1059:
777:
719:, but the surviving accounts of Dictys do not give specific locations for the rest of the wanderings. Malalas' account of Dictys, however, tells us that Circe and Calypso were sisters ruling over neighbouring islands; that Odysseus visited a lake called Nekyopompos ("guide of the dead") near the sea, whose inhabitants were seers; that he passed some rocks called the Seirenidai; and Cedrenus' account seems to identify Scheria with Corfu, or at least an island near Ithaca.
4344:
20:
506:, living in the late 1st century BC and early 1st century AD, says that he tries to strike a balance between reading Homer as an entertainer and as a historical source. He is Euhemerist to the extent that he believes that any hypothesis at all, no matter how outrageous, is more plausible than saying "I don't know"; in this regard he accepts Polybius' arguments completely. Strabo offers the most detailed surviving set of identifications:
203:
679:, who claims to have been present at the Trojan War, was probably written in the 1st century CE or perhaps a little earlier. It falls into a tradition of anti-Homeric literature, based on the supposition that Homer got most things about the Trojan War wrong by making virtuous people look like villains, and vice versa. It is important because later historians took Dictys as a historical record, including
1098:. Along the way he found locations at the natural turning and dislocation points which, he claimed, agreed with the text much more closely than the usual identifications. However, he also came to the conclusion that the sequence of adventures from Circe onwards derived from a separate itinerary to the sequence that ended with the Laestrygonians and was possibly derived from the stories of the
805:
of
Odyssey with history unless we believe in the existence of gods, giants and monsters. Kakridis admits that one may indeed ask what real locations inspired these imaginary places, but one must always bear in mind that geography is not the main concern either of Odysseus (as narrator) or of the poet. Similarly, Merry and Riddell, in their late-19th century school edition of the
451:, wrote a detailed investigation into Odysseus' wanderings. Eratosthenes takes a cynical view, regarding Homer as an entertainer, not an educator: "You will find the scene of the wanderings of Odysseus when you find the cobbler who sewed up the bag of the winds." This does not mean that he refuses any and all identifications. He conjectures that
1216:
can be mapped on the coasts of the northern
Atlantic, occasionally surfaces. According to this, Troy is in southern England, Telemachus's journey is in southern Spain, and Odysseus was wandering the Atlantic coast. Finally, a recent publication argues that Homeric geography is to be found in the sky,
821:): "These are the last clearly identifiable places in O.'s wanderings. After this he leaves the sphere of Geography and enters Wonderland ..." Thereafter, while frequently referring to ancient opinions on the location of Odysseus's adventures, Stanford makes little or no reference to modern theories.
804:
may be compared with
Eratosthenes in his approach to the problem. He argued that the Odyssey is a work of poetry and not a travel log. To attempt a quick outline of Kakridis's views, it is useless to try to locate the places mentioned in Odysseus' narrative on the map; we cannot confuse the narrative
714:
on his way back. After visiting the lotus-eaters he went to Sicily, where he encountered three (or four) brothers, Antiphates, Cyclops, and
Polyphemus (and possibly Laestrygon, according to Septimius), who each ruled a portion of the island. Odysseus and his men were mistreated by each of these kings
2081:
République des Champs élysées, ou, Monde ancien: ouvrage dans lequel on démontre principalement que les Champs Élysées et l'Enfer des anciens sont le nom d'une ancienne république d'hommes justes et religieux, située a l'extrémité septentrionale de la Gaule, et surtout dans les îles du Bas-Rhin; que
288:
accounts, which re-wrote mythical stories without their fantastic elements, and were often seen as thereby recovering "historical" records. The other reflects the conventions of foundation myths, whereby stories of a city or institution being founded in the course of
Odysseus' travels often came to
831:
Greek settlements in Sicily and Italy, "During their first phase in the West, c. 800-740, stories of mythical heroes were not already sited at points along the coast of Italy or Sicily. It was only later that such stories became located there, as if mythical heroes had been driven westward or fled
274:
For these reasons, the opinions of later students and scholars about the geography of
Odysseus's travels vary enormously. It has repeatedly been argued that each successive landfall, and the routes joining them, are real and can be mapped; it has been argued with equal conviction that they do not
856:
By contrast with these views, some recent scholars, travelers and armchair travelers have tried to map
Odysseus's travels. Modern opinions are so varied in detail that for convenience they need to be classified, as do the ancient ones. This article deals first with those who believe, as did many
1133:
contains many place names to the east and south of Greece, there are very few identifiable references to places to the west. As a result, he questions whether the western
Mediterranean was known about at the time the original legends emerged (which he estimated to be some centuries before Homer
499:
as "king of the winds" on the grounds that Aeolus "taught navigators how to steer a course in the regions of the Strait of
Messina, whose waters are ... difficult to navigate", and insists that the mythical elements in the wanderings are insignificant in comparison to the historical core.
92:. The places visited by Odysseus in his journey have been variously identified with locations in Greece, Italy, Tunisia, the Maltese archipelago, and the Iberian peninsula. However, scholars both ancient and modern are divided whether any of the places visited by Odysseus (after
292:
Some identifications are common to both groups. The main distinctions between them are in how the identifications were passed down through the generations, and the uses to which they were put. The most standard identifications, which are rarely disputed in ancient sources, are:
459:
sympathises with
Eratosthenes, believing that Homer imagined the wanderings as having taken place in a kind of fairyland in the Atlantic; he actively criticises the standard identifications in and around Sicily, and refuses to offer any identifications of his own.
727:
Numerous places in Italy and northern Greece also had aetiological legends about cities and other institutions founded by Odysseus on his various travels. Among these foundation myths the continuation of Odysseus's travels told in the
832:
from Asia while leaving the sack of Troy." The heroic legends, including an Odyssean geography, served to attach newly founded western communities "to a prestigious ancestry in the Greeks' mythical past." Fox notes that even
1054:
excavated the site, beginning in 1958. He found evidence of sacrifices to the dead that matched Homer's description of those made by Odysseus. Subsequently, the location was accepted by others as that described by Homer.
1027:
A minority view is that the landfalls of Odysseus were inspired by places on a much shorter itinerary along the coast of Greece itself. One of the earliest to suggest any locations here was the 2nd century AD geographer
623:?), and he adds that from this continent Ogygia was about 900 kilometres / 558 miles distant. Plutarch's account of Ogygia has created a lot of controversy as to whether he was referring to a real or a mythical place.
283:
Ancient sources provide a wealth of interpretations of Odysseus' wanderings, with a complex range of traditions which affect one another in various ways. Broadly speaking there are two dominant trends. One is that of
861:
was driven west or south-west from Cape Malea and, more than nine years later, returned from the west to his native Ionian islands: his landfalls are therefore to be found in the western Mediterranean.
715:
in turn. Notably, they were imprisoned by Polyphemus when one of Odysseus' men fell in love with Polyphemus' daughter (Arene or Elpe) and tried to kidnap her; but they escaped. They passed through the
403:
reports the standard identifications mentioned above. Herodotus and Thucydides do not actively euhemerise, but simply take local myths at face value for the political importance they had at the time.
1134:
composed the poem) and so consequently he doubted whether the stories had their origins there. In addition he noted that the Acheron is marked on the map, but traditionally ignored, whilst in the
1796:, a most unlovely stream. I believe it was because Homer had seen these places that he made bold to describe in his poems the regions of Hades, and gave to the rivers there the names of those in
238:
The names of the places and peoples that Odysseus visits or claims to have visited are not recorded, either as historical or contemporary information, in any ancient source independent of the
479:
to the land of the lotus-eaters: it would take much longer than nine days to reach the Atlantic. He accepts the standard identifications around Sicily, and is the earliest source to identify
3860:
364:
Euhemerist accounts are generally those found in writers on antiquarian subjects, geographers, scholars, and historians. The most important ancient sources are the 1st century geographer
2457:
186:, as it shares the same name with the ancient location and has archaeological and historical associations with the Odyssey. Some scholars have argued that Odysseus's Ithaca is actually
1160:
Strabo's opinion (mentioned above) that Calypso's island and Scheria were imagined by the poet as being "in the Atlantic Ocean" has had significant influence on modern theorists.
245:
What happens to Odysseus in these places, according to his narrative, belongs to the realm of the supernatural or fantastic (to an extent that is not true of the remainder of the
2082:
cet Enfer a été le premier sanctuaire de l'initiation aux mỳsteres, et qu'Ulysse y a été initié ...; que les poètes Homère et Hésiode sont originaires de la Belgique, &c.
934:. They were adopted in whole or in part by several later writers. Michel Gall, for example, followed Bérard throughout except that he placed the Laestrygonians in southern
2422:
182:
to the various locations seem confused and have given rise to much scholarly argument, beginning in ancient times. Odysseus' Ithaca is usually identified with the island
869:. Although adopting the general frame of reference of the ancient commentators, Bérard differed from them in some details. For Bérard the land of the Lotus-Eaters was
144:(8.3), citing earlier writers, argued that Homer meant Triphylian Pylos. Modern scholarship, however, generally locates Nestor's Pylos in Messenia. The presence of
2450:
1893:
761:). Latinus is an important figure in many early Italian myths. The lines are not in fact Hesiodic, but they are probably no later than the 6th century BC.
695:, and others. Many Western mediaeval writers also accepted Dictys (in the Latin summary by Lucius Septimius) as the definitive account of the Trojan War.
1066:(foreground, centre), around which Severin suggested locations for the Sirens, the Wandering Rocks, Scylla, Charybdis and the island of Helios's cattle.
4069:
2443:
1051:
270:
and other geological changes over thousands of years can alter the landscape and seascape to the point where identification may be extremely difficult.
680:
1873:
1570:
455:'s information about the wanderings (see below on Hesiod) came from historical inquiries that Hesiod had made. The 2nd century BC poet-historian
108:
had said in the late 3rd century BC: "You will find the scene of Odysseus' wanderings when you find the cobbler who sewed up the bag of winds."
2113:
2051:
2028:
2005:
1448:
On the political importance of Corcyra's identification with Scheria, see e.g. C.J. Mackie 1996, "Homer and Thucydides: Corcyra and Sicily",
467:
discusses the wanderings in book 34 of his history. He refutes Apollodorus' idea that the wanderings were in the Atlantic on the basis of
2346:
2342:
2398:
2377:
2362:
2350:
1822:
Besonen, Mark R., Rapp, George(Rip) and Jing, Zhichun "The Lower Acheron River Valley: Ancient Accounts and the Changing Landscape" in
1719:
797:
The view that Odysseus's landfalls are best treated as imaginary places is probably held by the majority of classical scholars today.
3723:
3667:
2575:
128:
no longer raises geographical problems. The location of Nestor's Pylos was disputed in antiquity; towns named Pylos were found in
3517:
3310:
1202:. Two centuries ago, Charles-Joseph de Grave argued that the Underworld visited by Odysseus was the islands at the mouth of the
259:
We cannot know whether the poet envisaged the places on Odysseus' itinerary, and the route from each place to the next, as real.
3510:
4074:
3904:
809:, state the following opinion: "Throughout these books we are in a wonderland, which we shall look in vain for on the map".
635:
and attempted to locate Ogygia and the surrounding islands. G. Mair in 1909 proposed that the knowledge of America came from
4160:
3525:
1260:, which are extremely detailed and precise, but may have an orally transmitted history different from the remainder of the
919:. From there Odysseus's route took him to Scheria, which Bérard, like so many of his ancient predecessors, identified with
4257:
3589:
4235:
4104:
4009:
3581:
813:, in his mid-20th century edition, comments as follows on book 9 lines 80-81 (where Odysseus says that he met storms off
2408:
1928:
3235:
2969:
1050:
was subsequently built. However the location was overlooked or dismissed by many subsequently, until the archaeologist
840:" between Rome and Cumae: "but this association began at the earliest in the later sixth century BC. The Etruscan king
1114:. Severin agrees with the common opinion that the Lotus Eaters are in North Africa (although he placed them in modern
4368:
4091:
4031:
3573:
3541:
2135:
1070:
Working on the assumption that the discoveries at the Acheron could challenge the traditional assumptions about the
4388:
4383:
3755:
3549:
3427:
656:
1641:(1986) Ekdotike Athenon, Athens. Kakridis compares the effort to locate Circe's island to locating the hut of the
3748:
3597:
3270:
4155:
848:
530-510) was credited with the settlement and in due course the very 'cup' of Odysseus was shown at the site."
3714:
3334:
3219:
3203:
3009:
2825:
1186:
of UFRJ, Brazil, proposed that Odysseus's journey to the Underworld takes place in South America. The river
4373:
3777:
3368:
3294:
3069:
2640:
2568:
2522:
1397:, which was earlier in the mythic age than Odysseus, but does not seem to have identified it with Scheria (
692:
611:
agrees with Strabo on the location of Calypso's island of Ogygia in the Atlantic, and specifically west of
4120:
3557:
3168:
2435:
1870:
765:
4247:
4167:
4019:
4014:
3467:
3451:
3435:
2598:
86:, which hint at a geographical knowledge equal to, or perhaps slightly more extensive than that of the
2333:
2329:
4025:
3897:
2417:
865:
For a long time the most detailed study of Odysseus's travels was that of the French Homeric scholar
661:
495:. Polybius is the most euhemerist source to this date: he justifies the description of Aeolus in the
2072:
Pays atlantiques décrits par Homère: Ibérie, Gaule, Bretagne, Archipels, Amériques; théorie nouvelle
954:, follow Bradford in some identifications but add several of their own. The Lotus Eaters are in the
4096:
4064:
3647:
3533:
3302:
3120:
2497:
1384:
1172:, and the intervening travels record a discovery of North America: Scylla and Charybdis are in the
974:
781:
315:
741:
The earliest record of a foundation myth connecting Odysseus with Italy is the lines surviving in
525:(1.2.9); also suggests that Homer "borrowed his idea of the one-eyed Cyclopes from the history of
4187:
3986:
3941:
3825:
2830:
2770:
2561:
2418:
University of Pennsylvania, Department of Classical Studies, Interactive Map of Odysseus’ Journey
2223:
2358:
2354:
2300:
1590:
This summary is based on a comparison of Septimius (5.15, 6.5) with Malalas (5.114-122 Dindorf).
1078:
sailed a replica Greek sailing vessel (originally built for his attempt to retrace the steps of
4230:
3565:
3486:
3184:
3034:
2780:
1771:
1578:
1029:
938:. Ernle Bradford had meanwhile added some new suggestions: the land of the Cyclopes was around
4212:
2244:
3838:
3688:
3278:
2880:
2258:
1949:
1776:
1034:
754:
456:
444:
3637:
2374:
2067:
1716:
4347:
4328:
4145:
4086:
4081:
3890:
3846:
3730:
3459:
2682:
1183:
1141:
916:
480:
431:
252:
It can be doubted whether Odysseus' story is intended, within the general narrative of the
1319:, 2008, ch. "Finding Neverland"; Lane summarizes the literature in notes and bibliography.
1190:
is the Amazon; after a long voyage upstream Odysseus meets the spirits of the dead at the
8:
4130:
3971:
3854:
3814:
3808:
3674:
3615:
3493:
3136:
3128:
2911:
2856:
2652:
1257:
1234:
1191:
1015:
841:
597:
419:
352:
344:
1691:
Fox 2008:173, noting Livy i.56.2; Polybius iii.22,11, and Strabo v.3.6 and commentaries.
4297:
4150:
3932:
3820:
3704:
3243:
3144:
2934:
2901:
2756:
2746:
2688:
1253:
1199:
411:
31:
2386:
4307:
3981:
3956:
3927:
3699:
3694:
3681:
3659:
3443:
3160:
3089:
2740:
2694:
2542:
2517:
2131:
2107:
2045:
2022:
1999:
908:
688:
587:
564:
560:
484:
173:
97:
194:, despite not being supported by geographic, historical or archaeological evidence.
4378:
4242:
4202:
4197:
4140:
3653:
3625:
3620:
3152:
2658:
2512:
2480:
1058:
998:
818:
801:
636:
153:
145:
1987:
866:
4252:
3831:
3286:
3227:
2381:
1932:
1877:
1723:
1274:
1161:
1152:, corresponding to a north west Greek location for many of the later adventures.
1091:
716:
676:
624:
576:
537:
384:, which many later writers treated as an authentic historical record of the war.
381:
319:
263:
67:
2292:
1980:
Les fictions d'Homere. L'invention mythologique et cosmographique dans l'Odyssee
4302:
4290:
3936:
3411:
3403:
3384:
3361:
3326:
3318:
3176:
3059:
3044:
2982:
2730:
2402:
1944:
1107:
1102:. He placed many of the later episodes on the north west Greek coast, near the
959:
931:
824:
810:
660:
wrongly attributed to Apollodorus summarises most of the accounts given above.
640:
308:
63:
1195:
698:
According to Dictys, Odysseus fled from Troy after being accused of murdering
4362:
4207:
3772:
3419:
3342:
2794:
2309:
1925:
1047:
1010:
1005:(1897) and in the introduction and footnotes to his prose translation of the
955:
620:
612:
572:
149:
764:
E.D. Phillips gives a very full treatment of myths that placed Odysseus and
226:, pose quite different problems from those encountered in identifying Troy,
100:) were real. Many ancient writers came down squarely on the skeptical side;
4192:
3976:
3961:
3951:
3803:
3262:
3099:
2944:
2553:
2486:
1173:
1145:
890:
837:
684:
448:
392:
369:
129:
105:
2465:
4317:
4182:
4172:
3913:
3630:
3039:
2700:
2203:
1411:
1203:
1136:
1075:
529:, for it is reported that the Arimaspians are a one-eyed people" (1.2.10)
476:
436:
415:
59:
52:'s adventures have long been debated. Events in the main sequence of the
2317:
2128:
Shining in the Ancient Sea: The Astronomical Ancestry of Homer's Odyssey
1106:. Along the way he found on the map Cape Skilla (at the entrance to the
749:(1011ff.), which report that Odysseus and Circe had two sons Agrius and
643:. Hamilton in 1934 indicated the similarities of Plutarch's account and
3993:
3376:
3211:
3002:
2949:
2929:
2924:
2775:
2726:
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2622:
2492:
1797:
1642:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1149:
814:
776:
518:
472:
407:
400:
377:
326:
215:
191:
117:
4322:
4285:
4135:
4036:
3966:
3793:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3024:
2959:
2939:
2876:
2820:
2811:
2765:
2646:
2527:
2502:
1785:
1415:
1389:
1329:
1177:
1099:
1083:
882:
874:
703:
554:
388:
285:
133:
75:
19:
4177:
3094:
3029:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2886:
2806:
2800:
2785:
2717:
2634:
2616:
2608:
1781:
1094:, following the sailing directions that could be teased out of the
986:
886:
730:
648:
632:
619:
had described as a continent on the opposite side of the Atlantic (
608:
547:
487:. He also identifies the land of the lotus-eaters as the island of
464:
373:
167:
157:
137:
49:
202:
4125:
3054:
3049:
3019:
2919:
2896:
2815:
2751:
2721:
2670:
2664:
2628:
2589:
2537:
2466:
1793:
1789:
1187:
1165:
1123:
1119:
1103:
1063:
1043:
994:
939:
935:
920:
904:
750:
601:
526:
522:
492:
338:
298:
267:
227:
223:
54:
4312:
3798:
3079:
3014:
2954:
2871:
2866:
2851:
2846:
2789:
2735:
2532:
2429:
1282:
1169:
1039:
990:
982:
967:
963:
943:
912:
899:
870:
828:
742:
711:
707:
593:
580:
533:
511:
503:
488:
452:
365:
334:
302:
187:
183:
141:
125:
101:
93:
27:
3882:
1129:
A key part of Severin's thesis is that whilst the text of the
376:' investigations into the matter; and the novelisation of the
2861:
2760:
2584:
2507:
1394:
1208:
1115:
1079:
947:
894:
878:
833:
644:
616:
568:
427:
396:
387:
The prototypes for this tradition are in the 5th century BC.
330:
231:
121:
88:
83:
79:
36:
24:
1845:
471:
9.82, where Odysseus says that he sailed for nine days from
160:
tablets found at the site indicate that the site was called
2891:
1087:
734:
is at least as important as the wanderings reported in the
699:
423:
348:
71:
70:
and its neighbours). There are also incidental mentions of
1575:"Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon"
1110:) and other names that implied traditional links with the
262:
Even if the places were envisaged as real, the effects of
1896:. Mattievich is a physicist at Rio de Janeiro University.
989:, and that the scenes of the poem reflected the coast of
604:: "imagined in fantasy" as being in the Atlantic (1.2.18)
206:"The World according to Homer", according to an 1895 map.
2320:
Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon
1550:
Concerning the face which appears in the orb of the moon
1302:
Simpson and Lazenby, p. 82. See also the section headed
395:
as a headland in the territory of the Gindanes tribe in
1935:. Wilkens supposes that the oral poetry underlying the
1206:. A more extreme view, that the whole geography of the
1164:, a 20th-century author, argued that Circe's island is
1281:, rev. ed. 1976:33. For the oxhide bag of winds, see "
1252:
Setting aside the geographical knowledge shown in the
873:
off southern Tunisia; the land of the Cyclopes was at
2423:
Odysseus' Journey: A map of the locations in Homer's
2405:, Atlas of the classical world (London: Nelson, 1959)
1850:
1848:
1001:. He described the "evidence" for this theory in his
958:; the Cyclops and Aeolus are both to be found in the
222:), and the location of the Phaeacians' own island of
1155:
966:
in the Bay of Naples; most unexpectedly, Scheria is
197:
2401:(based on V. Bérard) from A. A. M. van der Heyden,
1393:referred to Corcyra in the context of the story of
434:also identifies Scheria as Corcyra in his epic the
418:identifies Scheria as Corcyra, and also identifies
190:, and others identify it with the whole or part of
2375:Jonathan Burgess's page on the travels of Odysseus
2118:(English version: A. Heubeck, S. West and others,
926:Bérard's views were taken as standard in the 1959
893:in Lazio; the entrance to the Underworld was near
275:exist in the real world and never can be mapped.
4360:
2387:Jean Cuisenier's attempt to find Odysseus' route
1828:Landscape Archaeology in Southern Epirus, Greece
1809:Vanderpool, Eugene "News Letter from Greece" in
1481:
1479:
664:, a contemporary of Strabo's, wrote a monograph
168:Identification of Ithaca and neighboring islands
654:Other sources offer miscellaneous details. The
2213:
2208:The Ulysses Voyage: Sea Search for the Odyssey
1144:the Argonauts' home voyage took them into the
3898:
2569:
2451:
1476:
406:Euhemerist accounts become more prominent in
111:
48:The locations mentioned in the narratives of
2583:
2234:
2097:
942:in western Sicily; the island of Aeolus was
851:
706:for a while; he sacked the Ciconian town of
668:, which influenced Strabo's own discussion.
2012:
1700:
1013:elaborated on this hypothesis in his novel
985:woman, who presents herself in the poem as
156:, have greatly strengthened this view. The
3905:
3891:
2576:
2562:
2458:
2444:
2161:
2157:, Berkeley: University of California Press
2112:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2050:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2027:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2004:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1977:
1889:
1680:Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer
1639:Ελληνική Μυθολογία, vol. 5: The Trojan War
1328:Earliest sources for this identification:
1317:Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer
977:developed a controversial theory that the
278:
2214:Simpson, R. Hope; Lazenby, J. F. (1970),
2188:The Edges of the Earth in Ancient Thought
1625:E.D. Phillips 1953, "Odysseus in Italy",
1581:, particularly notes on p21, p22 and p23.
1379:Earliest source for this identification:
1366:Earliest source for this identification:
1353:Earliest source for this identification:
631:estimated that “the great continent” was
543:Laestrygonians: south-east Sicily (1.2.9)
3668:On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey
2266:
2222:
2078:
2066:
2058:
1917:
1905:
1747:
1682:, 2008, ch. "Finding Neverland" p.170ff.
1666:
1654:
1057:
775:
201:
140:, and each claimed to be Nestor's home.
18:
4002:
3518:Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians
3311:Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions
2255:
2216:The Catalogue of Ships in Homer's Iliad
2202:
2190:, Princeton: Princeton University Press
2177:
2143:
2125:
1962:
1921:
1854:
1839:
1759:
1735:
368:, who is our source for information on
4361:
2467:Places visited by Odysseus in Homer's
2152:
2088:
2035:
1986:
1704:
885:; the Laestrygonians were in northern
857:ancient authors, that the hero of the
359:
16:Locations mentioned in Homer's Odyssey
3886:
3724:On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
2557:
2439:
2235:Stanford, W. B.; Luce, J. V. (1974),
2169:
1866:
1813:, Vol. 65, No. 3 (Jul., 1961), p. 302
1530:See especially 1.2.3, 1.2.17, 1.2.19.
1062:The Ambracian Gulf and the island of
915:; the homeland of Calypso was at the
443:Apollonius' successor as head of the
343:Ogygia, the island home of the nymph
3526:Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso
2243:
2194:
2185:
897:, just where Aeneas found it in the
214:(the tale that Odysseus told to the
148:ruins at the archaeological site of
2091:Die Geographie des homerischen Epos
907:; Scylla and Charybdis were at the
792:
722:
491:(ancient Meninx), off the coast of
178:The geographical references in the
104:reported what the great geographer
13:
3236:Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists
2413:based on the ideas of Iman Wilkens
2286:
903:; the Sirens were on the coast of
14:
4400:
3574:Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses
3542:Odysseus at the Court of Alcinous
2368:
2281:
2218:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
2130:, Portland, OR: Multnomah House,
2079:de Grave, Charles-Joseph (1806),
1156:Atlantic Ocean and other theories
1086:) along the "natural" route from
517:Cyclops: south-east Sicily, near
198:Geography of Odysseus's narrative
4343:
4342:
3756:Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey
3648:Historicity of the Homeric epics
2269:Die wirkliche Reise des Odysseus
1418:. Also, Bradford, Ernle (1963),
1046:in north west Greece, where the
1022:
3912:
3749:Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses
2120:A commentary on Homer's Odyssey
1970:
1956:
1911:
1899:
1883:
1860:
1833:
1816:
1811:American Journal of Archaeology
1803:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1710:
1694:
1685:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1632:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1584:
1564:
1555:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1464:
1455:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1383:1.25.4. It is notable that the
930:by A. A. M. van der Heyden and
771:
629:“Kepleri Astronomi Opera Omnia”
567:; or Sirenussae, a headland in
62:and in what are now called the
2267:Wolf, A.; Wolf, H.-H. (1983),
2098:Heubeck, A., ed. (1981–1986),
1404:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1267:
1246:
1225:can be decoded as a star map.
1168:, Calypso's island one of the
993:, especially the territory of
768:, his son by Circe, in Italy.
422:'s island with Gaulos (modern
164:("Pylos") by its inhabitants.
1:
3511:Jar with Odysseus and Elpenor
3428:Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria
3335:The Lost Books of the Odyssey
2149:(contribution by Michel Gall)
981:came from the pen of a young
780:Map of Ulysses' travels from
702:. He first went north to the
666:On the wanderings of Menelaus
514:, following Polybius (1.2.17)
463:The 2nd century BC historian
289:have political significance.
42:right-click on map to enlarge
3778:Between Scylla and Charybdis
3369:The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel
3295:The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel
2641:Laertes (father of Odysseus)
2409:Map of the geography of the
2275:], München: Langenmüller
2273:The Real Journey of Odysseus
2164:Viagem ao inferno mitológico
2013:Bérard, Victor (1927–1929),
1315:Recently by Robin Lane Fox,
1003:The Authoress of the Odyssey
928:Atlas of the Classical World
911:; the Island of the Sun was
639:sailors who had reached the
546:land of the Cimmerians: the
380:that goes under the name of
218:, forming books 9-12 of the
7:
3861:Parallels between Virgil's
3558:Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus
2162:Mattievich, Enrico (1992),
2126:Johnson, Laurin R. (1999),
2122:. Oxford, 1988-92. 3 vols.)
2038:Les Phéniciens et l'Odyssée
1627:Journal of Hellenic Studies
1439:Thucydides 1.25, 3.88, 6.2.
1228:
946:off Sicily; Calypso was on
881:; the island of Aeolus was
651:on the Timaeus, 24E - 25A.
563:: either Cape Faro, by the
391:identifies the land of the
10:
4405:
4248:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
3271:Les Aventures de Télémaque
3169:O Brother, Where Art Thou?
2146:The Adventures of Odysseus
1978:Ballabriga, Alain (1998),
1410:Strabo 7.3.6, referencing
800:The modern Greek Homerist
171:
112:Geography of the Telemachy
4338:
4278:
4258:Massacre of the Innocents
4221:
4113:
4057:
4050:
4026:Lectio difficilior potior
3920:
3786:
3765:
3740:
3713:
3608:
3503:
3478:
3395:
3353:
3254:
3195:
3112:
2968:
2910:
2839:
2711:Other monarchs and royals
2710:
2606:
2597:
2476:
2170:Mertz, Henriette (1964),
1561:Plato, Timaeus, 24E - 25A
1414:' account in relation to
1273:Strabo 1.2.15, quoted by
962:; the island of Circe is
852:The western Mediterranean
333:), off the west coast of
325:Scheria, the land of the
96:and before his return to
4369:Geography of the Odyssey
3643:Geography of the Odyssey
3534:The Sorrow of Telemachus
2059:Bradford, Ernle (1963),
2015:Les Navigations d'Ulysse
1992:Dans le sillage d'Ulysse
1603:(Brussels), p. 46 n. 27.
1240:
1042:took place at the river
557:(ancient Pontus; 1.2.10)
322:off Sicily's north coast
4389:Ancient Greek geography
4384:Greek mythology studies
3987:Comparative linguistics
3826:The Apotheosis of Homer
3590:Odysseus and Polyphemus
3550:The Apotheosis of Homer
2392:
2155:The Returns of Odysseus
2036:Bérard, Victor (1927),
1304:Atlantic Ocean theories
784:English translation of
615:. He also repeats what
279:Ancient identifications
4010:Contextual credibility
3598:Ulysses and the Sirens
3582:Ulysses and the Sirens
3566:The Sirens and Ulysses
3487:Tales of Brave Ulysses
2256:Wilkens, Iman (1990),
2237:The Quest for Odysseus
1614:The Beginnings of Rome
1579:Loeb Classical Library
1122:) and that Scheria is
1067:
789:
586:Scylla and Charybdis:
256:, to be taken as true.
207:
45:
4236:Sources and parallels
2259:Where Troy Once Stood
2245:Voss, Johann Heinrich
2153:Malkin, Irad (1998),
1950:Where Troy Once Stood
1788:, and a river called
1777:Description of Greece
1503:Strabo 1.2.37, 7.3.6.
1279:The World of Odysseus
1061:
1038:, suggested that the
1035:Description of Greece
779:
753:, who ruled over the
457:Apollodorus of Athens
445:library of Alexandria
318:= one or more of the
210:The geography of the
205:
22:
4329:Vaticinium ex eventu
4070:Acts of the Apostles
4032:Multiple attestation
3731:On Translating Homer
3460:Odysseus, Verbrecher
2523:Scylla and Charybdis
2399:"The World of Homer"
2228:The Odyssey of Homer
2197:We Followed Odysseus
2186:Romm, James (1994),
2178:Obregon, E. (1971),
2144:Lessing, E. (1970),
2074:, Paris: Maisonneuve
1824:Hesperia Supplements
1601:Les origines de Rome
1142:Apollonius of Rhodes
917:Straits of Gibraltar
483:explicitly with the
481:Scylla and Charybdis
432:Apollonius of Rhodes
4374:Fictional countries
3972:Cognitive philology
3809:Suitors of Penelope
3675:Rediscovering Homer
3616:Homeric scholarship
3137:The Return of Ringo
2239:, New York: Praeger
2230:, London: Macmillan
2089:Hennig, R. (1934),
2068:Cailleux, Théophile
1612:T.J. Cornell 1995,
1450:Classical Quarterly
1258:Trojan Battle Order
1235:Homeric scholarship
950:. The Obregons, in
889:; Circe's home was
817:near the island of
410:scholarship of the
360:Euhemerist accounts
353:Maltese archipelago
4298:Hadith terminology
3933:Biblical criticism
3821:Old Man of the Sea
3705:Dactylic hexameter
3689:Hermoniakos' Iliad
3279:The World's Desire
3244:Star Trek: Odyssey
3145:Nostos: The Return
2902:Old Man of the Sea
2747:Deucalion of Crete
2380:2006-07-21 at the
2195:Roth, Hal (2000),
1931:2007-02-24 at the
1876:2005-12-18 at the
1722:2007-01-27 at the
1701:Bérard (1927–1929)
1571:Introductory notes
1254:Catalogue of Ships
1068:
790:
583:itself (1.2.12-13)
412:Hellenistic period
329:= Corcyra (modern
208:
58:take place in the
46:
32:Catalogue of Ships
4356:
4355:
4308:Religious studies
4274:
4273:
4263:Geography of the
4126:Bardiya / Smerdis
4046:
4045:
3982:Textual criticism
3957:Demythologization
3880:
3879:
3700:Epithets in Homer
3695:Hysteron proteron
3444:Glam Slam Ulysses
3108:
3107:
2551:
2550:
2251:, Jena, Stuttgart
1890:Mattievich (1992)
1784:is a lake called
1616:(London), p. 210.
1512:Strabo 1.2.15-16.
1184:Enrico Mattievich
1176:, Scheria in the
952:Odysseus Airborne
909:Strait of Messina
842:Tarquin the Proud
836:found a home on "
588:Strait of Messina
565:Strait of Messina
485:Strait of Messina
347:= Gaulos, modern
4396:
4346:
4345:
4323:Myth § Mythology
4243:Founding of Rome
4136:Caligula's horse
4055:
4054:
4000:
3999:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3855:Homer's Daughter
3654:Odysseus Unbound
3626:Homeric Question
3621:Homeric Laughter
3452:Home Sweet Homer
3436:The Golden Apple
3303:The Human Comedy
3266:(2nd century AD)
2604:
2603:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2353:, also in Greek
2276:
2263:
2252:
2240:
2231:
2219:
2210:
2199:
2191:
2182:
2180:Ulysses Airborne
2174:
2166:
2158:
2148:
2140:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2075:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1983:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1887:
1881:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:1 (2003), p. 229
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1792:. There is also
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1714:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1599:J. Poucet 1985,
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:Herodotus 4.177.
1428:
1422:
1408:
1402:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1271:
1265:
1250:
1052:Sotirios Dakaris
1016:Homer's Daughter
802:Ioannis Kakridis
793:Imaginary places
723:Foundation myths
154:Palace of Nestor
4404:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4334:
4270:
4253:Kurukshetra War
4223:
4217:
4109:
4042:
3998:
3916:
3911:
3881:
3876:
3782:
3761:
3736:
3709:
3638:Jørgensen's law
3604:
3499:
3474:
3391:
3349:
3250:
3228:Mission Odyssey
3191:
3104:
2964:
2906:
2835:
2706:
2655:(chief servant)
2593:
2582:
2552:
2547:
2472:
2464:
2395:
2382:Wayback Machine
2371:
2289:
2287:Ancient sources
2284:
2279:
2262:, London: Rider
2224:Stanford, W. B.
2138:
2105:
2104:
2043:
2042:
2020:
2019:
1997:
1996:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1943:was originally
1933:Wayback Machine
1918:Cailleux (1879)
1916:
1912:
1906:de Grave (1806)
1904:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1878:Wayback Machine
1865:
1861:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1780:: 1.17.5 "Near
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1748:Bradford (1963)
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1724:Wayback Machine
1715:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1667:Stanford (1947)
1665:
1661:
1655:Stanford (1947)
1653:
1649:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1409:
1405:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1275:Moses I. Finley
1272:
1268:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1231:
1162:Henriette Mertz
1158:
1025:
854:
795:
774:
725:
717:Aeolian Islands
693:John of Antioch
689:George Cedrenus
681:Sisyphus of Cos
677:Dictys of Crete
647:'s location of
600:'s island) and
590:(1.2.9, 1.2.16)
577:Gulf of Salerno
553:the Ocean: the
540:north of Sicily
538:Aeolian Islands
430:). His student
382:Dictys of Crete
362:
320:Aeolian Islands
281:
264:coastal erosion
200:
176:
170:
116:The journey of
114:
74:and its house,
17:
12:
11:
5:
4402:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:Historiography
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4291:Pseudepigrapha
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4094:
4092:Book of Mormon
4089:
4087:Book of Joshua
4084:
4082:Book of Esther
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3937:Hadith studies
3930:
3928:Bayes' theorem
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3682:Odysseus' Scar
3678:
3671:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3660:Homer's Ithaca
3657:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3404:Current Nobody
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:Pagan Operetta
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3327:The Penelopiad
3323:
3319:Trojan Odyssey
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3148:(1989 Italian)
3141:
3140:(1965 Italian)
3133:
3132:(1954 Italian)
3125:
3124:(1911 Italian)
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2733:
2729:, king of the
2724:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:The Underworld
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:The island of
2489:
2485:The island of
2483:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2420:
2415:
2406:
2403:H. H. Scullard
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2336:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:External links
2280:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2253:
2249:Alte Weltkunde
2241:
2232:
2220:
2211:
2200:
2192:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2123:
2100:Omero, Odissea
2095:
2086:
2076:
2064:
2056:
2033:
2010:
1988:Bérard, Victor
1984:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1963:Johnson (1999)
1955:
1922:Wilkens (1990)
1910:
1898:
1882:
1859:
1855:Severin (1987)
1844:
1840:Severin (1987)
1832:
1815:
1802:
1764:
1760:Obregon (1971)
1752:
1740:
1736:Lessing (1970)
1728:
1709:
1693:
1684:
1671:
1669:, p. 351.
1659:
1657:, p. 352.
1647:
1631:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1583:
1573:on Plutarch's
1563:
1554:
1541:
1539:Strabo 1.2.37.
1532:
1523:
1521:Strabo 1.2.17.
1514:
1505:
1496:
1494:Strabo 1.2.14.
1487:
1485:Strabo 1.2.15.
1475:
1463:
1454:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1403:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1321:
1308:
1295:
1266:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1157:
1154:
1108:Ambracian Gulf
1074:'s geography,
1024:
1021:
999:nearby islands
960:Balearic Isles
932:H. H. Scullard
853:
850:
825:Robin Lane Fox
811:W. B. Stanford
794:
791:
773:
770:
724:
721:
675:attributed to
641:Gulf of Mexico
606:
605:
591:
584:
558:
551:
544:
541:
530:
515:
510:Lotus-eaters:
361:
358:
357:
356:
351:, part of the
341:
323:
312:
309:Laestrygonians
305:
280:
277:
272:
271:
260:
257:
250:
243:
199:
196:
174:Homer's Ithaca
172:Main article:
169:
166:
113:
110:
64:Ionian Islands
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4401:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4349:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
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4226:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
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4201:
4199:
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4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
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4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:Embarrassment
4018:
4016:
4015:Dissimilarity
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:Cold Mountain
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:Cold Mountain
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:In medias res
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:(c. 440 B.C.)
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:(2000 French)
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:Ulysses' Gaze
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
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2967:
2961:
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2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:(grandfather)
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:1.2.24-1.2.40
2331:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2172:Wine Dark Sea
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2137:0-9669828-0-0
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:Ulysses Found
2057:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1705:Bérard (1933)
1702:
1697:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1643:seven dwarves
1640:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1461:Strabo 7.3.6.
1458:
1452:46.1: 103-13.
1451:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1421:
1420:Ulysses Found
1417:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:and that the
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:Necromanteion
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1023:Around Greece
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:Robert Graves
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:Samuel Butler
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Gulf of Sidra
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Victor Bérard
863:
860:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
798:
787:
783:
778:
769:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
732:
720:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:Finally, the
669:
667:
663:
659:
658:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:North America
618:
614:
610:
603:
599:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
574:
573:Bay of Naples
570:
566:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:
509:
508:
507:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
354:
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
295:
294:
290:
287:
276:
269:
265:
261:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
237:
236:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
204:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Ano Englianos
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
51:
43:
39:
38:
33:
30:based on the
29:
26:
21:
4327:
4264:
4262:
4213:William Tell
4193:Prester John
4098:
4035:
4034: /
4024:
3977:Decipherment
3962:Palaeography
3952:Bibliography
3944:Ilm al-rijāl
3943:
3935: /
3870:
3866:
3865:and Homer's
3862:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3830:
3813:
3804:Trojan Horse
3754:
3747:
3729:
3715:Translations
3687:
3673:
3666:
3652:
3642:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3263:A True Story
3261:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3156:(1995 Greek)
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3100:Theoclymenus
3060:Laestrygones
2945:Demoptolemus
2781:Peisistratus
2731:Laestrygones
2588:
2487:Lotus-eaters
2468:
2424:
2410:
2369:Modern views
2339:
2338:Thucydides,
2330:1.2.1-1.2.23
2326:
2319:
2311:
2302:
2294:
2293:Apollonius,
2272:
2268:
2257:
2248:
2236:
2227:
2215:
2207:
2204:Severin, Tim
2196:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2127:
2119:
2099:
2090:
2080:
2071:
2060:
2037:
2014:
1991:
1982:, Paris: PUF
1979:
1971:Bibliography
1958:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1913:
1901:
1885:
1867:Mertz (1964)
1862:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1775:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1712:
1696:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1586:
1574:
1566:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1419:
1406:
1401:fr. 9 West).
1398:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1349:
1333:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1269:
1261:
1248:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1196:rio Santiago
1182:
1174:Bay of Fundy
1159:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1118:rather than
1111:
1095:
1071:
1069:
1033:
1032:who, in his
1026:
1014:
1006:
1002:
978:
972:
951:
927:
925:
898:
891:Monte Circeo
864:
858:
855:
845:
838:Monte Circeo
827:observes of
823:
806:
799:
796:
785:
772:Modern views
763:
758:
746:
740:
735:
729:
726:
697:
685:John Malalas
672:
670:
665:
655:
653:
637:Carthaginian
628:
607:
571:between the
536:, among the
502:
496:
468:
462:
449:Eratosthenes
442:
435:
405:
393:lotus-eaters
386:
370:Eratosthenes
363:
307:land of the
297:land of the
291:
282:
273:
253:
246:
239:
234:and Ithaca.
219:
211:
209:
179:
177:
161:
115:
106:Eratosthenes
87:
53:
47:
41:
35:
4318:Linguistics
4168:King Arthur
4151:myth theory
3921:Methodology
3914:Historicity
3815:The Odyssey
3741:Video games
3631:Chorizontes
3494:The Odyssey
3231:(2002-2003)
3220:The Odyssey
3204:The Odyssey
3040:Halitherses
2831:Thrasymedes
2803:of Phaeacia
2743:of Phaeacia
2673:(swineherd)
2301:Herodotus,
2295:Argonautica
1826:, Vol. 32,
1471:Argonautica
1412:Callimachus
1336:, set near
1204:river Rhine
1200:rio Marañon
1150:Ionian Seas
1137:Argonautica
1076:Tim Severin
973:Translator
786:The Odyssey
662:Aristonicus
477:Peloponnese
437:Argonautica
416:Callimachus
408:Alexandrian
60:Peloponnese
4363:Categories
4231:The Exodus
4222:Events and
4198:Robin Hood
4173:King David
4131:The Buddha
3994:Provenance
3377:The Cantos
3255:Literature
3212:Ulysses 31
3185:The Return
3161:Sans plomb
3035:Eurylochus
3003:Polyphemus
2950:Eurymachus
2930:Amphinomus
2925:Amphimedon
2776:Stratichus
2727:Antiphates
2685:(goatherd)
2683:Melanthius
2677:Philoetius
2667:(musician)
2623:Telemachus
2599:Characters
2518:The Sirens
2493:Polyphemus
2318:Plutarch,
1798:Thesprotia
1629:73: 53-67.
1548:Plutarch,
1381:Thucydides
1368:Thucydides
1355:Thucydides
1342:Thucydides
1338:Mount Etna
1264:narrative.
1192:confluence
815:Cape Malea
473:Cape Malea
426:, part of
401:Thucydides
378:Trojan War
327:Phaeacians
314:island of
286:Euhemerist
216:Phaeacians
192:Cephalonia
118:Telemachus
4286:Apocrypha
4037:Mutawatir
3967:Philology
3794:Telemachy
3521:(c. 1635)
3504:Paintings
3455:(musical)
3447:(musical)
3439:(musical)
3121:L'Odissea
3085:Charybdis
3075:Polydamna
3065:Mesaulius
3055:Kikonians
3025:Eupeithes
3010:Demodocus
2960:Perimedes
2940:Ctesippus
2877:Leucothea
2821:Idomeneus
2812:Agamemnon
2799:Princess
2766:Echephron
2703:(pet dog)
2679:(cowherd)
2661:(advisor)
2653:Eurycleia
2647:Autolycus
2607:House of
2528:Thrinacia
2503:Telepylos
2327:Geography
2093:, Leipzig
1786:Acherusia
1772:Pausanias
1552:, 941A-B.
1416:Euhemerus
1399:Naupactia
1390:Naupactia
1387:poem the
1330:Euripides
1178:Caribbean
1100:Argonauts
1084:Argonauts
1030:Pausanias
883:Stromboli
875:Posillipo
766:Telegonus
755:Etruscans
704:Black Sea
673:Ephemeris
555:Black Sea
389:Herodotus
146:Mycenaean
134:Triphylia
76:Phoenicia
4348:Category
4203:Socrates
4188:Muhammad
4178:Lei Feng
4003:Criteria
3832:Contempt
3496:" (song)
3489:" (song)
3468:Penelope
3364:" (1842)
3095:Tiresias
3045:Heracles
3030:Euryalus
2998:Cyclopes
2993:Antiphus
2988:Anticlus
2978:Achilles
2935:Antinous
2887:Poseidon
2807:Laodamas
2801:Nausicaa
2786:Menelaus
2722:Phaeacia
2718:Alcinous
2697:(herald)
2689:Melantho
2643:(father)
2637:(mother)
2635:Anticlea
2631:(sister)
2617:Penelope
2609:Odysseus
2432:storymap
2378:Archived
2325:Strabo,
2247:(1804),
2226:(1947),
2206:(1987),
2108:citation
2070:(1879),
2046:citation
2023:citation
2000:citation
1990:(1933),
1929:Archived
1874:Archived
1842:page 193
1782:Cichyrus
1720:Archived
1473:4.983ff.
1229:See also
1221:and the
1212:and the
1146:Adriatic
1082:and the
1009:(1900).
997:and its
987:Nausicaa
983:Sicilian
887:Sardinia
782:Butler's
759:Tyrsenoi
747:Theogony
731:Telegony
649:Atlantis
609:Plutarch
575:and the
548:Bosporus
532:Aeolus:
465:Polybius
374:Polybius
311:= Sicily
299:Cyclopes
212:Apologoi
158:Linear B
138:Messenia
50:Odysseus
4379:Odyssey
4313:Legends
4279:Related
4265:Odyssey
4208:Sun Tzu
4161:Sources
4121:Abraham
4075:Gospels
3871:Odyssey
3842:(novel)
3787:Related
3766:Phrases
3431:(opera)
3412:Cyclops
3362:Ulysses
3287:Ulysses
3177:Keyhole
3129:Ulysses
3070:Polites
3020:Elpenor
2920:Agelaus
2912:Suitors
2897:Oceanus
2857:Calypso
2816:Mycenae
2771:Perseus
2752:Echetus
2671:Eumaeus
2665:Phemius
2629:Ctimene
2590:Odyssey
2538:Scheria
2481:Ismarus
2469:Odyssey
2425:Odyssey
2411:Odyssey
2340:History
2312:Odyssey
2310:Homer,
2303:History
2084:, Ghent
2040:, Paris
2017:, Paris
1994:, Paris
1941:Odyssey
1926:see map
1894:see map
1871:see map
1794:Cocytus
1790:Acheron
1717:See map
1577:at the
1385:Archaic
1334:Cyclops
1332:' play
1287:Odyssey
1223:Odyssey
1214:Odyssey
1194:of the
1188:Acheron
1166:Madeira
1131:Odyssey
1124:Corcyra
1120:Tunisia
1112:Odyssey
1104:Acheron
1096:Odyssey
1072:Odyssey
1044:Acheron
1007:Odyssey
995:Trapani
979:Odyssey
940:Marsala
936:Corsica
921:Corcyra
905:Lucania
859:Odyssey
829:Euboean
819:Cythera
807:Odyssey
788:(1900).
751:Latinus
736:Odyssey
708:Ismarus
657:Library
633:America
627:in his
613:Britain
602:Scheria
598:Calypso
550:(1.2.9)
527:Scythia
523:Lentini
497:Odyssey
493:Tunisia
475:in the
469:Odyssey
420:Calypso
345:Calypso
339:Albania
268:silting
254:Odyssey
247:Odyssey
240:Odyssey
228:Mycenae
224:Scheria
220:Odyssey
180:Odyssey
94:Ismaros
55:Odyssey
34:in the
25:Homeric
23:Map of
4224:places
4114:People
4051:Topics
3863:Aeneid
3850:(film)
3799:Nekyia
3601:(1909)
3593:(1896)
3585:(1891)
3577:(1891)
3569:(1837)
3561:(1829)
3553:(1827)
3545:(1816)
3537:(1783)
3529:(1782)
3471:(play)
3463:(play)
3423:(play)
3420:Ithaka
3415:(play)
3407:(play)
3388:(1998)
3380:(1962)
3372:(1938)
3346:(2018)
3338:(2010)
3330:(2005)
3322:(2003)
3314:(1998)
3306:(1943)
3298:(1938)
3290:(1922)
3282:(1890)
3274:(1699)
3247:(2007)
3239:(2007)
3223:(1997)
3215:(1981)
3207:(1968)
3188:(2024)
3180:(2012)
3172:(2000)
3090:Sirens
3080:Scylla
3015:Dolius
2970:Others
2955:Leodes
2872:Hermes
2867:Helios
2852:Athena
2847:Aeolus
2826:Mentes
2790:Sparta
2757:Nestor
2736:Aretus
2691:(maid)
2659:Mentor
2619:(wife)
2543:Ithaca
2533:Ogygia
2498:Aeolia
2430:ArcGIS
2134:
2102:, Rome
1945:Celtic
1357:6.2.1.
1344:6.2.1.
1340:; and
1285:", in
1283:Aeolus
1170:Azores
1092:Ithaca
1064:Levkas
1040:nekyia
991:Sicily
968:Cyprus
964:Ischia
944:Ustica
913:Sicily
900:Aeneid
871:Djerba
743:Hesiod
712:Thrace
625:Kepler
594:Ogygia
581:Naples
561:Sirens
534:Lipari
512:Djerba
504:Strabo
489:Djerba
453:Hesiod
399:, and
372:' and
366:Strabo
335:Greece
316:Aeolus
303:Sicily
188:Leucas
184:Ithaki
142:Strabo
126:Sparta
102:Strabo
98:Ithaca
82:, and
68:Ithaca
28:Greece
4183:Moses
4156:Quest
4146:Jesus
4141:Homer
4105:Quran
4099:Iliad
4065:Bible
4058:Texts
3867:Iliad
3609:Study
3396:Stage
3354:Poems
3343:Circe
3113:Films
2862:Circe
2795:Helen
2761:Pylos
2741:Arete
2701:Argos
2695:Medon
2625:(son)
2585:Homer
2508:Aeaea
2305:4.177
2271:[
1947:(see
1937:Iliad
1678:Fox,
1395:Jason
1370:3.88.
1289:X.22
1262:Iliad
1241:Notes
1219:Iliad
1209:Iliad
1116:Libya
1080:Jason
948:Malta
895:Cumae
879:Italy
834:Circe
645:Plato
617:Plato
579:; or
569:Italy
428:Malta
397:Libya
331:Corfu
232:Pylos
162:Pu-ro
152:, or
122:Pylos
89:Iliad
84:Crete
80:Egypt
37:Iliad
4097:The
3869:and
3479:Song
3050:Irus
2983:Ajax
2892:Zeus
2840:Gods
2393:Maps
2359:3.88
2355:1.25
2347:3.88
2343:1.25
2132:ISBN
2114:link
2052:link
2029:link
2006:link
1939:and
1256:and
1198:and
1148:and
1088:Troy
700:Aias
521:and
519:Etna
424:Gozo
349:Gozo
337:and
136:and
130:Elis
124:and
72:Troy
2881:Ino
2814:of
2788:of
2759:of
2720:of
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2428:an
2363:6.2
2351:6.2
1140:of
1090:to
877:in
745:'s
710:in
120:to
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3196:TV
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