:
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1001:(in French). Paris: Corti. pp. 270–271.
322:and also made plans for the assassination of
278:and held in the same cell that once occupied
1036:(in French). Paris: Gallimard. p. 446.
496:and the incarnation of love and revolution.
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492:believed that she was the first surrealist
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154:Germaine Jeanne Yvonne Berton was born in
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697:"Young girl, an anarchist, kills editor"
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734:RetroNews - Le site de presse de la BnF
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186:In 1912, the Berton family moved to
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662:"BERTON Germaine, Jeanne, Yvonne"
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582:Depiction of Germaine Berton in
213:Professional career and militancy
122:. She is known for the murder of
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566:Depiction of Germaine Berton in
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534:Depiction of Germaine Berton in
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472:In 1923, during Berton's trial,
192:The School of Fine Arts in Tours
1150:Drug-related suicides in France
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362:France's occupation of the Ruhr
330:Assassination of Marius Plateau
892:Nouvelles Questions FĂ©ministes
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37:Germaine Berton mugshot, 1923.
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834:(in French), 24 December 1923
811:(in French), 19 December 1923
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258:(...) Desert and do not obey.
1115:French women trade unionists
550:Image of Germaine Berton in
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75:15th arrondissement of Paris
16:French anarchist (1902–1942)
7:
1145:Barbiturates-related deaths
995:Bonnet, Marguerite (1975).
633:(in French). 29 August 2017
10:
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1140:People acquitted of murder
922:militants-anarchistes.info
855:(1975), José Corti, 1988,
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1130:20th-century French women
1030:Polizzotti, Mark (1999).
736:(in French). 4 March 2019
502:La Révolution surréaliste
480:La Révolution surréaliste
430:La Révolution surréaliste
360:'s mysterious death, and
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947:(in French), 6 July 1942
280:Madame Bermain de Ravisi
250:Anarchist Union of Paris
1135:French female murderers
420:Second arrest and death
96:Individualist Anarchism
886:Bugnon, Fanny (2005).
701:The Republican-Journal
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242:French Communist Party
235:Saint-Pierre-des-Corps
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1071:Germaine Burton, 1923
1069:Why I shot a Royalist
764:Glens Falls, New York
760:The Glens Falls Times
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158:on 7 June 1902, to a
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705:Ogdensburg, New York
468:Legacy in Surrealism
398:attended the trial.
160:working class family
144:intentional overdose
126:, an editor for the
1125:People from Puteaux
1100:Anarchist assassins
872:, Gallimard, 1999,
851:Marguerite Bonnet,
366:Saint-Lazare prison
344:, 19 December 1923.
276:Saint Lazare Prison
162:. Her father was a
970:www.britannica.com
586:(23 December 1923)
570:(23 December 1923)
554:(26 December 1923)
538:(25 December 1923)
515:Charles Baudelaire
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432:(1 December 1924).
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310:, an organization
289:and his companion
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269:of Berton in 1923.
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110:– 6 July 1942, in
1110:French anarchists
868:Mark Polizzotti,
794:978-2-7082-4268-5
766:. 22 January 1923
707:. 24 January 1923
686:, 27 August 1921.
106:(7 June 1902, in
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898:(3): 68–85.
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666:. Retrieved
635:. Retrieved
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1085:1902 births
664:(in French)
486:Surrealists
354:Jean Jaurès
320:Jean Jaurès
312:LĂ©on Daudet
199:World War I
176:Jean Jaurès
82:Nationality
67:4 July 1942
53:7 June 1902
1079:Categories
592:References
568:L'Humanité
341:Le Journal
295:Libertaire
168:Republican
49:1902-06-07
1052:301631217
831:La Presse
438:Aimargues
209:beliefs.
172:Freemason
150:Childhood
116:anarchist
944:Le Matin
859:270-271.
808:Le Matin
584:Le Matin
536:Le Matin
442:Bordeaux
396:SĂ©verine
300:abortion
267:Mugshots
164:mechanic
92:Movement
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770:1 March
711:1 March
668:1 March
521:Gallery
462:Veronal
409:L'Ĺ’uvre
304:drafted
178:and an
156:Puteaux
108:Puteaux
57:Puteaux
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951:4 June
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838:4 June
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637:4 June
86:French
227:Tours
203:Loire
188:Tours
112:Paris
1048:OCLC
1038:ISBN
1013:OCLC
1003:ISBN
977:2022
953:2022
929:2022
876:446.
840:2022
817:2022
790:ISBN
772:2021
742:2022
713:2021
670:2021
639:2022
118:and
64:Died
43:Born
900:doi
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