Philippe Pinel - Knowledge

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the head, tumors in the brain, and loss of consciousness due to blockage in vein or artery. Idiotism embodies a variety of forms. One such form is called Cretinism, which is a kind of idiotism that is relative to personal abnormalities. It is well known in the Valais and in parts of Switzerland. Most people who belong in this group are either deficient in speech or limited to the inarticulate utterances of sounds. Their expressions are emotionless, senses are dazed and motions are mechanical. Idiots also constitute the largest number of patients at hospitals. Individuals who have acute responsiveness can experience a violent shock to the extreme that all the activities of the brain can either be arrested in an action or eradicated completely. Unexpected happiness and exaggerated fear may likely occur as a result of a violent shock. As mentioned previously, idiotism is the most common among hospital patients and is incurable. At the Bicetre asylum, these patients constitute one fourth of the entire population. Many die after a few days of arrival, having been reduced to states of stupor and weakness. However, some who recover with the progressive regeneration of their strength also regain their intellectual capabilities. Many of the young people that have remained in the state of idiotism for several months or years are attacked by a spasm of active mania between twenty and thirty days. The specific character of idiotism includes partial or complete extermination of the intellect and affections, apathy, disconnected, inarticulate sounds or impairment of speech, and nonsensical outbursts of passion.

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military sites. Eventually both were exiled, one to the Isle of Rhodes and the other to a province of Belgium. People with melancholia are often immersed with one idea that their whole attention is fixated on. On one hand they stay reserved for many years, withholding friendships and affection while on the other, there are some who make reasonable judgment and overcome the gloomy state. Melancholia can also express itself in polar opposite forms. The first is distinguished by an exalted sense of self-importance and unrealistic expectations such as attaining riches and power. The second form is marked by deep despair and great depression. Overall individuals with melancholia generally do not display acts of violence, though they may find it wildly fanciful. Depression and anxiety occurs habitually as well as frequent moroseness of character. Pinel remarks that melancholia can be explained by drunkenness, abnormalities in the structure of the skull, trauma in the skull, conditions of the skin, various psychological causes such as household disasters and religious extremism, and in women, menstruation and menopause.

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revolution. He moved restlessly about the house, talking endlessly and shouting passionately on insignificant reasons. Dementia is usually accompanied by raging and rebellious movement, by a quick succession of ideas formed in the mind, and by passionate feelings that are felt and forgotten without attributing it to objects. Those who are in captive of dementia have lost their memory, even those attributed to their loved ones. Their only memory consists of those in the past. They forget instantaneously things in the present – seen heard or done. Many are irrational because the ideas do not flow coherently. The characteristic properties of dementia are that there is no judgment value and the ideas are spontaneous with no connection. The specific character of dementia contains a rapid progression or continual succession of isolated ideas, forgetfulness of previous condition, repetitive acts of exaggeration, decreased responsiveness to external influence, and complete lack of judgment.

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distinguished by prideful and imaginary claims to grandeur. Prisoners of this species are highly delusional. For example, they would proclaim having fought an important battle, or witness the prophet Mohammad conjuring wrath in the name of the Almighty. Some declaim ceaselessly with no evidence of things seen or heard while others saw illusions of objects in various forms and colors. Delirium sometimes persists with some degree of frenzied uproar for a period of years, but it can also be constant and the paroxysm of fury repeat at different intervals. The specific character of mania with delirium is the same as mania without delirium in the sense that it can either be continued or cyclical with regular or irregular paroxysms. It is marked by strong nervous excitement, accompanied by a deficit of one or more of the functions of the cognitive abilities with feelings of liveliness, depression or fury.

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that recovered patients be employed, arguing that "They are the ones who are most likely to refrain from all inhumane treatment, who will not strike even in retaliation, who can stand up to pleading, menaces, repetitive complaining, etc. and retain their inflexible firmness." Pinel also emphasized the necessity for leadership that was "thoughtful, philanthropic, courageous, physically imposing, and inventive in the development of maneuvers or tactics to distract, mollify, and impress" and "devoted to the concept of order without violence", so that patients are "led most often with kindness, but always with an inflexible firmness." He noted that his ex-patient and superintendent Pussin had showed him the way in this regard, and had also often been better placed to work with patients and develop techniques due to his greater experience and detailed knowledge of the patients as individuals.

554:, experienced violent outbursts of maniacal fury. The paroxysms consisted of a burning sensation located in the abdominal area that was accompanied by constipation and thirst. The symptom spread to the chest, neck, and face area. When it reached the temples, the pulsation of the arteries increased in those areas. The brain was affected to some length but nonetheless, the patient was able to reason and cohere to his ideas. One time the mechanic experienced furious paroxysm at his own house where he warned his wife to flee to avoid death. He also experienced the same periodical fury at the asylum where he plotted against the governor. The specific character of mania without delirium is that it can either be perpetual or sporadic. However, there was no reasonable change in the cognitive functions of the brain; only perversive thoughts of fury and a blind tendency to acts of violence. 213: 982:, as the driving force behind a shift from physical to mental oppression. Foucault argued that the approach simply meant that patients were ignored and verbally isolated, and were worse off than before. They were made to see madness in others and then in themselves until they felt guilt and remorse. The doctor, despite his lack of medical knowledge about the underlying processes, had all powers of authority, and defined insanity. Foucault also suggested that a focus on the rights of patients at Bicetre was partly due to revolutionary concerns that it housed and chained victims of arbitrary or political power, or alternatively that it might be enabling refuge for anti-revolutionary suspects, as well as just 'the mad'. 439: 286: 133: 860:

patriots, than I have seen in hospitals for the insane, in their intervals of reasonableness and calm; a man of sensibility may go there any day and take pleasure in scenes of compassion and tenderness". He argued that otherwise positive character traits could cause a person to be vulnerable to the distressing vicissitudes of life, for example "those persons endowed with a warmth of imagination and a depth of sensitivity, who are capable of experiencing powerful and intense emotions, who are most predisposed to mania".

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abstract, i.e. mere and total, loss of health (if it were that, it would be death), but a contradiction in it. This humane treatment, no less benevolent than reasonable (the services of Pinel towards which deserve the highest acknowledgement), presupposes the patient's rationality, and in that assumption has the sound basis for dealing with him on this side − just as in the case of bodily disease the physician bases his treatment on the vitality which as such still contains health.

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characteristics of the patients has been at times superfluous, rarely useful, and often harmful", describing the partial or complete failures of some psychological approaches, as well as the harm that the usual cruel and harsh treatments caused to patients before they came to his hospital. He saw improvement as often resulting from natural forces within the patient, an improvement that treatment could at best facilitate and at worst interfere with.

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that in a great number of cases, one can obtain a sure and permanent cure by the sole method of expectation, leaving the insane man to his tumultuous excitement... ...and seeing, again and again, the unexpected resources of nature left to itself or wisely guided, has rendered me more and more cautious with regard to the use of medications, which I no longer employ—except when the insufficiencies of psychological means have been proven."

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removed the iron shackles (but sometimes using straitjackets) at Bicêtre in 1797, after Pinel had left for the Salpêtrière. Pinel did remove the chains from patients at the Salpêtrière three years later, after Pussin joined him there. There is some suggestion that the Bicetre myth was actually deliberately fabricated by Pinel's son, Dr Scipion Pinel, along with Pinel's foremost pupil,

1751: 1715: 476:, a post that he retained for the rest of his life. The Salpêtrière was, at the time, like a large village, with seven thousand elderly indigent and ailing women, an entrenched bureaucracy, a teeming market and huge infirmaries. Pinel missed Pussin and in 1802 secured his transfer to the Salpêtrière. It has also been noted that a 406:. At the time it housed about four thousand imprisoned men—criminals, petty offenders, syphilitics, pensioners and about two hundred mental patients. Pinel’s patrons hoped that his appointment would lead to therapeutic initiatives. His experience at the private sanatoria made him a good candidate for the job. 956:, asylums generally became overcrowded, misused, isolated and run-down. The moral treatment principles were often neglected along with the patients. There was recurrent debate over the use of psychological-social oppression even if some physical forces were removed. By the mid-19th century in England, the 985:

Scull argues that the "...manipulations and ambiguous 'kindness' of Tuke and Pinel..." may nevertheless have been preferable to the harsh coercion and physical "treatments" of previous generations, though he does recognise its "...less benevolent aspects and its latent potential ... for deterioration

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The fifth and last mental derangement is called idiotism, or otherwise known as “obliteration of the intellectual faculties and affections.” This disorder is derived from a variety of causes, such as extravagant and debilitating delight, alcohol abuse, deep sorrow, diligent study, aggressive blows to

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Although Pinel always gave Pussin the credit he deserved, a legend grew up about Pinel single-handedly liberating the insane from their chains at Bicetre. This legend has been commemorated in paintings and prints, and has lived on for 200 years and is repeated in textbooks. In fact, it was Pussin who

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prevented him from practicing medicine in Paris. The faculty did not recognize a degree from a provincial university like Toulouse. He failed twice in a competition which would have awarded him funds to continue his studies. In the second competition, the jury stressed his ‘painful’ mediocrity in all

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Pinel's most important contribution may have been the observation and conviction that there could be sanity and rationality even in cases that seemed on the surface impossible to understand, and that this could appear for periods in response to surrounding events (and not just because of such things

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Pinel’s approach to medical treatments has been described as ambiguous, complex, and ambivalent. He insisted that psychological techniques should always be tried first, for example "even where a violent and destructive maniac could be calmed by a single dose of an antispasmodic , observation teaches

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Pinel developed specific practical techniques, rather than general concepts and assumptions. He engaged in therapeutic conversations to dissuade patients from delusions. He offered benevolent support and encouragement, although patients who persistently resisted or caused trouble might be threatened

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However, Pinel was also criticised and rejected in some quarters. A new generation favoured pathological anatomy, seeking to locate mental disorders in brain lesions. Pinel undertook comparisons of skull sizes, and considered possible physiological substrates, but he was criticized for his emphasis

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The fourth mental derangement is called dementia, or otherwise known as the abolition of thinking. The characteristics include thoughtlessness, extreme incorrectness, and wild abnormalities. For instance, a man who had been educated on the ancient nobility was marching on about the beginning of the

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The second mental derangement is called mania without delirium. It is described as madness independent of a disorder that impairs the intellectual faculties. The symptoms are described as perverse and disobedient. An instance where this type of species of mental derangement occurs where a mechanic,

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While at Bicêtre, Pinel did away with bleeding, purging, and blistering in favor of a therapy that involved close contact with and careful observation of patients. Pinel visited each patient, often several times a day, and took careful notes over two years. He engaged them in lengthy conversations.

871:, who offend the eye with the repulsive picture of debauchery, arguments, and shameful distress!". He goes on to describe this as the most prolific source of alienation needing treatment, adding that while some such examples were a credit to the human race many others are "a disgrace to humanity!" 866:

However, he sometimes took a moral stance himself as to what he considered to be mentally healthy and socially appropriate. Moreover, he sometimes showed a condemnatory tone toward what he considered personal failings or vice, for example noting in 1809: "On one side one sees families which thrive

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Because of the dangers and frustrations that attendants experienced in their work, Pinel put great emphasis on the selection and supervision of attendants in order to establish a custodial setting dedicated to norms of constraint and liberty that would facilitate psychological work. He recommended

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Pinel was concerned with a balance between control by authority and individual liberty. He believed in "the art of subjugating and taming the insane" and the effectiveness of "a type of apparatus of fear, of firm and consistent opposition to their dominating and stubbornly held ideas", but that it

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Appreciating Pussin's outstanding talent, Pinel virtually apprenticed himself to that unschooled but experienced custodian of the insane. His purpose in doing this was to "enrich the medical theory of mental illness with all the insights that the empirical approach affords". What he observed was a

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Pinel also started a trend for diagnosing forms of insanity that seemed to occur 'without delerium' (confusion, delusions or hallucinations). Pinel called this Manie sans délire, folie raisonnante or folie lucide raisonnante. He described cases who seemed to be overwhelmed by instinctive furious

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The right psychical treatment therefore keeps in view the truth that insanity is not an abstract loss of reason (neither in the point of intelligence nor of will and its responsibility), but only derangement, only a contradiction in a still subsisting reason; − just as physical disease is not an

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Pinel generally expressed warm feelings and respect for his patients, as exemplified by: "I cannot but give enthusiastic witness to their moral qualities. Never, except in romances, have I seen spouses more worthy to be cherished, more tender fathers, passionate lovers, purer or more magnanimous

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were subjected to this temperament. Louis was characterized by the imbalance between the state of bitterness and passion, gloom, love of solitude, and the embarrassment of artistic talents. However, Louis and Tiberius were similar in that they both were deceitful and planned a delusional trip to

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Pinel is generally seen as the physician who more than any other transformed the concept of 'the mad' into that of patients needing care and understanding, establishing a field that would eventually be called psychiatry. His legacy included improvement of asylum conditions; broadly psychosocial

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In 1794 Pinel made public his essay 'Memoir on Madness', recently called a fundamental text of modern psychiatry. In it Pinel makes the case for the careful psychological study of individuals over time, points out that insanity isn't always continuous, and calls for more humanitarian asylum

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were the only sanctioned punishments. Based on his observations, he believed that those who were considered most dangerous and carried away by their ideas had often been made so by the blows and bad treatment they had received, and that it could be ameliorated by providing space, kindness,

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must be tailored to each individual rather than be based solely on the diagnostic category, and that it must be grounded in an understanding of the person's own perspective and history. He noted that "the treatment of insanity (l’aliénation mentale) without considering the differentiating

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The third mental derangement is called mania with delirium. It is mainly characterized by indulgence and fury, and affects cognitive functions. Sometimes it may be distinguished by a carefree, gay humor that can venture off path in incoherent and absurd suggestions. Other times it can be

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In 1795 Pinel had also been appointed as a professor of medical pathology, a chair that he held for twenty years. He was briefly dismissed from this position in 1822, with ten other professors, suspected of political liberalism, but reinstated as an honorary professor shortly thereafter.

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simplified Cullen's 'neuroses' down to four basic types of mental disorder: melancholia, mania (insanity), dementia, and idiotism. Later editions added forms of 'partial insanity' where only that of feelings which seem to be affected rather than reasoning ability.

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that the patient feels like a stranger (alienus) to the world of the 'sane'. A sympathetic therapist living in that world might be able to journey into the patient's experience, understand the 'alienated', their language, and possibly lead them back into society.

372:. What Pinel regarded as an unnecessary tragedy due to gross mismanagement seems to have haunted him. It led him to seek employment at one of the best-known private sanatoria for the treatment of insanity in Paris. He remained there for five years prior to the 337:

areas of medical knowledge, an assessment seemingly so grossly incompatible with his later intellectual accomplishments that political motives have been suggested. Discouraged, Pinel considered emigrating to America. In 1784 he became editor of the

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Soon after his appointment to Bicêtre Hospital, Pinel became interested in the seventh ward where 200 mentally ill men were housed. He asked for a report on these inmates. A few days later, he received a table with comments from the "governor"

621:(causation) and treatment was "moral," meaning the emotional or the psychological not ethical. He observed and documented the subtleties and nuances of human experience and behavior, conceiving of people as social animals with imagination. 258:, Dr. Pinel changed the way we look at the mentally ill (or "aliénés", "alienated" in English) by claiming that they can be understood and cured. An 1809 description of a case that Pinel recorded in the second edition of his textbook on 899:, in the 1780s in Italy, removed metal chains from patients but did not enjoy the same renown bestowed on the more explicitly humanitarian Pinel who was so visible from late 18th century revolutionary France. In France, 949:

on psychology and the social environment. Opponents were bolstered by the discovery of brain anomalies as the cause of some mental disorder. Pinel's humanitarian achievements were emphasized and mythologised instead.

277:"Father of modern psychiatry", he was credited with the first classification of mental illnesses. He had a great influence on psychiatry and the treatment of the alienated in Europe and the United States. 907:

permitted patients to move about freely and published a book in 1791 urging humanitarian reforms, dedicating the second edition in 1804 to Pinel. The movement as a whole become known as

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The first mental derangement is called melancholia. The symptoms are described as “taciturnity, a thoughtful pensive air, gloomy suspicions, and a love of solitude.” It is noted that

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that took place in the 20th century and called for a return to Pinel's approach, so as not to underestimate the needs that mentally ill people might have for protection and care.

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nursing order actually undertook most of the day to day care and understanding of the patients at Salpêtrière, and there were sometimes power struggles between Pinel and the

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A Treatise on Insanity: In which are Contained the Principles of a New and More Practical Nosology of Maniacal Disorders Than Has Yet Been Offered to the Public

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in his post-mortem examinations of psychiatric patients, and his view that such findings that were reported could be correlational rather than causative.

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appears completely dated today, it was so popular in its time that it went through six editions between its initial publication and 1818. Pinel based his

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Pinel created an inoculation clinic in his service at the Salpêtrière in 1799, and the first vaccination in Paris was given there in April 1800.

640:, which though they may be factitious, always distressing and rarely fully satisfied, often give way to the overturning of reason". He spoke of 494: 461:

with a focus on brain disease, and were embarrassed by Pinel's focus on psychological processes. In addition, unlike Philippe, they were both

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The Madmen in the Light of Reason. Enlightenment Psychiatry: Part II. Alienists, Treatises, and the Psychologic Approach in the Era of Pinel

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Pinel was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1804 and was a member of the Académie de Médecine from its founding in 1820. He died in

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and incidentally a zoologist. He was instrumental in the development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of

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Louis C Charland (2008) A moral line in the sand: Alexander Chrichton and Philippe Pinel on the psychopathology of the passions. In

684:, from a dignified state—or the belief that one occupies one—to a state of disgrace and being forgotten" can cause mania or 'mental 585:. Pinel's book had an enormous influence on both French and Anglo-American psychiatrists during the nineteenth century. He meant by 368:. The incentive was a personal one. A friend had developed a ‘nervous melancholy’ that had ‘degenerated into mania’ and resulted in 1788: 597:

which was based on his experiences at the Salpêtrière and in which he extended his previous book on classification and disease.

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in 1806, although Davis substituted Pinel's introduction for his own, leaving out among other things Pinel's strong praise for

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over a course of many years, in the bosom of order and concord, on the other one sees many others, especially in the lower

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He spent fifteen years earning his living as a writer, translator, and editor because the restrictive regulations of the

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or moral management, and influenced asylum development and psychological approaches throughout the Western world.

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Pinel distanced himself from religious views, and in fact considered that excessive religiosity could be harmful.

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in Anthropology of the Enlightenment. Wolff L., Marco Cipolloni M. (ed.), Stanford University Press, ch. 14, 2007

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must be proportional and motivated only by a desire to keep order and to bring people back to themselves. The

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is regarded by some as the earliest evidence for the existence of the form of mental disorder later known as

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Michel Caire, "Philippe Pinel en 1784. Un médecin "étranger" devant la Faculté de Médecine de Paris." In

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His objective was to assemble a detailed case history and a natural history of the patient's illness.

2243: 2226: 2013: 822: 322: 1599: 1494: 1166:"Philippe Pinel's "Memoir on Madness" of December 11, 1794: a fundamental text of modern psychiatry" 1150: 1090: 317:. He was the son and nephew of physicians. After receiving a degree from the faculty of medicine in 2112: 1927: 1850: 1558: 973: 692:, religious fear, the events of the revolution, violent and unhappy passions, exalted ambitions of 217: 2221: 2003: 1942: 1418:“Animal Economy” Anthropology and the Rise of Psychiatry from the ‘Encyclopédie’ to the Alienists 1417: 724: 423:

at Bicêtre; and, following a familiar pattern, he was eventually recruited, along with his wife,

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more often than to brain dysfunction. This was consistent with his rarely finding gross brain

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Bangen, Hans: Geschichte der medikamentösen Therapie der Schizophrenie. Berlin 1992, Page 15

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was proclaiming the moral treatment approach was achieved "by mildness and coaxing, and by

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For those cases regarded as psychologically incurable, Pinel would employ baths, showers,

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Gerard, Donald L. (1997). "Chiarugi and Pinel considered: Soul's brain/person's mind".

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The Nature of Melancholy : From Aristotle to Kristeva: From Aristotle to Kristeva

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strict nonviolent, nonmedical management of mental patients that came to be called

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passions but still seemed sane. This was influential in leading to the concept of

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as the phase of the moon, a still common assumption and the origin of the term

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with incarceration or punishment if they were not able to control themselves.

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In 1798 Pinel published an authoritative classification of diseases in his

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At about this time he began to develop an intense interest in the study of

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10.1002/(SICI)1520-6696(199723)33:4<381::AID-JHBS3>3.0.CO;2-S

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Nosographie philosophique ou méthode de l'analyse appliquée à la médecine

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or moral management, though psychological might be a more accurate term.

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and has been described by some as "the father of modern psychiatry".

1671:. Detroi, MI: Parke, Davis & Company. Northwood Institute Press. 1510:"Advocacy or folly: the Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society, 1845–1863" 713: 321:, he studied an additional four years at the Faculty of Medicine of 24: 2147: 1820: 1738: 791: 618: 542: 538: 522: 514: 477: 420: 377: 259: 380:

and beginning to formulate his views on its nature and treatment.

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Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale, ou La manie

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Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale; ou la manie

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into a repressive form...." Some have criticised the process of

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states of the body, and in fact could be said to have practiced

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in certain limited cases only. He also recommended the use of

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Pinel noted, for example, that: "being held in esteem, having

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Goldstein, Jan. Console and Classify, (Cambridge U. P. 1987).

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A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind

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Great Moments in Medicine: A History of Medicine in Pictures

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Philippe Pinel in the 21st Century: The Myth and the Message

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Weiner, Dora B (2010). Wallace, Edwin R; Gach, John (eds.).

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Weiner, Dora B (2010). Wallace, Edwin R; Gach, John (eds.).

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Weiner, Dora. Comprendre et Soigner, (Fayard, Paris, 1999).

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is generally accredited with its first conceptualisation.

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During the 1780s, Pinel was invited to join the salon of

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Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

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The central and ubiquitous theme of Pinel's approach to

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for the prevention of nervous excitement and relapse.

357:, translated medical works into French, and undertook 1703: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2598:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 1684:The Clinical Training of Doctors: An Essay of 1793 1334:(in French). Paris: chez Richard, Caille et Ravier 1686:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1392:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 891:Pinel's actions took place in the context of the 817:. In general, Pinel traced organic causes to the 2630: 2588:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy 2603:Association for Behavior Analysis International 1682:Pinel, Philippe (1980). Weiner, Dora B. (ed.). 1104: 1102: 1100: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1665:Bender, George A.; Thom, Robert Alan (1966) . 1471:Weiner, Dora B. (1990). Rousseau, G.S. (ed.). 1287: 612: 409: 216:Bust of Philippe Pinel on the Pinel Memorial, 1782: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 472:In 1795, Pinel became chief physician of the 1439: 1262: 1260: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1097: 1035: 976:: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason 1789: 1775: 1664: 1615:"Citizen Pinel and the madman at Bellevue" 1579:Chapter Four: Moral Treatment Reconsidered 1370: 1163: 884:) therapeutic approaches; history-taking; 443:Pinel freeing the insane from their chains 383:Pinel was an Ideologue, a disciple of the 2669:Members of the French Academy of Sciences 1630: 1612: 1533: 1257: 1199: 754:Learn how and when to remove this message 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 1507: 1310: 1293: 437: 284: 211: 137:Philippe Pinel, portrait by Anna Mérimée 1297:Mental Maladies; a Treatise on Insanity 1010:. Scientific American Mind (March 2013) 2631: 2608:European Association for Psychotherapy 1470: 1389: 1266: 1108: 1048: 1770: 1681: 1575: 1327: 1238: 1005: 790:and other antispasmodics, as well as 517:of the eighteenth century. While the 230: 809:Pinel often traced mental states to 736:adding citations to reliable sources 707: 607: 497:now stands outside the Salpêtrière. 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 1893:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 1354:"Philippe Pinel | French physician" 967:Similarly in the mid-20th century, 13: 2613:Society for Psychotherapy Research 1841:Transference focused psychotherapy 1449:By Louis C. Charland, Peter Zachar 854: 427:, on to the staff of the hospice. 249:classification of mental disorders 14: 2680: 2649:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 1898:Rational emotive behavior therapy 1871:Functional analytic psychotherapy 1866:Acceptance and commitment therapy 1796: 1762: 1474:Nine: Mind and Body in the Clinic 1032:vol XXIX, no 3 1995, pp 242 - 251 923:praised Pinel for this approach. 531:classification of mental disorder 1749: 1737: 1725: 1713: 958:Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society 712: 131: 23: 2618:World Council for Psychotherapy 1606: 1569: 1550: 1501: 1464: 1452: 1423: 1410: 1346: 1321: 1311:Prichard, James Cowles (1835). 1245:. Sheffield, England: W. Todd. 1030:Histoire des Sciences Médicales 919:). The influential philosopher 847:consolation, hope, and humor. 723:needs additional citations for 500: 34:needs additional citations for 1317:. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. 1157: 1115:. Springer. pp. 305–312. 1055:. Springer. pp. 281–304. 1022: 999: 398:. He was in sympathy with the 1: 1831:Mentalization-based treatment 993: 832: 703: 280: 1888:Dialectical behavior therapy 1878:Cognitive behavioral therapy 874: 376:, gathering observations on 7: 1918:Emotionally focused therapy 1273:. Oxford University Press. 1006:Yuhas, Daisy (March 2013). 668:. He noted that a state of 613:Psychological understanding 495:A statue in honour of Pinel 410:The Bicêtre and Salpêtrière 10: 2685: 2189:Systematic desensitization 2118:Practitioner–scholar model 1861:Clinical behavior analysis 1658: 1613:Weissmann, Gerald (2008). 1294:Esquirol, Étienne (1845). 772:psychological intervention 289:Dr. Philippe Pinel at the 2580: 2304: 2262: 2199: 2133: 2126: 2085: 2044: 2012: 1951: 1908: 1849: 1811: 1804: 1526:10.1017/s0025727300045701 1447:Fact and value in emotion 1267:Radden, Jennifer (2000). 823:peripheral nervous system 474:Hospice de la Salpêtrière 206: 196: 189: 167: 142: 130: 123: 2200:Other individual therapy 1559:Madness and Civilization 1328:Pinel, Philippe (1801). 1239:Pinel, Philippe (1806). 974:Madness and Civilization 593:In 1802 Pinel published 550:who was confined at the 218:Royal Edinburgh Hospital 2664:Mental health activists 2222:Cognitive restructuring 1943:Person-centered therapy 1358:Encyclopedia Britannica 243:, referred to today as 2153:Contingency management 2032:Transtheoretical model 2022:Eclectic psychotherapy 1999:Transactional analysis 1576:Scull, Andrew (1989). 988:deinstitutionalization 930: 815:psychosomatic medicine 449: 298: 220: 2659:History of psychiatry 2103:Common factors theory 2067:Residential treatment 1632:10.1096/fj.08-0501ufm 1185:10.1176/ajp.149.6.725 971:'s influential book, 925: 459:biological psychiatry 441: 288: 215: 2654:French psychiatrists 2532:Lorna Smith Benjamin 2367:Harry Stack Sullivan 2292:Sensitivity training 2093:Clinical formulation 1460:"Philosophy of mind" 1300:. Lea and Blanchard. 962:solitary confinement 732:improve this article 604:on 25 October 1826. 595:La Médecine Clinique 579:Treatise on Insanity 417:Jean-Baptiste Pussin 241:psychiatric patients 43:improve this article 2264:Group psychotherapy 2175:Counterconditioning 2052:Brief psychotherapy 1923:Existential therapy 1164:Weiner, D. (1992). 350:Journal de physique 16:French psychiatrist 2392:Milton H. Erickson 2227:Emotion regulation 2207:Autogenic training 2098:Clinical pluralism 2027:Multimodal therapy 1826:Analytical therapy 1564:History of Madness 1556:Foucault, Michel. 770:Pinel argued that 583:Alexander Crichton 450: 447:Tony Robert-Fleury 425:Marguerite Jubline 301:Pinel was born in 299: 295:Tony Robert-Fleury 221: 2626: 2625: 2552:William R. Miller 2537:Marsha M. Linehan 2507:Jean Baker Miller 2467:Salvador Minuchin 2347:Ludwig Binswanger 2300: 2299: 2135:Behaviour therapy 2062:Online counseling 2040: 2039: 1979:Narrative therapy 1883:Cognitive therapy 1508:Hervey N (1986). 1416:Philippe Huneman 1122:978-0-387-34708-0 1062:978-0-387-34708-0 954:industrialization 897:Vincenzo Chiarugi 764: 763: 756: 656:, the desire for 608:Clinical approach 552:Asylum de Bicetre 400:French Revolution 385:abbé de Condillac 256:French Revolution 210: 209: 191:Scientific career 119: 118: 111: 93: 2676: 2542:Vittorio Guidano 2512:Otto F. Kernberg 2382:Donald Winnicott 2239:Free association 2184:Exposure therapy 2163:Stimulus control 2143:Aversion therapy 2131: 2130: 1994:Systemic therapy 1969:Feminist therapy 1821:Adlerian therapy 1809: 1808: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1768: 1767: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1742: 1741: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1697: 1674:Review on PubMed 1672: 1653: 1652: 1634: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1583: 1573: 1567: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1537: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1478: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1437: 1427: 1421: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1387: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1236: 1197: 1196: 1170: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1134: 1106: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1074: 1046: 1033: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1003: 952:With increasing 842:and a period of 819:gastrointestinal 759: 752: 748: 745: 739: 716: 708: 404:Bicêtre Hospital 396:Madame Helvétius 344:Gazette de santé 325:. He arrived in 309:, in the modern 264:dementia praecox 234: 229: 174: 152: 150: 135: 121: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 58:"Philippe Pinel" 51: 27: 19: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2576: 2557:Steven C. Hayes 2487:Paul Watzlawick 2472:Paul Watzlawick 2427:Virginia Axline 2337:Sándor Ferenczi 2296: 2277:Couples therapy 2258: 2232:Affect labeling 2195: 2180:Desensitization 2122: 2108:Discontinuation 2081: 2036: 2008: 1989:Reality therapy 1947: 1933:Gestalt therapy 1904: 1852: 1845: 1800: 1795: 1765: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1704: 1694: 1661: 1656: 1611: 1607: 1595: 1594: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1570: 1555: 1551: 1506: 1502: 1490: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1469: 1465: 1458:Hegel.GWF,1790 1457: 1453: 1444: 1440: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1388: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1309: 1305: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1265: 1258: 1237: 1200: 1173:Am J Psychiatry 1168: 1162: 1158: 1146: 1145: 1136: 1135: 1123: 1107: 1098: 1086: 1085: 1076: 1075: 1063: 1047: 1036: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1004: 1000: 996: 909:moral treatment 877: 857: 855:Moral judgments 835: 760: 749: 743: 740: 729: 717: 706: 615: 610: 503: 433:moral treatment 412: 391:was his model. 339:medical journal 307:South of France 283: 232:[pinɛl] 227: 185: 176: 172: 171:25 October 1826 163: 154: 148: 146: 138: 126: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2682: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2527:Arnold Lazarus 2524: 2522:Irvin D. Yalom 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2497:Eugene Gendlin 2494: 2489: 2484: 2482:Ogden Lindsley 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2457:Virginia Satir 2454: 2449: 2447:James Bugental 2444: 2442:Silvano Arieti 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2312:Philippe Pinel 2308: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2282:Family therapy 2279: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2224: 2219: 2217:Clean language 2214: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2077:Support groups 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1955: 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2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2322:Sigmund Freud 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2168:Token economy 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974:Music therapy 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1964:Dance therapy 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1813:Psychodynamic 1810: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:Psychotherapy 1792: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1693:9780801824487 1689: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1601: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1565: 1562:, p. 158, or 1561: 1560: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520:(3): 245–75. 1519: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1496: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1435:3-927408-82-4 1432: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1282: 1280:9780195151657 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He studied 352: 351: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 296: 292: 287: 278: 275: 273: 269: 268:schizophrenia 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 245:moral therapy 242: 238: 233: 225: 219: 214: 205: 202: 199: 195: 192: 188: 184: 180: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153:20 April 1745 145: 141: 134: 129: 122: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 2581:Associations 2572:Peter Fonagy 2517:Nathan Azrin 2492:Arthur Janov 2452:Joseph Wolpe 2437:Albert Ellis 2417:George Kelly 2402:Erik Erikson 2362:Karen Horney 2332:Alfred Adler 2327:Pierre Janet 2317:Josef Breuer 2311: 2249:Hypnotherapy 1984:Play therapy 1683: 1667: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1578: 1571: 1557: 1552: 1517: 1513: 1503: 1473: 1466: 1454: 1441: 1425: 1412: 1395: 1391: 1361:. Retrieved 1357: 1348: 1336:. Retrieved 1330: 1323: 1313: 1306: 1296: 1289: 1269: 1241: 1176: 1172: 1159: 1111: 1051: 1029: 1024: 1012:. 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Davis 519:Nosographie 506:practices. 455:Dr Esquirol 389:Hippocrates 355:mathematics 323:Montpellier 291:Salpêtrière 270:, although 2633:Categories 2462:Aaron Beck 2377:Anna Freud 2272:Co-therapy 2127:Techniques 2057:Counseling 2045:Approaches 1910:Humanistic 1853:behavioral 1756:Psychology 1744:Psychiatry 1363:2021-05-05 994:References 886:nosography 833:Management 704:Treatments 690:fanaticism 686:alienation 658:reputation 650:friendship 587:alienation 515:nosologist 445:, 1876 by 374:Revolution 334:old regime 311:department 303:Jonquières 293:, 1795 by 281:Early life 254:After the 237:psychiatry 201:Psychiatry 157:Jonquières 149:1745-04-20 69:newspapers 2422:Rollo May 2357:Otto Rank 2342:Carl Jung 2072:Self-help 1720:Biography 1649:205363694 1598:ignored ( 1588:cite book 1493:ignored ( 1483:cite book 1149:ignored ( 1139:cite book 1131:224506545 1089:ignored ( 1079:cite book 1071:224506545 943:monomania 875:Influence 844:seclusion 827:pathology 804:laxatives 792:vesicants 698:patriotic 463:royalists 359:botanical 329:in 1778. 2254:Modeling 2244:Homework 2148:Chaining 2086:Research 1928:Focusing 1641:18450644 1566:(pg 469) 1514:Med Hist 969:Foucault 939:Esquirol 905:Chambéry 700:fervor. 662:conquest 619:etiology 543:Louis XI 539:Tiberius 523:nosology 478:Catholic 421:scrofula 378:insanity 319:Toulouse 260:insanity 2158:Shaping 2113:History 1805:Schools 1706:Portals 1659:Sources 1619:FASEB J 1544:3523075 1535:1139650 1251:2320919 1193:1590490 1014:2 March 917:lunatic 880:(incl. 788:camphor 682:failure 654:bigotry 642:avarice 630:dignity 370:suicide 228:French: 83:scholar 2305:People 1732:France 1690: 1647: 1639: 1542: 1532: 1433: 1277: 1249: 1191: 1129: 1119: 1069: 1059: 882:milieu 798:, and 666:vanity 664:, and 660:, for 634:wealth 482:nurses 305:, the 197:Fields 183:France 161:France 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 1952:Other 1645:S2CID 1169:(PDF) 921:Hegel 784:opium 694:glory 646:pride 626:honor 602:Paris 577:as a 327:Paris 179:Paris 90:JSTOR 76:books 2004:List 1688:ISBN 1637:PMID 1600:help 1540:PMID 1495:help 1431:ISBN 1340:2020 1275:ISBN 1247:OCLC 1189:PMID 1151:help 1127:OCLC 1117:ISBN 1091:help 1067:OCLC 1057:ISBN 1016:2013 980:Tuke 676:and 674:fury 670:love 638:fame 541:and 341:the 315:Tarn 168:Died 143:Born 62:news 1627:doi 1530:PMC 1522:doi 1400:doi 1181:doi 1177:149 903:in 734:by 313:of 266:or 45:by 2635:: 1643:. 1635:. 1623:22 1621:. 1617:. 1592:: 1590:}} 1586:{{ 1538:. 1528:. 1518:30 1516:. 1512:. 1487:: 1485:}} 1481:{{ 1396:33 1394:. 1372:^ 1356:. 1259:^ 1201:^ 1187:. 1175:. 1171:. 1143:: 1141:}} 1137:{{ 1125:. 1099:^ 1083:: 1081:}} 1077:{{ 1065:. 1037:^ 945:. 794:, 786:, 652:, 648:, 644:, 636:, 632:, 628:, 484:. 465:. 181:, 159:, 2182:/ 1790:e 1783:t 1776:v 1708:: 1696:. 1651:. 1629:: 1602:) 1546:. 1524:: 1497:) 1406:. 1402:: 1366:. 1342:. 1283:. 1253:. 1195:. 1183:: 1153:) 1133:. 1093:) 1073:. 1018:. 757:) 751:( 746:) 742:( 728:. 226:( 151:) 147:( 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

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