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The fruit capsule consists of five cells joined to a column produced from the centre of the flower. The cells form lobes which eventually separate, each containing one seed. When the fruit is ripe, the beak-like stigma springs open and casts the ovoid, streamlined seeds some distance, dispersing the
661:
All the above species are perennials and generally winter-hardy plants, grown for their attractive flowers and foliage. They are long-lived and most have a mounding habit, with palmately lobed foliage. Some species have spreading rhizomes. They are normally grown in part shade to full sun, in
1458:
253:
are broadly circular in form. The flowers have five petals and are coloured white, pink, purple, or blue, often with distinctive veining. Geraniums will grow in any soil as long as it is not waterlogged.
315:
garden hybrid called âAnn
Thomsonâ, showing 5 free sepals, 5 free petals, 10 free fertile stamens, and a superior ovary consisting of 5 merged carpels, with 5 style branches
909:
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A number of geranium species are cultivated for horticultural use and for pharmaceutical products. Some of the more commonly grown species include:
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962:
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473:) flowers have two upper petals which are different from the three lower petals, so the flowers have a single plane of symmetry (
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1663:
1639:
1522:
1495:
1468:
1190:
1163:
1129:
2225:
Aedo, Carlos; Garmendia, Felix Munoz (February 1996). "Some Notes on the
Sectional Nomenclature of Geranium (Geraniaceae)".
1240:
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The flowers are typically five-petaled and white to purple. The leaves are palmate divided into narrow, pointed segments.
979:
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1819:
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1291:"Evidence of Protocarnivorous Capabilities in Geranium viscosissimum and Potentilla arguta and Other Sticky Plants"
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2198:
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regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, with the greatest diversity in the eastern part of the
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738:. Some of these are not winter-hardy in cold areas and are grown in specialized gardens like rock gardens.
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Jelitto, Leo; Schacht, Wilhelm; Epp, Michael E.; Baumgardt (ed. and transl.), John Philip (1990),
588:
2596:
2441:
1845:
1241:"Prolonged stigma and flower lifespan in females of the gynodioecious plant Geranium sylvaticum"
2691:
2428:
2293:
1487:
Herbaceous
Perennial Plants: A Treatise on their Identification, Culture, and Garden Attributes
996:
644:
406:
291:
2521:
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2019:
1993:
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Frequency-dependent pollinator discrimination acts against female plants in the gynodioecious
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The
Dictionary of Science for Gardeners: 6000 Scientific Terms Explored and Explained
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969:
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The shape of the flowers offers one way of distinguishing between the two genera
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116:
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is by semiripe cuttings in summer, by seed, or by division in autumn or spring.
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103:
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462:
410:
337:
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179:
1747:"RHS Plant Selector Geranium Ă oxonianum 'A.T. Johnson' AGM / RHS Gardening"
1653:
1354:
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333:
216:
56:
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flowers have five very similar petals, and are thus radially symmetrical (
307:
2490:
2325:
1334:
778:(other cultivars are dealt with under their species name - see above):-
474:
402:
394:
389:
266:
162:
24:
1460:
Geranium and
Pelargonium: History of Nomenclature, Usage and Cultivation
371:
2469:
2248:
2092:"RHS Plant Selector Geranium ROZANNE= 'Gerwat' PBR AGM / RHS Gardening"
1435:
1419:
1395:
666:. Other perennial species grown for their flowers and foliage include:
286:
278:
274:
270:
152:
2495:
2415:
2402:
767:
336:'. The English name 'cranesbill' derives from the resemblance of the
35:
2287:
2240:
2617:
2310:
1339:(rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 62.
1306:
129:
2508:
2407:
1582:"Pelargonium incarnatum - Is it a Geranium? No it's a Pelargonium"
1973:"RHS Plant Selector Geranium 'Mavis Simpson' AGM / RHS Gardening"
1182:
American
Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers
423:
421:
in 1789. Other former members of the genus are now classified in
212:
1725:"RHS Plant Selector Geranium 'Ann Folkard' AGM / RHS Gardening"
142:
2394:
663:
323:
262:
227:
208:
90:
1658:, vol. 1, Portland, OR: Timber Press, pp. 260â64,
430:
The term "hardy geranium" is often applied to horticultural
427:, including the plants known as filarees in North America.
250:
2277:
762:
Close up of a geranium flower (possibly 'Johnson's Blue')
2020:"RHS Plant Selector Geranium 'Orion' AGM / RHS Gardening"
1897:"RHS Plant Selector Geranium 'Dilys' AGM / RHS Gardening"
1606:"Tom Karwin, On Gardening | Visiting the Geranium family"
1629:
340:
of some of the species to a crane's head and bill. The
1705:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 39
1207:
Variation in self-fertility and floral characters of
662:
well-draining but moisture retentive soils, rich in
1539:"Geranium or Pelargonium? Let's Stop the Confusion"
1396:"Ecological Correlates of Explosive Seed Dispersal"
417:, but they were later separated into two genera by
413:originally included all the species in one genus,
922:Flora von Deutschland, Ăsterreich und der Schweiz
19:This article is about the botanical genus called
2673:
1632:Rodale's illustrated encyclopedia of perennials
1634:, Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale Press, pp. 373â76,
1213:. Plant Systematics and Evolution 166:225-241.
2224:
1630:Phillips, Ellen; Colston Burrell, C. (1993),
363:
2199:"RHS Plant Selector Results / RHS Gardening"
1623:
1238:
1647:
1456:
1394:Stamp, Nancy E.; Lucas, Jeffrey R. (1983).
1211:(Geraniaceae) along an elevational gradient
375:The "bill" and seed dispersal mechanism of
1514:The Plant Lover's Guide to Hardy Geraniums
1393:
1239:Elzinga, Jelmer A.; Varga, Sandra (2017).
55:
1336:Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary
344:portion forms the head and the prolonged
23:. For the summer bedding "geranium", see
1483:
1178:
1155:100 Plants That Won't Die in Your Garden
1151:
1113:
1111:
757:
568:(bigroot cranesbill or bigroot geranium)
370:
306:
1563:"Geranium Climate: Sun and Temperature"
1295:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1145:
2674:
1332:
1288:
1117:
446:species are winter-hardy (see below).
405:and are widely grown as horticultural
295:(sticky geranium) is considered to be
2292:
2291:
2278:Geranium Taxonomic Information System
1579:
1510:
1504:
1282:
1108:
742:'Johnson's Blue' is a hybrid between
2646:c3464a9c-82b3-4c1d-a466-66e39d70fc6a
2571:c2f7821a-349d-417a-8f16-03cf3ff60b4d
1328:
1326:
1324:
1179:Brickell, Christopher (2011-08-15).
1063:Geranium (possibly 'Johnson's Blue')
388:Confusingly, "geranium" is also the
1050:Geranium petal under the microscope
13:
1361:
1118:Allaby, Michael (26 August 2015).
348:creates the appearance of a beak.
14:
2708:
2266:
1484:Armitage, Allan M. (2008-05-01).
1457:Lis-Balchin, Maria (2002-10-03).
1321:
438:s, which are not winter-hardy in
2610:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327764-2
2260:in North America: the Perennials
1069:
1055:
1043:
1027:
1011:
995:
978:
961:
945:
929:
908:
892:
883:
238:. They are found throughout the
77:
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2135:
2106:
2084:
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2012:
1986:
1965:
1939:
1910:
1889:
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1838:
1812:
1787:
1761:
1739:
1717:
1692:
1671:
1598:
1573:
1555:
1531:
1490:. Quarto Publishing Group USA.
1477:
1450:
1387:
442:horticulture. However, not all
434:s to distinguish them from the
319:The genus name is derived from
2283:Preparing Geraniums for Winter
1511:Parer, Robin (20 April 2016).
1232:
1229:Annals of Botany 114:1769â1778
1216:
1199:
1172:
1152:Tibballs, Geoff (2017-03-09).
750:(European meadow cranesbill).
480:
351:
281:. At least several species of
1:
2273:ITIS list of Geranium species
1824:Blue Sunrise='Blogold' (PBR)"
1773:(Cinereum Group) 'Ballerina'"
1101:
1586:Phillipskop Mountain Reserve
1158:. Little, Brown Book Group.
753:
7:
2697:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1656:Hardy herbaceous perennials
1333:Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) .
1268:10.1016/j.flora.2016.11.007
1085:
772:Royal Horticultural Society
746:(southwestern China), with
261:Geraniums are eaten by the
230:that are commonly known as
10:
2713:
1289:Spomer, George G. (1999).
1222:Van Etten and Chang 2014.
876:
324:
33:
18:
2300:
1700:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1373:Australian Plants Society
191:
186:
74:Scientific classification
72:
63:
54:
47:
29:Geranium (disambiguation)
16:Genus of flowering plants
2070:Rothbury Gem = 'Gerfos'"
608:(broad-petaled geranium)
398:, which are also in the
392:of members of the genus
34:Not to be confused with
803:Blue Sunrise='Blogold'
302:
2045:Pattricia = 'Brempat'"
763:
645:Geranium subcaulescens
385:
316:
292:Geranium viscosissimum
27:. For other uses, see
1209:Geranium caespitosum
938:Geranium platypetalum
848:Rothbury Gem='Gerfos'
776:Award of Garden Merit
766:The following hybrid
761:
624:(Armenian cranesbill)
605:Geranium platypetalum
589:Geranium Ă magnificum
565:Geranium macrorrhizum
551:Geranium grandiflorum
525:(Endres's cranesbill)
374:
310:
1580:Chris (2015-11-28).
1205:Hessing, M.B. 1989.
987:Geranium robertianum
735:G. wlassovianum
729:G. wallichianum
621:Geranium psilostemon
560:(Caucasus geranium),
546:Geranium himalayense
541:(Fremont's geranium)
495:(crested cranesbill)
311:Floral diagram of a
249:The palmately cleft
244:Mediterranean region
2122:'Russell Prichard'"
2114:"RHS Plantfinder -
2041:"RHS Plantfinder -
1918:"RHS Plantfinder -
1872:"RHS Plantfinder -
1795:"RHS Plantfinder -
1610:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1412:1983Oecol..59..272S
1369:"Geranium homeanum"
1260:2017FMDFE.226...72E
973:(meadow cranesbill)
954:Geranium sanguineum
699:G. pylzowianum
653:Geranium sylvaticum
640:(bloody cranesbill)
637:Geranium sanguineum
616:(meadow cranesbill)
584:(giant herb robert)
549:, often sold under
515:Geranium dalmaticum
510:(Clarke's geranium)
1420:10.1007/BF00378848
1227:Geranium maculatum
1078:Geranium dissectum
1020:Geranium maculatum
1004:Geranium maderense
901:Geranium maculatum
854:'Russell Prichard'
845:Patricia='Brempat'
764:
723:G. versicolor
693:G. procurrens
675:G. eriostemon
669:Geranium argenteum
600:(dusky cranesbill)
581:Geranium maderense
573:Geranium maculatum
538:Geranium fremontii
530:Geranium erianthum
522:Geranium endressii
419:Charles LâHĂ©ritier
386:
317:
269:species including
66:Geranium dissectum
2687:Geraniales genera
2669:
2668:
2579:Open Tree of Life
2382:Geranium fanciulo
2294:Taxon identifiers
2201:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
2094:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
2022:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1975:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1899:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1749:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1727:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1679:"Paghat's Garden"
1665:978-0-88192-159-5
1641:978-0-87596-570-3
1543:Laidback Gardener
1524:978-1-60469-418-5
1497:978-1-61058-380-0
1470:978-0-203-21653-8
1375:. 17 January 2024
1192:978-0-7566-7508-0
1165:978-1-4721-3800-2
1131:978-1-60469-483-3
1036:Geranium arboreum
970:Geranium pratense
863:'Wargrave Pink' (
810:
786:'A. T. Johnson' (
717:G. tuberosum
711:G. traversii
656:(wood cranesbill)
648:(grey cranesbill)
632:(Renard geranium)
629:Geranium renardii
613:Geranium pratense
557:Geranium ibericum
500:Geranium cinereum
200:
199:
182:
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2548:NHMSYS0000459031
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1567:geraniumpage.com
1559:
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1517:. Timber Press.
1508:
1502:
1501:
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1447:
1406:(2/3): 272â278.
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1124:. Timber Press.
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1015:
999:
982:
965:
949:
933:
912:
896:
887:
851:Rozanne='Gerwat'
804:
770:have gained the
748:G. pratense
705:G. renardii
592:(showy geranium)
533:(wooly geranium)
507:Geranium clarkei
492:Geranium albanum
381:
327:
326:
297:protocarnivorous
178:
82:
81:
59:
45:
44:
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1023:
1016:
1007:
1000:
991:
983:
974:
966:
957:
950:
941:
934:
925:
917:Geranium phaeum
913:
904:
897:
888:
879:
874:
836:'Mavis Simpson'
756:
687:G. nodosum
681:G. farreri
659:
597:Geranium phaeum
576:(wild geranium)
483:
379:
369:
364:Confusion with
354:
305:
177:
76:
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2710:
2700:
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2194:
2178:
2177:'Wageningen'"
2176:
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2148:
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2138:
2123:
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2120:riversleainum
2117:
2109:
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2015:
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1799:'Blue Cloud'"
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1463:. CRC Press.
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783:'Ann Folkard'
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2218:Bibliography
2203:. Retrieved
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2174:
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2151:. Retrieved
2144:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2119:
2115:
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2096:. Retrieved
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2067:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2042:
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1995:
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1948:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1923:
1919:
1912:
1901:. Retrieved
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1876:'Danny Boy'"
1873:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:'Brookside'"
1847:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1821:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1796:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1770:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1694:
1683:. Retrieved
1681:. Paghat.com
1673:
1655:
1649:
1631:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1612:. 2022-11-24
1609:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1575:
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1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1486:
1479:
1459:
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1403:
1399:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1372:
1363:
1335:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1251:
1247:
1234:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1181:
1174:
1154:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1120:
1093:
1076:
1062:
1034:
1018:
1002:
985:
968:
952:
936:
921:
915:
899:
868:
864:
860:'Wageningen'
827:
823:
813:'Brookside'
800:'Blue Cloud'
797:'Ballerina'
791:
787:
765:
747:
743:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
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123:
110:
97:
64:
48:
41:
40:
20:
2491:iNaturalist
2326:Wikispecies
1709:27 February
1185:. Penguin.
816:'Danny Boy'
481:Cultivation
475:zygomorphic
467:Pelargonium
465:), whereas
455:Pelargonium
436:Pelargonium
403:Geraniaceae
395:Pelargonium
390:common name
366:Pelargonium
352:Description
267:Lepidoptera
256:Propagation
236:cranesbills
163:Geraniaceae
117:Angiosperms
25:Pelargonium
2676:Categories
2235:(1): 104.
2026:2013-09-17
1979:2013-09-17
1924:lindavicum
1903:2013-09-17
1685:2013-09-17
1616:2024-04-05
1591:2024-04-05
1548:2024-04-05
1102:References
828:lindavicum
469:(and also
279:mouse moth
275:ghost moth
271:brown-tail
153:Geraniales
2416:FloraBase
2175:oxonianum
1998:'Nimbus'"
1428:0029-8549
1400:Oecologia
1315:1058-5893
1254:: 72â81.
869:oxonianum
839:'Nimbus'
822:'Gypsy' (
792:oxonianum
768:cultivars
754:Cultivars
440:temperate
240:temperate
232:geraniums
225:perennial
194:See list.
87:Kingdom:
36:germanium
2682:Geranium
2641:VicFlora
2630:VASCAN:
2623:40013761
2618:Tropicos
2509:327764-2
2457:geranium
2377:eFloraSA
2332:Geranium
2311:Wikidata
2302:Geranium
2258:Geranium
2171:Geranium
2147:'Sirak'"
2145:Geranium
2116:Geranium
2068:Geranium
2043:Geranium
1996:Geranium
1949:Geranium
1926:'Gypsy'"
1874:Geranium
1848:Geranium
1822:Geranium
1797:Geranium
1771:Geranium
1444:28310244
1355:25708726
1276:85558947
1094:Geranium
1092:List of
1086:See also
740:Geranium
459:Geranium
451:Geranium
444:Geranium
432:Geranium
415:Geranium
411:Linnaeus
409:plants.
383:pratense
313:Geranium
283:Geranium
265:of some
221:biennial
204:Geranium
187:Species
174:Geranium
159:Family:
130:Eudicots
49:Geranium
21:Geranium
2522:1072922
2470:2889949
2317:Q157211
2249:1222593
2205:5 April
2183:11 July
2153:14 July
2127:2 March
2098:5 April
2076:14 July
2050:2 March
2004:11 July
1957:11 July
1951:'Ivan'"
1931:1 March
1881:2 March
1856:11 July
1830:11 July
1804:1 March
1779:11 July
1753:5 April
1731:5 April
1436:4217097
1408:Bibcode
1379:5 April
1256:Bibcode
1137:5 April
1096:species
877:Gallery
857:'Sirak'
842:'Orion'
833:'Ivan'
819:'Dilys'
471:Erodium
424:Erodium
407:bedding
360:seeds.
330:géranos
325:ÎłÎÏÎ±ÎœÎżÏ
213:species
211:of 422
169:Genus:
149:Order:
91:Plantae
2592:PLANTS
2584:948948
2568:NZOR:
2454:FoIO:
2447:113475
2434:113475
2343:190942
2340:APDB:
2256:Genus
2247:
1662:
1638:
1521:
1494:
1467:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1353:
1343:
1313:
1274:
1189:
1162:
1128:
732:, and
400:family
380:
346:stigma
277:, and
263:larvae
251:leaves
228:plants
223:, and
217:annual
143:Rosids
2597:GERAN
2535:29104
2517:IRMNG
2496:47701
2421:22439
2408:1GERG
2395:14470
2356:79560
2245:JSTOR
2228:Taxon
2179:. RHS
2149:. RHS
2072:. RHS
2000:. RHS
1953:. RHS
1852:. RHS
1826:. RHS
1775:. RHS
1703:(PDF)
1432:JSTOR
1272:S2CID
1248:Flora
1244:(PDF)
664:humus
342:ovary
334:crane
209:genus
207:is a
137:Clade
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
2633:1203
2605:POWO
2561:4028
2556:NCBI
2530:ITIS
2504:IPNI
2483:4924
2478:GRIN
2465:GBIF
2403:EPPO
2369:4N5F
2351:APNI
2207:2020
2185:2020
2155:2020
2129:2018
2100:2020
2078:2020
2052:2018
2006:2020
1959:2020
1933:2018
1883:2018
1858:2020
1832:2020
1806:2018
1781:2020
1755:2020
1733:2020
1711:2018
1660:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1440:PMID
1424:ISSN
1381:2024
1351:OCLC
1341:ISBN
1311:ISSN
1187:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1139:2024
1126:ISBN
924:1885
453:and
303:Name
285:are
2654:WFO
2543:NBN
2442:FoC
2429:FNA
2390:EoL
2364:CoL
2237:doi
1416:doi
1303:doi
1299:160
1264:doi
1252:226
807:PBR
774:'s
477:).
332:) '
234:or
215:of
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1922:Ă
1920:G.
1608:.
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1404:59
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1398:.
1371:.
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1323:^
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867:Ă
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180:L.
139::
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2054:.
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2008:.
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1982:.
1961:.
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1860:.
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1688:.
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1594:.
1569:.
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1527:.
1500:.
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1278:.
1266::
1258::
1195:.
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1141:.
871:)
830:)
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805:(
794:)
328:(
38:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
