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529:
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229:, denouncing it as "a piece of thorough quackery from beginning to end". When Spurzheim came to Edinburgh in 1816, Combe was invited to a friend's house, where he watched Spurzheim dissect a human brain. Impressed by the demonstration, he attended a second series of Spurzheim's lectures. On investigating the subject for himself, he became satisfied that the fundamental principles of phrenology were true: "that the brain is the organ of mind; that the brain is an aggregate of several parts, each subserving a distinct mental faculty; and that the size of the cerebral organ is,
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351:, and did some teaching there in phrenology and physiology. It was prompted by the London Birkbeck School, which had opened on 17 July 1848. Combe was strongly behind the view that the state should be involved in the education system. In this he was backed by William Jolly, an inspector of schools, and noted by
330:
294:, in June 1824. He took private tuition in elocution; contemporaries described him as clever and opinionated. Combe's discussions had an air of confidentiality and theatrical urgency. Converts came in, societies sprang up and controversies began.
344:. Hamilton won by 18 votes against 14 for Taylor. In 1838 Combe visited the United States to study the treatment of criminals there. He initiated a programme of public education in chemistry, physiology, history and moral philosophy.
494:
ensued in 1855. The culmination of Combe's autobiographical philosophy appeared in "On the
Relation between Science and Religion", first publicly issued in 1857. Combe moved into the economic arena with a pamphlet on
317:. The sharp controversy included challenges to public disputes and mutual charges of misrepresentation, in which Spurzheim took part. The correspondence appeared in the fourth and fifth volumes of the
553:(1807). She brought him a fortune and a happy, though childless marriage, preceded by a phrenological check for compatibility. A few years later, he retired from the law in comfortable circumstances.
168:
George Combe was born at
Livingston's Yards, Edinburgh, the son of Marion (née Newton, died 1819) and George Combe, a prosperous brewer in the city. His younger brother was the physician
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191:. In 1825 he moved with Andrew to 2 Brown Square off the Grassmarket. The Combe brothers lived together in a large dwelling at 25 Northumberland Street in the
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460:. He argued in it: "Mental qualities are determined by the size, form and constitution of the brain; and these are transmitted by hereditary descent."
651:
Kaufman, M. H. (October 1995). "Circumstances surrounding the examination of the skull and brain of George Combe (1788–1858) advocate of phrenology".
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Combe sought to improve public education through a national, non-sectarian system. He helped to set up a school in
Edinburgh run on the principles of
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676:
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On retiring, Combe took a substantial terraced townhouse, 45 Melville Street, in
Edinburgh's West End. He was revising the 9th edition of the
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In 1836, Combe stood for the chair of Logic at the
University of Edinburgh against two other candidates: Sir William Hamilton and
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was probably the single most important vehicle for disseminating naturalistic progressivism in the
English-speaking world.
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of
September 1825. Combe replied in a pamphlet and the journal. The phrenologists were attacked again in 1826 and 1827 by
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and its possible malleability, as
Lamarck proposed. Combe himself was no Lamarckian, but in the decades before Darwin's
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403:, Edinburgh, against the north wall of the original section. His wife Cecilia Siddons is buried with him.
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160:(1828). After marriage in 1833, Combe devoted his later years to promoting phrenology internationally.
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De
Giustino, D (1972). "Reforming the commonwealth of thieves: British phrenologists and Australia".
348:
430:
362:
opened a debate on introducing humane treatment of psychiatric patients in publicly funded asylums.
1005:
612:
Wright, Peter (August 2005). "George Combe—phrenologist, philosopher, psychologist (1788–1858)".
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352:
226:
180:, entered a lawyer's office in 1804, and in 1812 began a solicitor's practice at 11 Bank Street.
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Articles on
Phrenological practice by George Combe, Andrew Combe, and other early Phrenologists.
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282:. His lectures and writings also drew attention to phrenology in Europe and the United States.
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and travelled about Europe enquiring into management of schools, prisons and asylums.
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499:(1858). A fuller phrenological approach to political economy was set out later by
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Combe was one of an active Edinburgh scene of people thinking about the nature of
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Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
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Sait, J. E. (1976). "The Combe collection in the National Library of Scotland".
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146:(21 October 1788 – 14 August 1858) was a Scottish lawyer and a spokesman of the
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1251:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 750–751.
815:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/6019.
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10.1002/1520-6696(197107)7:3<269::AID-JHBS2300070305>3.0.CO;2-6
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1124:"Phrenology, heredity and progress in George Combe's Constitution of Man"
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722:"George Combe: a portrait of a heretofore generally unknown behaviorist"
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377:, trained under Combe at his offices at 25 Northumberland Street in
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Combe began to lecture at Edinburgh in 1822. He published a Manual,
266:. The writings were collected and published in 1819 in book form as
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1201: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1172: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects
1032:. University of California Libraries. Cambridge University Press.
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In 1842, Combe gave a course of 22 lectures on phrenology at the
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1192:. Vol. 11. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 427–429.
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In 1833, Combe married Cecilia Siddons, daughter of the actress
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contained an article on the system of "craniology" devised by
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Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004).
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Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
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was followed by a series of papers on the subject in the
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Practical Illustrations of Rhetorical Gesture and Action
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in August 1858. He lies under a simple headstone in the
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In 1820 Combe moved his office to Mylnes Court on the
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A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
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Combe was much concerned about prison reform. He and
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Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1857–1858.
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Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1832–1833.
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Alumni of the University of Edinburgh School of Law
1049:. University of California Libraries. R. G. Badger.
1006:"Surgeons' Square from The Gazetteer for Scotland"
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804:
480:Answers to the Objections Urged Against Phrenology
727:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
262:in 1817, and were followed by a series of papers
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1046:Applied character analysis in human conservation
207:Sculpted portrait of Combe on the Museum of the
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452:, appeared in 1828 but was widely denounced as
256:His first essay on phrenology was published in
1129:The British Journal for the History of Science
411:In 1817, Combe's first essay on phrenology in
325:Social interests: schools, prisons and asylums
1068:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
1029:Secondary education in the nineteenth century
806:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
1216:. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via
594:On the Relation Between Science and Religion
492:Phrenology Applied to Painting and Sculpture
233:, an index of power or energy of function."
16:Scottish lawyer and phrenologist (1788–1858)
994:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
943:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
696:
488:Notes on the United States of North America
150:movement for over 20 years. He founded the
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1026:Archer, R. L. (Richard Lawrence) (1921).
419:. These appeared in book form in 1819 as
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187:and moved house to 8 Hermitage Place in
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812:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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285:
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596:. Maclachlan and Stewart (reissued by
386:Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg
969:A Dictionary of Educational Biography
884:Edinburgh Post Office directory 1829.
866:Edinburgh Post Office directory 1820.
857:Edinburgh Post Office directory 1814.
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274:. In 1820, Combe helped to found the
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972:. Harvard University. C.W. Bardeen.
534:Tomb of George Combe, Dean Cemetery
13:
588:Full Text Available at archive.org
276:Phrenological Society of Edinburgh
14:
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985:"Williams, William Mattieu"
934:"Taylor, Isaac (1787-1865)"
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417:Literary and Statistical Magazine
264:Literary and Statistical Magazine
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1189:Dictionary of National Biography
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991:Dictionary of National Biography
966:Charles William Bardeen (1901).
940:Dictionary of National Biography
567:. J. Anderson jun. (reissued by
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522:Death mask of George Combe, 1858
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209:Edinburgh Phrenological Society
152:Edinburgh Phrenological Society
1272:Works by or about George Combe
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278:, which in 1823 established a
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779:"George Combe – Encyclopedia"
628:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70185-0
365:
252:45 Melville Street, Edinburgh
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1331:Burials at the Dean Cemetery
1321:Scottish non-fiction writers
848:Williamson's Directory 1788.
836:UK public library membership
7:
1326:Mental health professionals
446:Combe's most popular work,
270:and, in later editions, as
10:
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875:Post Office directory 1825
720:Walsh, A. A. (July 1971).
598:Cambridge University Press
569:Cambridge University Press
501:William Ballantyne Hodgson
315:Royal Society of Edinburgh
1306:Scientists from Edinburgh
1178:Stephen, Leslie (1887). "
1143:10.1017/S0007087415000278
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1043:Miller, John T. (1922).
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482:was followed in 1840 by
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301:, 1825, was attacked by
176:, he studied law at the
174:High School of Edinburgh
1336:Mental health activists
1248:Encyclopædia Britannica
586:Edinburgh: J Anderson.
449:The Constitution of Man
442:(1835), by George Combe
353:Frank Pierrepont Graves
227:Johann Gaspar Spurzheim
178:University of Edinburgh
157:The Constitution of Man
103:University of Edinburgh
1122:Jenkins, Bill (2015).
584:A System of Phrenology
443:
440:Elements of phrenology
425:A System of Phrenology
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292:Elements of Phrenology
272:A System of Phrenology
253:
245:
212:
172:. After attending the
1263:Works by George Combe
821:10.1093/ref:odnb/6019
592:George Combe (1857),
582:George Combe (1830),
563:George Combe (1828),
497:The Currency Question
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332:
319:Phrenological Journal
280:Phrenological Journal
251:
240:Combe as sculpted by
239:
211:building in Edinburgh
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199:Phrenological Society
1208:Cousin, John William
421:Essays on Phrenology
379:Edinburgh's New Town
360:William A. F. Browne
313:in addresses to the
311:Sir William Hamilton
297:A second edition of
286:Debate with Hamilton
268:Essays on Phrenology
956:, pp. 750–751.
471:was published, the
427:in later editions.
393:Constitution of Man
1075:978-0-902-198-84-5
444:
413:The Scots Magazine
397:Moor Park, Farnham
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246:
242:Lawrence Macdonald
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154:in 1820 and wrote
81:Moor Park, Farnham
37:George Combe, 1836
1267:Project Gutenberg
834:(Subscription or
700:Victorian Studies
606:978-1-108-00451-0
577:978-1-108-00413-8
469:Origin of Species
371:John Ramsay L'Amy
223:Franz Joseph Gall
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120:Scientific career
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333:George Combe, a
307:Edinburgh Review
231:caeteris paribus
218:Edinburgh Review
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75:(1858-08-14)
25:George Combe
18:
1301:1858 deaths
1296:1788 births
1089:27 February
1011:18 February
454:materialist
436:craniometer
423:, entitled
375:James L'Amy
244:around 1825
195:from 1829.
189:Stockbridge
89:Nationality
1311:Phrenology
1290:Categories
1218:Wikisource
838:required.)
707:: 439–61.
366:Later life
185:Royal Mile
164:Early life
130:phrenology
113:phrenology
64:, Scotland
54:1788-10-21
373:, son of
62:Edinburgh
1210:(1910).
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748:11609418
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