231:
38:
356:). The Austrian government accused Gall of being a materialist and banned his ideas because of their threat to public morality. Due to this opposition, Gall left his lecturer position in Austria. He sought a teaching position in Germany and eventually settled in Paris. Revolutionary France was most likely the most hospitable place for Gall's theories. However,
261:. Gall believed there were 27 fundamental faculties, among them were: recollection of people, mechanical ability, talent for poetry, love of property, and even a murder instinct. Based on the surface of a person's skull, Gall could make assumptions about that person's fundamental faculties and therefore their character.
769:
Gall, Franz Josef (1835). "On the
Functions of the Brain and of Each of Its parts: With Observations on the Possibility of Determining the Instincts, Propensities, and Talents, Or the Moral and Intellectual Dispositions of Men and Animals, by the Configuration of the Brain and Head, Volume 1." Marsh,
396:
Today, phrenology is thought of as a huge mis-step by the scientific community. The idea that a person's personality could be determined by the shape of their skull has been repeatedly disproven. But at the time, Gall's arguments were persuasive and intriguing. Even though phrenology is now known to
190:
said, that his first ideas about functional localization came from noticing that classmates who excelled at memory tasks had prominent facial features. He enjoyed collecting and categorizing plants and animals. He also realized the importance of observation as a scientific technique at a young age.
189:
Gall's scientific inquiry began in his youth. As a boy, he was fascinated by the differences between himself, his siblings, and his classmates. He developed an early interest in the brain after making a connection between one classmate's odd shaped skull and advanced language abilities. It is being
285:
attended one of Gall's public lectures and was hired as an assistant to help with public medical demonstrations. In 1804, he became Gall's full-time research partner. They worked together for years to develop theories about brain localization and function. In 1813, Spurzheim separated from Gall in
388:
In spite of many problems associated with his work, Gall made significant contributions to the field of neurological science. He died in Paris, on 22 August 1828. Although married, he remained childless. Some direct descendants of his brothers lived in
Germany until 1949. A collection of his
221:
who impressed upon him the importance of natural observation. He took his first job at
Lunatic Asylum making observations about the insane. He then opened up his own successful private practice and became so popular he even gave well attended lectures to the public. He was offered the position as
379:
by removing portions of the brains of dogs, rabbits, and birds to examine how the remaining sections functioned. Flourens published his findings in two separate articles, attacking Gall's theory that the brain acted as discrete parts instead of as a whole unit. One interesting influence was on
298:
Other than his contributions to phrenology, Gall is lesser known for his other achievements. While developing his theories on localization of function, Gall significantly advanced the science of dissection. Instead of slicing randomly, as had been the practice in previous years, Gall's method
256:
Gall believed that the bumps and uneven geography of the human skull were caused by pressure exerted from the brain underneath. He divided the brain into sections that corresponded to certain behaviors and traits that he called fundamental faculties. This is referred to as
318:
On the
Functions of the Brain and of Each of Its parts: With Observations on the Possibility of Determining the Instincts, Propensities, and Talents, Or the Moral and Intellectual Dispositions of Men and Animals, by the Configuration of the Brain and
252:
is a method to determine the personality and development of mental and moral faculties on the basis of the external shape of the skull. During his lifetime, Gall collected and observed over 120 skulls in order to test his hypotheses.
185:
wool merchant. The Galls, originally a noble family from
Lombardy, had been the leading family in the area for over a century. His father was the mayor of Tiefenbronn and he was one of 12 children, only 7 of whom lived to adulthood.
272:
that the larger brain the larger one's intellectual power. However, after numerous dissections and observations he was able to assert that a mature skull under 14 inches in circumference was not able to function normally.
368:, pronounced his science as invalid. Despite all this, Gall was able to secure a comfortable existence on the basis of his speciality. He became a celebrity of sorts as he was accepted into Parisian intellectual salons.
202:. In his advanced studies, he again made observations about his classmates. He noticed that many of the particularly bright students had prominent eyeballs and concluded that this could not be purely coincidental.
815:
750:
380:
psychiatry, where the South
Italian psychiatrist Biagio Gioacchino Miraglia proposed a new classification of mental illness based on brain functions as they were conceived in Gall's phrenology.
299:
involved slow exploration of the entire brain structure and the separation of individual fibers. This shift in methodology was extremely influential in future discoveries of the brain.
337:
of his theory. Still others attempted to discredit Gall because they believed he had not given rightful credit to the theories and scientists who influenced him. French scientist
306:, or the science of gesture, was a universal language for all animals and humans. He believed every living thing was born with the ability to understand gestures on some level.
888:
165:
were controversial at the time and are now widely referred to as pseudoscience. However, Gall's study of phrenology helped establish psychology, contributed to the
744:
Gall, F.J. (1798). Schreiben über seinen bereits geendigten
Prodromus über die Verichtungen des Gehirns der Menschen und der Thiere an Herrn Jos. Fr. von Retzer.
671:
286:
order to make a name for himself in
Britain. Gall would later accuse Spurzheim of plagiarism and perverting his work. It was Spurzheim who would give the name
808:
743:
169:
of the naturalistic approach to the study of man, and played an important part in the development of evolutionist theories, anthropology, and sociology.
240:
Based on his early observations about the skull sizes and facial features of his classmates, Gall developed the theory of
Organology and the method of
717:
Essays on
Phrenology, or An Inquiry into the Principles and Utility of the System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, and Into the Objections Made Against It
329:
Gall's concepts on brain localization were revolutionary, and led to many religious leaders and scientists to take exception to his theories. The
632:
893:
333:
considered his theory as contrary to the established tenets of Catholicism. Established science also condemned these ideas for lack of
439:
Graham, Patrick. (2001) Phrenology : revealing the mysteries of the mind . Richmond Hill, Ont. : American Home Treasures.
397:
be incorrect, Gall did set the groundwork for modern neuroscience by spreading the idea of functional localization within the brain.
736:
Forster, T., "Observations on a New System of Phrenology, or the Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain, of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim",
903:
230:
883:
400:
The misuse of Gall's ideas and work to justify discrimination were deliberately furthered by his associates, including
321:
detailing his vast research on brain function and localization. It was translated to English in 1835 by Lewis Winslow.
444:
310:
258:
248:. Gall's version of Organology states that the mind is a collection of independent entities housed within the brain.
773:
Livianos-Aldana, Lorenzo; Rojo-Moreno, Luis; Sierra-SanMiguel, Pilar (2007). "Gall and the phrenological movement".
873:
868:
863:
898:
858:
349:
198:
As the second eldest son, he was intended for the priesthood but chose instead to study medicine at the
199:
134:
338:
302:
Gall also researched and theorized about language, communication, and the brain. He argued that
878:
801:
Van Whye, John. (2002). "The authority of human nature: the Schädellehre of Franz Joseph Gall.
161:, Gall was an early and important researcher in his fields. His contributions to the field of
361:
853:
848:
465:
416:
372:
65:
20:
8:
365:
357:
222:
head Austrian Court physician but decided to remain in private practice and research.
760:
440:
345:'s basic idea of brain localization that he had written about over 60 years earlier.
401:
353:
334:
282:
218:
796:
Head masters: phrenology, secular education, and nineteenth-century social thought
819:
754:
652:
412:
330:
162:
405:
390:
376:
342:
265:
214:
182:
139:
110:
842:
154:
637:
269:
114:
146:, and pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the
832:
249:
241:
178:
61:
420:
287:
245:
158:
143:
687:. Cortex. Volume 106. pp. 26–35. doi: doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.011
404:. Later, others tried to improve on his theories with systems such as
731:
Reader in the History of Aphasia: From Franz Gall to Norman Geschwind
166:
37:
411:
Gall's theories had an influence both on the Italian criminologist
210:
710:
A measure of Perfection: Phrenology and the Fine Arts in America
653:
A new classification of mental illness based on brain functions.
683:
Parker Jones, O., Alfaro-Almagro, F., & Jbabdi, S. (2018).
206:
147:
138:; 9 March 1758 – 22 August 1828) was a German
83:
375:
emerged as one of the sharpest critics of Gall's theories,
303:
235:
Franz Joseph Gall examining the head of a pretty young girl
780:
Spoerl, H.D., "Faculties versus Traits: Gall's Solution",
19:"Franz Gall" redirects here. For the German general, see
763:
My Battle for Life: The Autobiography of a Phrenologist
276:
393:, Austria, where several of his relatives now live.
787:Temkin, O., "Gall and the Phrenological Movement",
685:
An empirical, 21st century evaluation of phrenology
633:"The Shape of Your Head and the Shape of Your Mind"
348:His ideas were also not acceptable to the court of
809:von Retzer, J.F., "Antwort an Herrn Doktor Gall",
791:, Vol.21, No.3, (May–June 1947), pp. 275–321.
656:Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences
496:Principal of Neural Science by Kandel et. al. p. 7
740:, Vol.45, No.201, (January 1815), pp. 44–50.
701:Chenevix, R., "Gall and Spurzheim — Phrenology",
889:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
840:
309:In 1823, he was elected a foreign member of the
784:, Vol.4, No.3, (March 1936), pp. 216–231.
364:, and the scientific establishment led by the
225:
719:, H.C Carey and I. Lea, (Philadelphia), 1822.
193:
389:skulls can be seen at the Rollett Museum in
324:
213:. While in medical school, he studied under
419:. He also influenced the French anatomist,
803:British Journal for the History of Science
712:. The University of North Carolina Press.
229:
811:Der neue Teutsche Merkur vom Jahre 1798
746:Der neue Teutsche Merkur vom Jahre 1798
841:
813:, 3(12), (December 1798), pp. 332–335.
466:"Franz Joseph Gall | Encyclopedia.com"
705:, Vol.2, No.3, (1828), pp. 1–59.
293:
133:
833:The History of Phrenology on the Web
765:. London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.
748:, 3(12), (December 1798), pp.311–332
789:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
759:Translation at pp. 143–152 of
13:
798:. The University of Alabama Press.
775:The American Journal of Psychiatry
738:Philosophical Magazine and Journal
277:Relationship with Johann Spurzheim
14:
915:
894:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
826:
651:Miraglia, Biagio G. (1874/2014).
311:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
205:He later completed his degree in
674:(Bundesministerium fur Inneres).
177:Gall was born in the village of
36:
677:
665:
645:
625:
616:
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
904:18th-century German scientists
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
472:
458:
449:
433:
153:Claimed as the founder of the
1:
694:
672:Strange teachings about heads
244:that would later be known as
172:
794:Tomlinson, Stephen. (2005).
733:. John Benjamins Publishing.
703:The Foreign Quarterly Review
7:
884:German philosophers of mind
724:Phrenology: Fad and Science
316:He published a book titled
226:Contributions to phrenology
10:
920:
708:Colbert, Charles. (1997).
194:Education and early career
18:
415:and on his French rival,
383:
341:accused Gall of stealing
325:Reception and controversy
120:
106:
99:
91:
72:
47:
35:
28:
726:. Yale University Press.
722:Davies, John D. (1955).
426:
259:localization of function
200:University of Strasbourg
874:History of neuroscience
377:testing them on animals
869:German neuroscientists
864:German Roman Catholics
835:by John van Wyhe, PhD.
782:Journal of Personality
237:
761:Goyder, D.G. (1857).
729:Eling, Paul. (1994).
233:
899:German physiologists
859:People from Enzkreis
417:Alexandre Lacassagne
373:Jean Pierre Flourens
339:Étienne-Jean Georget
290:to Gall's theories.
264:Gall disagreed with
21:Franz Gall (general)
455:Livianos et al 2007
366:Institute of France
818:2018-06-12 at the
753:2018-06-12 at the
358:Napoleon Bonaparte
294:Other achievements
238:
770:Capen & Lyon.
641:. 6 January 2014.
350:Emperor Joseph II
124:
123:
101:Scientific career
42:Franz Joseph Gall
911:
688:
681:
675:
669:
663:
649:
643:
642:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
605:
602:
596:
593:
587:
584:
578:
575:
569:
566:
560:
557:
551:
548:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
515:
512:
506:
503:
497:
494:
488:
485:
479:
476:
470:
469:
462:
456:
453:
447:
437:
402:Johann Spurzheim
354:Marie Antoinette
352:(the brother of
335:scientific proof
283:Johann Spurzheim
219:Maximilian Stoll
137:
132:
127:Franz Josef Gall
79:
57:
55:
40:
26:
25:
16:German anatomist
919:
918:
914:
913:
912:
910:
909:
908:
839:
838:
829:
824:
820:Wayback Machine
758:
755:Wayback Machine
697:
692:
691:
682:
678:
670:
666:
650:
646:
631:
630:
626:
621:
617:
612:
608:
603:
599:
594:
590:
585:
581:
576:
572:
567:
563:
558:
554:
549:
545:
540:
536:
531:
527:
522:
518:
513:
509:
504:
500:
495:
491:
486:
482:
477:
473:
464:
463:
459:
454:
450:
438:
434:
429:
413:Cesare Lombroso
386:
331:Catholic Church
327:
296:
279:
228:
196:
175:
163:neuropsychology
130:
113:
87:
81:
77:
68:
59:
53:
51:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
917:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
837:
836:
828:
827:External links
825:
823:
822:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
767:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
698:
696:
693:
690:
689:
676:
664:
644:
624:
622:Tomlinson 2005
615:
613:Tomlinson 2005
606:
597:
595:Tomlinson 2005
588:
579:
577:Tomlinson 2005
570:
568:Tomlinson 2005
561:
559:Tomlinson 2005
552:
543:
541:Tomlinson 2005
534:
525:
516:
507:
505:Tomlinson 2005
498:
489:
480:
471:
457:
448:
431:
430:
428:
425:
406:characterology
391:Baden bei Wien
385:
382:
343:Charles Bonnet
326:
323:
295:
292:
278:
275:
266:Philippe Pinel
227:
224:
215:Johann Hermann
195:
192:
183:Roman Catholic
174:
171:
140:neuroanatomist
122:
121:
118:
117:
111:Neuroanatomist
108:
104:
103:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
82:
80:(aged 70)
76:22 August 1828
74:
70:
69:
60:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
916:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Phrenologists
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
844:
834:
831:
830:
821:
817:
814:
812:
807:
804:
800:
797:
793:
790:
786:
783:
779:
776:
772:
768:
766:
764:
756:
752:
749:
747:
742:
739:
735:
732:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:
700:
699:
686:
680:
673:
668:
661:
657:
654:
648:
640:
639:
634:
628:
619:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
547:
538:
529:
523:Van Whye 2002
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
475:
467:
461:
452:
446:
445:0-7792-5135-0
442:
436:
432:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
398:
394:
392:
381:
378:
374:
371:Physiologist
369:
367:
363:
360:, the ruling
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
322:
320:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
291:
289:
284:
274:
271:
267:
262:
260:
254:
251:
247:
243:
236:
232:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
191:
187:
184:
181:to a wealthy
180:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:pseudoscience
151:
149:
145:
141:
136:
135:[gal]
128:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
75:
71:
67:
63:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
810:
802:
795:
788:
781:
777:, Vol 164(3)
774:
762:
745:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
684:
679:
667:
659:
655:
647:
638:The Atlantic
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
586:Colbert 1997
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
460:
451:
435:
410:
399:
395:
387:
370:
347:
328:
317:
315:
308:
301:
297:
280:
270:Peter Camper
263:
255:
239:
234:
204:
197:
188:
176:
152:
144:physiologist
126:
125:
115:Physiologist
100:
78:(1828-08-22)
58:9 March 1758
854:1828 deaths
849:1758 births
715:Combe, G.,
550:Davies 1955
250:Cranioscopy
242:Cranioscopy
179:Tiefenbronn
92:Nationality
62:Tiefenbronn
843:Categories
695:References
662:(2):63–67.
487:Eling 1994
421:Paul Broca
288:phrenology
246:Phrenology
173:Early life
159:phrenology
54:1758-03-09
30:Franz Gall
604:Gall 1835
532:Gall 1835
514:Gall 1835
478:Gall 1835
304:pantomime
281:In 1800,
167:emergence
816:Archived
751:Archived
86:, France
362:emperor
211:Austria
131:German:
443:
384:Legacy
207:Vienna
107:Fields
95:German
427:Notes
148:brain
84:Paris
66:Baden
441:ISBN
319:Head
268:and
217:and
73:Died
48:Born
157:of
845::
658:,
635:.
423:.
408:.
313:.
209:,
150:.
142:,
64:,
805:.
757::
660:7
468:.
129:(
56:)
52:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
