381:. (Ordzhonikidze's proposal, however, was passed at a Georgian Party Congress with support of rank-and-file delegates.) Stalin and his aides accused the Georgian Central Executive Committee of selfish nationalism and labeled them as "national deviationists". On their part, the Georgian Central Executive Committee responded with charges of "Great Russian chauvinism". On October 21, 1922, Mdivani contacted Moscow to berate Ordzhonikidze in harsh terms. The same day, Lenin sent a telegram rebuking Mdivani, upholding Stalin's position, and expressing his strong support for the political and economic integration of the Transcaucasian republics, informing the Georgian leaders that he rejected their criticism of Moscow's bullying tactics.
31:
303:. Lenin finally gave his consent, on February 14, 1921, to the intervention in Georgia, but later repeatedly complained about the lack of precise and consistent information from the Caucasus. Well aware of widespread opposition to the newly established Soviet rule, Lenin favored a reconciliatory policy with Georgian intelligentsia and peasants who remained hostile to the militarily imposed regime. However, many Communists found it difficult to abandon the methods used against their opposition during the
311:, Lenin's approach was a reasonable way to secure for Soviet power a broad base of support. They advocated tolerance toward the Menshevik opposition, greater democracy within the party, gradual land reform and, above all, respect for national sensitivities and Georgia's sovereignty from Moscow. Communists like Ordzhonikidze and Stalin pursued a more hard-line policy: they sought to eliminate political opposition and centralize party control over the newly Sovietized republics.
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balance between a right of national self-determination as a legitimate response to oppressor chauvinism while also recognizing the potentially exploitative uses of nationalism as a means to divide the working class, to engage in actual oppression, or to cling to what Stalin viewed as outmoded cultural totems (derisively citing "such 'national peculiarities' of the
Georgians as the
261:
existence of separate Soviet republics has no firm basis in view of the threats to their existence from the capitalist states....The national Soviet republics that have freed themselves from their own and from the foreign bourgeoisie will be able to defend their existence and conquer the united forces of imperialism only by joining in a close political union."
452:. However, on March 9, 1923, Lenin suffered a third stroke, which would eventually lead to his death. Trotsky declined to confront Stalin on the issue with some speculating it was due to his long-held prejudice against Georgia as a Menshevik stronghold or out of concern of being politically isolated without Lenin’s support. At the
323:, capital of Georgia, in early July 1921. After summoning a workers' assembly, Stalin delivered a speech outlining a program aimed at elimination of local nationalism, but was booed by the crowd and received hostile silence from his colleagues. Within the days that followed, Stalin removed the Georgian
355:
Within less than a year, however, Stalin was in open conflict with
Mdivani and his associates. One of the most important points at issue was the question of Georgia's status in the projected union of Soviet republics. Over the objections of other Georgian Bolsheviks, Grigol Ordzhonikidze in late 1921
253:) touched off a flurry of diplomatic activity. Initially, relations between the Russian SFSR and other Soviet Socialist Republics were governed by a series of bilateral treaties, a state of affairs that the top Bolshevik leadership regarded as undesirable and unsustainable over a long period of time.
236:
region, including
Georgia, referring to the possible organization both within and beyond that territory of ethnically defined institutions, objecting in part that such a project would be bound to failure by the region's kaleidoscopic ethnic diversity and also that it might lead to power-grabs by what
401:
to Tiflis to investigate the matter. Dzerzhinsky sympathized with Stalin and
Ordzhonikidze and, hence, tried to give Lenin a significantly smoothened picture of their activities in his report. However, Lenin's doubts about the conduct of Stalin and his allies around the Georgian question mounted. He
519:
According to pro-Stalin historian
Valentin Sakharov, who is cited heavily by Kotkin, the authorship of the friendly letter to Trotsky, the conciliatory telegram to Makharov and Mdivani, the counter-dossier, and the Pravda article, may have all been fabricated in part or whole by Krupskaya, possibly
508:
On March 6, a telegram signed by Lenin addressed to
Mdivani and Makharadze offered them his strong support against the "conniving" of Stalin and Dzerzhinsky. On the same day, however, Lenin's physicians recorded that "When he awoke, he summoned a nurse, but he could almost not converse with her, he
482:
Over
December 15–16, 1922, Lenin's condition had worsened, which left him unable to write ever again, and he relied instead on dictation. Two days later, the Central Committee voted to restrict contact between Lenin and other Soviet leaders; six days after that, it voted to restrict the time Lenin
224:
The essay describes nationalism as an important force to be reckoned with that historically had arisen in tandem with the rise of capitalism and had gained a great deal of momentum in
Russian border regions (including Georgia) following the fall of the tsarist autocracy, and attempted to strike a
493:
Distressed by this state of affairs, Lenin had requested the previous day that a copy of the report be obtained so that his personal secretariat could study it. Around this time, Stalin, who had been voted in charge of official access to Lenin, had a sharp dispute over the telephone with Lenin's
456:
in April 1923, the
Georgian Communists found themselves isolated. With Lenin's notes suppressed, every word uttered from the platform against Georgian or Ukrainian nationalism was greeted with stormy applause, while the mildest allusion to Great Russian chauvinism was received in stony silence.
142:, whose support Georgians sought to obtain. The dispute ended with the victory of the Stalin-Ordzhonikidze line and resulted in the fall of the Georgian moderate Communist government. According to Jeremy Smith, it also contributed to a final break between Lenin and Stalin, and inspired Lenin's
260:
in March 1921, Stalin published theses emphasizing his view of the non-viability of bilateral treaties as a long-term solution, writing "Not one Soviet republic taken separately can consider itself safe from economic exhaustion and military defeat by world imperialism. Therefore, the isolated
384:
The conflict peaked in
November 1922, when Ordzhonikidze resorted to physical violence with a member of the Mdivani group and struck him during a verbal confrontation. The Georgian leaders complained to Lenin and presented a long list of abuses, including the notorious incident involving
483:
would be allowed to spend each day on dictation to 5–10 minutes, adding that "this cannot have the character of correspondence, and may not expect to receive any answers." These restrictions were aimed at helping Lenin to recuperate, but they became instead a source of deep distress.
296:-dominated government, Trotsky favored "a certain preparatory period of work inside Georgia, in order to develop the uprising and later come to its aid". Lenin was unsure about the outcome of the Georgian campaign, fearful of the international consequences and the possible crisis with
376:
together as one federative republic. The Georgian Central Executive Committee, particularly Mdivani, vehemently disagreed with this proposal, desiring their country to retain a stronger individual identity and enter the union as a full member rather than as part of a single
405:
Nevertheless, Lenin's misgivings over the Georgian problem were not fundamental and, as his health deteriorated, the Georgian leaders were left without any major ally, watching Georgia being pressed into the Transcaucasian federation that signed a treaty with the
402:
was also afraid of negative outcry that might ensue abroad and in other Soviet republics. In late December 1922, Lenin accepted that both Ordzhonikidze and Stalin were guilty of the imposition of Great Russian nationalism upon non-Russian nationalities.
489:
On January 25, 1923, the Central Committee met to hear the findings of the Dzerzhinsky report, and voted to endorse them. In accordance with the restrictions they had earlier approved, Lenin was not present and was forbidden from receiving this report.
532:, but Ordzhonikidze's reputation also suffered and he was soon recalled from the Caucasus. Mdivani and his associates were removed to minor posts, but they were not actively attacked until the late 1920s. Most of them were later executed during the
504:
Krupskaya would eventually obtain the dossier and a report would be prepared for Lenin. According to pro-Stalin writers, Krupskaya omitted details that made the harsh reaction to the Georgian Central Executive Committee appear more reasonable.
314:
Conflict soon broke out between the moderate and hard-line Georgian Bolshevik leaders. The dispute was preceded by Stalin's ban on formation of the national Red Army of Georgia, and subordination of all local workers' organizations and
240:
By 1917, partly as a result of these efforts, Stalin became the recognized expert within the Russia Bolshevik Party on the National Question, and had risen to position of Commissar of Nationalities in the new Soviet government.
1078:
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to the Bolshevik party committees. Dissatisfied by the Soviet Georgian government's moderate treatment of the political opposition and its desire to retain sovereignty from Moscow, Stalin arrived in
292:. Disagreements among the Bolsheviks about the fate of Georgia preceded the Red Army invasion. While Stalin and Ordzhonikidze urged the immediate Sovietization of independent Georgia led by the
1870:
1357:
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would continue to engage with the question of how to relate a class-based worldview to the existence of nations and nationalism, reaching sometimes starkly different conclusions.
1041:
449:
1209:
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1170:
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of the 1930s. Another major consequence of the defeat of Georgian "national deviationists" was the intensification of political repressions in Georgia, leading to an
2383:
1730:
453:
257:
1971:
1929:
1372:
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decision of January 25, 1923 concerning the removal of Mdivani and his associates from Georgia represented a conclusive victory for Ordzhonikidze and his backers.
229:!" as an example); similarly, it attempted to strike a balance between adherence to principles and the need to temporize according to particular circumstances.
2110:
448:
to take over the Georgian problem, and began preparing three notes and a speech, where he would announce to the Party Congress that Stalin would be removed as
2373:
1557:
426:
512:
An article supposedly written by Lenin—despite his by then having lost nearly all communicative faculty according to Stalin—appeared in an April issue of
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128:
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during the February–March 1921 military campaign that was largely engineered by the two influential Georgian-born Soviet officials, Joseph Stalin, then
2388:
2368:
1842:
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By 1904, however, influenced by Marxist writings, Stalin had moved toward repudiation of independent Georgian nationalism, as he outlined in his essay
2378:
1462:
509:
wanted the nurse to summon Nadezhda Konstantinova , but he could not say her name.... is agitated, he tries to speak, but cannot find the words..."
208:, in part as a reaction against a policy of imperial Russification present in the seminary he attended while studying for the orthodox priesthood.
2393:
1950:
475:, however, has challenged the authenticity of the source materials involved in reaching this conclusion. Conversely, most historians consider
2363:
1427:
1288:
486:
According to Kotkin, Trotsky claimed to have received a cordial letter from Lenin dated December 21, but the original has never been found.
372:—as a means of resolving simmering territorial and ethnic disputes, and with Stalin's strong backing insisted that this federation join the
1853:
1133:
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96:
1485:
1088:
264:
The terms under which different SSRs might be incorporated into some larger body with the RSFR was, however, the subject of much debate.
1911:
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1467:
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116:
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1797:
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Lenin's reaction following Ordzhonikidze's takeover is a matter of dispute revolving around attribution of three letters and one
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324:
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131:, a move that was staunchly opposed by the Georgian leaders who urged for their republic a full-member status within the
119:, and especially those specific to Georgia. One of the main points at issue was Moscow's decision to amalgamate Georgia,
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331:, ordering local leaders to "crush the hydra of nationalism". Makharadze's supporters, including the Georgian
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Smith, Jeremy (1998). "The Georgian Affair of 1922. Policy Failure, Personality Clash or Power Struggle?".
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In his earliest school years in Georgia, Stalin (born Ioseb Jughashvili) had felt a connection to emerging
74:
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608:
Kotkin, Stephen: Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, Vol. 1, 1878-1928. New York: Penguin Books, 2014. Pgs. 32-35
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In one telling, on March 5, 1923, Lenin broke off personal relations with Stalin. He attempted to enlist
232:
In the same essay, Stalin specifically describes problems related to "cultural-national" autonomy in the
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2120:
2085:
1622:
1278:
703:
632:
464:, and the sidelining of Leon Trotsky led to the marginalization of the decentralist forces within the
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958:(October 1988). "The Establishment of Soviet Power in Transcaucasia: The Case of Georgia 1921-1928".
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These questions began to take on an increasingly urgent political character in the aftermath of the
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1961:
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1814:
1607:
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that "the working men have no country," and over the next several decades Marxist thinkers such as
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The dispute left Krupskaya livid with Stalin and both sides began to feel concern about intrigue.
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2335:
1939:
1828:
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Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Case in Georgia
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leadership about the way in which social and political transformation was to be achieved in the
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and his lieutenants, were also sacked and replaced with more ruthless officers Kvantaliani,
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2001:
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8:
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2011:
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2150:
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1882:
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1271:
977:
666:
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1976:
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The establishment of the new RSFSR in 1917 (and, especially, the conclusion of the
58:
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2026:
1944:
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846:, pp. 141-144. Department of Peace and Conflict Research, University of Uppsala,
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34:
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1996:
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Alan Ball, 'Building a new state and society: NEP, 1921-1928', in: R.G. Suny,
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2006:
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appearing to support Trotsky's position on Georgia at the expense of Stalin.
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281:
186:
138:
The affair was a critical episode in the power struggle surrounding the sick
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38:
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McNeal, Robert H. (1959), Lenin's Attack on Stalin: Review and Reappraisal,
107:, on the other hand. The content of this dispute was complex, involving the
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during this period the document to be an accurate reflection of his views.
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for Nationalities for the RSFSR, and Grigol Ordzhonikidze, head of the
178:
78:
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1535:
1392:
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Thus Lenin's illness, Stalin's increasing influence in the party and
108:
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and make adjustment to the more flexible policy. For moderates like
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The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. III: The Twentieth Century
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chief Makharadze for inadequate firmness and replaced him with
320:
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and peaked in the latter part of 1922, involved local Georgian
1542:
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332:
1042:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
432:
420:
joining them all in a new Soviet Union on December 30, 1922
226:
199:
73:. The dispute over Georgia, which arose shortly after the
1079:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
1048:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
356:
had set in motion the formation of a union of all three
217:
Stalin developed his views further in his 1913 pamphlet
2111:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
619:"The Social-Democratic View on the National Question"
520:
as a result of a falling out between her and Stalin.
272:
Soviet rule in Georgia was established by the Soviet
1558:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
213:
The Social-Democratic View on the National Question.
196:
and its replacement with the new Soviet government.
1843:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
942:
940:
954:
905:. Manchester University Press. pp. 137–239.
528:The affair held back the careers of the Georgian
2431:
267:
1951:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
937:
498:, over his refusal to turn over the materials.
194:overthrow of the government of Tsar Nicholas II
671:The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition
350:
237:he viewed as "reactionary" religious leaders.
1526:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
1428:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
1289:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
1015:
774:
772:
393:In late November 1922, Lenin dispatched the
1486:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
1912:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
1022:
1008:
1496:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
1468:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
769:
544:, which took several thousands of lives.
1438:Great Construction Projects of Communism
990:National Communism in Georgia: 1921-1923
813:American Slavic and East European Review
694:
692:
690:
433:Conflicting accounts of Lenin's reaction
29:
1854:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
827:
662:
660:
561:
559:
557:
200:Stalin's views on the National Question
14:
2432:
1889:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
388:
244:
65:) was a political conflict within the
1003:
898:
687:
565:
115:and the differing interpretations of
75:forcible Sovietization of the country
1972:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
1930:20th Congress of the Communist Party
1373:19th Congress of the Communist Party
1210:18th Congress of the Communist Party
1175:17th Congress of the Communist Party
871:
720:
657:
554:
1906:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
1130:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
633:"Marxism and the National Question"
155:Marxism and the "National Question"
111:' desire to preserve autonomy from
24:
2053:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
1872:The History of the Communist Party
1691:Soviet offensive plans controversy
1656:Ideological repression in science
1200:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
25:
2466:
2091:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
1822:Marxism and the National Question
1029:
596:"Communist Manifesto (Chapter 2)"
220:Marxism and the National Question
161:Marxism and the National Question
2414:
2413:
1731:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1195:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
700:Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant
2116:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
1252:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
1242:Occupation of the Baltic states
928:
919:
892:
872:Suny, Ronald (25 August 2020).
865:
856:
818:
805:
792:
749:
740:
27:1922 Soviet leadership conflict
648:
639:
625:
611:
602:
588:
538:armed rebellion in August 1924
117:Bolshevik nationality policies
13:
1:
1957:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
1768:1946–1947 Soviet famine
1341:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
988:Ogden, Dennis George (1978),
547:
268:Bolshevik takeover of Georgia
149:
2106:1956 Georgian demonstrations
899:Edele, Mark (11 June 2020).
523:
462:his ascent toward full power
165:In 1848, Karl Marx wrote in
7:
2121:Stalin Monument in Budapest
1788:Night of the Murdered Poets
1706:Allegations of antisemitism
1443:Engineers of the human soul
1190:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1166:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
878:. Verso Books. p. 59.
833:Cornell, Svante E. (2002),
731:A Modern History of Georgia
351:Conflict over confederation
10:
2471:
2440:1920s in Georgia (country)
2161:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
2131:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
1279:Soviet atomic bomb project
737:: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
704:Princeton University Press
158:
2409:
2326:
2187:
2169:
2141:Places named after Stalin
2126:Stalin Monument in Prague
2073:
1985:
1920:
1806:
1650:Repressions in Azerbaijan
1476:
1385:
1368:1950 legislative election
1294:1946 legislative election
1205:1937 legislative election
1117:
1066:
1057:
1037:
974:10.1080/09668138808411783
802:(Cambridge 2006), p. 175.
778:Thatcher, Ian D. (2003),
582:10.1080/09668139808412550
89:, on one hand, and their
62:
2455:Soviet internal politics
1962:Soviet Nonconformist Art
1878:1936 Soviet Constitution
1531:Soviet famine of 1932–33
1491:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
1463:Transformation of nature
1448:1936 Soviet Constitution
1408:Socialism in One Country
1247:German–Soviet Axis talks
675:Indiana University Press
466:Georgian Communist Party
2086:Iosif Stalin locomotive
1829:Foundations of Leninism
1815:Anarchism or Socialism?
1696:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
1563:NKVD prisoner massacres
1215:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1104:Death and state funeral
996:(doctoral dissertation)
698:Knight, Ami W. (1993),
325:Revolutionary committee
290:Russian Communist Party
167:The Communist Manifesto
55:Georgian affair of 1922
2294:(second father-in-law)
1548:Murder of Sergey Kirov
1423:Stalinist architecture
1309:Turkish Straits crisis
994:University of Michigan
842:June 30, 2007, at the
759:, p.154. M.E. Sharpe,
477:Lenin's major writings
50:
2315:William Wesley Peters
1860:Falsifiers of History
1783:Rootless cosmopolitan
1089:Rule as Soviet leader
782:, p. 122. Routledge,
708:Princeton, New Jersey
33:
2336:Stalin's house, Gori
2267:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
2195:Besarion Jughashvili
2136:Batumi Stalin Museum
2047:Nineteen Eighty-Four
1798:Censorship of images
1477:Crimes, repressions,
1180:1931 Menshevik Trial
1161:First five-year plan
902:Debates on Stalinism
824:Lang (1962), p. 243.
727:Lang, David Marshall
284:Regional Committee (
206:Georgian nationalism
105:Grigol Ordzhonikidze
43:Grigol Ordzhonikidze
2328:Stalin's residences
2275:Galina Dzhugashvili
2259:Svetlana Alliluyeva
2243:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
2170:Cultural depictions
2012:Anti-Stalinist left
1967:Shvernik Commission
1935:Pospelov Commission
1711:Population transfer
1686:1941 Red Army purge
1660:Suppressed research
1314:First Indochina War
1257:Great Patriotic War
1235:Moscow Peace Treaty
1099:Cult of personality
862:Kotkin, pgs. 482-93
757:The Soviet Colossus
667:Suny, Ronald Grigor
569:Europe-Asia Studies
454:12th Party Congress
389:Lenin's involvement
379:Transcaucasian SFSR
258:10th Party Congress
256:Shortly before the
245:Diplomatic backdrop
144:last major writings
129:Transcaucasian SFSR
95:superiors from the
2299:Alexander Svanidze
2227:Konstantin Kuzakov
2219:Yakov Dzhugashvili
2178:Apocalypse: Stalin
2151:Stalin Peace Prize
2146:State Stalin Prize
1849:"Ten Blows" speech
1836:Dizzy with Success
1746:Operation "Priboi"
1726:Operation "Lentil"
1679:1937 Soviet Census
1358:Sino-Soviet Treaty
1272:Potsdam Conference
1225:Invasion of Poland
496:Nadezhda Krupskaya
278:People's Commissar
51:
2427:
2426:
2384:Kholodnaya Rechka
2081:Iosif Stalin tank
2002:Lenin's Testament
1977:Era of Stagnation
1778:Mingrelian Affair
1756:Forced settlement
1741:Operation "North"
1701:Soviet war crimes
1479:and controversies
1418:Socialist realism
1381:
1380:
1363:Tito–Stalin split
1262:Tehran Conference
1185:Spanish Civil War
1156:Chinese Civil War
956:Jones, Stephen F.
912:978-1-5261-4895-7
885:978-1-78873-074-7
815:, 18 (3): 295-314
450:General Secretary
309:Filipp Makharadze
305:Russian Civil War
251:Polish–Soviet War
83:Filipp Makharadze
16:(Redirected from
2462:
2417:
2416:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2302:(brother-in-law)
2295:
2291:Sergei Alliluyev
2287:
2283:Joseph Alliluyev
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2101:Pantheon, Moscow
2059:The Soviet Story
2033:Darkness at Noon
1922:De-Stalinization
1773:Leningrad Affair
1506:Decossackization
1304:1946 Iran crisis
1267:Yalta Conference
1139:Collectivization
1064:
1063:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1001:
1000:
985:
947:
944:
935:
932:
926:
923:
917:
916:
896:
890:
889:
875:Red Flag Wounded
869:
863:
860:
854:
831:
825:
822:
816:
809:
803:
796:
790:
776:
767:
755:Kort, M (2001),
753:
747:
744:
738:
724:
718:
696:
685:
664:
655:
652:
646:
643:
637:
636:
629:
623:
622:
615:
609:
606:
600:
599:
592:
586:
585:
563:
540:and the ensuing
329:Polikarp Mdivani
81:leaders, led by
64:
21:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2405:
2401:Stalin's bunker
2351:Room at Kremlin
2341:Tiflis Seminary
2322:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2278:(granddaughter)
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2235:Artyom Sergeyev
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2183:
2165:
2069:
2027:True Communists
1990:
1988:
1981:
1945:Khrushchev Thaw
1916:
1883:Stalin's poetry
1802:
1670:Japhetic theory
1608:Medvedev Forest
1501:Georgian Affair
1478:
1472:
1433:Five-year plans
1377:
1346:Berlin Blockade
1336:Greek Civil War
1125:August Uprising
1113:
1094:Political views
1059:
1053:
1033:
1028:
951:
950:
946:Kotkin, pg. 490
945:
938:
934:Kotkin, pg. 484
933:
929:
925:Kotkin, pg. 483
924:
920:
913:
897:
893:
886:
870:
866:
861:
857:
844:Wayback Machine
832:
828:
823:
819:
810:
806:
797:
793:
777:
770:
754:
750:
746:Kotkin, pg. 479
745:
741:
725:
721:
697:
688:
673:, pp. 210-212.
665:
658:
654:Kotkin, pg. 386
653:
649:
645:Kotkin, pg. 349
644:
640:
631:
630:
626:
617:
616:
612:
607:
603:
594:
593:
589:
564:
555:
550:
526:
435:
391:
385:Ordzhonikidze.
353:
345:Lavrentiy Beria
337:Kote Tsintsadze
270:
247:
202:
163:
157:
152:
99:, particularly
63:Грузинское дело
45:in Tiflis (now
35:Anastas Mikoyan
28:
23:
22:
18:Georgian Affair
15:
12:
11:
5:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:1922 in Russia
2447:
2442:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:Stalin Society
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Stalin statues
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Stalin Epigram
1993:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:Rehabilitation
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:Wittorf affair
1513:
1511:Dekulakization
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:New Soviet man
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1004:
998:
997:
986:
968:(4): 616–639.
961:Soviet Studies
949:
948:
936:
927:
918:
911:
891:
884:
864:
855:
826:
817:
804:
791:
768:
748:
739:
719:
686:
656:
647:
638:
624:
610:
601:
587:
576:(3): 519–544.
552:
551:
549:
546:
530:Old Bolsheviks
525:
522:
473:Stephen Kotkin
434:
431:
390:
387:
358:Transcaucasian
352:
349:
282:Transcaucasian
269:
266:
246:
243:
201:
198:
183:Vladimir Lenin
171:Rosa Luxemburg
159:Main article:
156:
153:
151:
148:
140:Vladimir Lenin
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2467:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Joseph Stalin
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Semyonovskoye
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2251:Vasily Stalin
2249:
2246:(second wife)
2244:
2241:
2238:(adopted son)
2236:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2211:Kato Svanidze
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Ryutin Affair
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1987:Criticism and
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:Order No. 270
1898:
1896:
1895:Order No. 227
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Doctors' plot
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:Nazino affair
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:German–Soviet
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Slavists case
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Moscow Trials
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Korenizatsiya
1401:
1399:
1398:Neo-Stalinism
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Ili Rebellion
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:Joseph Stalin
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:
957:
953:
952:
943:
941:
931:
922:
914:
908:
904:
903:
895:
887:
881:
877:
876:
868:
859:
853:
852:91-506-1600-5
849:
845:
841:
838:
837:
830:
821:
814:
808:
801:
795:
789:
788:0-415-23250-3
785:
781:
775:
773:
766:
765:0-7656-0396-9
762:
758:
752:
743:
736:
732:
728:
723:
717:
716:0-691-01093-5
713:
709:
705:
702:, p . 26-27.
701:
695:
693:
691:
684:
683:0-253-20915-3
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
651:
642:
634:
628:
620:
614:
605:
597:
591:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
562:
560:
558:
553:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
521:
517:
515:
510:
506:
502:
499:
497:
491:
487:
484:
480:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
458:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
430:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
400:
396:
386:
382:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
265:
262:
259:
254:
252:
242:
238:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
215:
214:
209:
207:
197:
195:
190:
188:
187:Joseph Stalin
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
162:
147:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:Joseph Stalin
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
39:Joseph Stalin
36:
32:
19:
2318:(son-in-law)
2310:(son-in-law)
2307:Yuri Zhdanov
2214:(first wife)
2203:Keke Geladze
2176:
2065:Antisemitism
2057:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2022:Kremlin Plot
1949:
1887:
1871:
1858:
1763:Tax on trees
1721:Deportations
1458:Stakhanovite
1319:Eastern Bloc
1220:World War II
1173: /
1060:and politics
989:
965:
959:
930:
921:
901:
894:
874:
867:
858:
835:
829:
820:
812:
807:
799:
794:
779:
756:
751:
742:
730:
722:
699:
670:
650:
641:
627:
613:
604:
590:
573:
567:
527:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
500:
492:
488:
485:
481:
470:
459:
446:Leon Trotsky
443:
438:
436:
424:
408:Russian SFSR
404:
392:
383:
374:Soviet Union
354:
317:trade unions
313:
285:
271:
263:
255:
248:
239:
231:
218:
216:
212:
210:
203:
191:
175:Karl Kautsky
166:
164:
137:
133:Soviet Union
97:Russian SFSR
90:
87:Budu Mdivani
71:Georgian SSR
54:
52:
2074:Remembrance
2040:Animal Farm
1866:Stalin Note
1553:Great Purge
1521:Great Break
1413:Great Break
1134:(1928–1941)
1050:(1946–1953)
1044:(1922–1952)
534:Great Purge
399:Dzerzhinsky
286:Zaikkraikom
49:), in 1925.
2434:Categories
2389:Lake Ritsa
2369:Uspenskoye
2286:(grandson)
2270:(grandson)
2262:(daughter)
2017:Trotskyism
1989:opposition
1665:Lysenkoism
1351:Korean War
1230:Winter War
1118:Chronology
1109:Death toll
1074:Early life
733:, p. 238.
548:References
542:Red Terror
471:Historian
366:Azerbaijan
360:republics—
179:Otto Bauer
150:Background
125:Azerbaijan
2379:New Athos
1645:Hotel Lux
1628:Vinnytsia
1583:Chortkiv
1573:Berezwecz
1568:Berezhany
1536:Holodomor
1393:Stalinism
1331:Cominform
1067:Overviews
524:Aftermath
441:article.
427:Politburo
341:Atarbekov
294:Menshevik
288:) of the
109:Georgians
79:Bolshevik
2419:Category
2359:Kuntsevo
2206:(mother)
2198:(father)
1633:Zolochiv
1618:Valozhyn
1588:Kurapaty
1386:Concepts
1299:Cold War
840:Archived
729:(1962).
669:(1994),
298:Kemalist
274:Red Army
234:Caucasus
227:vendetta
92:de facto
2394:Sukhumi
2355:Dachas
2346:Kureika
1736:Koreans
1623:Vileyka
1324:Comecon
1149:Sovkhoz
1144:Kolkhoz
1058:History
780:Trotsky
514:Pravda,
416:Belarus
412:Ukraine
395:VeCheka
370:Georgia
362:Armenia
321:Tbilisi
121:Armenia
59:Russian
47:Tbilisi
2188:Family
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