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Geostatistics

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In this approach, the presence of multiple solutions to the interpolation problem is acknowledged. Each realization is considered as a possible scenario of what the real variable could be. All associated workflows are then considering ensemble of realizations, and consequently ensemble of predictions
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Considering the principle of conservation of probability, recurrent difference equations (finite difference equations) were used in conjunction with lattices to compute probabilities quantifying uncertainty about the geological structures. This procedure is a numerical alternative method to Markov
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Kriging is a group of geostatistical techniques to interpolate the value of a random field (e.g., the elevation, z, of the landscape as a function of the geographic location) at an unobserved location from observations of its value at nearby locations.
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is used to update a probability model as more evidence or information becomes available. Bayesian inference is playing an increasingly important role in Geostatistics. Bayesian estimation implements kriging through a spatial process, most commonly a
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Geostatistics is intimately related to interpolation methods, but extends far beyond simple interpolation problems. Geostatistical techniques rely on statistical models that are based on random function (or
156:, were already well known before geostatistics. Geostatistics goes beyond the interpolation problem by considering the studied phenomenon at unknown locations as a set of correlated random variables. 1184:
Banerjee S., Carlin B.P., and Gelfand A.E. (2014). Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis for Spatial Data, Second Edition. Chapman & Hall/CRC Monographs on Statistics & Applied Probability.
652:{\displaystyle F(\mathbf {z} ,\mathbf {x} )=\operatorname {Prob} \lbrace Z(\mathbf {x} _{1})\leqslant z_{1},Z(\mathbf {x} _{2})\leqslant z_{2},...,Z(\mathbf {x} _{N})\leqslant z_{N}\rbrace .} 975:
Krige, Danie G. (1951). "A statistical approach to some basic mine valuation problems on the Witwatersrand". J. of the Chem., Metal. and Mining Soc. of South Africa 52 (6): 119–139
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Tahmasebi, P., Hezarkhani, A., Sahimi, M., 2012, Multiple-point geostatistical modeling based on the cross-correlation functions, Computational Geosciences, 16(3):779-79742,
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A number of methods exist for both geostatistical estimation and multiple realizations approaches. Several reference books provide a comprehensive overview of the discipline.
389:. It means that the same statistical properties are applicable on the entire domain. Several geostatistical methods provide ways of relaxing this stationarity assumption. 369: 364:
can take any value. The spatial continuity of the random variables is described by a model of spatial continuity that can be either a parametric function in the case of
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Kitanidis, P.K. and Vomvoris, E.G. (1983). "A geostatistical approach to the inverse problem in groundwater modeling (steady state) and one-dimensional simulations",
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that could be measured, geostatistics considers this value as random since it was not measured, or has not been measured yet. However, the randomness of
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McGrew, J. Chapman, & Monroe, Charles B., 2000. An introduction to statistical problem solving in geography, second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
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Shine, J.A., Wakefield, G.I.: A comparison of supervised imagery classification using analyst-chosen and geostatistically-chosen training sets, 1999,
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Mariethoz, Gregoire, Caers, Jef (2014). Multiple-point geostatistics: modeling with training images. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK, 364 p.
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by actually considering each possible outcome of it at each location. This is generally done by creating several alternative maps of
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Pyrcz, M.J. and Deutsch, C.V., 2014, Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, p. 448
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that allow for probabilistic forecasting. Therefore, geostatistics is often used to generate or update spatial models when solving
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Hansen, T.M., Journel, A.G., Tarantola, A. and Mosegaard, K. (2006). "Linear inverse Gaussian theory and geostatistics",
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can only have values similar to the ones found in the neighborhood. Conversely, in the absence of spatial continuity
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Honarkhah, Mehrdad; Caers, Jef (2010). "Stochastic Simulation of Patterns Using Distance-Based Pattern Modeling".
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On-Line Library that chronicles Matheron's journey from classical statistics to the new science of geostatistics
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Philip, G M and Watson, D F, 1986, Matheronian Geostatistics; Quo Vadis?, Mathematical Geology, Vol 18, No 1
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https://web.archive.org/web/20020424165227/http://www.geovista.psu.edu/sites/geocomp99/Gc99/044/gc_044.htm
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David, M, 1977, Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam
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Banerjee, Sudipto. High-Dimensional Bayesian Geostatistics. Bayesian Anal. 12 (2017), no. 2, 583--614.
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GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library and User's Guide (Applied Geostatistics Series), Second Edition,
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Volk, W, 1980, Applied Statistics for Engineers, Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington, New York.
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Armstrong, M and Champigny, N, 1988, A Study on Kriging Small Blocks, CIM Bulletin, Vol 82, No 923
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Hald, A, 1952, Statistical Theory with Engineering Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York
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Matheron, G. 1962. Traité de géostatistique appliquée. Tome 1, Editions Technip, Paris, 334 pp.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20020605050231/http://www.ento.vt.edu/~sharov/PopEcol/popecol.html
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ISO/DIS 11648-1 Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials-Part1: General principles
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Lipschutz, S, 1968, Theory and Problems of Probability, McCraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
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Strahler, A. H., and Strahler A., 2006, Introducing Physical Geography, 4th Ed., Wiley.
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By applying a single spatial model on an entire domain, one makes the assumption that
368:-based geostatistics, or have a non-parametric form when using other methods such as 3688: 3599: 3569: 3561: 3381: 3372: 3297: 3228: 3084: 3069: 3044: 2932: 2873: 2739: 2727: 2353: 2270: 2214: 2137: 1981: 1903: 1682: 1556: 1185: 1095: 807: 723: 714: 419: 396: 141:) theory to model the uncertainty associated with spatial estimation and simulation. 105: 93: 53: 1309: 3624: 3579: 3343: 3330: 3223: 3198: 3132: 3064: 2942: 2550: 2443: 2376: 2289: 2236: 2055: 1926: 1720: 1604: 1519: 1486: 1297: 1230: 1201: 719: 3541: 3285: 3147: 3074: 2749: 2623: 2596: 2573: 2542: 2169: 2164: 2118: 1848: 1499: 1235: 1222: 1209: 667: 138: 121: 3031: 3490: 3485: 1948: 1878: 1524: 1379:
Multiple-point geostatistical modeling based on the cross-correlation functions
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to calculate its posterior. High-dimensional Bayesian Geostatistics
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grid nodes (or pixels). Each realization is a sample of the complete
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operations, it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including
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Matheron, G. 1989. Estimating and choosing, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
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Bayesian inference is a method of statistical inference in which
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by this neighborhood: if a high spatial continuity is assumed,
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be the value of the variable of interest at a certain location
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A number of simpler interpolation methods/algorithms, such as
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Introduction to Geostatistics: Applications in Hydrogeology,
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In this framework, one can distinguish two modeling goals:
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
437:. This is usually denoted as an estimation problem. 116:), the practice of commerce and military planning ( 2778: 1362:Sharov, A: Quantitative Population Ecology, 1996, 651: 298: 108:). Geostatistics is applied in varied branches of 23:Branch of statistics focusing on spatial data sets 1377:Tahmasebi, P., Hezarkhani, A., Sahimi, M., 2012, 1079:Geostatistical simulation: Models and algorithms, 1037:Applied Geostatistics with SGeMS: A User's Guide, 3731: 2864:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) 1127:Third edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 387 pp. 1039:284 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1287: 1210:https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ba/1494921642 1138:Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, 2nd Edition 1419: 1381:, Computational Geosciences, 16(3):779-79742. 1066:Geostatistics - Modeling Spatial Uncertainty, 443:from the entire probability density function 1344:, CIM Bulletin, January 1993, Vol 86, No 966 987:Isaaks, E. H. and Srivastava, R. M. (1989), 643: 520: 290: 255: 1090:Journel, A. G. and Huijbregts, C.J. (1978) 1068:John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA. 983: 981: 886:Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography 729: 1464: 1426: 1412: 2077: 1234: 989:An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics, 1220: 1136:Pyrcz, M. J. and Deutsch, C.V., (2014). 978: 816: 476:-dimensional joint distribution function 1064:ChilĂšs, J.-P., and P. Delfiner (1999), 991:Oxford University Press, New York, USA. 3732: 3390:Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit) 1158: 702: 3463: 3030: 2777: 2076: 1846: 1463: 1407: 1048:Deutsch, C.V., Journel, A.G, (1997). 3700: 3400:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model 1278:, Applied Science Publishers, London 956:Uncertain geographic context problem 120:), and the development of efficient 3712: 2995:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova) 1847: 13: 3090:Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics 1716:Pearson product-moment correlation 1140:, Oxford University Press, 448 pp. 1052:Oxford University Press, 369 pp., 277: 230: 197:is not complete, but defined by a 40:. Developed originally to predict 14: 3751: 1388: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3674: 3673: 3464: 1265:Geostatistics: A tool that works 951:Tobler's second law of geography 722:, and updates the process using 617: 568: 531: 504: 496: 265: 239: 199:cumulative distribution function 3349:Least-squares spectral analysis 1334:Geostatistics or voodoo science 1260:De Geeostatisticis, July, No 14 1214: 1194: 1178: 1152: 1143: 1130: 1117: 1104: 1084: 946:Tobler's first law of geography 331:) one can constrain the CDF of 315:is known at locations close to 2330:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance 1433: 1071: 1058: 1042: 1029: 1016: 1003: 994: 969: 916:Geographic Information Systems 911:Geographic Information Science 627: 612: 578: 563: 541: 526: 508: 492: 269: 261: 243: 225: 154:nearest-neighbor interpolation 126:geographic information systems 1: 3643:Geographic information system 2859:Simultaneous equations models 1354: 1247: 738: 682: 131: 2826:Coefficient of determination 2437:Uniformly most powerful test 1339: 1336:, The Northern Miner, May 18 1236:10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107001 823:Regionalized variable theory 812:Multiple-Point Geostatistics 735:chains and Bayesian models. 7: 3395:Proportional hazards models 3339:Spectral density estimation 3321:Vector autoregression (VAR) 2755:Maximum posterior estimator 1987:Randomized controlled trial 1125:Multivariate geostatistics, 1114:Cambridge University Press. 901:Geodemographic segmentation 873: 309:Typically, if the value of 10: 3756: 3155:Multivariate distributions 1575:Average absolute deviation 1314:(best paper award IAMG 09) 1081:232 pp., Springer, Berlin. 891:Multivariate interpolation 787:Markov chain geostatistics 706: 691: 687: 677: 146:inverse distance weighting 15: 3669: 3623: 3560: 3513: 3476: 3472: 3459: 3431: 3413: 3380: 3371: 3329: 3276: 3237: 3186: 3177: 3143:Structural equation model 3098: 3055: 3051: 3026: 2985: 2951: 2905: 2872: 2834: 2801: 2797: 2773: 2713: 2622: 2541: 2505: 2496: 2479:Score/Lagrange multiplier 2464: 2417: 2362: 2288: 2279: 2089: 2085: 2072: 2031: 2005: 1957: 1912: 1894:Sample size determination 1859: 1855: 1842: 1746: 1701: 1675: 1657: 1613: 1565: 1485: 1476: 1472: 1459: 1441: 1302:10.1007/s11004-010-9276-7 1035:Remy, N., et al. (2009), 370:multiple-point simulation 42:probability distributions 3638:Environmental statistics 3160:Elliptical distributions 2953:Generalized linear model 2882:Simple linear regression 2652:Hodges–Lehmann estimator 2109:Probability distribution 2018:Stochastic approximation 1580:Coefficient of variation 1290:Mathematical Geosciences 1123:Wackernagel, H. (2003). 1110:Kitanidis, P.K. (1997) 1024:Water Resources Research 962: 881:Arbia's law of geography 868:Finite difference method 782:Transition probabilities 730:Finite difference method 16:Not to be confused with 3298:Cross-correlation (XCF) 2906:Non-standard predictors 2340:Lehmann–ScheffĂ© theorem 2013:Adaptive clinical trial 1350:"What Is Geostatistics? 1276:Practical Geostatistics 1077:LantuĂ©joul, C. (2002), 33:focusing on spatial or 3694:Mathematics portal 3515:Engineering statistics 3423:Nelson–Aalen estimator 3000:Analysis of covariance 2887:Ordinary least squares 2811:Pearson product-moment 2215:Statistical functional 2126:Empirical distribution 1959:Controlled experiments 1688:Frequency distribution 1466:Descriptive statistics 792:Support vector machine 756:Cholesky decomposition 653: 300: 150:bilinear interpolation 3610:Population statistics 3552:System identification 3286:Autocorrelation (ACF) 3214:Exponential smoothing 3128:Discriminant analysis 3123:Canonical correlation 2987:Partition of variance 2849:Regression validation 2693:(Jonckheere–Terpstra) 2592:Likelihood-ratio test 2281:Frequentist inference 2193:Location–scale family 2114:Sampling distribution 2079:Statistical inference 2046:Cross-sectional study 2033:Observational studies 1992:Randomized experiment 1821:Stem-and-leaf display 1623:Central limit theorem 1221:Cardenas, IC (2023). 1092:Mining Geostatistics, 1054:http://www.gslib.com/ 848:Range (geostatistics) 817:Definitions and tools 804:Pseudo-genetic models 654: 301: 90:environmental control 18:statistical geography 3533:Probabilistic design 3118:Principal components 2961:Exponential families 2913:Nonlinear regression 2892:General linear model 2854:Mixed effects models 2844:Errors and residuals 2821:Confounding variable 2723:Bayesian probability 2701:Van der Waerden test 2691:Ordered alternative 2456:Multiple comparisons 2335:Rao–Blackwellization 2298:Estimating equations 2254:Statistical distance 1972:Factorial experiment 1505:Arithmetic-Geometric 1263:Champigny, N, 1992, 1256:Armstrong, M, 1992, 1161:"Statios - WinGslib" 896:Spline interpolation 853:Sill (geostatistics) 772:Sequential Indicator 486: 219: 3605:Official statistics 3528:Methods engineering 3209:Seasonal adjustment 2977:Poisson regressions 2897:Bayesian regression 2836:Regression analysis 2816:Partial correlation 2788:Regression analysis 2387:Prediction interval 2382:Likelihood interval 2372:Confidence interval 2364:Interval estimation 2325:Unbiased estimators 2143:Model specification 2023:Up-and-down designs 1711:Partial correlation 1667:Index of dispersion 1585:Interquartile range 1342:Abuse of statistics 1227:Engineering Geology 828:Covariance function 775:Sequential Gaussian 769:Spectral simulation 703:Bayesian estimation 410:, typically by the 3625:Spatial statistics 3505:Medical statistics 3405:First hitting time 3359:Whittle likelihood 3010:Degrees of freedom 3005:Multivariate ANOVA 2938:Heteroscedasticity 2750:Bayesian estimator 2715:Bayesian inference 2564:Kolmogorov–Smirnov 2449:Randomization test 2419:Testing hypotheses 2392:Tolerance interval 2303:Maximum likelihood 2198:Exponential family 2131:Density estimation 2091:Statistical theory 2051:Natural experiment 1997:Scientific control 1914:Survey methodology 1600:Standard deviation 1348:Myers, Donald E.; 1332:Merks, J W, 1992, 1269:The Northern Miner 1258:Freedom of Speech? 1206:10.1214/17-BA1056R 1159:Schnetzler, Manu. 797:Boolean simulation 760:Truncated Gaussian 709:Bayesian inference 649: 387:stationary process 296: 3727: 3726: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3600:National accounts 3570:Actuarial science 3562:Social statistics 3455: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3382:Survival function 3367: 3366: 3229:Granger causality 3070:Contingency table 3045:Survival analysis 3022: 3021: 3018: 3017: 2874:Linear regression 2769: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2740:Credible interval 2709: 2708: 2492: 2491: 2308:Method of moments 2177:Parametric family 2138:Statistical model 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 1982:Random assignment 1904:Statistical power 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1683:Contingency table 1653: 1652: 1520:Generalized/power 808:Cellular automata 288: 178:piezometric level 106:precision farming 94:landscape ecology 54:petroleum geology 3747: 3715: 3714: 3703: 3702: 3692: 3691: 3677: 3676: 3580:Crime statistics 3474: 3473: 3461: 3460: 3378: 3377: 3344:Fourier analysis 3331:Frequency domain 3311: 3258: 3224:Structural break 3184: 3183: 3133:Cluster analysis 3080:Log-linear model 3053: 3052: 3028: 3027: 2969: 2943:Homoscedasticity 2799: 2798: 2775: 2774: 2694: 2686: 2678: 2677:(Kruskal–Wallis) 2662: 2647: 2602:Cross validation 2587: 2569:Anderson–Darling 2516: 2503: 2502: 2474:Likelihood-ratio 2466:Parametric tests 2444:Permutation test 2427:1- & 2-tails 2318:Minimum distance 2290:Point estimation 2286: 2285: 2237:Optimal decision 2188: 2087: 2086: 2074: 2073: 2056:Quasi-experiment 2006:Adaptive designs 1857: 1856: 1844: 1843: 1721:Rank correlation 1483: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1461: 1460: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1405: 1404: 1356: 1345: 1313: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1218: 1212: 1198: 1192: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1163:. 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2537: 2514: 2488: 2460: 2413: 2358: 2347:Median unbiased 2275: 2186: 2119:Order statistic 2081: 2060: 2027: 2001: 1953: 1908: 1851: 1849:Data collection 1830: 1742: 1697: 1671: 1649: 1609: 1561: 1478:Continuous data 1468: 1455: 1437: 1432: 1391: 1274:Clark I, 1979, 1250: 1245: 1244: 1219: 1215: 1199: 1195: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1168: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1118: 1109: 1105: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1072: 1063: 1059: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1030: 1021: 1017: 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 986: 979: 974: 970: 965: 960: 876: 819: 741: 732: 711: 705: 696: 690: 685: 680: 637: 633: 621: 616: 615: 588: 584: 572: 567: 566: 551: 547: 535: 530: 529: 503: 495: 487: 484: 483: 471: 465: 459: 444: 423: 400: 380: 354: 343: 332: 326: 316: 310: 285: 276: 275: 264: 238: 229: 228: 220: 217: 216: 202: 187: 181: 171: 160: 139:random variable 134: 29:is a branch of 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3753: 3743: 3742: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3683: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3488: 3486:Bioinformatics 3482: 3480: 3470: 3469: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3291:partial (PACF) 3282: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3238:Specific tests 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3140: 3138:Classification 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3085:McNemar's test 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3049: 3048: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2923:Semiparametric 2920: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2807: 2805: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2680: 2664: 2661:(Mann–Whitney) 2656: 2655: 2654: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2628: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2594: 2589: 2586:(Shapiro–Wilk) 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2518: 2506: 2500: 2498:Specific tests 2494: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2294: 2292: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2083: 2082: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1949:Standard error 1946: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1918: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1879:Optimal design 1876: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1853: 1852: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1718: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1676:Summary tables 1673: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1510:Contraharmonic 1507: 1502: 1491: 1489: 1480: 1470: 1469: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1416: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1389:External links 1387: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1337: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1296:(5): 487–517. 1285: 1282: 1279: 1272: 1261: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1213: 1193: 1177: 1151: 1142: 1129: 1116: 1103: 1083: 1070: 1057: 1041: 1028: 1015: 1002: 993: 977: 967: 966: 964: 961: 959: 958: 953: 948: 943: 941:Time geography 938: 933: 931:Remote sensing 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 877: 875: 872: 871: 870: 865: 863:Training image 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 818: 815: 814: 813: 810: 805: 802: 801:Genetic models 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 753: 748: 747:Dissagregation 745: 740: 737: 731: 728: 724:Bayes' Theorem 715:Bayes' theorem 707:Main article: 704: 701: 692:Main article: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 672: 671: 662: 661: 660: 659: 648: 645: 640: 636: 632: 629: 624: 619: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 591: 587: 583: 580: 575: 570: 565: 562: 559: 554: 550: 546: 543: 538: 533: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 491: 478: 477: 438: 399:the value for 374:pseudo-genetic 307: 306: 295: 292: 284: 279: 274: 271: 267: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 241: 237: 232: 227: 224: 133: 130: 35:spatiotemporal 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3752: 3741: 3740:Geostatistics 3738: 3737: 3735: 3720: 3719: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3648:Geostatistics 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3615:Psychometrics 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3478:Biostatistics 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3440: 3439:Log-rank test 3437: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3310:(Box–Jenkins) 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3263:Durbin–Watson 3261: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3245:Dickey–Fuller 3243: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3219:Cointegration 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3194:Decomposition 3192: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3065:Cohen's kappa 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2918:Nonparametric 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667:Nonparametric 2665: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2637:Sample median 2635: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2242:loss function 2240: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1944:Questionnaire 1942: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771:Control chart 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1190:9781439819173 1187: 1181: 1167:on 2015-05-11 1166: 1162: 1155: 1146: 1139: 1133: 1126: 1120: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1100:0-12-391050-1 1097: 1093: 1087: 1080: 1074: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1038: 1032: 1026:19(3):677-690 1025: 1019: 1012: 1006: 997: 990: 984: 982: 972: 968: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 878: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 858:Nugget effect 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 833:Semi-variance 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 811: 809: 806: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 763:Plurigaussian 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 751:Turning bands 749: 746: 743: 742: 736: 727: 725: 721: 716: 710: 700: 695: 675: 669: 664: 663: 646: 638: 634: 630: 622: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 589: 585: 581: 573: 560: 557: 552: 548: 544: 536: 523: 517: 514: 511: 500: 489: 482: 481: 480: 479: 474: 468: 462: 455: 451: 447: 442: 439: 434: 430: 426: 421: 417: 413: 407: 403: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 388: 383: 377: 375: 371: 367: 361: 357: 350: 346: 339: 335: 329: 324: 319: 313: 293: 282: 272: 258: 252: 249: 246: 235: 222: 215: 214: 213: 209: 205: 200: 194: 190: 184: 179: 174: 167: 163: 157: 155: 151: 147: 142: 140: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 78:geometallurgy 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 36: 32: 28: 27:Geostatistics 19: 3716: 3704: 3685: 3678: 3647: 3590:Econometrics 3540: / 3523:Chemometrics 3500:Epidemiology 3493: / 3466:Applications 3308:ARIMA model 3255:Q-statistic 3204:Stationarity 3100:Multivariate 3043: / 3039: / 3037:Multivariate 3035: / 2975: / 2971: / 2745:Bayes factor 2644:Signed rank 2556: 2530: 2522: 2510: 2205:Completeness 2041:Cohort study 1939:Opinion poll 1874:Missing data 1861:Study design 1816:Scatter plot 1738:Scatter plot 1731:Spearman's ρ 1693:Grouped data 1340:Merks, J W, 1293: 1289: 1226: 1216: 1196: 1180: 1169:. Retrieved 1165:the original 1154: 1145: 1137: 1132: 1124: 1119: 1111: 1106: 1091: 1086: 1078: 1073: 1065: 1060: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1031: 1023: 1018: 1010: 1005: 996: 988: 971: 733: 712: 697: 673: 472: 466: 460: 453: 449: 445: 432: 428: 424: 405: 401: 391: 381: 378: 376:techniques. 359: 355: 348: 344: 337: 333: 327: 323:neighborhood 317: 311: 308: 207: 203: 192: 188: 182: 172: 165: 161: 158: 143: 135: 114:epidemiology 98:soil science 74:geochemistry 70:oceanography 58:hydrogeology 26: 25: 3718:WikiProject 3633:Cartography 3595:Jurimetrics 3547:Reliability 3278:Time domain 3257:(Ljung–Box) 3179:Time-series 3057:Categorical 3041:Time-series 3033:Categorical 2968:(Bernoulli) 2803:Correlation 2783:Correlation 2579:Jarque–Bera 2551:Chi-squared 2313:M-estimator 2266:Asymptotics 2210:Sufficiency 1977:Interaction 1889:Replication 1869:Effect size 1826:Violin plot 1806:Radar chart 1786:Forest plot 1776:Correlogram 1726:Kendall's τ 936:Pedometrics 744:Aggregation 422:of the CDF 412:expectation 321:(or in the 287:information 102:agriculture 66:meteorology 3585:Demography 3303:ARMA model 3108:Regression 2685:(Friedman) 2646:(Wilcoxon) 2584:Normality 2574:Lilliefors 2521:Student's 2397:Resampling 2271:Robustness 2259:divergence 2249:Efficiency 2187:(monotone) 2182:Likelihood 2099:Population 1932:Stratified 1884:Population 1703:Dependence 1659:Count data 1590:Percentile 1567:Dispersion 1500:Arithmetic 1435:Statistics 1248:References 1171:2005-10-10 1011:Geophysics 778:Dead Leave 739:Simulation 683:Estimation 397:Estimating 132:Background 46:ore grades 31:statistics 2966:Logistic 2733:posterior 2659:Rank sum 2407:Jackknife 2402:Bootstrap 2220:Bootstrap 2155:Parameter 2104:Statistic 1899:Statistic 1811:Run chart 1796:Pie chart 1791:Histogram 1781:Fan chart 1756:Bar chart 1638:L-moments 1525:Geometric 921:Geomatics 838:Variogram 766:Annealing 631:⩽ 582:⩽ 545:⩽ 518:⁡ 366:variogram 283:∣ 273:⩽ 253:⁡ 118:logistics 110:geography 104:(esp. in 82:geography 62:hydrology 3734:Category 3680:Category 3373:Survival 3250:Johansen 2973:Binomial 2928:Isotonic 2515:(normal) 2160:location 1967:Blocking 1922:Sampling 1801:Q–Q plot 1766:Box plot 1748:Graphics 1643:Skewness 1633:Kurtosis 1605:Variance 1535:Heronian 1530:Harmonic 1310:73657847 1271:, May 18 874:See also 441:Sampling 86:forestry 38:datasets 3706:Commons 3653:Kriging 3538:Process 3495:studies 3354:Wavelet 3187:General 2354:Plug-in 2148:L space 1927:Cluster 1628:Moments 1446:Outline 926:SaTScan 906:Geodesy 843:Kriging 694:Kriging 688:Kriging 678:Methods 418:or the 128:(GIS). 3575:Census 3165:Normal 3113:Manova 2933:Robust 2683:2-way 2675:1-way 2513:-test 2184:  1761:Biplot 1552:Median 1545:Lehmer 1487:Center 1308:  1188:  1098:  416:median 414:, the 100:, and 50:mining 3199:Trend 2728:prior 2670:anova 2559:-test 2533:-test 2525:-test 2432:Power 2377:Pivot 2170:shape 2165:scale 1615:Shape 1595:Range 1540:Heinz 1515:Cubic 1451:Index 1306:S2CID 963:Notes 385:is a 3432:Test 2632:Sign 2484:Wald 1557:Mode 1495:Mean 1186:ISBN 1096:ISBN 515:Prob 420:mode 250:Prob 159:Let 152:and 48:for 2612:BIC 2607:AIC 1298:doi 1231:doi 1202:doi 372:or 325:of 44:of 3736:: 1304:. 1294:42 1292:. 1267:, 1229:. 1225:. 1208:. 1013:71 980:^ 212:: 148:, 96:, 92:, 88:, 84:, 80:, 76:, 72:, 68:, 64:, 60:, 56:, 2557:G 2531:F 2523:t 2511:Z 2230:V 2225:U 1427:e 1420:t 1413:v 1312:. 1300:: 1239:. 1233:: 1204:: 1174:. 670:. 647:. 644:} 639:N 635:z 628:) 623:N 618:x 613:( 610:Z 607:, 604:. 601:. 598:. 595:, 590:2 586:z 579:) 574:2 569:x 564:( 561:Z 558:, 553:1 549:z 542:) 537:1 532:x 527:( 524:Z 521:{ 512:= 509:) 505:x 501:, 497:z 493:( 490:F 473:N 467:N 461:Z 456:) 454:x 452:, 450:z 448:( 446:f 435:) 433:x 431:, 429:z 427:( 425:f 408:) 406:x 404:( 402:Z 382:Z 362:) 360:x 358:( 356:Z 351:) 349:x 347:( 345:Z 340:) 338:x 336:( 334:Z 328:x 318:x 312:Z 294:. 291:} 278:z 270:) 266:x 262:( 259:Z 256:{ 247:= 244:) 240:x 236:, 231:z 226:( 223:F 210:) 208:x 206:( 204:Z 195:) 193:x 191:( 189:Z 183:x 173:x 168:) 166:x 164:( 162:Z 20:.

Index

statistical geography
statistics
spatiotemporal
datasets
probability distributions
ore grades
mining
petroleum geology
hydrogeology
hydrology
meteorology
oceanography
geochemistry
geometallurgy
geography
forestry
environmental control
landscape ecology
soil science
agriculture
precision farming
geography
epidemiology
logistics
spatial networks
geographic information systems
random variable
inverse distance weighting
bilinear interpolation
nearest-neighbor interpolation

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