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1161:, John Mather and John Boslough complement and broaden the COBE story, and suggest that Smoot violated team policy by leaking news of COBE's discoveries to the press before NASA's formal announcement, a leak that, to Mather, smacked of self-promotion and betrayal. Smoot eventually apologized for not following the agreed publicity plan and Mather said tensions eventually eased. Mather acknowledged that Smoot had "brought COBE worldwide publicity" the project might not normally have received.
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doctorates or professorships. He was also the recipient of the Gruber Prize in
Cosmology (2006), the Daniel Chalonge Medal from the International School of Astrophysics (2006), the Einstein Medal from the Albert Einstein Society (2003), the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award from the US Department of Energy (1995), and the Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal from NASA (1991). He is a member of the advisory board of the journal
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1122:. After more than two years of observation and analysis, the COBE research team announced on 23 April 1992 that the satellite had detected tiny fluctuations in the CMB, a breakthrough in the study of the early universe. The observations were "evidence for the birth of the universe" and led Smoot to say regarding the importance of his discovery that "if you're religious, it's like looking at God."
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plane, made it possible to determine that the overall rotation of the universe was zero, which was within the limits of accuracy of the instrument. It did, however, detect a variation in the temperature of the CMB of a different sort. That the CMB appears to be at a higher temperature on one side of
1417:
Ade, P., Balbi, A., Bock, J., Borrill, J., Boscaleri, A., de
Bernardis, P., Ferreira, P. G., Hanany, S., Hristov, V. V., Jaffe, A. H., Lange, A. E., Lee, A. T., Mauskopf, P. D., Netterfield, C. B., Oh, S., Pascale, E., Rabii, B., Richards, P. L., Smoot, G. F., Stompor, R., Winant, C. D. & J. H.
901:
since 1970. He is Chair of the
Endowment Fund "Physics of the Universe" of Paris Center for Cosmological Physics. Apart from being elected a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the American Physical Society, Smoot has been honored by several universities worldwide with
1101:
on a small scale. However, these structures formed slowly. Thus, if the universe is heterogeneous today, it would have been heterogeneous at the time of the emission of the CMB as well, and observable today through weak variations in the temperature of the CMB. It was the detection of these
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was the outcome of extensive teamwork involving more than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other participants. John Mather coordinated the entire process and also had primary responsibility for the experiment that revealed the blackbody form of the CMB measured by COBE. Smoot had the main
1268:. He contacted the show as a fan of their often physics-based plots and was incorporated into an episode featuring him lecturing at a fictional physics symposium. He is also credited by the producer of the show with providing a joke told by Penny in the episode "
1173:, which had improved angular resolution compared to COBE, and refined the measurements of the anisotropies of the CMB. Smoot has continued CMB observations and analysis and was a collaborator on the third generation CMB anisotropy observatory
1088:
At that time, the CMB appeared to be perfectly uniform excluding the distortion caused by the
Doppler effect as mentioned above. This result contradicted observations of the universe, with various structures such as
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in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus
Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the
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as a whole, is not stationary, but rather is moving at nearly 600 km/s with respect to the last scattering surface. This is probably due to the
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2198:"Physics Geniuses Illustrate the Mind-Bending Simplicity of TurboTax in W+K's New Ads; Campaign will include a Super Bowl spot By David Gianatasio"
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in 1964. There were, at that time, several open questions about this topic, relating directly to fundamental questions about the structure of the
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which measured the difference in temperature of the CMB between two directions 60 degrees apart. The instrument, which was mounted on a
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And Smoot himself can still vividly recall playing a practical joke on his graduate thesis advisor, MIT physics professor David Frisch.
1372:
Smoot, G. F., De Amici, G., Friedman, S. D., Witebsky, C., Mandolesi, N., Partridge, R. B., Sironi, G., Danese, L. & G. De Zotti.
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as a precision science." Smoot donated his share of the Nobel Prize money, less travel costs, to a charitable foundation.
886:(COBE) satellite. According to the Nobel Prize committee, "the COBE project can also be regarded as the starting point for
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2029:"The Grand Opening of GTA Gene Data Storage and Application Summit Forum Heralds A Promising Future of Gene Technology"
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equipped with a detector that was similar to the one mounted on the U-2 but was more sensitive and not influenced by
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1118:, which cost $ 160 million. COBE was launched on November 18, 1989, after a delay owing to the destruction of the
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Smoot is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in
Physics to sign a letter addressed to President
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In
January 2023, George Fitzgerald Smoot III joined the National Council for Science and Technology under the
2223:
1420:"MAXIMA-1: A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy on Angular Scales of 10' to 5 degrees"
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1031:. Certain models predicted the universe as a whole was rotating, which would have an effect on the CMB: its
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1210:, which is based, in part on "sounds" that can be extracted from the background signature of the Big Bang.
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1438:(NSF), KDI Precision Products, Inc., Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council UK, (June 4, 2005).
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1900:
The Very First Light: The True Inside Story of the
Scientific Journey Back to the Dawn of the Universe
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1404:"An Analysis of Recent Measurements of the Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation"
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2055:"Касым-Жомарт Токаев подписал указ о создании Нацсовета по науке и технологиям при Президенте РК"
2004:"Into the Heart of Music: Recording the Mickey Hart Band's "Mysterium Tremendum" | Grateful Dead"
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as head of research for their NUNA advanced technology anti-aging medical device development.
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the sky than on the opposite side, referred to as a dipole pattern, has been explained as a
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2180:"Humans already living in a COMPUTER SIMULATION, leading Nobel Prize astrophysicist warns"
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1114:. The proposal was accepted and incorporated as one of the instruments of the satellite
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in Earth's upper atmosphere, the presence of which was predicted by the now discredited
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1554:(Press release). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 3 October 2006. Archived from
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responsibility of measuring the small variations in the temperature of the radiation.
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After COBE, Smoot took part in another experiment involving a stratospheric balloon,
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Cosmic
Microwave Background Radiation Anisotropies: Their Discovery and Utilization
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George Smoot switched to cosmology and began work at
Berkeley, collaborating with
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1982:
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Thomas H. Maugh, II (April 24, 1992). "Relics of Big Bang, Seen for First Time".
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interview of Nobel laureates, discussing the value science has to offer society.
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of the Earth's motion relative to the area of CMB emission, which is called the
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2161:"You are a Simulation & Physics Can Prove It: George Smoot at TEDxSalford"
1660:
1374:"Low Frequency Measurement of the Spectrum of the Cosmic Background Radiation"
1102:
anisotropies that Smoot was working on in the late 1970s. He then proposed to
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During filming, he reached the final question, "What U.S. state is home to
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would depend on the direction of observation. With the help of Alvarez and
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lecture in which he suggested that certain aspects of physics support the
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1904:
1768:"Structure in the COBE differential microwave radiometer first-year maps"
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1815:"U.S. Scientists Find a 'Holy Grail': Ripples at Edge of the Universe".
1080:
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981:, was the MIT student who was used as the unit of measure known as the
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1235:
eco-system company Viomi as chief scientist for their AI-development.
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laureate, and the second contestant to win the $ 1 million prize on
2862:
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1679:
1402:
Smoot, G., Levin, S. M., Witebsky, C., De Amici, G., Y. Rephaeli.
1359:"Large-Angular-Scale Anisotropy in the Cosmic Background Radiation"
1344:"Search for Linear Polarization of the Cosmic Background Radiation"
1330:
1028:
879:
366:
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1852:(Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 3 October 2006
1065:
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171:
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1232:
1125:
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
1477:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1389:"New Measurements of the Cosmic Background Radiation Spectrum"
2238: (archived 2021-05-26) at the Energetic Cosmos Laboratory
1301:", becoming the second person to win a million-dollar prize.
1298:
1181:, a satellite which is proposed to measure the properties of
982:
970:
2314:
1151:
journalist Keay Davidson to write the general-audience book
251:
2353:
1662:
Charge exchange of positive Kaon on platinum at three GeV/C
1312:
1283:
On September 18, 2009, Smoot appeared on an episode of the
1103:
207:
Charge exchange of positive Kaon on platinum at three GeV/C
4142:
2082:. Season 2. Episode 17. 9 March 2009. 20 minutes in. CBS.
1387:
Smoot, G. F., De Amici, G., Levin, S. & C. Witebsky.
4245:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
2241:
1697:
1305:
1057:
2310:
George Smoot accepts position in Moscow State University
1580:"Berkeley Nobel laureates donate prize money to charity"
1068:
between our galaxy and a concentration of mass like the
1193:. Smoot also was a leader in a group that launched the
1958:
4083:
1532:
Profile: George F. Smoot – COBE's Cosmic Cartographer
1896:
1319:, the idea that our reality is a computer-generated
997:
on the High Altitude Particle Physics Experiment, a
1869:
1831:
2136:"Are You Smarter Than 5th Grader? Season 3 Ep. 27"
1719:"At MIT, future Nobelist not above a prank or two"
1659:
1441:
1185:. He has also assisted in analyzing data from the
1157:, that chronicled his team's efforts. In the book
2116:"Big Bang Theory Season 2 Episode 19 Vanity Card"
1616:"A Letter from America's Physics Nobel Laureates"
1497:
1333:, advising a user of the software on what to do.
1177:. He is also a collaborator of the design of the
94:NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement
4191:
1651:
35:Smoot at 2009 POVO conference in The Netherlands
2138:. FOX, Mark Burnett Productions. Archived from
1326:In 2016, Smoot appeared in a TV commercial for
3864:
1821:. Associated Press. April 24, 1992. p. 1.
1171:Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array
927:National Institute of Standards and Technology
194:Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
3850:
2339:
2272:including the Nobel Lecture December 8, 2006
1432:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
811:
2305:George Smoot chairs the Eutelsat Star Awards
1097:indicating that the universe was relatively
2177:
1927:
1766:Smoot, G.F.; et al. (September 1992).
1056:. Such a Doppler effect arises because the
4250:University of California, Berkeley faculty
3857:
3843:
2346:
2332:
2291:George Smoot on the design of the universe
2267:
1983:"Spitzer Cosmic Far-IR Background Project"
1694:"Nobelists' work supports big-bang theory"
1297:?", to which he gave the correct answer "
1084:Map of the CMB fluctuations found by COBE.
818:
804:
250:
29:
2317:Paris Center for Cosmological Physics at
1791:
969:in mathematics and physics in 1966 and a
1336:
1124:
1079:
833:(born February 20, 1945) is an American
2279:Contemplating the birth of the universe
2171:
1985:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1304:On December 10, 2009, he appeared in a
16:American astrophysicist and cosmologist
4192:
2242:Smoot Group Cosmology official website
2232:Smoot Group Cosmology official website
1870:Smoot, George; Davidson, Keay (1993).
3838:
2327:
2246:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1963:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1959:"Supernova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP)"
1897:Mather, John; Boslough, John (1997).
1765:
1668:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1658:Smoot, George Fitzgerald III (1971).
1657:
1631:
1498:Katherine Bourzac (12 January 2007).
1442:Smoot, George; Keay Davidson (1994).
1424:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1408:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1393:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1378:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1363:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1357:Gorenstein, M. V.& G. F. Smoot.
1348:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1272:". In April 2019 he also appeared in
1131:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1129:Smoot celebrating his Nobel Prize at
1017:cosmic microwave background radiation
963:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
899:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
873:cosmic microwave background radiation
186:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
84:Cosmic microwave background radiation
74:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2153:
1249:
988:
13:
1632:Jones, Gregory L (18 April 2007).
1428:United States Department of Energy
1412:United States Department of Energy
1397:United States Department of Energy
1382:United States Department of Energy
1367:United States Department of Energy
1352:United States Department of Energy
1290:Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?
1213:As of September 2019, Smoot is an
895:University of California, Berkeley
863:that led to the "discovery of the
848:Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?
546:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
14:
4271:
4215:20th-century American astronomers
2211:
2113:
1634:"Nobel Prize winner returns home"
1552:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006"
1342:Lubin, P. M. & G. F. Smoot.
1191:far infrared background radiation
1164:
1039:, Smoot developed a differential
882:theory of the universe using the
761:Timeline of cosmological theories
526:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
4260:Albert Einstein Medal recipients
4225:21st-century American physicists
4177:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4093:
2217:
2178:Sean Martin (24 February 2016).
1850:"Pictures of a Newborn Universe"
1448:. William Morrow & Company.
1019:(CMB), previously discovered by
785:
774:
773:
2190:
2128:
2107:
2086:
2065:
2047:
2021:
1996:
1975:
1951:
1928:Lynn Yarris (26 October 2006).
1921:
1890:
1863:
1842:
1825:
1808:
1759:
1738:
1711:
1589:. 22 March 2007. Archived from
1485:American Academy of Achievement
1015:He then took up an interest in
941:. His maternal grandfather was
541:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
394:Future of an expanding universe
1686:
1625:
1608:
1572:
1544:
1524:
1491:
1469:
756:History of the Big Bang theory
552:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
1746:"The SMOOT as unit of Length"
1463:
1270:The Dead Hooker Juxtaposition
1231:In April 2021, he joined the
1189:in connection with measuring
977:in 1970. A distant relative,
932:
878:This work helped further the
748:Discovery of cosmic microwave
399:Ultimate fate of the universe
2094:"The Big Bang Theory Videos"
1818:International Herald Tribune
1700:Press Office. 3 October 2006
1224:In November 2020, he joined
1179:Supernova/Acceleration Probe
855:in 2006 for his work on the
7:
2252:Low gravity phase separator
1436:National Science Foundation
947:Upper Arlington High School
923:National Science Foundation
831:George Fitzgerald Smoot III
516:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
45:George Fitzgerald Smoot III
10:
4276:
4240:Nobel laureates in Physics
884:Cosmic Background Explorer
857:Cosmic Background Explorer
279:Chronology of the universe
4011:
3992:
3967:
3942:
3917:
3893:
3874:
3475:
3132:
2821:
2599:
2365:
2196:Staff. (January 4, 2016)
2074:The Terminator Decoupling
2061:(in Russian). 2023-01-26.
1278:The Laureate Accumulation
1260:The Terminator Decoupling
965:, where he obtained dual
372:Expansion of the universe
229:
217:
199:
177:
167:
160:
89:
79:
69:
40:
28:
21:
4220:American Nobel laureates
2259:Nobel Prize announcement
1204:for inspiring the album
1145:Smoot collaborated with
1120:Space Shuttle Challenger
1066:gravitational attraction
536:Planck space observatory
322:Gravitational wave (GWB)
190:Paris Diderot University
1876:. New York: W. Morrow.
1215:artificial intelligence
1187:Spitzer Space Telescope
1148:San Francisco Chronicle
1075:
1054:last scattering surface
389:Inhomogeneous cosmology
4017:Nobel Prize recipients
3969:Physiology or Medicine
2359:Nobel Prize in Physics
1930:"After the Phone Call"
1639:. Upper Arlington News
1244:Republic of Kazakhstan
1134:
1106:a project involving a
1085:
953:, in 1962. He studied
893:Smoot has been at the
853:Nobel Prize in Physics
131:Nobel Prize in Physics
109:Academy of Achievement
4230:American cosmologists
2142:on September 22, 2009
1772:Astrophysical Journal
1337:Selected publications
1317:simulation hypothesis
1200:Smoot is credited by
1128:
1083:
1025:Robert Woodrow Wilson
951:Upper Arlington, Ohio
480:Large-scale structure
458:Shape of the universe
145:Daniel Chalonge Medal
124:Albert Einstein Medal
2226:at Wikimedia Commons
1934:Science@Berkeley Lab
1295:Acadia National Park
1159:The Very First Light
957:before switching to
945:. He graduated from
943:Johnson Tal Crawford
915:Department of Energy
792:Astronomy portal
750:background radiation
727:List of cosmologists
117:E. O. Lawrence Award
2254:U.S. Patent 4027494
2167:. 11 February 2014.
2079:The Big Bang Theory
2035:. 27 September 2019
1838:. pp. A1, A30.
1784:1992ApJ...396L...1S
1536:Scientific American
1481:www.achievement.org
1274:The Big Bang Theory
1265:The Big Bang Theory
1207:Mysterium Tremendum
1010:steady state theory
1004:designed to detect
995:Luis Walter Alvarez
492:Structure formation
384:Friedmann equations
274:Age of the universe
238:Part of a series on
111:Golden Plate Award
4210:American agnostics
2284:2008-03-13 at the
2266:on Nobelprize.org
1530:Horgan, J. (1992)
1311:Smoot gave a 2014
1217:scientist for the
1195:Mikhailo Lomonosov
1135:
1086:
1060:, and in fact the
1021:Arno Allan Penzias
967:bachelor's degrees
937:Smoot was born in
531:Dark Energy Survey
475:Large quasar group
244:Physical cosmology
4081:
4080:
3994:Economic Sciences
3884:Roger D. Kornberg
3832:
3831:
2222:Media related to
1835:Los Angeles Times
1727:. October 4, 2006
1696:(Press release).
1504:Technology Review
1250:Media appearances
1037:Richard A. Muller
919:Office of Science
828:
827:
499:
498:
341:
340:
233:
232:
162:Scientific career
156:
149:
142:
135:
128:
121:
114:
105:
98:
55:February 20, 1945
4267:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4019:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3809:
3793:
3777:
3761:
3745:
3729:
3713:
3697:
3685:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3629:
3617:
3601:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3545:
3529:
3513:
3497:
3468:
3452:
3440:
3424:
3408:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3324:
3308:
3292:
3280:
3264:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3224:
3208:
3196:
3180:
3164:
3148:
3125:
3109:
3097:
3081:
3065:
3057:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
2997:
2981:
2965:
2957:
2945:
2937:
2925:
2909:
2897:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2849:
2837:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2611:
2592:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2497:
2489:
2487:Kamerlingh Onnes
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2389:
2377:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2271:
2221:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1936:. Archived from
1925:
1919:
1918:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1873:Wrinkles in Time
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:. Aether.lbl.gov
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1724:The Boston Globe
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1666:(Ph.D. thesis).
1665:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1587:Associated Press
1584:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1506:. Archived from
1495:
1489:
1488:
1473:
1459:
1445:Wrinkles in Time
1287:television show
1256:cameo appearance
1226:Dead Sea Premier
1197:April 28, 2016.
1175:Planck satellite
1154:Wrinkles in Time
1133:, 3 October 2006
989:Initial research
975:particle physics
820:
813:
806:
790:
789:
788:
777:
776:
470:Galaxy formation
430:Lambda-CDM model
419:
418:
411:Components
293:
292:
254:
235:
234:
219:Doctoral advisor
213:
154:
147:
140:
133:
126:
119:
112:
103:
96:
58:
54:
52:
33:
19:
18:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4255:Virtual reality
4190:
4189:
4188:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4015:
4007:
4004:(United States)
3988:
3985:(United States)
3979:(United States)
3963:
3960:(United States)
3954:(United States)
3938:
3913:
3889:
3886:(United States)
3870:
3863:
3833:
3828:
3812:
3796:
3780:
3764:
3748:
3732:
3716:
3700:
3688:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3632:
3620:
3604:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3548:
3532:
3516:
3500:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3455:
3443:
3427:
3418:Cohen-Tannoudji
3411:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3327:
3311:
3295:
3283:
3267:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3227:
3211:
3199:
3183:
3167:
3151:
3139:
3128:
3112:
3100:
3084:
3068:
3060:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3000:
2984:
2968:
2960:
2948:
2940:
2928:
2912:
2900:
2884:
2872:
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2852:
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2801:
2793:
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2777:
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2753:
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2740:
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2733:
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2724:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2684:
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2677:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2614:
2606:
2595:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2392:
2380:
2372:
2361:
2352:
2286:Wayback Machine
2236:Wayback Machine
2214:
2209:
2195:
2191:
2176:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2010:. 16 April 2012
2002:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1830:
1826:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1596:on 26 July 2011
1593:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1339:
1321:virtual reality
1258:as himself in "
1252:
1167:
1137:The success of
1095:galaxy clusters
1078:
1070:Great Attractor
1002:weather balloon
991:
979:Oliver R. Smoot
935:
824:
786:
784:
766:
765:
752:
749:
742:
740:Subject history
732:
731:
723:
568:
560:
559:
556:
553:
511:
501:
500:
463:Galaxy filament
416:
404:
403:
355:
350:Expansion
343:
342:
327:Microwave (CMB)
306:Nucleosynthesis
290:
224:David H. Frisch
211:
150:
143:
136:
129:
122:
115:
106:
99:
70:Alma mater
65:
59:
56:
50:
48:
47:
46:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4263:
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4212:
4207:
4202:
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4186:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3952:John C. Mather
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3927:Muhammad Yunus
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
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3827:
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3810:
3794:
3778:
3762:
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3698:
3686:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3630:
3618:
3602:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3546:
3530:
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3498:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
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3393:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3325:
3309:
3293:
3281:
3265:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3225:
3209:
3197:
3181:
3165:
3154:P. W. Anderson
3149:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3110:
3098:
3082:
3066:
3058:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
2998:
2982:
2975:Goeppert Mayer
2966:
2958:
2946:
2938:
2926:
2910:
2898:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2850:
2838:
2825:
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2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2702:
2699:C. D. Anderson
2690:
2682:
2675:
2663:
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2640:
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2601:
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2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
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2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:APC Laboratory
2312:
2307:
2302:
2293:
2288:
2276:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2213:
2212:External links
2210:
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2207:
2189:
2170:
2152:
2127:
2114:Lorre, Chuck.
2106:
2085:
2064:
2046:
2020:
1995:
1974:
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1920:
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1862:
1841:
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1807:
1793:10.1086/186504
1758:
1737:
1710:
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1624:
1607:
1571:
1543:
1523:
1500:"Nobel Causes"
1490:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1439:
1415:
1414:, (July 1987).
1400:
1399:, (Dec. 1984).
1385:
1384:, (June 1983).
1370:
1355:
1354:, (Oct. 1978).
1338:
1335:
1251:
1248:
1219:GTA Foundation
1166:
1165:Other projects
1163:
1077:
1074:
1050:Doppler effect
1012:of cosmology.
990:
987:
939:Yukon, Florida
934:
931:
911:George W. Bush
861:John C. Mather
835:astrophysicist
826:
825:
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815:
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800:
797:
796:
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62:Yukon, Florida
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4205:Living people
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4112:United States
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4010:
4003:
4002:Edmund Phelps
4000:
3999:
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3406:R. Richardson
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3238:Chandrasekhar
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2009:
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1984:
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1939:
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1561:on 2010-08-15
1557:
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1510:on 2012-01-29
1509:
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1112:air pollution
1109:
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1099:heterogeneous
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999:stratospheric
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152:Oersted Medal
146:
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125:
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110:
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95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
63:
57:(age 79)
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
4047:
3958:George Smoot
3957:
3935:(Bangladesh)
3933:Grameen Bank
3929:(Bangladesh)
3570:
3262:von Klitzing
3254:Van der Meer
2296:George Smoot
2273:
2264:George Smoot
2251:
2224:George Smoot
2200:
2192:
2183:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:the original
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2088:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:www.dead.net
2007:
1998:
1987:. Retrieved
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1933:
1923:
1903:. New York:
1899:
1892:
1872:
1865:
1854:. Retrieved
1844:
1833:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1778:(1): L1–L5.
1775:
1771:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1740:
1729:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:– via
1661:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1627:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1591:the original
1574:
1563:. Retrieved
1556:the original
1546:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1503:
1493:
1480:
1471:
1444:
1325:
1310:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1263:
1254:Smoot had a
1253:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1168:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1087:
1045:Lockheed U-2
1014:
992:
936:
908:
903:
892:
877:
846:
830:
829:
693:
554:Probe (WMAP)
488:
485:Reionization
466:
438:
412:
380:
363:
360:Hubble's law
351:
330:
302:
265:
205:
178:Institutions
161:
138:Gruber Prize
23:George Smoot
4200:1945 births
4172:Outer space
4160:Spaceflight
3983:Craig Mello
3977:Andrew Fire
3908:Orhan Pamuk
3867:Nobel Prize
3306:Steinberger
3222:K. Siegbahn
3214:Bloembergen
2935:Chamberlain
2668:Schrödinger
2578:M. Siegbahn
2507:W. H. Bragg
2503:W. L. Bragg
1905:Basic Books
1643:30 November
1541:(1), 34–41.
1202:Mickey Hart
1183:dark energy
1033:temperature
955:mathematics
851:He won the
839:cosmologist
509:Experiments
442:Dark matter
435:Dark energy
377:FLRW metric
314:Backgrounds
182:UC Berkeley
101:Kilby Award
4194:Categories
3895:Literature
3823:L'Huillier
3787:Hasselmann
3743:Strickland
3711:Kosterlitz
3635:Perlmutter
3374:Brockhouse
3079:Schrieffer
2951:Hofstadter
2903:C. N. Yang
2660:Heisenberg
2637:De Broglie
2165:Tedx Talks
2146:2009-09-26
2121:2014-01-17
2100:2012-08-04
2039:10 January
2014:2016-01-02
1989:2007-09-05
1968:2007-09-05
1944:2007-09-05
1856:2007-09-05
1752:2022-03-24
1731:2022-03-24
1704:2006-10-03
1565:2006-10-05
1514:2007-09-05
1464:References
1041:radiometer
1006:antimatter
933:Early life
925:, and the
869:anisotropy
865:black body
589:Copernicus
567:Scientists
422:Components
51:1945-02-20
4136:Astronomy
4100:Biography
3876:Chemistry
3869:laureates
3807:Zeilinger
3627:Novoselov
3595:Kobayashi
3519:Abrikosov
3366:J. Taylor
3346:de Gennes
3338:R. Taylor
3230:K. Wilson
3178:R. Wilson
3162:Van Vleck
3133:1976–2000
3123:Rainwater
3119:Mottelson
3095:Josephson
3043:Gell-Mann
3007:Schwinger
2995:Prokhorov
2955:Mössbauer
2915:Cherenkov
2907:T. D. Lee
2831:Cockcroft
2822:1951–1975
2621:C. Wilson
2600:1926–1950
2546:Guillaume
2435:Michelson
2395:Becquerel
2366:1901–1925
2355:Laureates
1802:120701913
1276:episode "
1240:President
1108:satellite
1062:Milky Way
888:cosmology
867:form and
719:Zeldovich
619:Friedmann
594:de Sitter
521:BOOMERanG
450:Structure
415:Structure
299:Inflation
107:American
3910:(Turkey)
3815:Agostini
3703:Thouless
3695:McDonald
3683:Nakamura
3651:Wineland
3583:Grünberg
3539:Politzer
3523:Ginzburg
3511:Giacconi
3491:Ketterle
3446:'t Hooft
3430:Laughlin
3422:Phillips
3402:Osheroff
3330:Friedman
3302:Schwartz
3298:Lederman
3218:Schawlow
3194:Weinberg
3003:Tomonaga
2895:Brattain
2887:Shockley
2796:Blackett
2788:Appleton
2780:Bridgman
2727:Lawrence
2707:Davisson
2687:Chadwick
2570:Millikan
2554:Einstein
2443:Lippmann
2411:Rayleigh
2403:M. Curie
2399:P. Curie
2282:Archived
2033:Benzinga
1680:ProQuest
1676:25256702
1600:31 March
1434:(NASA),
1426:(LBNL),
1418:P. Wu.
1410:(LBNL),
1395:(LBNL),
1380:(LBNL),
1365:(LBNL),
1350:(LBNL),
1331:TurboTax
1091:galaxies
1029:universe
904:Universe
897:and the
880:Big Bang
780:Category
699:Suntzeff
659:Lemaître
609:Einstein
574:Aaronson
367:Redshift
269:Universe
262:Big Bang
4184:Science
4124:Physics
4086:Portals
3944:Physics
3803:Clauser
3767:Penrose
3751:Peebles
3707:Haldane
3675:Akasaki
3663:Englert
3655:Haroche
3639:Schmidt
3599:Maskawa
3551:Glauber
3543:Wilczek
3527:Leggett
3507:Koshiba
3487:Cornell
3478:present
3462:Kroemer
3458:Alferov
3450:Veltman
3434:Störmer
3354:Charpak
3334:Kendall
3318:Dehmelt
3286:Bednorz
3186:Glashow
3174:Penzias
3170:Kapitsa
3142:Richter
3115:A. Bohr
3091:Giaever
3071:Bardeen
3035:Alvarez
3019:Kastler
3011:Feynman
2891:Bardeen
2855:Zernike
2847:Purcell
2617:Compton
2562:N. Bohr
2451:Marconi
2383:Lorentz
2375:Röntgen
2357:of the
2244:at the
2234:at the
1780:Bibcode
1242:of the
961:at the
959:physics
871:of the
704:Sunyaev
689:Schmidt
679:Penzias
674:Penrose
649:Huygens
639:Hawking
624:Galileo
172:Physics
3819:Krausz
3813:2023:
3799:Aspect
3797:2022:
3791:Manabe
3783:Parisi
3781:2021:
3771:Genzel
3765:2020:
3759:Queloz
3749:2019:
3739:Mourou
3735:Ashkin
3733:2018:
3727:Thorne
3723:Barish
3717:2017:
3701:2016:
3691:Kajita
3689:2015:
3673:2014:
3661:2013:
3649:2012:
3633:2011:
3621:2010:
3605:2009:
3589:2008:
3577:2007:
3567:Mather
3565:2006:
3559:Hänsch
3549:2005:
3533:2004:
3517:2003:
3501:2002:
3495:Wieman
3485:2001:
3456:2000:
3444:1999:
3428:1998:
3412:1997:
3398:D. Lee
3396:1996:
3390:Reines
3384:1995:
3372:1994:
3360:1993:
3352:1992:
3344:1991:
3328:1990:
3314:Ramsey
3312:1989:
3296:1988:
3290:Müller
3284:1987:
3278:Rohrer
3274:Binnig
3268:1986:
3260:1985:
3250:Rubbia
3248:1984:
3242:Fowler
3236:1983:
3228:1982:
3212:1981:
3202:Cronin
3200:1980:
3184:1979:
3168:1978:
3152:1977:
3140:1976:
3113:1975:
3107:Hewish
3101:1974:
3085:1973:
3075:Cooper
3069:1972:
3061:1971:
3051:Alfvén
3049:1970:
3041:1969:
3033:1968:
3025:1967:
3017:1966:
3001:1965:
2987:Townes
2985:1964:
2979:Jensen
2971:Wigner
2969:1963:
2963:Landau
2961:1962:
2949:1961:
2943:Glaser
2941:1960:
2929:1959:
2913:1958:
2901:1957:
2885:1956:
2873:1955:
2861:1954:
2853:1953:
2841:1952:
2835:Walton
2829:1951:
2812:Powell
2810:1950:
2804:Yukawa
2802:1949:
2794:1948:
2786:1947:
2778:1946:
2770:1945:
2762:1944:
2754:1943:
2725:1939:
2717:1938:
2705:1937:
2693:1936:
2685:1935:
2666:1933:
2658:1932:
2643:1930:
2635:1929:
2627:1928:
2615:1927:
2609:Perrin
2607:1926:
2586:Franck
2584:1925:
2576:1924:
2568:1923:
2560:1922:
2552:1921:
2544:1920:
2536:1919:
2530:Planck
2528:1918:
2522:Barkla
2520:1917:
2501:1915:
2493:1914:
2485:1913:
2477:1912:
2469:1911:
2461:1910:
2449:1909:
2441:1908:
2433:1907:
2425:1906:
2419:Lenard
2417:1905:
2409:1904:
2393:1903:
2387:Zeeman
2381:1902:
2373:1901:
2202:Adweek
1911:
1880:
1800:
1674:
1452:
1328:Intuit
1233:Xiaomi
921:, the
778:
714:Wilson
709:Tolman
669:Newton
664:Mather
654:Kepler
644:Hubble
604:Ehlers
584:Alpher
579:Alfvén
487:
465:
437:
379:
362:
354:Future
329:
301:
264:
212:(1971)
210:
201:Thesis
168:Fields
155:(2009)
148:(2006)
141:(2006)
134:(2006)
127:(2003)
120:(1994)
113:(1994)
104:(1993)
97:(1992)
90:Awards
64:, U.S.
4148:Stars
4048:2006
3919:Peace
3865:2006
3755:Mayor
3719:Weiss
3679:Amano
3667:Higgs
3643:Riess
3615:Smith
3611:Boyle
3591:Nambu
3571:Smoot
3535:Gross
3503:Davis
3476:2001–
3466:Kilby
3378:Shull
3362:Hulse
3270:Ruska
3206:Fitch
3190:Salam
3087:Esaki
3063:Gabor
3027:Bethe
2991:Basov
2931:Segrè
2919:Frank
2879:Kusch
2867:Bothe
2843:Bloch
2772:Pauli
2756:Stern
2719:Fermi
2672:Dirac
2645:Raman
2590:Hertz
2538:Stark
2479:Dalén
2455:Braun
2096:. CBS
1798:S2CID
1637:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
1594:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
1559:(PDF)
1299:Maine
983:smoot
971:Ph.D.
859:with
843:Nobel
694:Smoot
684:Rubin
629:Gamow
614:Ellis
599:Dicke
4073:2011
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