Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet

3650: 1328:"We all admit that the book of Nature and the book of Revelation come alike from God, and that consequently there can be no real discrepancy between the two if rightly interpreted. The provisions of Science and Revelation are, for the most part, so distinct that there is little chance of collision. But if an apparent discrepancy should arise, we have no right on principle, to exclude either in favour of the other. For however firmly convinced we may be of the truth of revelation, we must admit our liability to err as to the extent or interpretation of what is revealed; and however strong the scientific evidence in favour of a theory may be, we must remember that we are dealing with evidence which, in its nature, is probable only, and it is conceivable that wider scientific knowledge might lead us to alter our opinion". 1277: 1204:

the assistance rendered was so real that pupils were glad to consult him, even after they had become colleagues, on mathematical and physical problems in which they found themselves at a loss. Then during the thirty years he acted as secretary of the Royal Society, he exercised an enormous if inconspicuous influence on the advancement of mathematical and physical science, not only directly by his own investigations, but indirectly by suggesting problems for inquiry and inciting men to attack them, and by his readiness to give encouragement and help.

942: 494: 767: 1553: 1569: 1537: 1521: 1213: 1088: 3379: 1159: 1245: 1361: 819: 1183: 676:. Alongside a lifelong commitment to his Protestant faith, Stokes's childhood in Skreen had a strong influence on his later decision to pursue fluid dynamics as a research area. His daughter, Isabella Humphreys, wrote that her father "told me that he was nearly carried away by one of these great waves when bathing as a boy off the coast of Sligo, and this first attracted his attention to waves". 1196:

of light of the same wavelength. He modestly disclaimed "any part of Kirchhoff's admirable discovery," adding that he felt some of his friends had been over-zealous in his cause. It must be said, however, that English men of science have not accepted this disclaimer in all its fullness, and still attribute to Stokes the credit of having first enunciated the fundamental principles of

994: 933:, which were little understood. However, by cleverly truncating the series (i.e., ignoring all except the first few terms of the series), Stokes obtained an accurate approximation to the integral that was far easier to evaluate than the integral itself. Stokes's research on asymptotic series led to fundamental insights about such series. 1256:, where he gave evidence about the effects of wind loads on the bridge. The centre section of the bridge (known as the High Girders) was completely destroyed during a storm on 28 December 1879, while an express train was in the section, and everyone aboard died (more than 75 victims). The Board of Inquiry listened to many 857:, which can be measured by the time it takes to pass two marks on the tube. Electronic sensing can be used for opaque fluids. Knowing the terminal velocity, the size and density of the sphere, and the density of the liquid, Stokes's law can be used to calculate the viscosity of the fluid. A series of steel 1267:

into the effect of wind pressure on structures. The effects of high winds on large structures had been neglected at that time, and the commission conducted a series of measurements across Britain to gain an appreciation of wind speeds during storms, and the pressures they exerted on exposed surfaces.

1203:

In another way, too, Stokes did much for the progress of mathematical physics. Soon after he was elected to the Lucasian chair he announced that he regarded it as part of his professional duties to help any member of the university with difficulties he might encounter in his mathematical studies, and

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in May 1847, and he served as a member of the subsequent Royal Commission into the use of cast iron in railway structures. He contributed to the calculation of the forces exerted by moving engines on bridges. The bridge failed because a cast iron beam was used to support the loads of passing trains.

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by at least seven or eight years. Stokes, however, in a letter published some years after the delivery of this address, stated that he had failed to take one essential step in the argument—not perceiving that emission of light of definite wavelength not merely permitted, but necessitated, absorption

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of mathematics at Cambridge, a position he held until his death in 1903. On 1 June 1899, the jubilee of this appointment was celebrated there in a ceremony attended by numerous delegates from European and American universities. A commemorative gold medal was presented to Stokes by the chancellor of

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In accordance with the college statutes, Stokes had to resign the fellowship when he married in 1857. Twelve years later, under new statutes, he was re-elected to the fellowship and he retained that place until 1902, when on the day before his 83rd birthday, he was elected as the college's Master.

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on a new footing, and provided a key not only to the explanation of many natural phenomena, such as the suspension of clouds in the air, and the subsidence of ripples and waves in water, but also to the solution of practical problems, such as the flow of water in rivers and channels, and the skin

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Stokes's original work began about 1840, and is distinguished for its quantity and quality. The Royal Society's catalogue of scientific papers gives the titles of over a hundred memoirs by him published down to 1883. Some of these are only brief notes, others are short controversial or corrective

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on 4 July 1857. They had five children: Arthur Romney, who inherited the baronetcy; Susanna Elizabeth, who died in infancy; Isabella Lucy (Mrs Laurence Humphry) who contributed the personal memoir of her father in "Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of the Late George Gabriel Stokes, Bart"; Dr

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stated his belief that the application of the prismatic analysis of light to solar and stellar chemistry had never been suggested directly or indirectly by anyone else when Stokes taught it to him at Cambridge University some time prior to the summer of 1852, and he set forth the conclusions,

799:. To the theory of sound he made several contributions, including a discussion of the effect of wind on the intensity of sound and an explanation of how the intensity is influenced by the nature of the gas in which the sound is produced. These inquiries together put the science of 60: 1505:

Stokes's mathematical and physical papers (see external links) were published in a collected form in five volumes; the first three (Cambridge, 1880, 1883, and 1901) under his own editorship, and the two last (Cambridge, 1904 and 1905) under that of Sir

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and was actively involved in doctrinal debates concerning missionary work. However, although his religious views were mostly orthodox, he was unusual among Victorian evangelicals in rejecting eternal punishment in hell, and instead was a proponent of

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and some cases of fluid motion. These were followed in 1845 by one on the friction of fluids in motion and the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids, and in 1850 by another on the effects of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of

743:, of which he had been one of the secretaries since 1854. As he was also Lucasian Professor at this time, Stokes was the first person to hold all three positions simultaneously; Newton held the same three, although not at the same time. 1190:

These statements, containing as they do the physical basis on which spectroscopy rests, and the way in which it is applicable to the identification of substances existing in the sun and stars, make it appear that Stokes anticipated

5774: 1724: 5769: 3281: 640:. Stokes's extensive correspondence and his work as Secretary of the Royal Society has led him to be referred to as a gatekeeper of Victorian science, with his contributions surpassing his own published papers. 3700: 1346:

William George Gabriel, physician, a troubled man who committed suicide aged 30 while temporarily insane; and Dora Susanna, who died in infancy. His male line and hence his baronetcy have since become extinct.

2553:"Notice of the researches of the late Rev. William Vernon Harcourt, on the conditions of transparency in glass, and the connexion between the chemical constitution and optical properties of different glasses" 1938:

Report of the Twenty-seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Dublin in August and September 1857: Notices and Abstracts of Miscellaneous Communications to the

2557:

Report of the Forty-first Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Edinburgh in August 1871: Notices and Abstracts of Miscellaneous Communications to the Sections

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In the same year, 1852, there appeared the paper on the composition and resolution of streams of polarised light from different sources, and in 1853 an investigation of the metallic

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The same theory explains why small water droplets (or ice crystals) can remain suspended in air (as clouds) until they grow to a critical size and start falling as rain (or snow and

2751:"On the cause of the light border frequently noticed in photographs just outside the outline of a dark body seen against the sky; with some introductory remarks on phosphorescence" 683:. Of all his family he was closest to his sister Elizabeth. Their mother was remembered in the family as "beautiful but very stern". After attending schools in Skreen, Dublin and 973:, which describes this conversion, is named in Stokes's honour. A mechanical model, illustrating the dynamical principle of Stokes's explanation was shown. The offshoot of this, 5789: 1107:; his explanation of the light border frequently noticed in photographs just outside the outline of a dark body seen against the sky (1882); and, still later, his theory of the 5666: 3394: 853:, in which the fluid is stationary in a vertical glass tube. A sphere of known size and density is allowed to descend through the liquid. If correctly selected, it reaches 4305: 1111:, which he suggested might be transverse waves travelling as innumerable solitary waves, not in regular trains. Two long papers published in 1849 – one on attractions and 5824: 5809: 5724: 3856: 1123:—also demand notice, as do his mathematical memoirs on the critical values of sums of periodic series (1847) and on the numerical calculation of a class of definite 1489:

In 1909, the Stokes Society at Pembroke College was founded as an academic hub for undergraduate scientists across the University. It remains active as of 2023.

5819: 5101: 1009:. About 1860 he was engaged in an inquiry on the intensity of light reflected from, or transmitted through, a pile of plates; and in 1862 he prepared for the 1342: 1151:

Many of Stokes's discoveries were not published, or were only touched upon in the course of his oral lectures. One such example is his work in the theory of

3056:"Report of the Court of Inquiry and Report of Mr Rothery Upon the Circumstances attending the Fall of a Portion of the Tay Bridge on the 28th December 1879" 735:

Stokes, who was made a baronet in 1889, further served his university by representing it in parliament from 1887 to 1892 as one of the two members for the

1059:. A still later paper connected with the construction of optical instruments discussed the theoretical limits to the aperture of microscope objectives. 4505: 1010: 5094: 3695: 736: 621: 5662: 4298: 3638: 1710: 1412:, his lectures on light, which were published in 1884–1887, dealt with its nature, its use as a means of investigation, and its beneficial effects. 1355: 1048:, he investigated the relation between the chemical composition and the optical properties of various glasses, with reference to the conditions of 5719: 5714: 5709: 5336: 3816: 754:

being the other two, who especially contributed to the fame of the Cambridge school of mathematical physics in the middle of the 19th century.

3849: 782:

of 1899, the greater part of it was concerned with waves and the transformations imposed on them during their passage through various media.

1552: 5749: 5670: 4755: 2559:. Report of the ... Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1833). London, England: John Murray. pp. 38–41. 1941:. Report of the ... Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1833). London, England: John Murray. pp. 22–23. 5764: 4291: 861:

of different diameters is normally used in the classic experiment to improve the accuracy of the calculation. The school experiment uses

3399: 985:, Lord Kelvin said he had heard an account of it from Stokes many years before, and had repeatedly but vainly begged him to publish it. 5729: 334: 1175:

theoretical and practical, which he learnt from Stokes at that time, and which he afterwards gave regularly in his public lectures at

664:, and his wife Elizabeth Haughton, daughter of the Reverend John Haughton. Stokes's home life was strongly influenced by his father's 4747: 4533: 3543: 1568: 1536: 620:, then the most prestigious scientific prize in the world, "for his researches and discoveries in physical science". He represented 5784: 5704: 4779: 3842: 5804: 5475: 4870: 4656: 4514: 4262: 3584: 1594: 823: 409: 2396:

Report of the Thirty-second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Cambridge in October 1862

1613:

Baldwin, Melinda (2014). "Tyndall and Stokes: Correspondence, Referee Reports, and the Physical Sciences in Victorian Britain".

1017:, a phenomenon where certain crystals show different refractive indices along different axes. Perhaps the best known crystal is 5734: 5616: 4541: 4498: 1520: 625: 5779: 5699: 4771: 3537: 3126: 2993:

Report of the Forty-first Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Edinburgh in August 1871

1397: 1298:, which had been founded to defend evangelical Christian principles against challenges from the new sciences, especially the 703:

Stokes did not hold that position for long, for he died at Cambridge on 1 February the following year, and was buried in the

17: 4605: 4589: 3704: 252: 3595: 1045: 4763: 4664: 669: 3602: 5049: 4942: 4581: 4491: 4314: 3794: 3552: 3486: 3423: 3072: 1368: 1315: 751: 729: 720: 562: 433: 3321: 2285: 2276:

Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution, with Abstracts of the Discourses

2271: 3674: 1423: 5455: 2522:"On the application of the optical properties of bodies to the detection and discrimination of organic substances" 1884:"On the theories of the internal friction of fluids in motion and of the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids" 5041: 4597: 918:

must be perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Two years later he discussed the colours of thick plates.

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A paper on the long spectrum of the electric light bears the same date, and was followed by an inquiry into the

4950: 2237: 2217:, vol. 10, part I, pp. 105–124. After its presentation, an Appendix was added to this paper; see pages 125–128. 1430: 81: 49: 3627: 3011: 2329: 1883: 1860: 790:

Stokes's first published papers, which appeared in 1842 and 1843, were on the steady motion of incompressible

5794: 5494: 4613: 4557: 3568: 2998: 2853: 2817: 2800: 2711: 2688: 2552: 2521: 2360: 2298: 2135: 2073: 2050: 2019: 2001: 1984: 1933: 1906: 1837: 704: 176: 3229: 3055: 2988: 2750: 2112: 1779: 834:

led to his calculating the terminal velocity for a sphere falling in a viscous medium. This became known as

2410: 1953: 1403: 1120: 3265: 2879: 2391: 5744: 5739: 5395: 5180: 5073: 2571: 2486: 2481:

However, Hoppe did not provide an illustration of blood's absorption spectrum, which Stokes did provide:

872:). Similar use of the equation can be made in the settlement of fine particles in water or other fluids. 865:

as the fluid, and the technique is used industrially to check the viscosity of fluids used in processes.

688: 637: 570: 515: 314: 242: 223: 2623: 929:. Airy's findings involved an integral that was awkward to evaluate. Stokes expressed the integral as a 5754: 5345: 4094: 4070: 3736: 2450: 2201: 1463: 903:

appeared in 1845 and 1846, and were followed in 1848 by one on the theory of certain bands seen in the

3665: 2902: 2211: 1642:"Sir George Gabriel Stokes in Skreen: how a childhood by the sea influenced a giant in fluid dynamics" 5814: 5505: 4918: 4902: 4461: 3492:

Lewis, Peter R.; Gagg, Colin (2004). "Aesthetics versus function: the fall of the Dee bridge, 1847".

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Stokes generally held conservative religious values and beliefs. In 1886, he became president of the

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

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relating to the breaking of railway bridges (1849), research related to his evidence given to the

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George Stokes was the youngest son of the Reverend Gabriel Stokes (died 1834), a clergyman in the

5515: 5415: 5280: 5129: 3966: 653: 629: 558: 3579: 1641: 1479: 1447: 1044:

bodies by their optical properties was treated in 1864; and later, in conjunction with the Rev.

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in 1852 in recognition of his inquiries into the wavelength of light, and later, in 1893, the

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exhibited by certain non-metallic substances. The research was to highlight the phenomenon of

5546: 4118: 4054: 4022: 3894: 3809: 3547:

Edited by Mark McCartney, Andrew Whitaker, and Alastair Wood, Oxford University Press, 2019.

3430: 3116: 3051: 2233: 1496:

named a building after Stokes in recognition of his contributions to physics and mathematics.

1132: 1112: 1049: 632:. Stokes also served as president of the Royal Society from 1885 to 1890 and was briefly the 5365: 3478:

Beautiful Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay: Reinvestigating the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879

2250: 5694: 5689: 5385: 5320: 5230: 5086: 4811: 4803: 4198: 4166: 4030: 3942: 3501: 3469: 3457: 3155: 3023: 2829: 2762: 2723: 2635: 2310: 2143: 1992: 1914: 1653: 1276: 1096: 1079:

attached together in such a way so that the lenses can be rotated relative to one another.

1002: 915: 673: 594: 578: 895:

Perhaps his best-known researches are those which deal with the wave theory of light. His

8: 5435: 4926: 4819: 4795: 4397: 4349: 4270: 4174: 4158: 4006: 3918: 3776: 3633: 3575: 1483: 1409: 1253: 1221: 1167: 1140: 1029: 922: 900: 884: 747: 104: 4046: 3505: 3461: 3159: 3099: 3027: 2833: 2766: 2727: 2639: 2314: 2299:"On the composition and resolution of streams of polarized light from different sources" 2178:"Supplement to a paper, "On the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a caustic," " 2147: 1996: 1918: 1657: 1260:, and concluded that the bridge was "badly designed, badly built and badly maintained". 679:

John and George were always close, and George lived with John while attending school in

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from 1849 until his death in 1903. As a physicist, Stokes made seminal contributions to

5799: 5270: 5065: 4982: 4934: 4014: 3826: 3710: 3683: 3617: 3613: 3517: 2778: 2669: 2588: 2470: 2442: 2093: 1704: 1295: 1104: 775: 598: 586: 237: 5626: 3351: 3203: 2361:"On the intensity of the light reflected from or transmitted through a pile of plates" 1452:

His academic distinctions included honorary degrees from many universities, including

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Protestantism: three of his brothers entered the Church, of whom the most eminent was

5200: 4990: 4910: 4283: 4086: 3548: 3533: 3482: 3419: 3173: 3122: 2782: 2673: 2661: 2653: 2212:"On the discontinuity of arbitrary constants which appear in divergent developments," 2097: 1756:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p. 58: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson (1966). 1677: 1669: 1470: 1284: 1234: 1220:

Stokes was involved in several investigations into railway accidents, especially the

1014: 982: 854: 732:. At 54 years, Stokes's tenure as the Lucasian Professor was the longest in history. 708: 649: 282: 277: 3998: 3521: 2945:"On the numerical calculation of a class of definite integrals and infinite series," 2474: 2202:"On the numerical calculation of a class of definite integrals and infinite series," 327: 5525: 5300: 4974: 4878: 4549: 4381: 4230: 4222: 4038: 3728: 3654: 3644: 3621: 3509: 3465: 3163: 3031: 2966:"Discussion of a differential equation relating to the breaking of railway bridges" 2837: 2770: 2731: 2643: 2583: 2572:"On the question of a theoretical limit to the apertures of microscopic objectives" 2533: 2498: 2462: 2422: 2372: 2341: 2085: 2031: 1965: 1697:

Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of the late Sir George Gabriel Stokes Volume 1

1661: 1437: 1311: 1307: 1264: 1192: 1076: 1041: 997:

A calcite crystal laid upon a paper with some letters showing the double refraction

978: 930: 725: 696: 633: 522: 308: 272: 5620: 4483: 4150: 3910: 5630: 5586: 5405: 5375: 5190: 5160: 4886: 4862: 4453: 4445: 4405: 4341: 4254: 4102: 3749: 3476: 3269: 1390: 1128: 1053: 1006: 843: 692: 590: 574: 566: 399: 3834: 1337:

Stokes married Mary Susanna Robinson, the only daughter of Irish astronomer Rev

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work began at an early period in his scientific career. His first papers on the

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Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the University of Cambridge

5640: 5596: 5590: 5490: 5439: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5399: 5274: 5220: 5170: 5014: 4739: 4238: 4206: 4078: 3990: 3982: 3513: 2453:[On the behavior of the pigment of blood in the spectrum of sunlight]. 1299: 1257: 835: 813: 800: 665: 605:, and showed colour changes produced by the aeration of haemoglobin solutions. 340: 267: 247: 3604:

Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of the Late Sir George Gabriel Stokes ...

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Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society

2345: 2035: 1954:"On the communication of vibration from a vibrating body to a surrounding gas" 5683: 5636: 5580: 5529: 5469: 5409: 5369: 5264: 5260: 5244: 5006: 4998: 4966: 4894: 4843: 4787: 4648: 4518: 4469: 4429: 4389: 4365: 4190: 4182: 4126: 4062: 3974: 3958: 3950: 3934: 3784: 3564: 3403:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–953. 3390: 3385: 3191:

Notes by the President on the Origin of the Books of Revelation and of Nature

2657: 1673: 1507: 1467: 1457: 1379: 1375: 962: 876: 740: 613: 546: 468: 320: 262: 5600: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5519: 5459: 5389: 5324: 5294: 5290: 5240: 5214: 5210: 4731: 4704: 4688: 4672: 4632: 4573: 4373: 4333: 4325: 3878: 3865: 3177: 3168: 3143: 2774: 2735: 2665: 2503: 2455:

Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin

2427: 2376: 2089: 1969: 1681: 1665: 1383: 1288: 1197: 1152: 1018: 970: 954: 858: 779: 766: 661: 617: 582: 554: 352: 292: 257: 148: 5770:

Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies

2604: 493: 5606: 5576: 5556: 5355: 5204: 5139: 4835: 4640: 4565: 4413: 4357: 4142: 4134: 2537: 2229: 1985:"On the effect of internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums" 1907:"On the effect of internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums" 1589: 1466:

on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of

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As a result of his evidence, he was appointed a member of the subsequent

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In scope, Stokes's work covered a wide range of physical inquiry but, as

602: 456: 413: 377: 287: 116: 2330:"On the metallic reflection exhibited by certain nonmetallic substances" 1780:"La théorie des ondes lumineuses: son influence sur la physique moderne" 5550: 5509: 5379: 5310: 5057: 5022: 4437: 2466: 2451:"Ueber das Verhalten des Blutfarbstoffes im Spectrum des Sonnenlichtes" 950: 850: 839: 217: 3341:. Student Run Computing Facility, Cambridge University. February 2023. 3253:

London Metropolitan Archive; Reference Number: COL/CHD/FR/02/2275-2278

2648: 1782:[The theory of light waves: its influence on modern physics]. 1212: 1182: 5250: 5164: 3036: 2842: 2487:"On the reduction and oxidation of the colouring matter of the blood" 1615:

The Age of Scientific Naturalism: John Tyndall and His Contemporaries

1303: 1241:, and many other similar bridges had to be demolished or reinforced. 1226: 1087: 1056: 965:, materials which he viewed as having the power to convert invisible 958: 862: 831: 550: 165: 3448:

Craik, A.D.D. (2005), "George Gabriel Stokes on water wave theory",

2622:

Ferrer-Altabás, Sara; Thibos, Larry; Micó, Vicente (14 March 2022).

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On 18 April 1888 he was admitted as a Freeman of the City of London.

1402:

In 1883 he was elected an International Member of the United States

1158: 699:, achievements that earned him election as a fellow of the college. 5349: 3193:: Journal of Transactions of the Victoria Institute 22 (1888–1889). 3118:

Conflict and crisis in the religious life of late victorian England

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were formally offered to Pembroke College and to the university by

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

3262: 1360: 1244: 5449: 5284: 5184: 5174: 3660: 1444: 1419: 1238: 1230: 1176: 1116: 1100: 1075:. It is a lens combination consisted of equal but opposite power 1022: 926: 838:. He derived an expression for the frictional force (also called 684: 609: 381: 346: 45: 3144:"Stokes: Victorian Britain's Most Important Religious Scientist" 2989:"Address of Sir William Thomson, Knt., LL.D., F.R.S., President" 818: 5143: 5133: 3204:"George Gabriel Stokes | American Academy of Arts and Sciences" 1396:

In 1874 he was elected an International Honorary Member of the

1280: 896: 680: 657: 144: 3338: 2165:"On the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a caustic," 5610: 5359: 5234: 5224: 5194: 1108: 910:

In 1849 he published a long paper on the dynamical theory of

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In other areas of physics may be mentioned his paper on the

5650: 5479: 5314: 5304: 3322:"Honorary doctorates from the University of Oslo 1902–1910" 2445:(1825–1895) had examined the absorption spectrum of blood: 1819: 1817: 969:

into radiation of longer wavelengths that are visible. The

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Stokes was the oldest of the trio of natural philosophers,

531: 59: 3416:

Kelvin and Stokes A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics

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DCU names three buildings after inspiring women scientists

1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1759: 993: 5254: 3121:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 46. 2903:"On the variation of gravity at the surface of the Earth" 2415:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2078:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

1958:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

1740: 1738: 1630:, history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Accessed 28 January 2023. 1422:

as Sir George Gabriel Stokes of Lensfield Cottage in the

1137:

Royal Commission on the Use of Iron in Railway structures

880: 36: 3530:

Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847

3012:"Prof. Stokes on the early history of spectrum analysis" 2925:"On the critical values of the sums of periodic series," 2621: 707:. There is also a memorial to him in the north aisle at 612:

by the British monarch in 1889. In 1893 he received the

3360: 1794: 1429:

In 1889, he was elected an International Member of the

1378:, of which he became a fellow in 1851, he received the 758:

statements, but many are long and elaborate treatises.

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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

4313: 3310:. No. 36867. London. 8 September 1902. p. 4. 2854:"The Wilde Lecture: On the nature of the Röntgen rays" 1735: 1326:

As President of the Victoria Institute, Stokes wrote:

601:, first demonstrated the oxygen transport function of 5671:

People whose names are used in chemical element names

5667:

Scientists whose names are used in physical constants

3600: 2074:"On the theory of certain bands seen in the spectrum" 537: 534: 525: 1699:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 1440:

lecturer, he published a volume on Natural Theology.

528: 4513: 3630:

from the University of Michigan Digital Collection.

2995:. London, England: John Murray. pp. lxxxiv–cv. 2970: