678:
872:. Split systems are preferred and widely used worldwide except in North America. In North America, split systems are most often seen in residential applications, but they are gaining popularity in small commercial buildings. Split systems are used where ductwork is not feasible or where the space conditioning efficiency is of prime concern. The benefits of ductless air conditioning systems include easy installation, no ductwork, greater zonal control, flexibility of control, and quiet operation. In space conditioning, the duct losses can account for 30% of energy consumption. The use of minisplits can result in energy savings in space conditioning as there are no losses associated with ducting.
670:
costly and maintenance-requiring mechanical systems. Old-fashioned clinical areas with high ceilings and large windows provide the greatest protection. Natural ventilation costs little and is maintenance free, and is particularly suited to limited-resource settings and tropical climates, where the burden of TB and institutional TB transmission is highest. In settings where respiratory isolation is difficult and climate permits, windows and doors should be opened to reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is inexpensive.
65:
1110:, is used. SEER ratings are based on seasonal temperature averages instead of a constant 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. The current industry minimum SEER rating is 14 SEER. Engineers have pointed out some areas where efficiency of the existing hardware could be improved. For example, the fan blades used to move the air are usually stamped from sheet metal, an economical method of manufacture, but as a result they are not aerodynamically efficient. A well-designed blade could reduce the electrical power required to move the air by a third.
1022:, California, in 1913 would require a large amount of energy due to the extreme difference between inside and outside air temperatures. A metre below the earth's surface, however, the ground remains at a relatively constant temperature. Utilizing this large source of relatively moderate temperature earth, a heating or cooling system's capacity can often be significantly reduced. Although ground temperatures vary according to latitude, at 1.8 metres (6 ft) underground, temperatures generally only range from 7 to 24 °C (45 to 75 °F).
601:
232:(DC) network, or a combined DHC network. In such cases, the operating and maintenance aspects are simplified and metering becomes necessary to bill for the energy that is consumed, and in some cases energy that is returned to the larger system. For example, at a given time one building may be utilizing chilled water for air conditioning and the warm water it returns may be used in another building for heating, or for the overall heating-portion of the DHC network (likely with energy added to boost the temperature).
165:(the "V" in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air. Methods for ventilating a building are divided into
927:
will need to have the filters changed more often than buildings without these dirt loads. Failure to replace these filters as needed will contribute to a lower heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy, shortened equipment life, and higher energy bills; low air flow can result in iced-over evaporator coils, which can completely stop airflow. Additionally, very dirty or plugged filters can cause overheating during a heating cycle, which can result in damage to the system or even fire.
544:
552:
38:
1144:
420:, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. Heat pumps transfer heat from outside the structure into the air inside. Initially, heat pump HVAC systems were only used in moderate climates, but with improvements in low temperature operation and reduced loads due to more efficient homes, they are increasing in popularity in cooler climates. They can also operate in reverse to cool an interior.
496:
blood's ability to transport oxygen. The primary health concerns associated with carbon monoxide exposure are its cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monoxide exposure reduces hand to eye coordination, vigilance, and continuous performance. It can also affect time discrimination.
2873:
4721:
762:
653:: the hourly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the space. For example, six air changes per hour means an amount of new air, equal to the volume of the space, is added every ten minutes. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical, though warehouses might have only two. Too high of an air change rate may be uncomfortable, akin to a
382:
1451:. Training for HVAC technicians includes classroom lectures and hands-on tasks, and can be followed by an apprenticeship wherein the recent graduate works alongside a professional HVAC technician for a temporary period. HVAC techs who have been trained can also be certified in areas such as air conditioning, heat pumps, gas heating, and commercial refrigeration.
724:
return air. Then the mixture air enters an indoor or outdoor heat exchanger section where the air is to be cooled down, then be guided to the space creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air intake is about 10% of the total supply air.
1102:) has traditionally been used to characterize the performance of many HVAC systems. EER is the Energy Efficiency Ratio based on a 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. To more accurately describe the performance of air conditioning equipment over a typical cooling season a modified version of the EER, the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (
46:
705:, through the use of a built-in LED UV light. like a vigilant guardian, it emits a gentle glow across the evaporator, ensuring thorough coverage. As the cross-flow fan circulates the room air, any unwelcome viruses are guided through the sterilization module’s irradiation range, rendering them instantly inactive.
930:
Because an air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the outdoor coil, both must be kept clean. This means that, in addition to replacing the air filter at the evaporator coil, it is also necessary to regularly clean the condenser coil. Failure to keep the condenser clean will eventually
875:
With the split system, the evaporator coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using refrigerant piping between an indoor and outdoor unit instead of ducting air directly from the outdoor unit. Indoor units with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or fit into the ceiling.
847:
Some systems include an "economizer mode", which is sometimes called a "free-cooling mode". When economizing, the control system will open (fully or partially) the outside air damper and close (fully or partially) the return air damper. This will cause fresh, outside air to be supplied to the system.
1503:
as a chartered engineer, engineers must also attain an
Honours Degree and a master's degree in a relevant engineering subject. CIBSE publishes several guides to HVAC design relevant to the UK market, and also the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. These guides include various
1158:
Clean air delivery rate (CADR) is the amount of clean air an air cleaner provides to a room or space. When determining CADR, the amount of airflow in a space is taken into account. For example, an air cleaner with a flow rate of 30 cubic metres (1,000 cu ft) per minute and an efficiency of
926:
All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air filters. These are generally of a lightweight gauze-like material, and must be replaced or washed as conditions warrant. For example, a building in a high dust environment, or a home with furry pets,
864:
Central, "all-air" air-conditioning systems (or package systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator unit are often installed in North
American residences, offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit (install in a building that was not designed to receive it) because of the
723:
for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into a mix air chamber for mixing with the space
492:, and other combustion byproducts. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen; the inputs are fuels containing various contaminants and the outputs are harmful byproducts, most dangerously carbon monoxide, which is a tasteless and odorless gas with serious adverse health effects.
308:
Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of the first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock
Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the
1036:
Photovoltaic solar panels offer a new way to potentially decrease the operating cost of air conditioning. Traditional air conditioners run using alternating current, and hence, any direct-current solar power needs to be inverted to be compatible with these units. New variable-speed DC-motor units
943:
of buildings as the building sector consumes the largest percentage of global energy. Since the 1980s, manufacturers of HVAC equipment have been making an effort to make the systems they manufacture more efficient. This was originally driven by rising energy costs, and has more recently been driven
467:
Warm air systems distribute the heated air through ductwork systems of supply and return air through metal or fiberglass ducts. Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air conditioning. The air supply is normally filtered through air filters to remove dust
520:
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control the temperature or remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation often refers to the intentional delivery of the outside air to
183:
The three major functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and commercial
1124:
Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation (DCKV) is a building controls approach to controlling the volume of kitchen exhaust and supply air in response to the actual cooking loads in a commercial kitchen. Traditional commercial kitchen ventilation systems operate at 100% fan speed independent of the
669:
Natural ventilation is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza, meningitis or COVID-19. Opening doors and windows are good ways to maximize natural ventilation, which would make the risk of airborne contagion much lower than with
1212:
building environment standards. It establishes the general principles of building environment design. It takes into account the need to provide a healthy indoor environment for the occupants as well as the need to protect the environment for future generations and promote collaboration among the
1009:
Ground source, or geothermal, heat pumps are similar to ordinary heat pumps, but instead of transferring heat to or from outside air, they rely on the stable, even temperature of the earth to provide heating and air conditioning. Many regions experience seasonal temperature extremes, which would
824:
that switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows a facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece of equipment by the same means, and with the same
495:
Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be lethal at concentrations of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, at several hundred ppm, carbon monoxide exposure induces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the
206:
of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity and type of system needed and then design the system, selecting the appropriate refrigerant and various components needed. For larger buildings, building service
1167:
The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with roles including operation and maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in education and research. The HVAC industry was historically regulated by the manufacturers of HVAC equipment, but regulating and
685:
Ventilation is measured in terms of Air
Changes Per Hour (ACH). As of 2023, the CDC recommends that all spaces have a minimum of 5 ACH. For hospital rooms with airborne contagions the CDC recommends a minimum of 12 ACH. The challenges in facility ventilation are public unawareness, ineffective
1159:
50% has a CADR of 15 cubic metres (500 cu ft) per minute. Along with CADR, filtration performance is very important when it comes to the air in our indoor environment. This depends on the size of the particle or fiber, the filter packing density and depth, and the airflow rate.
839:
Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so that the cold of winter can be used for summer air conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed via a cluster of
980:
Energy efficiency can be improved even more in central heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat, similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by multiple thermostats. In water heating systems the thermostats control
1598:
The
Philippine Society of Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE) along with Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) govern on the codes and standards for HVAC / MVAC (MVAC means "mechanical ventilation and air conditioning") in the Philippines.
840:
small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes. Some systems with small storages are hybrids, using free cooling early in the cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation coming from the storage. The heat pump is added-in because the storage acts as a
1154:
Air cleaning and filtration removes particles, contaminants, vapors and gases from the air. The filtered and cleaned air then is used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Air cleaning and filtration should be taken in account when protecting our building environments.
211:
engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors and suppliers then fabricate, install and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of buildings.
638:), causing cool outside air to be drawn into low building openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use very little energy, but care must be taken to ensure comfort. In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation might not be possible.
1195:
The starting point in carrying out an estimate both for cooling and heating depends on the exterior climate and interior specified conditions. However, before taking up the heat load calculation, it is necessary to find fresh air requirements for each area in detail, as
1347:
or
International Mechanical Code. In certain states, counties, or cities, either of these codes may be adopted and amended via various legislative processes. These codes are updated and published by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
903:
because of their lower temperature (and propensity for damp floors and walls). In food retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets are highly effective at dehumidifying the internal air. Conversely, a humidifier increases the humidity of a building.
746:
It is imperative that the air conditioning horsepower is sufficient for the area being cooled. Underpowered air conditioning systems will lead to power wastage and inefficient usage. Adequate horsepower is required for any air conditioner installed.
879:
Split systems are more efficient and the footprint is typically smaller than the package systems. On the other hand, package systems tend to have a slightly lower indoor noise level compared to split systems since the fan motor is located outside.
865:
bulky air ducts required. (Minisplit ductless systems are used in these situations.) Outside of North
America, packaged systems are only used in limited applications involving large indoor space such as stadiums, theatres or exhibition halls.
433:
In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms. Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as opposed to older
815:
or evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant evaporates it absorbs heat from the inside air, returns to the compressor, and repeats the cycle. In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the
570:
Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odors and sometimes humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level.
1125:
volume of cooking activity and DCKV technology changes that to provide significant fan energy and conditioned air savings. By deploying smart sensing technology, both the exhaust and supply fans can be controlled to capitalize on the
1573:
The Air
Conditioning and Mechanical Contractors Association of Australia (AMCA), Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH), Australian Refrigeration Mechanical Association and CIBSE are responsible.
673:
Natural ventilation is not practical in much of the infrastructure because of climate. This means that the facilities need to have effective mechanical ventilation systems and or use
Ceiling Level UV or FAR UV ventilation systems.
1220:
provide the constraints concerning sustainability issues from the initial stage of the design process, with building and plant life cycle to be considered together with owning and operating costs from the beginning of the design
660:
Room pressure can be either positive or negative with respect to outside the room. Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and is common to reduce the infiltration of outside contaminants.
1561:, as well as many others. These all help to make buildings comfortable and healthy places to live and work in. Building Services is part of a sector that has over 51,000 businesses and employs represents 2–3% of the
1855:
1037:
allow solar power to more easily run them since this conversion is unnecessary, and since the motors are tolerant of voltage fluctuations associated with variance in supplied solar power (e.g., due to cloud cover).
931:
result in harm to the compressor because the condenser coil is responsible for discharging both the indoor heat (as picked up by the evaporator) and the heat generated by the electric motor driving the compressor.
2477:
1224:
assess the proposed design with rational criteria for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustical comfort, visual comfort, energy efficiency, and HVAC system controls at every stage of the design process;
2441:
Chenari, B., Dias
Carrilho, J. and Gameiro da Silva, M., 2016. Towards sustainable, energy-efficient and healthy ventilation strategies in buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59,
1504:
recommended design criteria and standards, some of which are cited within the UK building regulations, and therefore form a legislative requirement for major building services works. The main guides are:
856:
of the air, as is frequently done in climates where humidity is more of an issue. In both cases, the outside air must be less energetic than the return air for the system to enter the economizer mode.
2651:
892:, moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tubes. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a pan and removed by piping to a central drain or onto the ground outside.
582:
and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants. Because hot air rises,
1298:
1607:
The Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE) was established to promote the HVAC industry in India. ISHRAE is an associate of ASHRAE. ISHRAE was founded at
150:
HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities; medium to large industrial and office buildings such as
567:, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates more energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air.
309:
same year. Coyne College was the first school to offer HVAC training in 1899. The first residential AC was installed by 1914, and by the 1950s there was "widespread adoption of residential AC".
4177:
1356:) respectively, on a 3-year code development cycle. Typically, local building permit departments are charged with enforcement of these standards on private and certain public properties.
555:
An axial belt-drive exhaust fan serving an underground car park. This exhaust fan's operation is interlocked with the concentration of contaminants emitted by internal combustion engines.
521:
the building indoor space. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into
1843:
1447:
who specializes in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. HVAC technicians in the US can receive training through formal training institutions, where most earn
944:
by increased awareness of environmental issues. Additionally, improvements to the HVAC system efficiency can also help increase occupant health and productivity. In the US, the
2264:, Morawska, L, Allen, J, Bahnfleth, W et al. (36 more authors) (2021) A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection. Science, 372 (6543). pp. 689-691. ISSN 0036-8075
657:
which has thousands of changes per hour. The highest air change rates are for crowded spaces, bars, night clubs, commercial kitchens at around 30 to 50 air changes per hour.
907:
The HVAC components that dehumidify the ventilation air deserve careful attention because outdoor air constitutes most of the annual humidity load for nearly all buildings.
848:
When the outside air is cooler than the demanded cool air, this will allow the demand to be met without using the mechanical supply of cooling (typically chilled water or a
251:. By utilizing natural sources that can be used for HVAC systems it can make a huge difference for the environment and help expand the knowledge of using different methods.
2787:
1010:
require large-capacity heating and cooling equipment to heat or cool buildings. For example, a conventional heat pump system used to heat a building in Montana's −57
1871:
184:
environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as
646:
also use outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.
616:
Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or
2858:
1491:
requirements are GCSEs (A-C) / Standard Grades (1-3) in Maths and Science, which are important in measurements, planning and theory. Employers will often want a
1213:
various parties involved in building environmental design for sustainability. ISO16813 is applicable to new construction and the retrofit of existing buildings.
4127:
2552:
1304:
4157:
1460:
995:
is another method of controlling building heating by calculating the demand for heating energy that should be supplied to the building in each time unit.
4900:
2637:
1582:
Asian architectural temperature-control have different priorities than European methods. For example, Asian heating traditionally focuses on maintaining
876:
Other indoor units mount inside the ceiling cavity so that short lengths of duct handle air from the indoor unit to vents or diffusers around the rooms.
1844:
Solar District Heating Experiences from Denmark. Energy Systems in the Alps - storage and distribution … Energy Platform Workshop 3, Zurich - 13/2 2014
849:
1313:). ASHRAE regularly organizes two annual technical committees and publishes recognized standards for HVAC design, which are updated every four years.
2788:"Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
888:
Dehumidification (air drying) in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below the
442:, hot water coils (hydro-air), or other heat exchangers. The radiators may be mounted on walls or installed within the floor to produce floor heat.
68:
The control circuit in a household HVAC installation. The wires connecting to the blue terminal block on the upper-right of the board lead to the
989:
inside the vents which selectively block the flow of air. In this case, the control system is very critical to maintaining a proper temperature.
1825:
ECOHEATCOOL (WP5) Possibilities with more district cooling in Europe, final report from the project. Final Rep. Brussels: Euroheat & Power.
1332:
Codes such as the UMC and IMC do include much detail on installation requirements, however. Other useful reference materials include items from
686:
government oversight, poor building codes that are based on comfort levels, poor system operations, poor maintenance, and lack of transparency.
316:, and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide.
1209:
4172:
2548:
Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks
945:
2111:
677:
4434:
2851:
1827:
1808:
1805:
1611:
in 1981 and a chapter was started in Bangalore in 1989. Between 1989 & 1993, ISHRAE chapters were formed in all major cities in India.
811:
The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat exchanger where it is allowed to evaporate, hence the heat exchanger is often called an
2212:
899:
is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a room or building. It is often employed in basements that have a higher
852:"DX" unit), thus saving energy. The control system can compare the temperature of the outside air vs. return air, or it can compare the
476:
The use of furnaces, space heaters, and boilers as a method of indoor heating could result in incomplete combustion and the emission of
3665:
2835:
1129:
for motor energy savings, reduce makeup air heating and cooling energy, increasing safety, and reducing ambient kitchen noise levels.
844:
when the system is in cooling (as opposed to charging) mode, causing the temperature to gradually increase during the cooling season.
4300:
235:
Basing HVAC on a larger network helps provide an economy of scale that is often not possible for individual buildings, for utilizing
2750:"Or. Admin. R. 918-225-0691 - Boiler, Pressure Vessel and Pressure Piping Installation, Alteration or Repair Licensing Requirements"
2296:
1731:
4167:
4099:
2679:
221:
4526:
1937:
1072:
from exhausted air. This is done by transfer of energy from the stale air inside the home to the incoming fresh air from outside.
4634:
784:
The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool, which are compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator.
1868:
1888:
4767:
3972:
1947:
17:
4132:
4094:
1185:
1499:, electrical engineering or mechanical engineering. To become a full member of CIBSE, and so also to be registered by the
788:
At the inlet of a compressor, the refrigerant inside the system is in a low pressure, low temperature, gaseous state. The
538:
154:
and hospitals; vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines; and in marine environments, where safe and
2577:
2602:
1963:
1912:
1770:
Rezaie, Behnaz; Rosen, Marc A. (2012). "District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements".
3955:
1098:(COP) measures performance, but this dimensionless measure has not been adopted. Instead, the Energy Efficiency Ratio (
690:
2735:
2359:
956:
In the past, water heating was more efficient for heating buildings and was the standard in the United States. Today,
586:
may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor.
3997:
3710:
3246:
2975:
2500:
756:
2763:
1018:) low temperature or cool a building in the highest temperature ever recorded in the US—57 °C (134 °F) in
3066:
2877:
1309:
Many HVAC engineers are members of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (
948:
has imposed tighter restrictions over the years. There are several methods for making HVAC systems more efficient.
31:
2707:
2227:
1590:
tables and directly warming people, as opposed to the Western focus, in modern periods, on designing air systems.
963:
Some benefits of forced air systems, which are now widely used in churches, schools, and high-end residences, are
4915:
4147:
3961:
3341:
743:, or in a free cooling system that uses pumps to circulate a cool refrigerant (typically water or a glycol mix).
248:
1168:
standards organizations such as HARDI (Heating, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Distributors International),
735:. The heat transfer medium is a refrigeration system, such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as
4619:
2905:
2623:
2321:
1464:
739:. A refrigerant is employed either in a heat pump system in which a compressor is used to drive thermodynamic
416:
The heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States. Heat pumps can extract heat from
337:
Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via
298:
4910:
4869:
4337:
4293:
4109:
4053:
4048:
3625:
3153:
2519:
1484:
1248:
1242:
1119:
449:. The heated water can also supply an auxiliary heat exchanger to supply hot water for bathing and washing.
4444:
3670:
3221:
3142:
3101:
2721:
2452:
2136:
1081:
869:
2403:
4013:
3815:
3326:
3261:
3179:
3091:
2955:
2693:
2297:"Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Decontamination and Reuse of Filtering Facepiece Respirators"
1181:
1053:
727:
Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through
634:
In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flow out high building openings to the outside (
462:
4162:
4043:
3750:
3515:
3359:
2666:"Minn. R. 5225.0550 - EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS AND DOCUMENTATION FOR LICENSURE AS AN OPERATING ENGINEER"
1699:
1353:
1095:
624:
defined Natural ventilation as the flow of air through open windows, doors, grilles, and other planned
505:
162:
2256:
1806:
ECOHEATCOOL (WP4) Possibilities with more district heating in Europe. Euroheat & Power, Brussels.
4905:
4562:
4215:
4074:
4038:
3840:
3470:
3425:
3353:
3205:
3148:
2665:
1674:
1626:
1049:
489:
53:
2843:
2089:
720:
4864:
4383:
4286:
4262:
4084:
3780:
3380:
3159:
3050:
3035:
56:
vent. These are installed throughout a building to move air in or out of rooms. In the middle is a
2749:
158:
conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.
4747:
4737:
4659:
4654:
4399:
4393:
4372:
4352:
4257:
4182:
4104:
4033:
3977:
3909:
3805:
3720:
3630:
3595:
3071:
2115:
1704:
1694:
1344:
1177:
977:
A drawback is the installation cost, which can be slightly higher than traditional HVAC systems.
804:
770:
354:
346:
331:
1824:
435:
4803:
4752:
4247:
4209:
4089:
3800:
3231:
2335:
1684:
1669:
1656:
1583:
1500:
1031:
628:
572:
155:
112:
2847:(August 2003) by Althouse, Turnquist, and Bracciano, Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher; 18th edition.
4920:
4267:
3945:
3904:
3620:
3291:
3111:
2883:
2240:
Dr. Edward A. Nardell Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School
1320:, which provides regular information on new refrigeration technology, and publishes relevant
1188:
have been established to support the industry and encourage high standards and achievement. (
992:
799:
or condenser) where it loses heat to the outside, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase.
458:
313:
185:
1254:
Many U.S. states have licensing for boiler operation. Some of these are listed as follows:
224:
underground headquarters), the equipment involved is in some cases an extension of a larger
4874:
4552:
4429:
4069:
4059:
4003:
3940:
3835:
3415:
3364:
2930:
2736:"Subchapter 13 - Licensing of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Service, Repair and/or Installers"
2722:"Ohio Admin. Code 1301:3-5-10 - Boiler operator and steam engineer experience requirements"
2377:
1779:
1636:
1289:
Finally, some U.S. cities may have additional labor laws that apply to HVAC professionals.
1004:
940:
650:
260:
208:
4762:
4757:
808:(also called metering device) regulates the refrigerant liquid to flow at the proper rate.
413:. Electrical heaters are often used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems.
8:
4844:
4829:
4772:
3935:
3925:
3899:
3685:
3347:
3256:
3226:
3126:
3096:
2990:
2950:
2242:
1189:
740:
681:
Alpha Black Edition - Sirair Airconditioner with UVC (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation)
595:
203:
197:
171:
64:
4317:
1783:
4824:
4793:
4729:
4198:
4142:
4079:
3856:
3735:
3730:
3520:
3331:
3316:
2898:
2188:
2161:
1090:
732:
439:
274:
108:
868:
An alternative to packaged systems is the use of separate indoor and outdoor coils in
631:, and as being driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials.
4449:
3770:
3725:
3480:
3475:
3405:
3301:
3137:
2940:
2315:
2193:
2056:"Characteristic of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in Northwest Iran- Tabriz"
2021:
2000:
1943:
1321:
1147:
900:
728:
719:
An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and/or
625:
2839:(2012 (Second Printing)) by the International Code Council, Thomson Delmar Learning.
1553:
and oversee the installation and maintenance of the essential services such as gas,
600:
4604:
4237:
3992:
3987:
3570:
3276:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3081:
2556:
2183:
2173:
1985:
1791:
1787:
1757:
1646:
1621:
1448:
714:
639:
579:
402:
239:
sources such as solar heat, winter's cold, the cooling potential in some places of
236:
229:
225:
2243:"If We're Going to Live With COVID-19, It's Time to Clean Our Indoor Air Properly"
4859:
4839:
4798:
4419:
4309:
4232:
4204:
3846:
3760:
3755:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3610:
3550:
3465:
3450:
3271:
3266:
3241:
3236:
3106:
3030:
2178:
1875:
1831:
1812:
1736:
1679:
1631:
1492:
1045:
821:
774:
766:
477:
358:
338:
325:
302:
294:
270:
220:
Although HVAC is executed in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces (like
144:
120:
104:
4777:
4639:
4629:
3982:
3879:
3655:
3635:
3600:
3535:
3455:
3296:
3286:
3195:
3045:
3015:
2970:
2965:
1661:
1407:
1380:
1197:
1057:
778:
278:
116:
2275:
1998:
1227:
iterate decisions and evaluations of the design throughout the design process.
4894:
4879:
4378:
4064:
3915:
3810:
3775:
3545:
3540:
3495:
3490:
3336:
3311:
3306:
3281:
3251:
3121:
3020:
3000:
2980:
2891:
2561:
2505:
2025:
1971:
1689:
1651:
1126:
1065:
1061:
417:
128:
124:
57:
643:
45:
4849:
4242:
3920:
3820:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3715:
3650:
3530:
3500:
3440:
3435:
3410:
3321:
3200:
3116:
3040:
3025:
3010:
2546:
2429:
Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance
2197:
2114:. A Design Guide for Energy-Efficient Research Laboratories. Archived from
1546:
1019:
896:
834:
635:
617:
609:
575:
fans are available for many applications and can reduce maintenance needs.
543:
485:
410:
370:
312:
The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the
286:
266:
244:
240:
2228:"Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities"
4854:
4490:
4252:
3894:
3851:
3825:
3765:
3745:
3740:
3615:
3575:
3560:
3505:
3430:
3400:
3395:
3211:
3076:
2995:
2624:"010.01.02 Ark. Code R. § 002 - Chapter 13 - Restricted Lifetime License"
1554:
1496:
1472:
1423:
1299:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
1069:
986:
736:
654:
605:
583:
560:
551:
513:
398:
290:
96:
49:
37:
2257:"A Paradigm Shift to Combat Indoor Respiratory Infection - 21st century"
1080:
The performance of vapor compression refrigeration cycles is limited by
60:
to open and close the vent to allow more or less air to enter the space.
4834:
4808:
4599:
4008:
3930:
3861:
3830:
3705:
3675:
3605:
3555:
3525:
3510:
3485:
3390:
3190:
3086:
3005:
2945:
2055:
1709:
1138:
1015:
982:
957:
916:
394:
362:
282:
151:
73:
69:
2811:
1869:
Solar District Heating with Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage in Germany
390:
4557:
4547:
4424:
3967:
3645:
3640:
3590:
3565:
3420:
3216:
2015:
1641:
1608:
1444:
1419:
889:
841:
693:
is a function used in modern air conditioners which reduces airborne
446:
366:
350:
103:, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide
81:
77:
1999:
Iain Staffell; Dan Brett; Nigel Brandon; Adam Hawkes (30 May 2014).
1143:
1094:
do not appropriately describe the performance of these devices. The
649:
An important component of natural ventilation is air change rate or
4692:
4687:
4644:
4486:
4454:
4411:
4332:
3950:
3884:
3385:
3185:
2985:
2960:
2935:
2603:"Building environment design—Indoor environment—General principles"
2137:"Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings"
1558:
1488:
1476:
1467:
that allow buildings to operate. It includes the electrotechnical,
853:
698:
564:
406:
100:
4278:
4697:
4649:
4624:
4614:
4595:
4590:
4507:
4459:
4439:
3460:
3132:
2280:
2160:
Escombe, A. R.; Oeser, C. C.; Gilman, R. H.; et al. (2007).
2075:
Ventilation and Infiltration chapter, Fundamentals volume of the
1587:
1511:
Guide B: Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
1468:
1427:
1011:
405:, normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire (see
373:
are used to heat single rooms and only consist of a single unit.
1247:
In the United States, federal licensure is generally handled by
4669:
4664:
4572:
4479:
4474:
4388:
4342:
4137:
3889:
3695:
3445:
2872:
2520:"Technology Profile: Demand Control Kitchen Ventilation (DCKV)"
1753:
1550:
1431:
1333:
1310:
1173:
1169:
702:
621:
342:
4720:
2913:
2162:"Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion"
1878:. European Sustainable Energy Week, Brussels. 18–22 June 2012.
960:
systems can double for air conditioning and are more popular.
792:
pumps the refrigerant gas up to high pressure and temperature.
765:
A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1)
4702:
4609:
4469:
4152:
3585:
1480:
1349:
1337:
1107:
694:
642:
systems are used, either as backups or supplements. Air-side
353:
to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a
2336:"What are Air Ducts? The Homeowner's Guide to HVAC Ductwork"
1192:
as an omnibus agency is not specific to the HVAC industry.)
438:). The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using
4464:
4363:
3660:
3580:
2694:"Chapter 90 - BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS, AND REFRIGERATION"
2378:"The Pros and Cons of Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioners"
1549:
sector, it is the job of the building services engineer to
1317:
761:
2017:
Edmonton's green home guide : you're gonna love green
1964:"History of Heating, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration"
795:
From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a
72:. The fan enclosure is directly behind the board, and the
4567:
4512:
1562:
1495:
in a branch of engineering, such as building environment
1088:
heat rather than convert it from one form to another, so
481:
445:
The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as
409:). This principle is also used for baseboard heaters and
80:
switch is at the bottom left. In the lower middle is the
1889:"How Renewable Energy Is Redefining HVAC | AltEnergyMag"
1113:
381:
27:
Technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
2058:. International Journal of Injury Control and Promotion
1917:
HVAC-Talk: Heating, Air & Refrigeration Discussion
2553:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1942:. Homewood, Illinois: American Technical Publishers.
1305:
Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute
563:(AHU) and used to control indoor air quality. Excess
559:
Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by an
1461:
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
1216:
The building environmental design standard aims to:
620:
when spaces are small and the architecture permits.
539:
Ventilation (architecture) § Mechanical systems
361:
in a large building. The heat can be transferred by
265:
HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by
131:" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as
95:) is the use of various technologies to control the
41:
Rooftop HVAC unit with view of fresh-air intake vent
2540:
2538:
2453:"Sustainable Facilities Tool: HVAC System Overview"
389:Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including
202:In modern buildings, the design, installation, and
2159:
2090:"Air Change Rates for typical Rooms and Buildings"
1176:, ACCA (Air Conditioning Contractors of America),
1150:, used for heating, cooling, and filtering the air
30:"HVAC" redirects here. The term may also refer to
2225:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2210:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
4892:
2535:
2276:"Building Ventilation What Everyone Should Know"
1939:HVAC: heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
1343:American design standards are legislated in the
1251:(for installation and service of HVAC devices).
939:HVAC is significantly responsible for promoting
547:HVAC ventilation exhaust for a 12-story building
2043:. New York: Lewis Publishers. pp. 107–112.
1750:Designer's Guide to Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion
1541:Guide M: Maintenance Engineering and Management
1084:. These air conditioning and heat pump devices
820:In variable climates, the system may include a
1132:
1040:
4294:
2899:
2708:"Article 33.1-14 - North Dakota Boiler Rules"
2638:"Boiler Professionals Training and Licensing"
330:"Heater" redirects here. For other uses, see
1532:Guide J: Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data
1517:Guide D: Transportation systems in Buildings
2596:
2594:
1769:
1743:
111:. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of
4901:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4743:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4301:
4287:
3666:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2915:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2906:
2892:
1075:
998:
89:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2844:Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
2560:
2187:
2177:
1584:temperatures of objects such as the floor
1162:
1025:
985:, and in forced air systems they control
4100:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
2591:
2053:
1727:
1725:
1142:
859:
760:
676:
599:
550:
542:
380:
63:
44:
36:
2142:. World Health Organization (WHO), 2009
1935:
1523:Guide F: Energy Efficiency in Buildings
532:
14:
4893:
2544:
2404:"Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioners"
2079:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 2005
1475:, air conditioning, refrigeration and
750:
4282:
3973:Programmable communicating thermostat
2887:
2038:
1986:"What is HVAC? A Comprehensive Guide"
1722:
1352:) or the International Code Council (
1114:Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation
191:
143:(as in the designation of HACR-rated
139:, or "ventilation" is dropped, as in
4095:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
2213:"Improving Ventilation In Buildings"
1732:Ventilation and Infiltration chapter
1463:is a body that covers the essential
934:
664:
215:
207:designers, mechanical engineers, or
4308:
2294:
2041:Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Systems
2013:
883:
708:
76:can be seen at the top. The safety
24:
3956:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2828:
1856:Integrating Solar & Heat Pumps
1526:Guide G: Public Health Engineering
691:Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation
25:
4932:
3998:Standard temperature and pressure
3711:Packaged terminal air conditioner
3247:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2976:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
2865:
2680:"Subchapter 24.122.5 - Licensing"
2001:"A review of domestic heat pumps"
1740:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2005
1535:Guide K: Electricity in Buildings
1529:Guide H: Building Control Systems
1454:
951:
910:
757:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
401:. Another type of heat source is
4719:
3067:Absorption-compression heat pump
2871:
2578:"Building environment standards"
2360:"Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pumps"
2109:
1913:""Lake Source" Heat Pump System"
1520:Guide E: Fire Safety Engineering
1340:, and technical trade journals.
1231:
1203:
32:high-voltage alternating current
3962:Normal temperature and pressure
3342:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2804:
2780:
2756:
2742:
2728:
2714:
2700:
2686:
2672:
2658:
2644:
2630:
2616:
2600:
2575:
2569:
2512:
2494:
2470:
2445:
2435:
2421:
2396:
2370:
2352:
2328:
2288:
2267:
2249:
2234:
2219:
2204:
2153:
2129:
2103:
2082:
2069:
2047:
2032:
2007:
1992:
1978:
1956:
1929:
1905:
1200:is an important consideration.
967:Better air conditioning effects
828:
612:, applied to schoolrooms (1899)
423:
261:Air conditioning § History
249:seasonal thermal energy storage
247:, and the enabling function of
2478:"Heating and Air Conditioning"
1881:
1861:
1848:
1836:
1823:Dalin P., Rubenhag A. (2006).
1817:
1798:
1792:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.020
1763:
1593:
1465:Service (systems architecture)
1359:
1208:ISO 16813:2006 is one of the
970:Energy savings of up to 15–20%
921:
499:
428:
13:
1:
4110:Testing, adjusting, balancing
4054:Building information modeling
4049:Building services engineering
3626:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
3154:Demand controlled ventilation
3102:Building insulation materials
2836:International Mechanical Code
1854:Wong B., Thornton J. (2013).
1734:, Fundamentals volume of the
1716:
1508:Guide A: Environmental Design
1243:Section 608 EPA Certification
1182:International Mechanical Code
1120:Demand controlled ventilation
608:system, by impulsion, or the
376:
115:, based on the principles of
3671:High-pressure cut-off switch
3222:Ice storage air conditioning
3143:Dedicated outdoor air system
2179:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040068
1568:
1292:
1236:
7:
4014:Thermostatic radiator valve
3816:Thermostatic radiator valve
3327:Underfloor air distribution
3262:Radiant heating and cooling
3180:Energy recovery ventilation
3092:Automobile air conditioning
2956:Domestic energy consumption
1614:
1316:Another popular society is
1133:Air filtration and cleaning
1054:energy recovery ventilation
1041:Ventilation energy recovery
463:Underfloor air distribution
341:. Such a system contains a
178:
10:
4937:
4163:Institute of Refrigeration
4044:Architectural technologist
3516:Electrostatic precipitator
2320:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1858:. Renewable Heat Workshop.
1842:Nielsen, Jan Erik (2014).
1700:Ventilation (architecture)
1485:building services engineer
1302:
1296:
1240:
1136:
1117:
1096:Coefficient of performance
1048:systems sometimes utilize
1029:
1002:
914:
832:
754:
712:
593:
589:
536:
506:Ventilation (architecture)
503:
490:volatile organic compounds
471:
456:
329:
323:
319:
258:
254:
195:
29:
4817:
4786:
4728:
4717:
4678:
4581:
4538:
4525:
4500:
4410:
4362:
4351:
4325:
4316:
4225:
4216:Volatile organic compound
4191:
4118:
4075:Environmental engineering
4039:Architectural engineering
4022:
3870:
3841:Ultra-low particulate air
3426:Automatic balancing valve
3373:
3354:Variable refrigerant flow
3206:Heat recovery ventilation
3149:Deep water source cooling
3059:
2921:
2364:U.S. Department of Energy
2092:. The Engineering ToolBox
1675:Outdoor wood-fired boiler
1627:Architectural engineering
1413:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1374:
1369:
1050:heat recovery ventilation
4870:The House for the Future
4865:INTEGER Millennium House
4263:Template:Home automation
4085:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3781:Solar-assisted heat pump
3381:Air conditioner inverter
3160:Displacement ventilation
3051:Vapour pressure of water
3036:Thermal destratification
2764:"ASHRAE Handbook Online"
2562:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2003136
2039:Bearg, David W. (1993).
1936:Swenson, S. Don (1995).
1602:
1327:
4860:House navigation system
4748:Lighting control system
4655:Universal powerline bus
4394:Universal powerline bus
4258:World Refrigeration Day
4105:Refrigerant reclamation
4034:Architectural acoustics
3978:Programmable thermostat
3910:Clean air delivery rate
3806:Thermal expansion valve
3721:Pressurisation ductwork
3631:Ground source heat pump
3072:Absorption refrigerator
2652:"Michigan Boiler Rules"
1867:Pauschinger T. (2012).
1705:World Refrigeration Day
1695:Uniform Mechanical Code
1586:or furnishings such as
1577:
1538:Guide L: Sustainability
1514:Guide C: Reference Data
1345:Uniform Mechanical Code
1178:Uniform Mechanical Code
1076:Air conditioning energy
999:Ground source heat pump
332:Heater (disambiguation)
4916:Mechanical engineering
4248:Glossary of HVAC terms
4210:Sick building syndrome
4090:Mechanical engineering
3801:Smoke exhaust ductwork
3232:Mixed-mode ventilation
2501:Keeping cool and green
2262:. University of Leeds.
2245:. Time. February 2022.
2112:"Room Air Change Rate"
2054:Dianat, I; Nazari, I.
1685:Sick building syndrome
1670:Mechanical engineering
1657:Glossary of HVAC terms
1501:Engineering Council UK
1163:Industry and standards
1151:
1032:Solar air conditioning
1026:Solar air conditioning
781:
682:
613:
556:
548:
468:and pollen particles.
452:
386:
113:mechanical engineering
85:
61:
42:
4768:Thermostat automation
4268:Template:Solar energy
3946:Intelligent buildings
3905:Carbon dioxide sensor
3292:Room air distribution
3112:Central solar heating
2482:www.nuclear-power.net
1557:, water, heating and
1146:
860:Packaged split system
764:
680:
603:
554:
546:
537:Further information:
459:Room air distribution
384:
314:Industrial Revolution
186:room air distribution
67:
48:
40:
18:Environmental control
4911:Building engineering
4875:Ubiquitous computing
4553:Bluetooth Low Energy
4430:Bluetooth Low Energy
4338:Hardware controllers
4070:Duct leakage testing
4060:Deep energy retrofit
4004:Thermographic camera
3941:Infrared thermometer
3416:Air source heat pump
3365:Water heat recycling
2931:Air changes per hour
2880:at Wikimedia Commons
2295:CDC (June 1, 2020).
1893:www.altenergymag.com
1666:Hotel electric power
1637:Auxiliary power unit
1106:), or in Europe the
1091:thermal efficiencies
1056:systems that employ
1005:Geothermal heat pump
651:air changes per hour
533:Mechanical or forced
385:Central heating unit
4845:Home energy monitor
4830:Building automation
3936:HVAC control system
3926:Home energy monitor
3900:Building automation
3686:Inverter compressor
3348:Variable air volume
3257:Passive ventilation
3227:Kitchen ventilation
3127:Constant air volume
3097:Autonomous building
2509:17 July 2010, p. 83
2215:. 11 February 2020.
2014:(Alta.), Edmonton.
1974:on August 28, 2016.
1784:2012ApEn...93....2R
1366:
751:Refrigeration cycle
741:refrigeration cycle
604:Ventilation on the
596:Passive ventilation
578:In summer, ceiling
436:gravity-fed systems
198:HVAC control system
4825:Home of the future
4199:Indoor air quality
4143:ASTM International
4080:Hydronic balancing
3857:Wood-burning stove
3736:Radiator reflector
3521:Evaporative cooler
3332:Underfloor heating
3317:Thermal insulation
2545:Howard, J (2003),
1874:2016-10-18 at the
1830:2012-10-15 at the
1811:2015-09-24 at the
1804:Werner S. (2006).
1403:Education required
1364:
1152:
782:
683:
614:
610:'plenum' principle
557:
549:
387:
275:Rolla C. Carpenter
192:Individual systems
109:indoor air quality
86:
62:
43:
4888:
4887:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4521:
4520:
4276:
4275:
4192:Health and safety
3771:Scroll compressor
3726:Process duct work
3481:Convection heater
3476:Condensing boiler
3406:Air-mixing plenum
3302:Solar combisystem
3138:Cross ventilation
2941:Building envelope
2876:Media related to
2852:The Cost of Cool.
1949:978-0-8269-0675-5
1449:associate degrees
1437:
1436:
1148:Air handling unit
973:Even conditioning
941:energy efficiency
935:Energy efficiency
901:relative humidity
731:, convection, or
665:Airborne diseases
626:building envelope
523:mechanical/forced
365:, conduction, or
305:and many others.
241:lakes or seawater
216:District networks
209:building services
167:mechanical/forced
16:(Redirected from
4928:
4906:Building biology
4723:
4605:C-Bus (protocol)
4536:
4535:
4360:
4359:
4353:Interconnection
4323:
4322:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4238:Building science
3993:Smart thermostat
3988:Room temperature
3571:Fireplace insert
3277:Radon mitigation
3175:Electric heating
3170:District heating
3165:District cooling
3082:Air conditioning
2908:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2875:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2431:. December 2013.
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2110:Bell, Geoffrey.
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1970:. Archived from
1960:
1954:
1953:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1821:
1815:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1767:
1761:
1752:, Rock and Zhu,
1747:
1741:
1729:
1647:Electric heating
1622:Air speed (HVAC)
1388:Activity sectors
1367:
1363:
884:Dehumidification
850:direct expansion
813:evaporating coil
775:evaporating coil
721:humidity control
715:Air conditioning
709:Air conditioning
640:Air conditioning
411:portable heaters
357:in a home, or a
237:renewable energy
230:district cooling
226:district heating
156:healthy building
145:circuit breakers
50:Ventilation duct
21:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4840:Home automation
4813:
4799:Mesh networking
4782:
4738:Audio and video
4724:
4707:
4680:
4674:
4583:
4577:
4541:interconnection
4540:
4530:
4528:
4517:
4496:
4420:Radio frequency
4406:
4354:
4347:
4312:
4310:Home automation
4307:
4277:
4272:
4233:ASHRAE Handbook
4221:
4205:Passive smoking
4187:
4120:
4114:
4026:
4024:
4018:
3872:
3866:
3847:Whole-house fan
3761:Run-around coil
3756:Reversing valve
3701:Mechanical room
3691:Kerosene heater
3681:Infrared heater
3611:Gasoline heater
3551:Fan filter unit
3466:Condensate pump
3451:Centrifugal fan
3369:
3272:Radiant heating
3267:Radiant cooling
3242:Passive cooling
3237:Microgeneration
3107:Central heating
3055:
3031:Thermal comfort
2923:
2917:
2912:
2878:Climate control
2868:
2831:
2829:Further reading
2826:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2543:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2293:
2289:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:. 22 July 2019.
2226:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2077:ASHRAE Handbook
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1876:Wayback Machine
1866:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1832:Wayback Machine
1822:
1818:
1813:Wayback Machine
1803:
1799:
1768:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1737:ASHRAE Handbook
1730:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1680:Radiant cooling
1632:ASHRAE Handbook
1617:
1605:
1596:
1580:
1571:
1479:industries. To
1457:
1441:HVAC technician
1416:
1404:
1389:
1377:
1376:Occupation type
1365:HVAC Technician
1362:
1330:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1206:
1165:
1141:
1135:
1122:
1116:
1078:
1062:enthalpy wheels
1058:heat exchangers
1046:Energy recovery
1043:
1034:
1028:
1007:
1001:
954:
937:
924:
919:
913:
886:
862:
837:
831:
822:reversing valve
805:expansion valve
797:condensing coil
771:expansion valve
767:condensing coil
759:
753:
717:
711:
667:
598:
592:
541:
535:
508:
502:
482:nitrogen oxides
478:carbon monoxide
474:
465:
457:Main articles:
455:
431:
426:
418:various sources
379:
359:mechanical room
339:central heating
335:
328:
326:Central heating
322:
295:William Rankine
271:Michael Faraday
263:
257:
218:
204:control systems
200:
194:
181:
161:Ventilating or
121:fluid mechanics
107:and acceptable
105:thermal comfort
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4934:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4778:Smart home hub
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4416:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4202:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3983:Psychrometrics
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:Air flow meter
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3656:Heating system
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Heat exchanger
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Gas compressor
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Expansion tank
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Ceramic heater
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Solar air heat
3294:
3289:
3287:Renewable heat
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3196:Forced-air gas
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3046:Thermodynamics
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Psychrometrics
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:Gas compressor
2968:
2966:Fluid dynamics
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2867:
2866:External links
2864:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2812:"About ISHRAE"
2803:
2779:
2768:www.ashrae.org
2755:
2741:
2727:
2713:
2699:
2685:
2671:
2657:
2643:
2629:
2615:
2590:
2568:
2534:
2511:
2493:
2469:
2444:
2434:
2420:
2395:
2384:. 28 July 2018
2382:Home Reference
2369:
2351:
2327:
2287:
2266:
2248:
2233:
2218:
2203:
2152:
2128:
2102:
2081:
2068:
2046:
2031:
2006:
1991:
1977:
1955:
1948:
1928:
1904:
1880:
1860:
1847:
1835:
1816:
1797:
1772:Applied Energy
1762:
1742:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1662:Head-end power
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1456:
1455:United Kingdom
1453:
1435:
1434:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:Apprenticeship
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1329:
1326:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1241:Main article:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1205:
1202:
1198:pressurization
1164:
1161:
1137:Main article:
1134:
1131:
1118:Main article:
1115:
1112:
1082:thermodynamics
1077:
1074:
1042:
1039:
1030:Main article:
1027:
1024:
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
975:
974:
971:
968:
953:
952:Heating energy
950:
936:
933:
923:
920:
915:Main article:
912:
911:Humidification
909:
885:
882:
861:
858:
833:Main article:
830:
827:
818:
817:
809:
800:
793:
755:Main article:
752:
749:
713:Main article:
710:
707:
666:
663:
594:Main article:
591:
588:
534:
531:
518:
517:
504:Main article:
501:
498:
473:
470:
454:
451:
430:
427:
425:
422:
378:
375:
324:Main article:
321:
318:
279:Willis Carrier
256:
253:
217:
214:
193:
190:
180:
177:
117:thermodynamics
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4933:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4881:
4880:Xanadu Houses
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Organizations
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:Other systems
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:technologies,
4524:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Optical fiber
4377:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:organizations
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Duct cleaning
4063:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Control valve
3914:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Turning vanes
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Thermal wheel
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Solar chimney
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Fan coil unit
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Cooling tower
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Vapor barrier
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Solar heating
3310:
3308:
3307:Solar cooling
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Refrigeration
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Passive house
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Chilled water
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Sensible heat
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Noise control
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Heat transfer
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2813:
2807:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2580:. www.iso.org
2579:
2572:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2539:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2506:The Economist
2502:
2497:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2442:pp.1426-1447.
2438:
2430:
2424:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2306:September 13,
2302:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2138:
2132:
2118:on 2011-11-17
2117:
2113:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1968:Coyne College
1965:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Uniform Codes
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Fan coil unit
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:North Dakota
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:EPA certified
1244:
1232:United States
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1204:International
1201:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1127:affinity laws
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
996:
994:
990:
988:
984:
978:
972:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
959:
949:
947:
942:
932:
928:
918:
908:
905:
902:
898:
893:
891:
881:
877:
873:
871:
870:split systems
866:
857:
855:
851:
845:
843:
836:
826:
823:
814:
810:
807:
806:
801:
798:
794:
791:
787:
786:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
758:
748:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
722:
716:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
679:
675:
671:
662:
658:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
627:
623:
619:
618:trickle vents
611:
607:
602:
597:
587:
585:
581:
576:
574:
568:
566:
562:
553:
545:
540:
530:
528:
524:
516:
515:
510:
509:
507:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
469:
464:
460:
450:
448:
443:
441:
437:
421:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
383:
374:
372:
371:Space heaters
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
333:
327:
317:
315:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
213:
210:
205:
199:
189:
187:
176:
174:
173:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:Refrigeration
126:
125:heat transfer
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
4921:Construction
4850:Home network
4742:
4243:Fireproofing
4027:and services
4023:Professions,
3921:Gas detector
3821:Trickle vent
3796:Smoke damper
3791:Smoke canopy
3786:Space heater
3716:Plenum space
3651:Heating film
3531:Exhaust hood
3501:Dehumidifier
3441:Blast damper
3436:Barrier pipe
3411:Air purifier
3322:Thermosiphon
3201:Free cooling
3117:Chilled beam
3041:Thermal mass
3026:Stack effect
3011:Particulates
2991:Infiltration
2922:Fundamental
2914:
2859:Whai is LEV?
2857:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2816:. Retrieved
2806:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:
2758:
2744:
2730:
2716:
2702:
2688:
2674:
2660:
2646:
2632:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2582:. Retrieved
2571:
2547:
2526:. Retrieved
2514:
2504:
2496:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2447:
2437:
2428:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2408:ENERGY SAVER
2407:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:
2330:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:
2290:
2279:
2269:
2251:
2236:
2221:
2206:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2144:. Retrieved
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2084:
2076:
2071:
2060:. Retrieved
2049:
2040:
2034:
2016:
2009:
1994:
1980:
1972:the original
1967:
1958:
1938:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:
1883:
1863:
1850:
1838:
1819:
1800:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1606:
1597:
1581:
1572:
1547:construction
1544:
1458:
1440:
1438:
1415:Related jobs
1392:Construction
1342:
1331:
1315:
1308:
1288:
1253:
1246:
1215:
1207:
1194:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1123:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1044:
1035:
1020:Death Valley
1008:
991:
987:zone dampers
979:
976:
962:
955:
938:
929:
925:
906:
897:dehumidifier
894:
887:
878:
874:
867:
863:
846:
838:
835:Free cooling
829:Free cooling
819:
812:
803:
796:
789:
783:
745:
737:refrigerants
726:
718:
688:
684:
672:
668:
659:
648:
636:stack effect
633:
629:penetrations
615:
584:ceiling fans
577:
573:Direct drive
569:
558:
526:
522:
519:
511:
494:
486:formaldehyde
475:
466:
444:
432:
424:Distribution
415:
388:
355:furnace room
336:
311:
307:
303:Alice Parker
287:Reuben Trane
267:Nikolay Lvov
264:
245:free cooling
234:
219:
201:
182:
170:
166:
160:
149:
140:
136:
132:
92:
88:
87:
52:with outlet
4855:Home server
4582:Control and
4531:by function
4491:Consumer IR
4253:Warm Spaces
3895:Blower door
3873:and control
3871:Measurement
3852:Windcatcher
3826:Trombe wall
3766:Sail switch
3746:Refrigerant
3741:Recuperator
3616:Grease duct
3576:Freeze stat
3561:Fire damper
3431:Back boiler
3401:Air ionizer
3396:Air handler
3360:Ventilation
3212:Hybrid heat
3077:Air barrier
2996:Latent heat
2792:www.bls.gov
2413:29 November
2388:9 September
2172:(68): e68.
1594:Philippines
1555:electricity
1545:Within the
1497:engineering
1473:ventilating
1424:electrician
1397:Description
1360:Technicians
1324:and codes.
1273:New Jersey
1070:latent heat
1064:to recover
993:Forecasting
983:zone valves
922:Maintenance
655:wind tunnel
644:economizers
606:downdraught
561:air handler
500:Ventilation
429:Water/steam
403:electricity
391:solid fuels
299:Sadi Carnot
291:James Joule
163:ventilation
152:skyscrapers
97:temperature
4895:Categories
4835:Floor plan
4809:Smart grid
4681:networking
4600:OpenWebNet
4584:automation
4009:Thermostat
3931:Humidistat
3862:Zone valve
3831:TurboSwing
3706:Oil heater
3676:Humidifier
3606:Gas heater
3556:Fan heater
3526:Evaporator
3511:Economizer
3486:Compressor
3391:Air filter
3374:Components
3191:Forced-air
3087:Antifreeze
3060:Technology
3006:Outgassing
2946:Convection
2818:2021-10-11
2797:2023-06-22
2773:2020-06-17
2584:2011-05-14
2565:, 2003-136
2528:2018-12-04
2487:2018-02-10
2457:sftool.gov
2345:2018-05-14
2340:Super Tech
2146:2021-07-05
2122:2011-11-15
2096:2012-12-12
2062:2011-11-15
1922:2020-09-29
1898:2020-09-29
1717:References
1710:Wrightsoft
1381:Vocational
1370:Occupation
1303:See also:
1297:See also:
1267:Minnesota
1139:Air filter
1014:(−70
958:forced air
917:Humidifier
825:hardware.
790:compressor
779:compressor
777:, 4)
773:, 3)
769:, 2)
733:conduction
512:See also:
377:Generation
363:convection
283:Edwin Ruud
259:See also:
196:See also:
133:HVAC&R
70:thermostat
4548:Bluetooth
4425:Bluetooth
4384:Powerline
4333:Actuators
4119:Industry
3968:OpenTherm
3646:Heat pump
3641:Heat pipe
3591:Fume hood
3566:Fireplace
3471:Condenser
3421:Attic fan
3217:Hydronics
2026:884861834
1642:Cleanroom
1609:New Delhi
1569:Australia
1445:tradesman
1420:Carpenter
1322:standards
1293:Societies
1282:Oklahoma
1264:Michigan
1258:Arkansas
1237:Licensing
890:dew point
842:heat sink
816:building.
729:radiation
514:Duct work
447:hydronics
440:radiators
367:radiation
351:heat pump
82:capacitor
78:interlock
4821:See also
4763:Security
4758:Robotics
4693:HomePlug
4688:Ethernet
4645:LonWorks
4558:FireWire
4487:Infrared
4455:MyriaNed
4412:Wireless
4326:Elements
4226:See also
3951:LonWorks
3885:Aquastat
3751:Register
3731:Radiator
3386:Air door
3186:Firestop
2986:Humidity
2961:Enthalpy
2951:Dilution
2936:Bake-out
2924:concepts
2814:. ISHRAE
2316:cite web
2198:17326709
2166:PLOS Med
1872:Archived
1828:Archived
1809:Archived
1778:: 2–10.
1758:New York
1756:, Inc.,
1615:See also
1559:lighting
1489:academic
1477:plumbing
1270:Montana
1261:Georgia
1221:process;
1066:sensible
854:enthalpy
699:bacteria
565:humidity
407:Nichrome
228:(DH) or
179:Overview
101:humidity
54:diffuser
4773:Gateway
4698:HomePNA
4650:One-Net
4625:Insteon
4615:EnOcean
4596:Bus SCS
4591:AllJoyn
4527:Network
4508:Insteon
4460:One-Net
4440:EnOcean
4371:Cable (
4343:Sensors
4025:trades,
3596:Furnace
3461:Chiller
3133:Coolant
2301:cdc.gov
2281:YouTube
2189:1808096
1780:Bibcode
1588:Kotatsu
1469:heating
1428:plumber
1285:Oregon
695:viruses
689:UVC or
590:Passive
529:types.
527:natural
472:Dangers
395:liquids
347:furnace
320:Heating
255:History
222:NORAD's
175:types.
172:natural
74:filters
4670:Z-Wave
4665:Zigbee
4573:Zigbee
4539:Device
4480:Z-Wave
4475:Zigbee
4450:Matter
4389:PLCBUS
4318:System
4178:SMACNA
4138:ASHRAE
3958:(MERV)
3912:(CADR)
3890:BACnet
3843:(ULPA)
3696:Louver
3621:Grille
3496:Damper
3446:Boiler
3344:(VCRS)
3145:(DOAS)
2608:14 May
2462:2 July
2273:Video
2196:
2186:
2024:
1946:
1760:, 2002
1754:ASHRAE
1551:design
1493:degree
1487:, the
1432:welder
1334:SMACNA
1311:ASHRAE
1184:, and
1174:SMACNA
1170:ASHRAE
701:, and
622:ASHRAE
397:, and
343:boiler
123:, and
58:damper
4794:Costs
4787:Other
4730:Tasks
4703:Wi-Fi
4635:Luxom
4630:IP500
4610:CEBus
4598:with
4470:Wi-Fi
4396:(UPB)
4364:Wired
4218:(VOC)
4212:(SBS)
4201:(IAQ)
4158:CIBSE
4153:BSRIA
4056:(BIM)
4000:(STP)
3964:(NTP)
3586:Freon
3356:(VRF)
3350:(VAV)
3208:(HRV)
3182:(ERV)
3156:(DCV)
3129:(CAV)
2601:ISO.
2576:ISO.
2523:(PDF)
2260:(PDF)
2140:(PDF)
1603:India
1483:as a
1481:train
1443:is a
1350:IAPMO
1338:ACGIH
1328:Codes
1279:Ohio
1108:ESEER
703:fungi
399:gases
349:, or
137:HVACR
4679:Data
4563:IrDA
4501:Both
4465:UMTS
4445:GPRS
4435:DECT
4373:xDSL
4355:type
4173:LEED
4133:AMCA
4128:AHRI
3661:HEPA
3581:Flue
3506:Duct
2610:2011
2464:2014
2415:2019
2390:2020
2322:link
2308:2024
2194:PMID
2022:OCLC
1944:ISBN
1578:Asia
1459:The
1318:AHRI
1186:AMCA
1104:SEER
1086:move
580:fans
525:and
461:and
243:for
169:and
141:HACR
93:HVAC
4660:X10
4640:KNX
4620:EHS
4568:USB
4513:KNX
4400:X10
4183:UMC
4168:IIR
4148:BRE
3541:Fan
2557:doi
2184:PMC
2174:doi
1788:doi
1563:GDP
1439:An
1354:ICC
1210:ISO
1100:EER
1068:or
1060:or
1052:or
946:EPA
802:An
453:Air
147:).
135:or
127:. "
4897::
2790:.
2766:.
2593:^
2555:,
2551:,
2537:^
2503:,
2480:.
2455:.
2406:.
2380:.
2362:.
2338:.
2318:}}
2314:{{
2299:.
2278:.
2192:.
2182:.
2168:.
2164:.
2020:.
1966:.
1915:.
1891:.
1786:.
1776:93
1774:.
1724:^
1565:.
1471:,
1430:,
1426:,
1422:,
1336:,
1190:UL
1180:,
1172:,
1016:°F
1012:°C
895:A
697:,
488:,
484:,
480:,
393:,
369:.
345:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
285:,
281:,
277:,
273:,
269:,
188:.
119:,
99:,
4493:)
4489:(
4375:)
4302:e
4295:t
4288:v
2907:e
2900:t
2893:v
2821:.
2800:.
2776:.
2752:.
2738:.
2724:.
2710:.
2696:.
2682:.
2668:.
2654:.
2640:.
2626:.
2612:.
2587:.
2559::
2531:.
2490:.
2466:.
2417:.
2392:.
2366:.
2348:.
2324:)
2310:.
2284:.
2200:.
2176::
2170:4
2149:.
2125:.
2099:.
2065:.
2028:.
2003:.
1988:.
1952:.
1925:.
1901:.
1794:.
1790::
1782::
1348:(
334:.
91:(
84:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.